1198:) was negotiated during the spring of 1815. The treaty contained twelve articles dealing with the king's authority, the relationship between the two legislatures, how the executive power was to be exercised if the king should die before the crown prince had attained majority, and the relationship between the cabinets. It also confirmed the practice of treating questions of foreign policy in the Swedish cabinet, with the Norwegian prime minister present. Vital questions pertaining to the Union were to be treated in a joint cabinet meeting, where all the Norwegian ministers residing in Stockholm would be present. The Act was passed by the Storting 31 July 1815 and by the Riksdag 6 August, and sanctioned by the king on 15 August. In Sweden the Act of Union was a set of provisions under regular law, but the Norwegian Storting gave it constitutional status, so that its provisions could only be revised according to the procedures laid down in the constitution.
941:
1273:
1416:
986:, placed the government and especially the control of foreign affairs almost entirely in his hands. He boldly adopted a policy which was antagonistic to the wishes and hopes of the old school of Swedish statesmen, but perhaps the best adapted to the circumstances. He gave up Finland for lost, knowing that Russia would never voluntarily relinquish it, and that Sweden could not hope to retain it permanently, even if she reconquered it. The acquisition of Norway, however, might make up for the loss of Finland. Bernadotte, now crown prince Charles John or "Karl Johan", planned to acquire Norway by joining the enemies of
1424:
1519:, took the initiative of renewing the negotiations between the two countries, and on 5 April in a combined Swedish and Norwegian Council of State made a proposal for a reform both of the administration of diplomatic affairs and of the consular service on the basis of full equality between the two kingdoms, with the express reservation, however, of a joint foreign minister – Swedish or Norwegian – as a condition for the existence of the union. This proposal was approved of by the Swedish Riksdag on 3 May 1905. In order that no obstacles should be placed in the way for renewed negotiations,
1508:
the proposed
Norwegian consular service, as a Norwegian institution, could not be placed under a foreign authority. A new proposal by the Swedish government was likewise rejected, and in February 1905 the Norwegians broke off the negotiations. Notwithstanding this an agreement did not appear to be out of the question. All efforts to solve the consular question by itself had failed, but it was considered that an attempt might be made to establish separate consuls in combination with a joint administration of diplomatic affairs on a full unionistic basis.
1550:
now accept their resignation, whereupon the ministry at a sitting of the
Norwegian Storting on 7 June placed their resignation in its hands. The Storting thereupon unanimously adopted a resolution stating that, as the king had declared himself unable to form a government, the constitutional royal power "ceased to be operative", whereupon the ministers were requested, until further instructions, to exercise the power vested in the king, and as King Oscar thus had ceased to act as "the king of Norway", the union with Sweden was in consequence dissolved.
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47:
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two states. Understanding the advantage of avoiding a costly war and of letting Norway enter into a union voluntarily instead of being annexed as a conquered territory, Charles John offered favorable peace terms. He promised to recognize the
Norwegian Constitution, with only those amendments that were necessary for a union of the two countries. Christian Frederik agreed to call an extraordinary session of the
1504:
altered or repealed without the consent of the governments of both countries. The proposal for these identical laws, which the
Norwegian government in May 1904 submitted, did not meet with the approval of the Swedish government. The latter in their reply proposed that the Swedish foreign minister should have such control over the Norwegian consuls as to prevent the latter from exceeding their authority.
1147:
launched an attack on the outnumbered
Norwegian army on 29 July. The first hostilities were short and ended with decisive victories for Sweden. On 7 August a Swedish delegation arrived at the Norwegian military headquarters with a cease-fire offer that would join Norway in a union with Sweden and respect the Norwegian constitution. Peace negotiations with Swedish envoys began in the town of
817:. Sweden actively exploited the opportunity, while Norway reluctantly resigned itself to submitting to another inevitable union. That initial disparity in attitudes towards the Union caused recurring political conflicts, and their different interpretations of the union eventually brought them apart. It was dissolved peacefully in 1905.
1061:, and indeed the whole of Charles John's foreign policy in 1812, provoked violent and justifiable criticism among the better class of politicians in Sweden. The immorality of indemnifying Sweden at the expense of a weaker friendly power was obvious; and, while Finland was now definitively sacrificed, Norway had still to be won.
1587:, that on either side of the southern frontier a neutral zone of about fifteen kilometers width should be established, and that within eight months the fortifications within the Norwegian part of the zone should be destroyed. Both sides immediately demobilized the military forces that had been prepared for an armed conflict.
1549:
passed the government's proposal for the establishment of separate
Norwegian consuls, and as King Oscar II, who again had resumed the reins of government, made use of his constitutional right to veto the bill, the Norwegian ministry tendered their resignation. The king, however, declared he could not
1507:
However, the
Norwegian government found this proposal unacceptable, and explained that, if such control were insisted upon, all further negotiations would be purposeless. They maintained that the Swedish demands were incompatible with the sovereignty of Norway, as the foreign minister was a Swede and
1257:
was practically unrepresented, had become an insuperable obstacle to all free development; but though the
Riksdag of 1840 itself raised the question of reform, the king and the aristocracy refused to entertain it. Yet the reign of Charles XIV was, on the whole, most beneficial to Sweden; and if there
1598:
From 2 to 19 October the extraordinary
Riksdag was again assembled, and eventually approved of the arrangement; delegates convened at Karlstad with regard to the amicable dissolution of the union as well as the government's proposal for the repeal of the Act of Union and the recognition of Norway as
1557:
The
Riksdag declared that it was not opposed to negotiations being entered upon regarding the conditions for the dissolution of the union if the Norwegian Storting, after a new election, made a proposal for the repeal of the Act of Union between the two countries, or if a proposal to this effect was
1553:
In Sweden, where they were least of all prepared for the turn things had taken, the action of the Storting created the greatest surprise and resentment. The king solemnly protested against what had taken place and summoned an extraordinary session of the Riksdag for 20 June to consider what measures
1463:
during the reign of King Oscar II had great influence on political life in Sweden, and more than once it seemed as if the union between the two countries was on the point of being wrecked. The dissensions chiefly had their origin in the demand by Norway for separate consuls and eventually a separate
1146:
was adopted, and Christian Frederik was unanimously elected king of Norway. But his efforts so seek support for Norwegian independence from the great powers were in vain, as they were bound by their promises to Sweden. When crown prince Charles John returned from the final battles against France, he
1582:
on 31 August . On 23 September the delegates came to an agreement, the principal points of which were: that such disputes between the two countries which could not be settled by direct diplomatic negotiations, and which did not affect the vital interests of either country, should be referred to the
1577:
After the plebiscite in Norway on 13 August, in which the Norwegian people had decided in favor of the dissolution of the union with 368,392 votes against 184 votes, and after the Storting had requested the Swedish government to co-operate with it for the repeal of the Act of Union, a conference of
1503:
The result of the negotiations was published in a so-called "communiqué", dated 24 March 1903, in which, among other things, it was proposed that the relations of the separate consuls to the joint ministry of foreign affairs and the embassies should be arranged by identical laws, which could not be
1499:
The state of quietude which for some time prevailed with regard to the relations with Norway was not to last. The question of separate consuls for Norway soon came up again. In 1902 the Swedish government proposed that negotiations in this matter should be opened with the Norwegian government, and
1155:
resulted in a general cease-fire based on terms that effectively were terms of peace. Christian Frederik succeeded in excluding from the text any indication that Norway had recognized the Treaty of Kiel, and Sweden accepted that it was not to be considered a premise of the future union between the
1064:
Moreover, the United Kingdom and Russia insisted that Charles John's first duty was to the anti-Napoleonic coalition, the former power vigorously objecting to the expenditure of her subsidies on the nefarious Norwegian adventure before the common enemy had been crushed. Only on his very ungracious
1372:
The new constitution was accepted by all four estates in 1865 and promulgated on 22 January 1866. On 1 September 1866, the first elections under the new system were held, and on 19 January 1867 the new Riksdag met for the first time. With this one great reform Charles XV had to be content; in all
1614:
as king in Norway was declined by King Oscar II, who now on behalf of himself and his successors renounced the right to the Norwegian crown. Prime minister Lundeberg, who had accepted office only to settle the question of the dissolution of the union, now resigned and was succeeded by a Liberal
1467:
At last, after vain negotiations and discussions, the Swedish government in 1895 gave notice to Norway that the commercial treaty which until then had existed between the two countries would lapse in July 1897 and would cease according to a decision in the Riksdag, and as Norway at the time had
966:
and commander-in-chief of the Norwegian army during its successful resistance to the Swedish invasion in 1808–09. His great popularity in Norway was considered an advantage to the Swedish plans for the acquisition of that country. In addition, he had demonstrated his interest in a rapprochement
1464:
foreign service. Norway had, according to the constitution of 1814, the right to separate consular offices, but had not exercised that right partly for financial reasons, partly because the consuls appointed by the Swedish foreign office generally did a satisfactory job of representing Norway.
1026:
Riksdag (April–August 1812), remarkable for its partial repudiation of Sweden's national debt and its reactionary press laws, introduced general conscription in Sweden, thereby enabling the crown prince to carry out his ambitious policy. In May 1812 he mediated a peace between Russia and the
1483:
Lagerheim gained more success in his endeavors, as the new elections to the Riksdag of 1900 showed clearly that the Swedish people were not inclined to follow the ultraconservative or so-called "patriotic" party, which resulted in the resignation of the two leaders of that party, Professor
1188:
The lack of a common constitutional foundation for the Union with Norway was felt strongly by crown prince Charles John during its first year. The fundamental documents were only the Convention of Moss and the revised Norwegian Constitution of 4 November 1814. But the conservative Swedish
1160:
in September or October. He would then transfer his executive powers to the elected representatives of the people, who would negotiate the terms of the union with Sweden, and finally relinquish all claims to the Norwegian throne and leave the country. On 4 November 1814 the
1500:
that a joint committee, consisting of representatives from both countries, should be appointed to consider the question of a separate consular service without in any way interfering with the existing administration of the diplomatic affairs of the two countries.
1295:
would do little more than abolish the obsolete marriage and inheritance laws and a few commercial monopolies. As the financial situation necessitated a large increase of taxation, there was much popular discontent, which culminated in riots in the streets of
1594:
to graze their reindeer alternatively in either country, and with the question of transport of goods across the frontier by rail or other means of communication, so that the traffic should not be hampered by any import or export, prohibitions or otherwise.
1468:
raised the customs duties, a considerable diminution in the exports of Sweden to Norway took place. Count Lewenhaupt, the Swedish minister of foreign affairs, who was considered to be too friendly towards the Norwegians, resigned and was replaced by Count
1388:, in order, with the help of France, to oppose Prussian predominance in the north – a policy which naturally collapsed with the overthrow of the French Empire in 1870. He died on 18 September 1872, and was succeeded by his younger brother, the duke of
1193:
had not allowed the Swedish constitution to be revised. Therefore, a bilateral treaty had to be negotiated in order to clarify procedures for treating constitutional questions that had to be decided jointly by both governments. The Act of Union
1496:, succeeded in forming a party of Liberals and Radicals to the number of about 90 members, who besides being in favor of the extension of the franchise, advocated the full equality of Norway with Sweden in the management of foreign affairs.
1130:
resolved to preserve the integrity of the country, and if possible the union with Denmark, by taking the lead in a Norwegian insurrection. In Norway, the sentiment was that the country had been "sold out" to Sweden, their sworn arch-enemy.
1622:
Both parliaments revoked the Act of Union on 16 October, and King Oscar II renounced his claim to the Norwegian throne and recognized Norway as an independent kingdom on 26 October. The Norwegian parliament offered the vacant throne to
1365:, in at last accomplishing the much-needed reform of the constitution. The way had been prepared in 1860 by a sweeping measure of municipal reform; and, in January 1863, the government brought in a reform bill by the terms of which the
871:
Viewing the possibility of a joint Danish and French attack as the greater danger, king Gustav IV concentrated his army in southern Sweden and staged an invasion of Norway. The Norwegian army, commanded by the general
998:
was privately informed at the same time that Sweden was not a free agent and that the war would be a mere demonstration. But the pressure of Napoleon became more and more intolerable, culminating in the occupation of
1038:
These two treaties were, in effect, the cornerstones of a fresh coalition against Napoleon, and were confirmed on the outbreak of the Franco-Russian War by a conference between Alexander and Charles John at
993:
At first, however, he was obliged to submit to the emperor's dictates. Thus on 13 November 1810 the Swedish government was forced to declare war against Great Britain, although the British government under
876:, viceroy of Norway, repulsed the invaders. He refrained from pursuing the Swedish army beyond the border, while Sweden was hard pressed by the Russians in Finland, contrary to urgent requests from king
1258:
was much just cause for complaint, his great services to his adopted country were generally acknowledged. Abroad he maintained a policy of peace based mainly on a good understanding with Russia.
1287:
was much more liberally inclined. Shortly after his accession on 4 March 1844, he laid several projects of reform before the Riksdag, many of which had been prepared by the liberal jurist
1476:, for the third time, passed a bill for a national or "pure" flag, which King Oscar eventually sanctioned, Count Douglas resigned in his turn and was succeeded by the Swedish minister at
1369:
was henceforth to consist of two chambers, the Upper House being a sort of aristocratic senate, while the members of the Lower House were to be elected triennially by popular suffrage.
208:
1231:
considerably reduced, and the budget showed an average annual surplus of 700,000 Riksdaler. With returning prosperity the necessity for internal reform became urgent in Sweden.
1011:
guaranteeing Sweden the possession of Norway. Napoleon belatedly endeavored to outbid Alexander by offering Sweden to regain Finland and take over all of Pomerania (including
962:
was both infirm and childless. To secure the succession to the throne, he adopted Prince Christian August of Augustenborg as his heir. Christian August had been viceroy of
1645:
1540:
1489:
1300:
March 1848. Yet, when fresh proposals for parliamentary reform were laid before the Riksdag in 1849, they were again rejected by three out of the four estates.
790:
under one king. The two countries had completely separate institutions, except for the foreign service led by the king through the Swedish foreign minister.
793:
The Union was seen by Sweden as the realization of an idea that had been nursed for centuries, albeit one that had been strengthened by the recent loss of
1043:
on 30 August 1812, when the Tsar undertook to place an army corps of 35,000 men at the disposal of the Swedish crown prince for the conquest of Norway.
1110:
Christian Frederik, hereditary prince of Denmark and Norway. King of Norway May–October 1814. King of Denmark (Christian VIII) 1839–48. Portrait by
1373:
other directions he was hampered, more or less, by his own creation. The Riksdag refused to sanction his favorite project, that of a reform of the
982:
The new crown prince was very soon the most popular and the most powerful man in Sweden. The infirmity of the old king and the dissensions in the
1361:, who had already acted as regent during his father's illnesses. He succeeded, with the invaluable assistance of the minister of justice, Baron
1384:
In 1864 Charles XV had endeavored to form an anti-Prussian league with Denmark to contain Prussia; after the defeat of Denmark, he projected a
883:
On 7 March 1809, when it was clear that Sweden would lose the war with Russia, officers who were resentful at the conduct of the war staged a
1815:
1574:
formed a coalition ministry consisting of members of the various parties in the Riksdag, after which the Riksdag was prorogued on 3 August.
967:
between the two countries by refraining from invading Sweden during the war with Russia. As crown prince of Sweden, he changed his name to
1631:, who accepted after another plebiscite had confirmed the monarchy. He arrived in Norway on 25 November 1905, taking the name Haakon VII.
841:
315:
1794:
1381:
model, for which he labored all his life, partly from motives of economy, partly from an apprehension of the king's martial tendencies.
1554:
should be taken, with regard to the question of the union, which had arisen suddenly through the "revolt" of the Norwegians on 7 June.
1079:
On 7 January 1814, about to be overrun by Swedish, Russian, and German troops under the command of the elected crown prince of Sweden,
880:. By the fall of 1808, the Russians had occupied all of Finland, and in the spring of 1809 were preparing to attack mainland Sweden.
1785:
1035:); and on 18 July, at Ă–rebro, peace was also concluded between the United Kingdom on one side and Russia and Sweden on the other.
873:
86:
1324:
761:
1840:
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183:
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The Swedish crown prince rendered several important services to the allies during the campaign of 1813 but after the
1004:
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226:
220:
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98:
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of 5 April 1812, undertaking to send 30,000 men to operate against Napoleon in Germany in return for a promise from
1675:
1604:
1562:, had declared themselves in favor of the dissolution of the union. The Riksdag further resolved that 100 million
1835:
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1640:
1323:
Sweden remained neutral, although public opinion was decidedly anti-Russian, and sundry politicians regarded the
1052:
523:
501:
308:
177:
167:
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should be held in readiness and be available, as the Riksdag might decide for war. On the resignation of the
1272:
251:
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421:
1455:
was erected on the city square in 1955, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the dissolution of the union
1443:
Swedish and Norwegian flags in 1899, after the removal of the union badge from the merchant flag of Norway
1003:
by French troops in 1812. The Swedish government thereupon concluded a secret convention with Russia, the
1307:
of 1848–1849, Sweden greatly sympathized with Denmark. Hundreds of Swedish volunteers hastened to defend
853:
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277:
1216:
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945:
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301:
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214:
26:
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to declare war on Sweden on 29 February 1808. Sweden now faced a two-front war, as Russia had invaded
1362:
1243:
1219:. The new king devoted himself to the promotion of the material development of the country, with the
1127:
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on 14 January, in which Denmark negotiated to maintain sovereignty over the Norwegian possessions of
1032:
754:
189:
1524:
1073:
618:
1415:
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The Norwegians themselves were opposed to this treaty that they had not been party to. Already in
887:
and deposed the king. He was forced to abdicate on 29 March and was imprisoned with his family in
828:(1778–1837) ascended to the throne of Sweden in 1792, after the assassination of his father, king
1080:
983:
934:
877:
464:
1472:, who represented the opinion of the majority in the First Chamber. However, when the Norwegian
797:. When it was finally accomplished, it was due to political circumstances beyond the borders of
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1212:
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1143:
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compliance did the United Kingdom also promise to countenance the union of Norway and Sweden (
975:(later to become Charles XIV John) was adopted by Charles XIII and received the homage of the
1650:
1493:
1288:
1008:
968:
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446:
1778:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
809:
to be separated from Sweden, and provided the chance to compensate for the loss by wresting
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1358:
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1336:
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8:
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As regards to foreign policy, Oscar I was strongly anti-German. At the outbreak of the
1152:
845:
837:
592:
518:
436:
426:
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61:
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1480:, Lagerheim, who managed to pilot the questions of the union into more quiet waters.
1404:
1389:
1284:
1277:
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1012:
860:. As Sweden in the meantime had sided with the British, Denmark-Norway was forced by
597:
474:
451:
441:
35:
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as members of the First Chamber. On the other hand, ex-Professor E. Carlson, of the
1316:
1234:
The popularity of Charles XIV decreased for a time in the 1830s, culminating in the
884:
832:. His reign was ill-fated and was to end abruptly. After the conclusion of the 1807
1227:
voted for the purpose. The external debt of Sweden was gradually extinguished, the
995:
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628:
486:
469:
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1341:
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802:
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went his own way, determined to cripple Denmark and secure Norway at all costs.
1069:, 3 March 1813), and on 23 April, Russia gave her guarantee to the same effect.
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1567:
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agreed to cede Norway to the king of Sweden in order to avoid an occupation of
1028:
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814:
787:
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142:
123:
1809:
1798:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 210–214.
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on 26 August 1848, which helped Denmark out of her difficulties. During the
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died on 5 February 1818, and was succeeded by Bernadotte under the title of
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92:
46:
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852:. In the meantime, the preemptive British attack on the Danish navy, the
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the next day. In December Gustav and his family were transported to
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in the 19th century. On 4 November 1814, the kingdoms of Sweden and
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1253:, where the privileged estates predominated, while the cultivated
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for additional armaments. It was Sweden, too, which mediated the
1123:
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so as to enable Russia to use all her forces against France (the
904:
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376:
369:
363:
971:. After his mysterious death on 28 May 1810, the French marshal
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An offer from the Norwegian Storting to elect a prince of the
1223:
absorbing the greater portion of the twenty-four million the
1040:
1019:, in return for Sweden's active cooperation against Russia.
1148:
1646:
Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905
1541:
Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905
1357:
Oscar I was succeeded on 8 July 1859, by his eldest son,
1531:. The proposed negotiations were not, however, renewed.
1515:, who during the illness of King Oscar II was appointed
1558:
made by Norway after the Norwegian people, through a
1138:
of Norway and called a constitutional convention at
891:castle. On 5 June the duke regent (Gustav's uncle)
1151:on 10 August and were concluded on 14 August. The
895:was proclaimed king after accepting a new liberal
856:, had forced Denmark-Norway into an alliance with
840:. The king instead entered into negotiations with
1807:
1201:
1087:. These terms were formalized and signed at the
820:
1578:delegates from both countries was convened at
1046:
755:
309:
1607:was to be replaced by an azure-blue square.
990:, whose only loyal ally was Denmark-Norway.
1599:an independent state. An alteration in the
1590:Other clauses dealt with the rights of the
1534:
844:in order to prepare a joint attack against
1283:Charles XIV John's son and successor King
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778:is an overriding theme of the history of
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1419:War flag of Sweden and Norway, 1815–1844
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939:
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1808:
1134:Christian Frederik proclaimed himself
1703:
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1246:, and some calls for his abdication.
1165:revised the Constitution and elected
1816:United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
1603:was also decided upon, by which the
1327:as favorable for regaining Finland.
13:
1583:permanent court of arbitration at
848:, with the intention of acquiring
14:
1852:
836:, Sweden was invited to join the
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1676:Union badge of Norway and Sweden
1527:, resigned and was succeeded by
1181:Norway and Sweden, 1847. Map by
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874:Christian August of Augustenborg
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1784:Dumrath, Oskar Henrik (1911). "
1641:Union between Sweden and Norway
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1053:Union between Sweden and Norway
776:Union between Sweden and Norway
1545:On 23 May 1905, the Norwegian
1311:. The Riksdag voted 2,000,000
1:
1330:
1242:conviction of the journalist
1202:The royal House of Bernadotte
821:Deposition of Gustav IV Adolf
252:History of the Jews in Sweden
1081:King Frederick VI of Denmark
899:, which was ratified by the
813:from the united kingdoms of
7:
1826:Political history of Sweden
1821:Political history of Norway
1634:
1169:as the new king of Norway.
969:Carl August of Augustenborg
854:Battle of Copenhagen (1807)
10:
1857:
1538:
1334:
1265:
1261:
1205:
1050:
1047:Personal union with Norway
1005:Treaty of Saint Petersburg
917:Charles XIV John of Sweden
914:
267:Economic history of Sweden
262:Military history of Sweden
1427:Flag of Sweden, 1844–1905
1244:Magnus Jacob Crusenstolpe
16:Aspect of Swedish history
1696:
1535:Dissolution of the Union
1074:Battle of Leipzig (1813)
1841:Norway–Sweden relations
1795:Encyclopædia Britannica
1435:Flag of Norway, 1844–98
1305:First Dano-Prussian War
935:Carl Frederik von Breda
227:Second half of Cold War
1836:19th century in Sweden
1831:19th century in Norway
1671:History of Scandinavia
1456:
1451:The peace monument of
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1420:
1412:
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1251:Riksdag of the Estates
1213:Charles XIII of Sweden
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1167:Charles XIII of Sweden
1144:Constitution of Norway
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956:
937:
257:LGBT history in Sweden
1651:Union Dissolution Day
1494:Gothenburg University
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1434:
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1418:
1407:
1344:
1289:Johan Gabriel Richert
1275:
1180:
1142:. On 17 May 1814 the
1109:
1009:Alexander I of Russia
948:(Charles III John in
943:
924:
644:Scandinavian Airlines
459:Chronological history
1337:Charles XV of Sweden
1158:Norwegian Parliament
1126:, Hereditary Prince
979:on 5 November 1810.
118:Emerging Great Power
1619:as prime minister.
1612:Swedish royal house
1521:Erik Gustaf Boström
1490:Patrick Reutersvärd
1459:The relations with
1208:House of Bernadotte
1183:Peter Andreas Munch
1067:Treaty of Stockholm
1033:Treaty of Bucharest
1661:History of Denmark
1488:and Count Marshal
1457:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1400:State of the Union
1386:Scandinavian Union
1355:
1309:Schleswig-Holstein
1281:
1238:in 1838 after the
1186:
1153:Convention of Moss
1128:Christian Frederik
1116:
957:
938:
838:Continental System
407:History by country
1666:History of Sweden
1656:History of Norway
1392:, who reigned as
1268:Oscar I of Sweden
1112:Johan Ludwig Lund
1013:Farther Pomerania
1001:Swedish Pomerania
772:
771:
326:
325:
292:Sweden portal
184:Industrialization
149:Age of Absolutism
64:(12000 BC–800 AD)
1848:
1800:
1799:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1615:government with
1217:Charles XIV John
996:Spencer Perceval
946:Charles XIV John
868:on 21 February.
834:Treaty of Tilsit
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733:
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487:Migration Period
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39:
21:
20:
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1772:
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1699:
1637:
1543:
1537:
1402:
1349:(Charles IV in
1339:
1333:
1291:. However, the
1270:
1264:
1249:The antiquated
1210:
1204:
1175:
1055:
1049:
952:). Portrait by
929:(Charles II in
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913:
826:Gustav IV Adolf
823:
803:Napoleonic Wars
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456:
404:
394:
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286:
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209:Interwar period
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1802:
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1790:Chisholm, Hugh
1701:
1700:
1698:
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1694:
1693:
1691:Norway in 1814
1688:
1686:Denmark-Norway
1683:
1678:
1673:
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1663:
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1653:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1539:Main article:
1536:
1533:
1529:Johan Ramstedt
1525:Prime Minister
1470:Ludvig Douglas
1401:
1398:
1335:Main article:
1332:
1329:
1317:Truce of Malmö
1266:Main article:
1263:
1260:
1236:Rabulist riots
1206:Main article:
1203:
1200:
1174:
1171:
1089:Treaty of Kiel
1051:Main article:
1048:
1045:
1029:Ottoman Empire
954:Fredric Westin
933:. Portrait by
912:
909:
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788:personal union
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519:Denmark–Norway
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1059:Treaty of Ă…bo
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911:A new dynasty
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679:Faroe Islands
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137:Enlightenment
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81:Consolidation
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43:
40:
34:
33:
28:
23:
22:
19:
1793:
1681:Kalmar Union
1621:
1609:
1601:Swedish flag
1597:
1589:
1576:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1482:
1466:
1458:
1390:Östergötland
1383:
1375:Swedish army
1371:
1356:
1302:
1282:
1248:
1240:Lèse-majesté
1233:
1211:
1195:
1187:
1173:Act of Union
1133:
1117:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1056:
1037:
1021:
992:
981:
960:Charles XIII
958:
927:Charles XIII
897:constitution
893:Charles XIII
882:
878:Frederick VI
870:
824:
792:
775:
773:
624:Scandinavism
587:Nordic model
509:Kalmar Union
458:
457:
406:
375:
368:
215:World War II
171:
168:Constitution
93:Kalmar Union
18:
1625:Prince Carl
1617:Karl Staaff
1605:Union badge
1592:Sami people
1325:conjuncture
1321:Crimean War
1255:bourgeoisie
1017:Mecklenburg
885:coup d'Ă©tat
799:Scandinavia
341:Scandinavia
229:(1967–1991)
223:(1945–1967)
217:(1939–1945)
211:(1918–1939)
192:(1914–1918)
190:World War I
186:(1866–1914)
180:(1814–1905)
174:(1809–1866)
151:(1772–1809)
145:(1718–1772)
126:(1648–1718)
120:(1611–1648)
112:Great Power
101:(1521–1611)
95:(1397–1521)
89:(1050–1397)
87:Middle Ages
56:Prehistoric
36:History of
1810:Categories
1570:ministry,
1560:plebiscite
1486:Oscar Alin
1359:Charles XV
1347:Charles XV
1331:Charles XV
1221:Göta Canal
973:Bernadotte
915:See also:
830:Gustav III
563:Baltic Sea
492:Viking Age
475:Bronze Age
465:Prehistory
70:(800–1050)
68:Viking Age
62:Prehistory
1585:The Hague
1572:Lundeberg
1313:Riksdaler
1298:Stockholm
1225:Riksdaler
1196:Riksakten
1093:Greenland
889:Gripsholm
786:formed a
619:Languages
568:North Sea
558:Peninsula
553:Mountains
547:Geography
470:Stone Age
432:Greenland
358:Countries
1635:See also
1580:Karlstad
1568:Ramstedt
1547:Storting
1474:Storting
1453:Karlstad
1410:Oscar II
1394:Oscar II
1379:Prussian
1163:Storting
1140:Eidsvoll
988:Napoleon
862:Napoleon
497:Norsemen
480:Iron Age
447:Scotland
333:a series
331:Part of
278:Timeline
27:a series
25:Part of
1792:(ed.).
1782::
1629:Denmark
1377:on the
1367:Riksdag
1293:estates
1285:Oscar I
1278:Oscar I
1262:Oscar I
1191:Riksdag
1124:viceroy
1101:Iceland
1085:Jutland
977:estates
905:Germany
901:Riksdag
866:Finland
842:Britain
807:Finland
805:caused
795:Finland
707:Iceland
693:Finland
665:Denmark
613:Related
593:Finland
581:Economy
437:Iceland
427:Finland
417:Denmark
402:History
377:Iceland
370:Finland
364:Denmark
246:Topical
1788:". In
1786:Sweden
1776:
1564:kronor
1523:, the
1517:regent
1513:Gustaf
1478:Berlin
1461:Norway
1351:Norway
1136:regent
1122:, the
1120:Norway
1114:, 1813
1099:, and
1095:, the
1024:Ă–rebro
1015:) and
964:Norway
950:Norway
931:Norway
858:France
850:Norway
811:Norway
801:. The
784:Norway
780:Sweden
735:Sweden
721:Norway
598:Sweden
514:Sweden
452:Sweden
442:Norway
388:Sweden
383:Norway
203:Modern
38:Sweden
29:on the
1697:Notes
1408:King
1345:King
1276:King
1041:Turku
944:King
925:King
412:Ă…land
172:Union
1149:Moss
1057:The
1022:The
774:The
170:and
1627:of
1812::
1705:^
1396:.
1103:.
907:.
335:on
1353:)
1194:(
763:e
756:t
749:v
317:e
310:t
303:v
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