2104:, staying out of range of their melee weapons, and shot arrows until they had no more. The archers would then withdraw to a supply point, but another swarm of horse archers would sometimes replace them, and sometimes attack elsewhere. The Bactrians eventually caused the phalanx to break formation, and destroyed it. Alexander recognized his forces could not directly combat horse archers, but that the horse archers needed resupply of provisions, horses, and arrows. Alexander split his forces into five columns and began building fortifications in the areas where the Bactrians had resupplied. Eventually, his anti-swarm tactics worked: cut off from resupply, the Bactrians had to meet the Macedonian phalanx, which were vastly superior in melee. Alexander made it priority to engage guerillas or other light mobile forces. Spitamenes was effective as long as his force were mobile, and he had adequate communications with mounted couriers. Once he was forced into direct battle with heavy forces, he lost the advantages of his forces and was defeated quickly. At the Battle of the Jaxartes River, Alexander once again faced swarming tactics from an army of Scythian horse archers. Alexander sent a unit of heavy cavalry ahead of his main line. As expected, the Scythian horsemen surrounded the detached cavalry. At the right moment, Alexander's cavalry reversed direction and pushed half of the Scythians straight into the main phalanx of Alexander's army, where they were slaughtered. Upon seeing this, the remaining half of the Scythian army retreated from the battle.
2248:. An OMG was expected to exploit strategic surprise with a force equal or greater than an armored division, featuring up to 700 tanks, 500 IFVs, and a substantial number of helicopters. As a countermeasure, NATO considered neutron bombs but their use was politically controversial. NATO instead devised a plan to slow the thrust with a swarming counterattack, called Dynamic Density, which used single-seat Small Military Aircraft (SMAs) operating autonomously in pairs with infantry ATGWs such as Milan, their pilots being infantry. One aircraft would carry the Milan post and four missiles, the other the night-vision sight and four missiles (two of which might be anti-helicopter), and the tactics would be shoot and scoot. The SMA, known as the Dragoon, was evaluated and highly praised by the MoD's test pilots at Boscombe Down, its STOL performance and ease of handling making it ideal for this role. Large numbers would be needed and 5,000 was suggested as sufficient to ensure that swarming would be successful against a force as large as an OMG. Once it was recognized that success could be claimed with a significant deceleration, other novelties were introduced, among which was Synthetic Density which required the SMAs to distribute pneumatic models (fitted with radar reflectors) of tanks and artillery along the OMG's MLA, these requiring the room to be put down and time to be lost before progress could be resumed.
48:
2318:
2442:
lack of firepower by attacking from all sides and then quickly advancing to the rear. The
Vietcong were famous from attacking from all directions out of nowhere and then quickly disappearing. When they did come into close contact, they used a technique called "hugging the belt", which meant they were too close for the US to employ air and artillery support. If the attackers "hugged" at several points, "pulsing" their attacks, they both neutralized external fire support, but also made it difficult for the US commander to know where to commit reserves.
2131:
2454:, for example, uses a different form of swarming than those of advanced militaries, in which the general objectives of operational cells are agreed in a manner coordinated, but not continuously controlled by the core organization. Once the decision has been made on the general targets, the operational cells cut positive control links from the core, although they may still receive financial and other support. A signature of al-Qaeda operations has been multiple, near-simultaneous attacks, such as the several hijacked airliners in the
3408:
2122:. With fast communications, the Mongols could make decisions not just on what they could see locally, but with that information oriented within the overall situation. They could then decide and act while the enemy were still waiting for information. Outnumbered Mongols could beat larger forces by faster communications, which allowed units to withdraw and regroup while other groups continually stung the enemy, withdrew in turn, while the earlier group again hit the enemy.
2426:
2219:
messaging on mobile devices and instantaneous file sharing off the internet via PDAs allows groups of people to receive their instructions, move in unison, nearly instantaneously, without prior planning or forethought. And, the technology allows groups to do so without a central leader. One modern example is the protesters at the World Trade
Organization meetings in Seattle, in 1999, who were able to orchestrate their movement effectively in this way.
2252:
Contemporary
Western armies in Afghanistan can readily accept that swarming at the tactical and operational levels is appropriate, but the physical structure of the country rules out the currently available fighting vehicles. However, networked and swarming SMAs, again 5,000 in number, all armed with laser designators for the second echelon of conventional ground attack aircraft, would constitute force multipliers with a substantial impact.
2358:
undergoing considerable improvement. One fratricide incident in
Afghanistan came from the users not understanding that their target designation device reinitialized, after battery replacement, to the position of their designator, not of the target. If the bomber had a beacon that gave the crew the precise location of the friendly troops, that would have been another way of avoiding attacking one's own troops.
2465:, a professor at the Naval Postgraduate School, cites the ability to plan separate and widely dispersed attacks, coordinated by mobile communications that might originate from a cave on the Afghan-Pakistan border, he does not emphasize the apparent al-Qaeda technique of releasing operational units to local control, once the policy is set. See
2389:, a first-world military force that takes down the opposition regular forces. Leviathan is not constituted to fight local insurgencies, but major forces. Leviathan may use extensive swarming at the tactical level, but its dispatch is a strategic decision that may be made unilaterally, or by an established core group such as
2378:
and externally. In a reasonably peaceful situation, he describes a "system administrator" force, often multinational, which does what some call "nation-building", but, most importantly, connects the nation to the core and empowers the natives to communicate—that communication can be likened to swarm coordination.
2484:, some of the units may try to overpower and control one another, as well as the target. One of the observations of the Center on Terrorism and Irregular Warfare was that unfocused mass disruption was not a useful terrorist, and by extension general military, tactic. The 9/11 attacks had symbolism. A
2172:
Agility is a characteristic of an organization or unit capable of swarming. Focus can be designation of a goal by a higher-level commander, by a peer unit detecting a target, or by intelligence systems that feed information to the swarming units. Convergence is the key feature, which, while it can be
2231:
Swarming does not require good military intelligence alone, but intelligent soldiers who can manage multiple information streams and keep situational awareness. It is not advisable to have a soldier so engrossed in displays that an enemy can sneak up and hit him over the head with a rock. One of the
2218:
Osgood points out that swarming is not new, although the means of coordination and synchronization are going through significant changes. Howard
Rheingold cites mobile communications technology as a key enabler: The bees sense each other's buzzing and instinctually move in concert in real time. Text
2377:
Foreign internal defense includes the economic stabilization of host countries. In Thomas
Barnett's paradigm, the world is divided into a "connected core" of nations enjoying a high level of communications among their organizations and individuals, and those nations that are disconnected internally
2235:
Swarming requires autonomous or semi-autonomous operating agents, with strong synchronization and communications among them. Senior commanders release resources to the swarm, but do not control them once released. If the agents are semi-autonomous, there will be an on-scene commander giving general
2117:
system, which established a rear line of points for supplies and for remounts of fast-moving couriers. The remount system allowed horsemen to move much faster than the couriers of opponents without them. These couriers kept the Mongol senior and subordinate commanders informed, such that they could
2043:
where opposing forces are not of the same size, or capacity. In such situations, swarming involves the use of a decentralized force against an opponent, in a manner that emphasizes mobility, communication, unit autonomy and coordination or synchronization. Historically military forces have used the
2441:
Swarming is advantageous to less powerful countries and groups, because it allows them to balance their disadvantage in firepower and numbers. Despite being less technically advanced, Communist forces made good use of swarming in Asia during the Cold War. The
Chinese were able to make up for their
2308:
These are a realization of Boyd's theories. A swarming case is any historical example in which the scheme of manoeuvre involves the convergent attack of five (or more) semiautonomous (or autonomous) units on a targeted force in some particular place. "Convergent" implies an attack from most of the
2112:
Mongols under
Genghis Khan practiced an equivalent of swarming, partially because their communications, which used flags, horns, and couriers, were advanced for the time. Also one of the standard tactics of Mongol military was the commonly practiced feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to
2146:
was certainly a use of manoeuvre, but it was less flexible than later operations in which every tank and aircraft had radios, and far less flexible than forces that have effective networked information systems. They define swarming, in a military context, as "...seemingly amorphous, but it is a
2227:
Current military applications of swarming combine the use of swarms: large numbers of relatively small agents or weapons, with synchronized actions, such that the swarm reacts faster than its opponent and defeats it. This section deals with general principles, but also high-intensity combat.
2416:
Swarming would allow major powers to rapidly respond to guerilla forces, but, given the appropriate synchronization and communications, the less powerful forces can use swarming themselves. Modern communications allows military units to stay widely dispersed. The front, rear and flanks are
2357:
swarming attacks on targets of opportunity, is one of the major goals of combat data networking among units down to the level of individual tanks and soldiers. Blue Force
Tracker is an early vehicle-level synchronization system, also operating in helicopters. These systems are still new and
2076:
Enthusiasts of swarming sometimes apply it to situations that have superficial similarities, but really do not qualify as swarms. While swarms do converge on a target, not every military action, where multiple units attacked from all sides of a target, constitute swarming. Other conflicts,
2251:
The proposal was published in the
Journal of the Royal United Service Institution and a couple of years later a shorter article suggested that if the Soviets themselves had used SMAs in swarms in Afghanistan their COIN operations against the Mujaheddin would have been far more successful.
2264:, the "high-low mix" in which a large number of less expensive aircraft, coupled with a small number of extremely capable "silver bullet" aircraft, had the effect of a much larger force. Boyd's concept of quick action is based on the repeated application of the
2067:
sometimes operational and rarely strategic, and is a complement to other efforts rather than a replacement for them. Swarming is a logical extension of network-centric warfare. At present, the networking for swarming is only available in specific contexts.
2404:
It is the job of the system administrator force to deal with low-level conflict, and there must be both resources and a smooth transition plan from Leviathan to System Administrator responsibility, of which a classic successful example were the
2232:
challenges of designing modern networked systems is not to overwhelm the users with information. Those users will also need extensive training, with their sensing and synchronization information, to use them properly under combat stress.
2141:
Swarming was present in the operations of Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan, but were generally replaced by melee and mass in the pre-industrial era. More synchronized manoeuvre was paced by the availability of mobile communications.
2036:, and thereby overwhelm or saturate the defences of the principal target or objective. Defenders can overcome attempts at swarming by launching counter-swarming measures that are designed to neutralize or otherwise repel such attacks.
2458:, the closely spaced bombings aimed at US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya, and attacks on buses and trains in London. The attacks on trains in Spain had an additional dimension: not all the swarms were associated with al-Qaeda.
2479:
Semiautonomous swarming, in which the actors occasionally interfere with one another, is seen in attacks on computer networks by loose confederations of malicious hackers. On occasion, especially when the attack uses a
2077:
especially historical ones, fit a swarming paradigm, but the commanders involved did not use the concept. Nevertheless, historical examples help illustrate what modern analysts do and do not consider swarming.
2472:
The apparent al-Qaeda methodology of letting operational cells decide on their final dates and means of attack exhibit an operational pattern, but not a periodicity that could easily be used for an
3229:
Shannon, William D.; Tsypkin, Mikhail; Arguill, John. (June 2008). "Swarm Tactics and the Doctrinal Void: Lessons from the Chechen Wars". Naval Postgraduate School. Monterey, California (Thesis)
2147:
deliberately structured, coordinated, strategic way to strike from all directions, by means of a sustainable pulsing of force and/or fire, close-in as well as from stand-off positions."
2055:
Current military explorations into swarming address the spectrum of military operations, from strategic through tactical. An expert group evaluated swarming's role in the "
2374:. In that model, which needs extensive lead time, the major power uses nonmilitary and military means to increase the capability of the host nation to resist insurgency.
2488:
on a stock market would have symbolism. For the political purposes of the swarm, there has to be a symbol to which observers need to connect the purpose of the attack.
2583:
Conference on Swarming and Network Enabled Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) (January 13–14, 2003)
3067:
2862:
2700:
2895:
2616:
Conference on Swarming and Network Enabled Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (January 13–14, 2003)
2409:
plans that covered several ways in which Nazi power might end which is more a mission for police, which certainly can include a militarized force like the
2473:
3750:
2925:
2048:
that draw ideas from swarming. In nature and nonmilitary situations, there are other various forms of swarming. Biologically driven forms are often
3117:
3194:
3021:
3003:
2150:
One aspect of swarming is that it moves away from the traditional model of a rigid chain of command. This paper suggests abandoning the term
2118:
make fast decisions based on current information. In modern terms, the courier system provided the means of getting inside the opponent's
2244:
In the 1980s, the Soviets developed an 'Operational Maneuver Group' (OMG) for a fast armored thrust deep into NATO defences east of the
2052:, but have no central planning, simple individual rules, and nondeterministic behavior that may or may not evolve with the situation.
2466:
2713:
971:
3439:
2512:
1403:
2754:
3619:
2837:
3358:
3085:
2430:
2321:
Mass launch of a swarm of miniature decoys from an airdropped canister. (Air Force Research Laboratory concept illustration)
2113:
lure small enemy groups away from larger groups and defended positions for ambush and counterattack. Genghis Khan used the
2044:
principles of swarming without really examining them explicitly, but there is now active research in consciously examining
3157:
2317:
1759:
47:
2903:
3368:
3255:
2817:
1954:
1732:
342:
3561:
3047:
2977:
2551:
2334:
1408:
2173:
distributed, causes swarming units to coordinate their actions, apply force, and know when to stop applying force.
2160:
agility: "... the critical capability that organizations need to meet the challenges of complexity and uncertainty"
1486:
3458:
2797:
2261:
1831:
1469:
1256:
96:
2777:
3128:
3071:
2647:
2056:
1595:
2381:
Swarming is not a panacea for conflict at all levels. If there is a significant military force preventing the
2873:
2012:
1459:
2305:, and is applicable to all military operations, as well as to civilian competition from sports to business.
3329:
3280:
2937:
1949:
648:
408:
3192:
2476:
appropriate for a warning center. Such lists depend on seeing a local pattern to give a specific warning.
3576:
3529:
2997:
1959:
1146:
943:
814:
352:
2337:(SEAD) missions using swarms of networked miniature spoofing decoy drones accompanying large numbers of
3771:
3285:
1423:
2999:
US Army in WWII. European Theater of Operations. The Supreme Command. Chapter V: Planning Before SHAEF
2333:
to mass attacks from low flying cruise missiles, it is thought that swarm tactics are well suited for
3463:
3434:
3334:
3272:
3132:
1533:
1041:
385:
259:
113:
3201:
3614:
2371:
2367:
1984:
1851:
1398:
1091:
904:
752:
3695:
3480:
2637:
2049:
1937:
1919:
1675:
1234:
1156:
1101:
981:
694:
357:
2295:: carry out the selected action, ideally while the opponent is still observing your last action.
3715:
3375:
3248:
2507:
1804:
1779:
1501:
1413:
1286:
1161:
757:
734:
180:
79:
3017:
2450:
Cordesman observes that swarming is a viable terrorist tactic against targets of opportunity.
3524:
3429:
1393:
1326:
1279:
928:
891:
854:
772:
724:
608:
418:
226:
135:
2385:
from working on developing connections, the other part of the paradigm comes into play: the
3735:
3700:
3538:
3485:
3392:
3068:"The Importance of Building Local Capabilities: Lessons from the Counterinsurgency in Iraq"
2366:
Alternatively, the US and other major powers may go to a more cooperative model, as in the
2326:
2101:
2060:
1784:
1686:
1543:
1538:
1356:
1321:
1056:
871:
729:
665:
519:
489:
86:
8:
3720:
3710:
3300:
2968:
The Pentagon's New Map: The Pentagon's New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-first Century
2961:
2097:
1635:
1620:
1496:
1383:
1361:
1336:
1296:
1206:
1016:
916:
633:
623:
588:
380:
370:
140:
64:
3548:
2417:
disappearing from military conflict. Swarming allows the military to fight everywhere.
2176:
Edwards holds that several axioms of military doctrine change with the use of swarming:
3725:
3586:
3581:
2166:
convergence. "convergence is the goal-seeking process that guides actions and effects."
2040:
1969:
1824:
1744:
1665:
1610:
1585:
1506:
1452:
1418:
1349:
1266:
1176:
1081:
1026:
911:
876:
829:
704:
675:
628:
566:
541:
375:
189:
108:
2735:
3690:
3609:
3596:
3556:
3397:
3241:
3063:
3043:
2973:
2762:
2676:
2643:
2547:
2134:
2130:
2045:
2033:
2005:
1914:
1861:
1764:
1754:
1749:
1719:
1702:
1697:
1670:
1615:
1316:
1306:
1301:
1291:
1211:
1201:
1196:
1171:
1141:
1031:
1001:
996:
986:
976:
966:
881:
834:
804:
643:
436:
413:
347:
2966:
2664:
2541:
1974:
3571:
3519:
3502:
3424:
3416:
3193:
Center on Terrorism and Irregular Warfare of the Naval Postgraduate School (2000).
2502:
2029:
1979:
1944:
1876:
1769:
1707:
1600:
1528:
1521:
1378:
1311:
1261:
1251:
1126:
1046:
1006:
991:
953:
938:
809:
794:
747:
655:
613:
556:
551:
509:
332:
309:
216:
145:
74:
57:
3092:
3387:
3264:
3035:
2517:
1789:
1774:
1692:
1648:
1590:
1246:
1241:
1131:
1121:
1036:
1011:
948:
789:
719:
709:
561:
546:
469:
441:
241:
221:
69:
3730:
3664:
3641:
3475:
3470:
3453:
3446:
3339:
3228:
2704:
2398:
1964:
1712:
1136:
1096:
1074:
1061:
1051:
1021:
933:
886:
689:
680:
571:
524:
504:
494:
464:
431:
319:
276:
231:
103:
36:
3407:
3169:
2571:
2289:: select the next action based on the combined observation and local knowledge
3765:
3604:
3346:
3317:
3295:
2993:
2680:
2604:
2462:
1811:
1799:
1655:
1575:
1491:
1474:
1331:
1186:
1166:
844:
839:
819:
799:
714:
685:
660:
536:
514:
499:
474:
314:
236:
199:
194:
91:
3685:
3659:
3649:
3626:
3507:
2455:
2410:
2342:
2093:
1998:
1924:
1904:
1899:
1794:
1739:
1373:
1368:
1191:
1106:
849:
583:
484:
281:
185:
3705:
3654:
3495:
3351:
2485:
2245:
2114:
1909:
1660:
1625:
1464:
1151:
1116:
824:
767:
670:
454:
175:
170:
2425:
2080:
Some historical examples with at least some aspect of swarming include:
3512:
3490:
3166:
2004 NANOG Meeting – Third Joint Meeting With ARIN! (October 2004)
2434:
2143:
2089:
1866:
1836:
1558:
922:
2325:
Due to the vulnerability of sophisticated air defense systems such as
2163:
focus: "provides the context and defines the purposes of the endeavor"
3740:
3380:
3118:"Modeling Terrorist Networks – Complex Systems at the Mid-Range"
2119:
1856:
1680:
1630:
1580:
1570:
1565:
1430:
1221:
1216:
1181:
618:
304:
271:
160:
2699:
2665:"Agility, Focus, and Convergence: The Future of Command and Control"
3669:
3631:
3363:
3305:
2615:
2582:
2451:
2260:
Swarming ties in well with the theories of the military strategist
1871:
1846:
1479:
1111:
1086:
699:
254:
128:
3290:
3165:
3091:. Decision Support Systems, Inc. 31 December 2001. Archived from
2838:"The S-400 myth: Why Russia's air defense prowess is exaggerated"
2497:
2361:
2338:
2255:
1881:
1841:
1605:
1439:
1435:
777:
762:
638:
299:
294:
264:
203:
165:
3115:
3070:. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from
2926:"Blue Force Tracker and Army Aviation Operations in Afghanistan"
3324:
3195:"The Future of Armed Resistance: Cyberterror? Mass Casualties?"
2481:
2277:: make use of the best sensors and other intelligence available
1388:
784:
601:
337:
2429:
Chinese soldiers swarm a UN-held position during the decisive
2096:
in effective swarming attacks against a relief column sent by
3566:
3086:"Hunting the Sleepers: Tracking al-Qaida's Covert Operatives"
2394:
2330:
859:
395:
390:
2635:
3312:
3233:
3129:
Complexity, Ethics and Creativity Conference September 2003
2390:
155:
150:
2341:
cruise missiles launched from mass fire platforms such as
2353:
Prevention of fratricide, as well as the ability to make
28:
2893:
2809:
2769:
2543:
Swarming on the Battlefield: Past, Present, and Future
2283:: put the new observations into a context with the old
3116:
Fellman, Philip Vos; Roxana Wright (September 2003).
3062:
3018:"The U.S. Constabulary in Post-War Germany (1946–52)"
2863:"U.S. Air Force 2030 Science and Technology Strategy"
2761:. CBS Radio Network. January 28, 2003. Archived from
2706:
FM 3–0, Operations (with included Change 1)
2960:
2605:"Should swarming become a Tenet for Transformation?"
2063:. They observed that military swarming is primarily
2923:
2445:
2420:
2125:
3751:Task allocation and partitioning of social insects
2965:
2733:
2539:
2992:
2815:
2795:
2779:Dynamic Density: Flexible Defence Against the OMG
2775:
2662:
3763:
3034:
3010:
2602:
2180:Edwards on principles of war changed by swarming
2956:
2954:
2789:
3188:
3186:
3155:
3056:
2887:
2642:. RAND Documented Briefing. RAND Corporation.
2565:
2563:
2535:
2533:
2362:Modern militaries and lower-intensity conflict
2256:Improved decision-making as a force multiplier
3249:
3149:
3078:
3022:United States Army Center of Military History
3004:United States Army Center of Military History
2917:
2749:
2747:
2596:
2348:
2312:
2006:
2951:
2629:
2546:. Rand Monograph MR-1100. Rand Corporation.
2100:. Bactrian horse archers surrounded various
3183:
2896:"Winning – and Losing– the First Wired War"
2727:
2675:(1). Command and Control Research Program.
2656:
2560:
2530:
2222:
2137:'s IRGC navy speedboats using swarm tactics
3256:
3242:
2744:
2740:. PhD thesis. Pardee RAND Graduate School.
2039:Military swarming is often encountered in
2013:
1999:
2467:Clandestine HUMINT operational techniques
2924:Watanabe, Nathan K. (March–April 2004).
2894:Shachtman, Noah; David Axe (June 2006).
2835:
2424:
2413:in the post-WWII occupation of Germany.
2316:
2129:
972:List of military strategies and concepts
3109:
2636:Arquilla, John; David Ronfeldt (2000).
2569:
2513:Three-Dimensional (3D) Tactics Analysis
16:Battlefield tactic to saturate defences
3764:
2799:ForestAir Dragoons Aircraft Evaluation
2071:
3359:Patterns of self-organization in ants
3237:
2734:Edwards, Sean J.A. (September 2004).
2585:(May 2005 ed.). McLean, Virginia
2083:
2701:Headquarters, Department of the Army
2693:
2301:Boyd's concept is also known as the
3156:Kristoff, John (October 17, 2004).
2816:Frederick Hogarth (December 1989),
2639:Swarming and the Future of Conflict
2570:Edwards, Sean J.A. (January 2003).
13:
3369:symmetry breaking of escaping ants
3168:. Reston, Virginia. Archived from
2239:
2236:direction to the swarming agents.
14:
3783:
3222:
2785:, Royal United Services Institute
2603:Splinter Group C (January 2003).
2335:Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses
3406:
2870:Air Force Science and Technology
2836:Hollings, Alex (July 21, 2022).
2796:Frederick Hogarth (March 1989),
2776:Frederick Hogarth (April 1987),
2446:Swarming principles in terrorism
2421:Swarming and Third World nations
2126:The evolution of modern swarming
2107:
46:
3028:
2986:
2855:
2829:
2431:Battle of the Cheongcheon River
2737:Swarming and the Future of War
2572:"Military History of Swarming"
2057:revolution in military affairs
1:
2874:Air Force Research Laboratory
2523:
2185:Traditional principle of war
3330:Mixed-species foraging flock
3281:Agent-based model in biology
3263:
2669:The International C2 Journal
7:
3577:Particle swarm optimization
2540:Edwards, Sean J.A. (2000).
2491:
2188:Redefinition with swarming
2088:At the siege of Samarkand,
1470:Military–industrial complex
944:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
3788:
3286:Collective animal behavior
2663:Alberts, David S. (2007).
2349:Swarming avoids fratricide
2313:Saturation of air defenses
2268:, consisting of the steps
3678:
3640:
3595:
3547:
3415:
3404:
3271:
1534:Loss-of-strength gradient
386:Combat information center
3615:Self-propelled particles
2368:foreign internal defense
2309:points on the compass."
2223:Modern military swarming
2050:complex adaptive systems
1852:Military science fiction
1337:Technology and equipment
753:List of military tactics
3696:Collective intelligence
3562:Ant colony optimization
3006:. Pogue-1954-Chapter 5.
1920:Wartime sexual violence
1676:Full-spectrum dominance
1487:Supply-chain management
3716:Microbial intelligence
3376:Shoaling and schooling
2508:Battle of annihilation
2438:
2322:
2138:
1832:Awards and decorations
1805:Peace through strength
1780:Low-intensity conflict
1414:Conscientious objector
1287:Area of responsibility
3064:Cordesman, Anthony H.
2936:: 18+. Archived from
2703:(22 February 2011) .
2474:indications checklist
2428:
2320:
2133:
2032:designed to maximize
419:Torpedo data computer
409:Ship gun fire-control
3736:Spatial organization
3701:Decentralised system
3539:Sea turtle migration
3393:Swarming (honey bee)
3125:Complexity Programme
2962:Barnett, Thomas P.M.
2825:, Pegasus Associates
2819:Crocodile or Piranha
2805:, Pegasus Associates
2383:system administrator
2102:Macedonian phalanxes
2061:force transformation
1950:Military occupations
1785:Military engineering
1687:Unrestricted Warfare
1544:Force multiplication
437:Military manoeuvrers
3711:Group size measures
3273:Biological swarming
2181:
2152:command and control
2098:Alexander the Great
2072:Swarming in history
1636:Penal military unit
1621:Rules of engagement
1297:Command and control
917:Operations research
381:Director (military)
371:Fire-control system
141:Command and control
22:Part of a series on
3726:Predator satiation
3587:Swarm (simulation)
3582:Swarm intelligence
3557:Agent-based models
3388:Swarming behaviour
3074:on April 10, 2008.
3066:(August 1, 2006).
3024:(CMH). April 2000.
2844:. 19fortyfive Corp
2712:. Washington, DC:
2618:. McLean, Virginia
2439:
2323:
2179:
2139:
2084:Siege of Samarkand
2046:military doctrines
2041:asymmetric warfare
2030:battlefield tactic
1745:Counter-insurgency
1666:Command of the sea
1611:Jewish laws on war
1586:Geneva Conventions
1122:Divide and conquer
912:Military operation
877:Tactical objective
376:Fire-control radar
353:Electronic-warfare
3772:Military strategy
3759:
3758:
3746:Military swarming
3691:Animal navigation
3610:Collective motion
3597:Collective motion
3464:reverse migration
3398:Swarming motility
3042:. HarperCollins.
2994:Pogue, Forrest C.
2972:. Berkley Trade.
2612:Complexity Digest
2579:Complexity Digest
2216:
2215:
2209:Unity of command
2201:Economy of force
2034:target saturation
2023:
2022:
1915:Horses in warfare
1862:Anti-war movement
1765:Gunboat diplomacy
1755:Disaster response
1703:Philosophy of war
1698:Principles of war
1671:Deterrence theory
1616:Right of conquest
1539:Lanchester's laws
1307:Principles of war
997:Counter-offensive
977:Military campaign
882:Target saturation
805:Counterinsurgency
414:Gun data computer
348:Close air support
310:Aircraft carriers
3779:
3572:Crowd simulation
3549:Swarm algorithms
3520:Insect migration
3425:Animal migration
3417:Animal migration
3410:
3335:Mobbing behavior
3258:
3251:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3200:. Archived from
3199:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3131:. Archived from
3122:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3036:Hackworth, David
3032:
3026:
3025:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2971:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2902:. Archived from
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2867:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2609:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2537:
2503:Defeat in detail
2407:Operation Rankin
2212:Unity of effort
2182:
2178:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1770:Humanitarian aid
1708:Security dilemma
1529:Power projection
1312:Economy of force
1292:Chain of command
1007:Defence in depth
992:Commerce raiding
810:Defeat in detail
146:Defense ministry
50:
41:
40:
31:
19:
18:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3674:
3636:
3591:
3543:
3411:
3402:
3267:
3262:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3191:
3184:
3175:
3173:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3033:
3029:
3016:
3015:
3011:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2959:
2952:
2943:
2941:
2922:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2900:Popular Science
2892:
2888:
2879:
2877:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2847:
2845:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2759:The Osgood File
2753:
2752:
2745:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2709:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2634:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2586:
2574:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2518:Cabbage tactics
2494:
2448:
2423:
2364:
2351:
2315:
2258:
2242:
2240:A 1987 proposal
2225:
2196:Dispersed mass
2128:
2110:
2086:
2074:
2019:
1990:
1989:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1827:
1817:
1816:
1790:Multilateralism
1775:Law enforcement
1735:
1725:
1724:
1693:Just war theory
1651:
1641:
1640:
1591:Geneva Protocol
1561:
1551:
1550:
1524:
1514:
1513:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1352:
1342:
1341:
1282:
1272:
1271:
1237:
1227:
1226:
1157:Network-centric
1077:
1067:
1066:
969:
959:
958:
907:
897:
896:
845:Rapid dominance
750:
740:
739:
695:Electromagnetic
604:
594:
593:
580:
533:
481:
457:
447:
446:
442:Combat training
423:
400:
366:Combat systems:
362:
324:
320:Auxiliary ships
286:
246:
242:Military police
208:
131:
121:
120:
60:
34:
33:
32:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3785:
3775:
3774:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3731:Quorum sensing
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3679:Related topics
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3665:Swarm robotics
3662:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3642:Swarm robotics
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3476:Fish migration
3473:
3471:Cell migration
3468:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3454:Bird migration
3451:
3450:
3449:
3447:coded wire tag
3444:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3340:feeding frenzy
3332:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3223:External links
3221:
3218:
3217:
3182:
3148:
3108:
3077:
3055:
3048:
3040:Hazardous Duty
3027:
3009:
2985:
2978:
2950:
2916:
2886:
2854:
2828:
2808:
2788:
2768:
2765:on 2006-09-27.
2743:
2726:
2692:
2655:
2648:
2628:
2595:
2559:
2552:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2447:
2444:
2422:
2419:
2399:United Nations
2372:special forces
2363:
2360:
2350:
2347:
2314:
2311:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2257:
2254:
2241:
2238:
2224:
2221:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2127:
2124:
2109:
2106:
2092:used Bactrian
2085:
2082:
2073:
2070:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1955:Military terms
1952:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1713:Tripwire force
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1235:Administrative
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1162:New generation
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1137:Fleet in being
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1075:Grand strategy
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:Scorched earth
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
970:
965:
964:
961:
960:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
934:Deep operation
931:
926:
919:
914:
908:
903:
902:
899:
898:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
863:
862:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
781:
780:
775:
770:
760:
751:
746:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
735:Unconventional
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
683:
681:Disinformation
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
652:
651:
646:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
605:
600:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
586:
579:
578:
577:
576:
575:
574:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
532:
531:
530:
529:
528:
527:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
480:
479:
478:
477:
472:
467:
458:
453:
452:
449:
448:
445:
444:
439:
434:
432:Basic training
429:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
361:
360:
358:Reconnaissance
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
285:
284:
279:
277:Special forces
274:
269:
268:
267:
257:
252:
245:
244:
239:
234:
232:Reconnaissance
229:
224:
219:
214:
207:
206:
197:
192:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
132:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:
111:
101:
100:
99:
94:
84:
83:
82:
75:Post-classical
72:
67:
61:
56:
55:
52:
51:
43:
42:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3784:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:Active matter
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:diel vertical
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3318:herd behavior
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3207:on 2007-07-13
3203:
3196:
3189:
3187:
3172:on 2007-12-18
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3138:on 2007-07-08
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3098:on 2007-11-28
3094:
3087:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3051:
3049:0-380-72742-0
3045:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2981:
2979:0-425-20239-9
2975:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2940:on 2007-10-09
2939:
2935:
2931:
2930:Army Aviation
2927:
2920:
2906:on 2012-02-24
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2858:
2843:
2842:Sandboxx News
2839:
2832:
2821:
2820:
2812:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2730:
2715:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2555:
2553:0-8330-2779-4
2549:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:John Arquilla
2459:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2204:Simultaneity
2203:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2136:
2135:Iran–Iraq War
2132:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2108:Mongols Horde
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:horse archers
2091:
2081:
2078:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Warrior caste
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1812:Show of force
1810:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1800:Peacebuilding
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:Air supremacy
1654:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:Islamic rules
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:Court-martial
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Arms industry
1473:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Broken-backed
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
973:
968:
963:
962:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
929:Expeditionary
927:
925:
924:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
906:
901:
900:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
861:
858:
857:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
800:Counterattack
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
754:
749:
744:
743:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
725:Psychological
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
661:Combined arms
659:
657:
654:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
603:
598:
597:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
534:
526:
523:
522:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
500:Fortification
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
486:
483:
482:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
460:
459:
456:
451:
450:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
318:
316:
315:Landing craft
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
266:
263:
262:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
205:
201:
200:Standing army
198:
196:
193:
191:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
130:
125:
124:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
98:
95:
93:
92:pike and shot
90:
89:
88:
85:
81:
78:
77:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
59:
54:
53:
49:
45:
44:
38:
30:
26:
25:
21:
20:
3745:
3686:Allee effect
3660:Nanorobotics
3650:Ant robotics
3627:Vicsek model
3209:. Retrieved
3202:the original
3174:. Retrieved
3170:the original
3161:
3151:
3140:. Retrieved
3133:the original
3124:
3111:
3100:. Retrieved
3093:the original
3080:
3072:the original
3058:
3039:
3030:
3012:
2998:
2988:
2967:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:the original
2933:
2929:
2919:
2908:. Retrieved
2904:the original
2899:
2889:
2878:. Retrieved
2876:. April 2019
2869:
2857:
2846:. Retrieved
2841:
2831:
2818:
2811:
2798:
2791:
2778:
2771:
2763:the original
2758:
2736:
2729:
2717:. Retrieved
2705:
2695:
2684:. Retrieved
2672:
2668:
2658:
2638:
2631:
2620:. Retrieved
2611:
2598:
2587:. Retrieved
2578:
2542:
2478:
2471:
2460:
2456:9/11 attacks
2449:
2440:
2415:
2411:Constabulary
2406:
2403:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2365:
2354:
2352:
2343:Rapid Dragon
2324:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2265:
2259:
2250:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2175:
2171:
2154:in favor of
2151:
2149:
2140:
2111:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2064:
2054:
2038:
2025:
2024:
1925:Fifth column
1905:War resister
1900:Women in war
1795:Peacekeeping
1740:Arms control
1685:
1374:Mobilization
1369:Conscription
1327:Intelligence
1280:Organization
921:
866:
850:Encirclement
730:Radiological
666:Conventional
520:Subterranean
427:Development:
426:
403:
365:
327:
290:Naval units:
289:
282:Signal corps
249:
227:Intelligence
212:Specialties:
211:
136:Organization
87:Early modern
3706:Eusociality
3655:Microbotics
3525:butterflies
3496:sardine run
3430:altitudinal
3352:pack hunter
2755:"Swarm War"
2486:cyberattack
2370:mission of
2246:Rhine River
1910:War studies
1733:Non-warfare
1661:Appeasement
1626:Martial law
1465:War economy
1404:Transgender
1357:Recruitment
1117:Containment
1002:Culminating
982:Anti-access
905:Operational
825:Envelopment
768:Air assault
649:Air cavalry
609:Air defence
589:Information
490:Cold-region
455:Battlespace
404:Historical:
250:Land units:
176:Space force
171:Coast guard
104:Late modern
65:Prehistoric
3620:clustering
3513:philopatry
3491:salmon run
3486:Lessepsian
3211:2007-11-23
3176:2007-11-23
3142:2007-11-02
3102:2007-11-17
2944:2007-11-23
2910:2007-11-23
2880:2022-07-30
2848:2022-07-30
2686:2007-11-23
2649:0833028855
2622:2007-12-16
2589:2007-12-16
2524:References
2435:Korean War
2144:Blitzkrieg
2090:Spitamenes
1970:War crimes
1960:Operations
1867:Foot drill
1837:Battle cry
1750:deterrence
1409:Harassment
1384:Specialism
1207:Technology
1202:Succession
1147:Liberation
1082:Asymmetric
1017:Empty fort
923:Blitzkrieg
892:Withdrawal
855:Investment
634:Camouflage
629:Biological
567:Underwater
542:Amphibious
461:Aerospace
328:Air units:
305:Submarines
114:fourth-gen
109:industrial
97:napoleonic
3741:Stigmergy
3721:Mutualism
3381:bait ball
3162:NANOG Web
3158:"Botnets"
2719:31 August
2681:1938-6044
2397:, or the
2387:leviathan
2303:OODA Loop
2266:Boyd loop
2262:John Boyd
2120:OODA loop
2065:tactical,
1857:War novel
1760:Grey-zone
1720:War games
1681:Overmatch
1631:War crime
1581:Desertion
1571:Ceasefire
1566:Armistice
1453:Logistics
1431:Mercenary
1419:Volunteer
1350:Personnel
1322:Engineers
1267:Sociology
1222:World war
1217:Total war
1197:Strategic
1187:Religious
1172:Political
1167:Perpetual
1142:Irregular
1057:Offensive
1032:Defensive
1027:Deception
987:Attrition
835:Guerrilla
830:Formation
773:Airbridge
705:Loitering
619:Artillery
272:Artillery
222:Engineers
190:Irregular
161:Air force
3766:Category
3670:Symbrion
3632:BIO-LGCA
3435:tracking
3364:ant mill
3306:sort sol
3301:flocking
3265:Swarming
3038:(1997).
2996:(1954).
2964:(2005).
2492:See also
2452:Al-Qaeda
2339:JASSM-ER
2026:Swarming
1872:War song
1847:War film
1480:Materiel
1399:Children
1379:Training
1317:Medicine
1302:Doctrine
1257:Training
1192:Resource
1177:Princely
1127:Economic
1112:Conquest
1107:Colonial
1102:Cold war
1087:Blockade
967:Strategy
939:Maneuver
700:Infantry
656:Chemical
510:Mountain
470:Airborne
333:Fighters
300:Warships
255:Infantry
181:Reserves
129:Military
3530:monarch
3459:flyways
3440:history
3291:Droving
2498:C4ISTAR
2433:in the
2275:Observe
1985:Writers
1980:Weapons
1945:Battles
1894:Related
1882:Wargame
1877:Uniform
1825:Culture
1606:Perfidy
1601:Justice
1522:Science
1507:Outpost
1460:History
1440:Warrior
1436:Soldier
1424:foreign
1362:counter
1262:Service
1212:Theater
1152:Limited
1132:Endemic
1047:Nuclear
815:Foxhole
790:Cavalry
778:Airdrop
763:Airlift
748:Tactics
720:Nuclear
710:Missile
639:Cavalry
624:Barrage
602:Weapons
562:Surface
343:Command
338:Bombers
295:Frogman
265:Cavalry
237:Medical
204:Militia
186:Regular
166:Marines
80:castles
70:Ancient
58:History
37:outline
3503:Homing
3325:Locust
3046:
2976:
2679:
2646:
2550:
2482:botnet
2461:While
2355:ad hoc
2287:Decide
2281:Orient
1965:Sieges
1649:Theory
1389:Morale
1247:Policy
1242:Branch
1022:Mosaic
1012:Fabian
954:Covert
887:Trench
872:Screen
795:Charge
785:Battle
758:Aerial
676:Denial
644:Horses
572:Seabed
525:Tunnel
505:Jungle
495:Desert
465:Aerial
3567:Boids
3508:natal
3296:Flock
3205:(PDF)
3198:(PDF)
3136:(PDF)
3121:(PDF)
3096:(PDF)
3089:(PDF)
2866:(PDF)
2823:(PDF)
2803:(PDF)
2783:(PDF)
2710:(PDF)
2608:(PPT)
2575:(ppt)
2395:ASEAN
2331:S-400
2327:S-300
2193:Mass
2059:" or
2028:is a
1938:Lists
1394:Women
1332:Ranks
1252:Staff
1182:Proxy
1097:Class
1052:Naval
1037:Depth
867:Swarm
860:Siege
840:Naval
820:Drone
715:Music
690:Robot
686:Drone
671:Cyber
614:Armor
584:Cyber
557:Green
552:Brown
515:Urban
475:Space
396:Radar
391:Sonar
260:Armor
217:Staff
195:Ranks
3347:Pack
3313:Herd
3044:ISBN
2974:ISBN
2721:2013
2677:ISSN
2644:ISBN
2548:ISBN
2391:NATO
2329:and
1975:Wars
1492:Base
1042:Goal
949:Raid
547:Blue
485:Land
156:Navy
151:Army
2714:GPO
2293:Act
2115:Yam
1559:Law
1502:FOB
1497:MOB
537:Sea
29:War
3768::
3185:^
3164:.
3160:.
3127:.
3123:.
3020:.
3002:.
2953:^
2934:53
2932:.
2928:.
2898:.
2872:.
2868:.
2840:.
2757:.
2746:^
2671:.
2667:.
2614:.
2610:.
2581:.
2577:.
2562:^
2532:^
2469:.
2401:.
2393:,
2345:.
1438:/
688:/
202:/
188:/
3257:e
3250:t
3243:v
3214:.
3179:.
3145:.
3105:.
3052:.
2982:.
2947:.
2913:.
2883:.
2851:.
2723:.
2689:.
2673:1
2652:.
2625:.
2592:.
2556:.
2437:.
2014:e
2007:t
2000:v
39:)
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)