1447:, or VOCs, and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed ventilation system (passively/naturally or mechanically powered) to provide adequate ventilation of cleaner air from outdoors or recirculated, filtered air as well as isolated operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies. During the design and construction process choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low VOC emissions will improve IAQ. Most building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit gases, some of them toxic, such as many VOCs including formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health, comfort, and productivity. Avoiding these products will increase a building's IEQ. LEED, HQE and Green Star contain specifications on use of low-emitting interior. Draft LEED 2012 is about to expand the scope of the involved products. BREEAM limits formaldehyde emissions, no other VOCs. MAS Certified Green is a registered trademark to delineate low VOC-emitting products in the marketplace. The MAS Certified Green Program ensures that any potentially hazardous chemicals released from manufactured products have been thoroughly tested and meet rigorous standards established by independent toxicologists to address recognized long-term health concerns. These IAQ standards have been adopted by and incorporated into the following programs:
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criteria designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement take place. O&M staff should aim to establish best practices in energy efficiency, resource conservation, ecologically sensitive products and other sustainable practices. Education of building operators and occupants is key to effective implementation of sustainable strategies in O&M services.
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the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Green building also refers to saving resources to the maximum extent, including energy saving, land saving, water saving, material saving, etc., during the whole life cycle of the building, protecting the environment and reducing pollution, providing people with healthy, comfortable and efficient use of space, and being in harmony with nature. Buildings that live in harmony; green building technology focuses on low consumption, high efficiency, economy, environmental protection, integration and optimization.â
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their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing or by using water for washing of the cars. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site.
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855:(BIMs) are files (often but not always in proprietary formats and containing proprietary data) which can be extracted, exchanged, or networked to support decision-making regarding a building or other built asset. Current BIM software is used by individuals, businesses, and government agencies who plan, design, construct, operate and maintain diverse physical infrastructures, such as water, refuse, electricity, gas, communication utilities, roads, railways, bridges, ports, and tunnels.
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1630:", the U.S. Green Building Council gives another specific example of how commercial energy retrofits increase worker health and thus productivity, "People in the U.S. spend about 90% of their time indoors. EPA studies indicate indoor levels of pollutants may be up to ten times higher than outdoor levels. LEED-certified buildings are designed to have healthier, cleaner indoor environmental quality, which means health benefits for occupants."
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performance of buildings. It identifies and describes issues to be taken into account when using methods for the assessment of environmental performance for new or existing building properties in the design, construction, operation, refurbishment and deconstruction stages. It is not an assessment system in itself but is intended be used in conjunction with, and following the principles set out in, the ISO 14000 series of standards.
980:, even if the most energy-efficient, environmentally sound methods are used in design and construction. Bioclimatic design principles are able to reduce energy expenditure and by extension, carbon emissions. Bioclimatic design is a method of building design that takes local climate into account to create comfortable conditions within the structure. This could be as simple as constructing a different shape for the
33:
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demand response measures might lower household electricity bills by 7% to 12% in advanced economies and nearly 20% in developing ones, with smart device installations nearly doubling by 2030. The US could see a 116 GW reduction in peak demand, 80 million tonnes less CO2 per year by 2030, and save between USD 100 billion and USD 200 billion over twenty years with grid-interactive buildings. In
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1113:(LCA) can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental, social and economic concerns by assessing a full range of impacts associated with all cradle-to-grave stages of a process: from extraction of raw materials through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling. Impacts taken into account include (among others)
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their own. They will also reuse waste, implements sustainable transportation, and produce their own food. Green villages have been identified as a way to decentralize sustainable climate practices, which may prove key in areas with high rural or scattered village populations, such as India, where 74% of the population lives in over 600,000 different villages.
1089:, materials efficiency, indoor environmental quality enhancement, operations and maintenance optimization and waste and toxics reduction. The essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect.
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surfaces on the building's interior can enhance and sustain microbial growth. A well-insulated and tightly sealed envelope will reduce moisture problems but adequate ventilation is also necessary to eliminate moisture from sources indoors including human metabolic processes, cooking, bathing, cleaning, and other activities.
1725:), is the fourth in a series of such reports. The IPCC was established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential effects and options for adaptation and mitigation.
1617:, new appliances, and modern technologies tend to cost more money. Most green buildings cost a premium of <2%, but yield 10 times as much over the entire life of the building. In regards to the financial benefits of green building, "Over 20 years, the financial payback typically exceeds the additional cost of
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reporting that is broadly relevant to all organizations regardless of size, sector, or location. The
Guidelines contain principles and guidance as well as standard disclosures â including indicators â to outline a disclosure framework that organizations can voluntarily, flexibly, and incrementally, adopt.
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The
Project Sustainability Management Guidelines are structured with Themes and Sub-Themes under the three main sustainability headings of Social, Environmental and Economic. For each individual Sub-Theme a core project indicator is defined along with guidance as to the relevance of that issue in the
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Although LCA is widely recognized as the best way to evaluate the environmental impacts of buildings (ISO 14040 provides a recognized LCA methodology), it is not yet a consistent requirement of green building rating systems and codes, despite the fact that embodied energy and other life cycle impacts
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The
International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) Project Sustainability Management Guidelines were created in order to assist project engineers and other stakeholders in setting sustainable development goals for their projects that are recognized and accepted by as being in the interests
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As a result of the increased interest in green building concepts and practices, a number of organizations have developed standards, codes and rating systems for use by government regulators, building professionals and consumers. In some cases, codes are written so local governments can adopt them as
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No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance(O&M) personnel are part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green
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is the tallest building in
Philadelphia. It is also one of the tallest buildings in the USA that is LEED Certified. Their environmental engineering consists of a hybrid central chilled water system which cools floor-by-floor with steam instead of water. Burn's Mechanical set-up the entire renovation
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The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the
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by a factor of 4-6 times. And broader benefits, such as reductions in greenhouse gases (GHGs) and other pollutants have large positive impacts on surrounding communities and on the planet." The stigma is between the knowledge of up-front cost vs. life-cycle cost. The savings in money come from more
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version is available, however options with lower yields of pollutive waste entertain ideas of upcycling and congregate supplementing; replacing traditional concrete mixes with slag, production waste, and aggregates. Insulation also sees multiple angles for substitution. Commonly used fiberglass has
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Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase
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throughout a building's life-cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the contractor, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green
Building practice expands and complements
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The
Reporting Framework contains the core product of the Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, as well as Protocols and Sector Supplements. The Guidelines are used as the basis for all reporting. They are the foundation upon which all other reporting guidance is based, and outline core content for
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Studies have shown over a 20-year life period, some green buildings have yielded $ 53 to $ 71 per square foot back on investment. Confirming the rentability of green building investments, further studies of the commercial real estate market have found that LEED and Energy Star certified buildings
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Also important to indoor air quality is the control of moisture accumulation (dampness) leading to mold growth and the presence of bacteria and viruses as well as dust mites and other organisms and microbiological concerns. Water intrusion through a building's envelope or water condensing on cold
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accounting for 20% of 2023 vehicle sales, and a potential doubling of China's peak electricity demand by mid-century. India's air conditioner ownership could see a tenfold rise by 2050, causing a sixfold increase in peak electricity demand, which could be halved with efficient practices. By 2050,
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However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and components each constituting various design
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At the beginning of the 21st century, efforts were made to implement the principles of green building, not only for individual buildings, but also for neighborhoods and villages. The intent is to create zero energy neighborhoods and villages, which means they're going to create all the energy on
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Solid wood products, particularly flooring, are often specified in environments where occupants are known to have allergies to dust or other particulates. Wood itself is considered to be hypo-allergenic and its smooth surfaces prevent the buildup of particles common in soft finishes like carpet.
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The Indoor
Environmental Quality (IEQ) category in LEED standards, one of the five environmental categories, was created to provide comfort, well-being, and productivity of occupants. The LEED IEQ category addresses design and construction guidelines especially: indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal
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ISO/TS 21931:2006, Sustainability in building constructionâFramework for methods of assessment for environmental performance of construction worksâPart 1: Buildings, is intended to provide a general framework for improving the quality and comparability of methods for assessing the environmental
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Green building codes and standards, such as the
International Code Council's draft International Green Construction Code, are sets of rules created by standards development organizations that establish minimum requirements for elements of green building such as materials or heating and cooling.
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is the philosophy of designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site
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Numerous studies have shown the measurable benefit of green building initiatives on worker productivity. In general it has been found that, "there is a direct correlation between increased productivity and employees who love being in their work space." Specifically, worker productivity can be
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When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to landfills. Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered "waste" and reclaiming it into useful building material. Extending the useful life of a structure also reduces waste â
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As high-performance buildings use less operating energy, embodied energy has assumed much greater importance â and may make up as much as 30% of the overall life cycle energy consumption. Studies such as the U.S. LCI Database
Project show buildings built primarily with wood will have a lower
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The IPD Environment Code was launched in
February 2008. The Code is intended as a good practice global standard for measuring the environmental performance of corporate buildings. Its aim is to accurately measure and manage the environmental impacts of corporate buildings and enable property
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Glass buildings, especially all-glass skyscrapers, contribute significantly to climate change due to their energy inefficiency. While these structures are visually appealing and allow abundant natural light, they also trap heat, necessitating increased use of air conditioning systems, which
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Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized
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Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to
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A 2022 report from the Boston Consulting Group found that, investments in developing greener forms of cement, iron, and steel lead to bigger greenhouse gas reductions compared with investments in electricity and aviation. In addition, the process of making cement without producing
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Sector Supplements respond to the limits of a one-size-fits-all approach. Sector Supplements complement the use of the core Guidelines by capturing the unique set of sustainability issues faced by different sectors such as mining, automotive, banking, public agencies and others.
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The Sustainability Reporting Framework provides guidance for organizations to use as the basis for disclosure about their sustainability performance, and also provides stakeholders a universally applicable, comparable framework in which to understand disclosed information.
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Interactions among all the indoor components and the occupants together form the processes that determine the indoor air quality. Extensive investigation of such processes is the subject of indoor air scientific research and is well documented in the journal Indoor Air.
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Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective of green buildings is to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:
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Although LCA is often perceived as overly complex and time-consuming for regular use by design professionals, research organizations such as BRE in the UK and the Athena Sustainable Materials Institute in North America are working to make it more accessible.
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will also aid in increasing a building's thermal quality. Creating a high performance luminous environment through the careful integration of daylight and electrical light sources will improve on the lighting quality and energy performance of a structure.
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construction practices. There are a number of motives for building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in the
1147:. LCA is also included as a pilot credit in the LEED system, though a decision has not been made as to whether it will be incorporated fully into the next major revision. The state of California also included LCA as a voluntary measure in its 2010 draft
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found 12 sustainably-designed buildings that cost less to operate and have excellent energy performance. In addition, occupants were overall more satisfied with the building than those in typical commercial buildings. These are eco-friendly buildings.
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is a programme run by the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable development. It is a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the UN, governments, and major groups in every area in which
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While the practices or technologies employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, fundamental principles persist from which the method is derived: siting and structure design efficiency, energy efficiency,
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Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption â both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and install building materials and operating energy to provide services such as heating and power for equipment.
1239:, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (
1081:, and reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques are used, such as using low-impact building materials or using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of groundwater.
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or facing the building towards the south to maximize solar exposure for energy or lighting purposes. Given the limitations of city planned construction, bioclimatic principles may be employed on a lesser scale, however it is still an effective
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of building as the building sector has the greatest potential to deliver significant cuts in emissions at little or no cost. General guidelines can be summarized as follows: Every building should be as small as possible. Avoid contributing to
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efficient use of utilities which result in decreased energy bills. It is projected that different sectors could save $ 130 billion on energy bills. Also, higher worker or student productivity can be factored into savings and cost deductions.
1537:", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes.
1406:) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects. Energy efficient building materials and appliances are promoted in the United States through
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executives to generate high quality, comparable performance information about their buildings anywhere in the world. The Code covers a wide range of building types (from offices to airports) and aims to inform and support the following;
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Life cycle analysis (LCA) is a method used to evaluate the environmental impact of a product through its life cycle encompassing extraction and processing of the raw materials, manufacturing, distribution, use, recycling, and final
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than concrete and steel if produced in a sustainable way just as steel can be produced more sustainably through improvements in technology (e.g. EAF) and energy recycling/carbon capture(an underutilized potential for systematically
1900:
put forward the slogan "sustainable development" for the first time. At the same time, the energy-saving building system was gradually improved, and it was widely used in developed countries such as Germany, Britain, France and
1036:", published in 1962, is considered to be one of the first initial efforts to describe sustainable development as related to green building. The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desire for more
1670:(India) help consumers determine a structure's level of environmental performance. They award credits for optional building features that support green design in categories such as location and maintenance of building site,
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IEA (2024), More efficient and flexible buildings are key to clean energy transitions, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/commentaries/more-efficient-and-flexible-buildings-are-key-to-clean-energy-transitions, Licence: CC BY
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plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in LĂŒbeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create
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To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that reduce air leakage through the building envelope (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). They also specify high-performance windows and extra
1056:
Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and skills to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of
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of society as a whole. The process is also intended to allow the alignment of project goals with local conditions and priorities and to assist those involved in managing projects to measure and verify their progress.
895:. Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Although some green building programs don't address the issue of
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When sustainable building features are designed, constructed and operated efficiently, peak demand can be reduced so that there is less desire for electricity network expansion and there is less impact onto
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Gan, Vincent J. L.; Lo, Irene M. C.; Ma, Jun; Tse, K. T.; Cheng, Jack C. P.; Chan, C. M. (May 1, 2020). "Simulation optimisation towards energy efficient green buildings: Current status and future trends".
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recommends hardwood, vinyl, linoleum tile or slate flooring instead of carpet. The use of wood products can also improve air quality by absorbing or releasing moisture in the air to moderate humidity.
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According to Global status report from the year 2016, buildings consume more than 30% of all produced energy. The report states that "Under a below 2°C trajectory, effective action to improve building
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Protocols underpin each indicator in the Guidelines and include definitions for key terms in the indicator, compilation methodologies, intended scope of the indicator, and other technical references.
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works to facilitate the transition to low-carbon societies, support climate proofing efforts, improve understanding of climate change science, and raise public awareness about this global challenge.
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significantly impacted by certain aspects of green building design such as improved lighting, reduction of pollutants, advanced ventilation systems and the use of non-toxic building materials. In "
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Pivo, Gary; Fisher, Jeffrey D. Investment Returns from Responsible Property Investments: Energy Efficient, Transit-oriented and Urban Regeneration Office Properties in the US from 1998-2008. 2009.
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released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world's total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.
1917:
In 1992, because the "United Nations Conference on Environment and Development" promoted the idea of sustainable development, green buildings gradually became the direction of development.
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1518:. The site includes a variety of resources for regulators, municipalities, developers, contractors, owner/operators and individuals/homeowners looking for information on wood recycling.
4673: : how to plan and build an affordable, energy-efficient and waterwise home for the future / Josh Byrne. - ISBN 9781743795828 . - Richmond, Vic. : Hardie Grant Books, 2020.
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could limit building final energy demand to just above current levels, meaning that the average energy intensity of the global building stock would decrease by more than 80% by 2050".
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contribute to higher carbon emissions. Experts advocate for design modifications and potential restrictions on all-glass edifices to mitigate their detrimental environmental impact.
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IPD estimate that it will take approximately three years to gather significant data to develop a robust set of baseline data that could be used across a typical corporate estate.
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Energy efficiency for green buildings can be evaluated from either numerical or non-numerical methods. These include use of simulation modelling, analytical or statistical tools.
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In 1982 Per and Maria Krusche, et al. published an ecological approach to architecture in "Ăkologisches Bauen" (ecological buildings) for the German Federal Environment Agency.
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Building materials typically considered 'green' include lumber( that has been certified to a third-party standard), rapidly renewable plant materials (like bamboo and straw),
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Miller, Wendy; Liu, Lei Aaron; Amin, Zakaria; Gray, Matthew (2018). "Involving occupants in net-zero-energy solar housing retrofits: An Australian sub-tropical case study".
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Buildings represent a large part of energy, electricity, water and materials consumption. As of 2020, they account for 37% of global energy use and energy-related CO
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4240:
2441:"2020 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction: Towards a Zero-emissions, Efficient and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector - Executive Summary"
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variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.
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1671:
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Prochorskaite A, Couch C, Malys N, Maliene V (2016) Housing Stakeholder Preferences for the "Soft" Features of Sustainable and Healthy Housing Design in the UK.
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emissions, which the United Nations estimate contributed to 33% of overall worldwide emissions. Including the manufacturing of building materials, the global CO
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approach, which assumes that certain prescribed practices are better for the environment, toward the scientific evaluation of actual performance through LCA.
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In North America, LCA is rewarded to some extent in the Green Globes rating system, and is part of the new American National Standard based on Green Globes,
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emissions were 39%. If new technologies in construction are not adopted during this time of rapid growth, emissions could double by 2050, according to the
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Ilgin, Mehmet Ali; Gupta, Surendra M. (2010). "Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing and Product Recovery (ECMPRO): A Review of the State of the Art".
1053:, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy among the practices used.
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achieve significantly higher rents, sale prices and occupancy rates as well as lower capitalization rates potentially reflecting lower investment risk.
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814:
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900:
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To reduce the amount of wood that goes to landfill, Neutral Alliance (a coalition of government, NGOs and the forest industry) created the website
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Fuerst, Franz; McAllister, Pat. Green Noise or Green Value? Measuring the Effects of Environmental Certification on Office Property Values. 2009.
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can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building.
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2541:
2498:"2019 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction Towards a zero-emissions, efficient, and resilient buildings and construction sector"
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Lee, Young S; Guerin, Denise A (2010). "Indoor environmental quality differences between office types in LEED-certified buildings in the US".
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Allen, E, & Iano, J. (2008). Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
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Furthermore, embodied energy comparisons can help deduce the selection of building material and its efficiency. Wood production emits less CO
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90:
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and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and
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1507:. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as
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1674:, energy, and building materials, and occupant comfort and health. The number of credits generally determines the level of achievement.
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Mao, Xiaoping; Lu, Huimin; Li, Qiming (2009). "A Comparison Study of Mainstream Sustainable/Green Building Rating Tools in the World".
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The Greenhouse Gas Indicator: UNEP Guidelines for Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Businesses and Non-Commercial Organizations
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is a process involving the generation and management of digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of places.
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1722:
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Hu M, Skibniewski MJ (April 22, 2021). "A Review of Building Construction Cost Research: Current Status, Gaps and Green Buildings".
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can be used in substitution to common building materials with high degrees of energy consumption and carbon/harmful emissions. For
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838:
813:(Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) for buildings and large-scale developments or the DGNB System (
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is conducting research on the effects of green buildings on the health and productivity of their users and is working with the
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4115:. 7th International Conference on Energy and Environment of Residential Buildings, 20â24 November 2016, Brisbane, Australia.
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Pushkar, S; Becker, R; Katz, A (2005). "A methodology for design of environmentally optimal buildings by variable grouping".
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In 1975, the Swiss PLENAR-group published the concept of an energy efficient house in "PLENAR: Planning-Energy-Architecture".
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1577:, kWh). Green buildings or sustainable buildings are often capable of saving electrical energy but not necessarily reducing
4360:
2005:
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802:
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Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction; International Energy Agency; United Nations Environment Programme (2019).
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3415:. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (F&ES), University of Washington's College of the Environment.
2015:
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Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (
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1573:(W). It shows how fast electrical energy is consumed. Residential electricity is often charged on electrical energy (
580:
400:
121:
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The Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association (BIFMA) in their levelÂź sustainability standard.
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188:
17:
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Otterpohl, Ralf; Grottker, Matthias; Lange, Jörg (1997). "Sustainable water and waste management in urban areas".
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Yan Ji and Stellios Plainiotis (2006): Design for Sustainability. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
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Large commercial buildings with water and energy efficiency can qualify for an LEED Certification. Philadelphia's
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817:) which benchmarks the sustainability performance of buildings, indoor environments and districts. Currently, the
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907:
444:
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Fuerst, Franz; McAllister, Pat. An Investigation of the Effect of Eco-Labeling on Office Occupancy Rates. 2009.
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2000:
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273:
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US EPA Kansas City Science & Technology Center. This facility features the following green attributes:
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2020:
1980:
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942:, approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km) of land in the United States are developed. The
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3978:
2707:"World's second largest building, Shanghai Tower, achieves LEED Platinum | U.S. Green Building Council"
1593:. These sustainable features can be good orientation, sufficient indoor thermal mass, good insulation,
1240:
805:
for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings which was developed by the
614:
2999:
1871:
wrote the book "Design Integrates Nature", which marked the official birth of ecological architecture.
5157:
5142:
4875:
4759:
4385:
4334:
4212:
Fedrizzi, Rick, "Intro â What LEED Measures." United States Green Building Council, October 11, 2009.
3044:
Simpson, J.R. (November 2002). "Improved Estimates of tree-shade effects on residential energy use".
2198:
2133:
1990:
1444:
972:
874:
717:
293:
82:
4492:
3484:
2946:
Hegazy, T. (2002). Life-cycle stages of projects. Computer-Based Construction Project Management, 8.
2455:
1569:
are built based on peak demand (another name is peak load). Peak demand is measured in the units of
903:. Green construction principles can easily be applied to retrofit work as well as new construction.
5147:
5091:
4860:
4845:
4819:
4735:
3265:
2178:
1995:
1602:
1337:
1118:
1041:
666:
604:
278:
233:
223:
153:
69:
This article is about sustainable construction principles. For the building on the MIT campus, see
4656:(6th ed.). Canberra, ACT: Australia. Dept. of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources. 2021.
5238:
4870:
4855:
4840:
4514:
3752:
2228:
2158:
2010:
1021:
731:
609:
599:
303:
238:
42:
4693:
3737:
2886:"ISO 14040:2006(en) Environmental management â Life cycle assessment â Principles and framework"
1911:
published the "Our Common Future" report, which established the idea of sustainable development.
5137:
4865:
4834:
4824:
4749:
4046:
3930:
3892:
2163:
2143:
1468:
Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly designed
1387:
perform more efficiently, however, use may be limited by transportation or installation costs.
834:
695:
504:
489:
437:
298:
218:
3958:
WBDG Sustainable Committee. (August 18, 2009). Sustainable. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from
1613:
The most criticized issue about constructing environmentally friendly buildings is the price.
1522:
building materials such as wood that are light and easy to work with make renovations easier.
956:
883:
is a similar concept, usually on a smaller scale and focusing on the use of locally available
5049:
5016:
4885:
4479:
4266:
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WBDG Sustainable Committee. (August 18, 2009). Sustainable. Retrieved October 28, 2009, from
3563:
3471:
2248:
1627:
1598:
1407:
1371:
1362:, and other non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable products. Materials with lower
1297:, a smart neighborhood demonstrated 35% to 45% energy savings compared to traditional homes.
1110:
539:
484:
474:
313:
228:
4168:
Kats, Gregory. (September 24, 2010). Costs and Benefits of Green Buildings . Retrieved from
2276:
1375:
competition from other eco-friendly, low energy embodying insulators with similar or higher
5187:
5117:
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5044:
4980:
4794:
4764:
4192:
4143:
3536:
3292:
3089:
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2885:
2847:
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1396:
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1243:) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day.
1202:
961:
950:
673:
568:
412:
318:
178:
70:
4679:/ Michael Mobbs. - 2nd ed. - Sydney, NSW : UNSW Press, 2010. - ISBN 978-1-920705-52-7
4170:
http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2010/09/24/205805/costs-and-benefits-of-green-buildings/#
1177:
total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project.
8:
5172:
5167:
5122:
5081:
5011:
2223:
2123:
2108:
1566:
1341:
1244:
1232:
1212:
1037:
809:. Other certificate systems that confirm the sustainability of buildings are the British
494:
360:
343:
288:
143:
131:
66:
Structures and processes of building structures that are more environmentally responsible
51:
4147:
3540:
3296:
3093:
3057:
2969:
2851:
4990:
4972:
4961:
4925:
4880:
4850:
4467:
3365:
3318:
3242:
3113:
2794:
2756:
2604:
Goodhew S 2016 Sustainable Construction Processes A Resource Text. John Wiley & Son
2563:"Wasteful steel-and-glass buildings fuel global climate injustice, says climate expert"
2467:
2153:
2074:
1594:
1440:
1431:
1306:
1281:
1171:
1097:
1093:
1058:
1050:
892:
888:
791:
375:
203:
113:
4651:
4097:
4010:
Kats, Greg; Alevantis, Leon; Berman, Adam; Mills, Evan; Perlman, Jeff (October 2003).
3132:"More efficient and flexible buildings are key to clean energy transitions â Analysis"
3065:
833:) Market Transformation Program and certification. There are also other tools such as
5253:
5037:
4914:
4657:
4625:
4471:
3369:
3357:
3322:
3310:
3246:
3232:
3117:
3105:
2863:
2824:
2746:
2657:
2471:
2338:
2305:
1890:
to emerge, and energy-saving buildings became the forerunner of building development.
1883:
1469:
1002:
981:
449:
365:
47:
3337:
2915:
2760:
2440:
1681:
Some of the major building environmental assessment tools currently in use include:
1457:
The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) in their Best Practices Manual
1320:
for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.
5132:
5086:
5053:
5027:
5001:
4951:
4935:
4789:
4784:
4754:
4151:
4116:
4093:
3548:
3544:
3349:
3336:
Kuittinen, Matti; Zernicke, Caya; Slabik, Simon; Hafner, Annette (March 11, 2021).
3300:
3224:
3198:
3097:
3061:
2977:
2973:
2927:
2855:
2738:
2649:
2463:
2330:
2218:
2213:
2203:
2183:
2173:
2113:
1963:
1530:
1251:
1198:
1086:
1016:, the tallest and largest LEED Platinum certified building in the world since 2015.
1009:
884:
880:
867:
826:
556:
551:
385:
370:
331:
283:
258:
198:
4896:
4466:
Kadave, P.; Pathak, P.; Pawar, S. (2012). "Planning and Design of Green Village".
4155:
3353:
3338:"How can carbon be stored in the built environment? A review of potential options"
3101:
2859:
2653:
1454:
The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) in their section 01350 standards
5152:
5127:
4995:
4985:
4340:
4321:
4302:
4176:
3966:
3876:
2616:
Towards zero-emission efficient and resilient buildings GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 2016
2394:
1857:
In the 1930s, geothermal hot water district heating of houses started in Iceland.
1586:
1363:
1347:
1126:
1114:
308:
263:
193:
3979:"Building Operations and Maintenance Services - GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool"
3305:
3280:
3228:
3197:. California Integrated Waste Management Board. January 23, 2008. Archived from
2641:
5058:
4829:
4774:
4221:
Green building impacts worker productivity. (2012). CAD/CAM Update, 24(5), 7-8.
4120:
3463:
3281:"Studies on eco-friendly concrete incorporating industrial waste as aggregates"
2742:
2088:
1590:
1551:
1324:
1280:(IEA) highlighted that buildings are responsible for about 30% of global final
1013:
896:
678:
651:
624:
592:
575:
454:
213:
4676:
4645:
4061:"Naturally:wood Building Green with Wood Module 5 Durability and Adaptability"
5202:
4814:
4779:
4018:
3959:
3361:
3314:
3109:
2342:
2068:
2060:
1921:
1875:
1614:
1574:
1132:
In terms of green building, the last few years have seen a shift away from a
1122:
1062:
1033:
1029:
997:
690:
656:
563:
546:
427:
417:
268:
3409:"Using more wood for construction can slash global reliance on fossil fuels"
2534:"Experts call for ban on glass skyscrapers to save energy in climate crisis"
1451:
The United States Green Building Council (USGBC) in their LEED rating system
5177:
5096:
4704:
3279:
Palankar, Nitendra; Ravi Shankar, A. U.; Mithun, B. M. (December 1, 2015).
2916:"Life-Cycle Assessment and the Environmental Impact of Buildings: A Review"
2867:
2148:
1879:
1861:
1702:
1289:
1227:
embodied energy than those built primarily with brick, concrete, or steel.
1078:
1070:
1066:
1046:
1028:) crisis and environmental pollution concerns of the 1960s and 1970s. The
977:
629:
514:
183:
148:
3789:
1914:
In 1990, the world's first green building standard was released in the UK.
5112:
3751:(CalRecycle), California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery.
3654:
2334:
1578:
1547:
1263:
1255:
1216:
1025:
842:
634:
509:
459:
422:
405:
390:
208:
3219:
Jonkers, Henk M (2007). "Self Healing Concrete: A Biological Approach".
2591:
2238:
4653:
Your home : Australia's guide to environmentally sustainable homes
3907:"Naturally:wood Building Green with Wood Module 6 Health and Wellbeing"
2168:
1887:
1868:
1698:
1555:
1526:
1508:
1259:
1074:
822:
786:) refers to both a structure and the application of processes that are
644:
469:
464:
432:
395:
380:
163:
4043:"In Business magazine Green Builders Get Big Help from Deconstruction"
3683:
3021:"Naturally:wood Building Green with Wood Module 3 Energy Conservation"
2932:
5182:
4905:
3869:
2138:
1949:
1928:
1753:
1534:
1351:
1317:
1140:
are critical to the design of environmentally responsible buildings.
499:
479:
248:
158:
4534:
4438:"THE NETHERLANDS WILL SOON BE HOME TO A SELF-SUSTAINING ECO VILLAGE"
4296:
4260:
3596:
3223:. Springer Series in Materials Science. Vol. 100. p. 195.
866:
Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity (see
726:
4113:
Community centre improvement to reduce air conditioning peak demand
3810:
3625:
3499:"Sustainable Facilities Tool: Relevant Mandates and Rating Systems"
3464:"Towards a sustainable cement industry. Substudy 8: climate change"
3439:"Plant-based meat by far the best climate investment, report finds"
2773:
Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. N.p.: Houghton Mifflin, 1962. Print.
2417:"GSA Public Buildings Service Assessing Green Building Performance"
2118:
2102:
1618:
1504:
1367:
845:
and the Green Building Index (GBI) predominantly used in Malaysia.
639:
524:
519:
173:
168:
138:
2683:"Bioclimatic architecture, buildings that respect the environment"
1145:
ANSI/GBI 01-2010: Green Building Protocol for Commercial Buildings
5006:
2914:
Khasreen, Mohamad; Banfill, Phillip F.; Menzies, Gillian (2009).
2622:. Global Alliance for Buildings and construction. 2016. p. 8
2356:
2054:
2032:
2028:
2024:
1294:
1267:
661:
619:
355:
338:
1711:
1184:
Exterior Light Shelves - Green Office Building, Denver, Colorado
4590:
4286:
Langdon, Davis. The Cost of Green Revisited. Publication. 2007.
2735:
2009 International Conference on Management and Service Science
2640:
Watson, Donald (2013), Loftness, Vivian; Haase, Dagmar (eds.),
2036:
1942:
1935:
1659:
1647:
1542:
1418:
is unavoidable. However, using pozzolans clinkers can reduce CO
965:
938:
Buildings account for a large amount of land. According to the
810:
350:
4682:
4111:
Liu, Lei; Ledwich, Gerard; Miller, Wendy (November 22, 2016).
1643:
bylaws to reduce the local environmental impact of buildings.
1288:. It noted the tripling of heat pump sales from 2015 to 2022,
4699:
4562:"Is this 3D-printed home made of clay the future of housing?"
3335:
1956:
1667:
585:
4700:
National Australian Built Environment Rating System (NaBERS)
3168:"4 Main Health & Green Building Benefits For Homeowners"
1379:(per inch of thickness) at a competitive price. Sheep wool,
4408:"SmartHood: the self-sufficient neighborhood of the future"
4233:"Linking Green Buildings, Productivity and the Bottom Line"
3889:"Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America Home Remodelling"
2991:
1967:
1878:
caused various building energy-saving technologies such as
1734:
1651:
1570:
1550:
that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting
1425:
1207:
683:
3278:
2814:
1488:
1162:
offers ratings for 1,500 building materials based on LCA.
4377:
1561:
1165:
4688:
4354:"Naturally:wood Building Green and the Benefits of Wood"
4009:
1955:
In 2015, according to the Berkeley National Laboratory,
2040:
1808:
Communicating a commitment to environmental improvement
1515:
4641:
Sustainable Architecture at the Open Directory Project
4506:
4261:
United States Green Building Council (July 27, 2012).
4083:
3841:"Health Risks Associated With Poor Indoor Air Quality"
3285:
International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment
2913:
1959:
implemented the "Green Building Evaluation Standards".
1328:
of the 58 story, 1.4 million square foot sky scraper.
3384:"Five actions to improve the sustainability of steel"
4191:. California Sustainability Alliance. Archived from
2992:"NREL: U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database Home Page"
2050:
863:
Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources
1692:
4507:"IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"
4012:The Cost and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings
3753:"Green Building HomeGreen Building: Section 01350"
3461:
2489:
1962:In 2021, the first, both low-cost and sustainable
1864:proposed a new concept of ecological architecture.
1235:in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy,
1001:Blu Homes mkSolaire, a green building designed by
4465:
4133:
2955:
2129:Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability
1558:is also more costly in energy than this process.
901:public schemes for energy efficient refurbishment
815:Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂŒr Nachhaltiges Bauen e.V.
5200:
4553:
4537:"History of the hot water / Saga heita vatnsins"
4110:
1422:emission while in the process of making cement.
914:
4694:Housing Industry Association. GreenSmart Awards
3189:
3187:
3462:Humphreys, K.; Mahasenan, M. (March 1, 2002).
1073:equipment, and using plants and trees through
4720:
2781:
2779:
2456:"Building Energy Efficiency in Cold Climates"
2357:"EDGE Buildings | Build and Brand Green"
2320:
2189:Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
1712:International frameworks and assessment tools
831:Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies
799:Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
752:
4734:
3561:
3406:
3184:
2815:WBDG Sustainable Committee (March 8, 2018).
2505:UN environment programme Document Repository
1974:
1761:. The number 21 refers to the 21st century.
1687:International Green Construction Code (IGCC)
1479:The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America
2323:Green Building & Construction Economics
1637:
971:Green building practices aim to reduce the
4727:
4713:
4535:ReykjavĂk Energy / Orkuveita ReykjavĂkur.
3960:http://www.wbdg.org/design/optimize_om.php
3436:
3262:"Building Materials: Cementing the Future"
3078:
2837:
2776:
2728:
2726:
2397:Transition Culture. Retrieved: 2007-03-30.
992:
759:
745:
120:
3526:
3304:
2931:
2878:
2648:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 1â30,
2298:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
1276:In a report published in April 2024, the
75:The Green Building (Louisville, Kentucky)
4820:Environmentally healthy community design
3750:
3165:
2507:. United Nations Environment Programme.
2460:Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies
1952:initiated the "BCA Green Building Mark".
1426:Indoor environmental quality enhancement
1206:
1179:
1104:
1024:can be traced to the energy (especially
1008:
996:
955:
81:
4005:
4003:
3268:on 2008-12-05 – via www.time.com.
3218:
3043:
2732:
2723:
1924:created the Green Building Association.
1829:Information systems and data population
1489:Operations and maintenance optimization
1358:copper sustainability and recyclability
1331:
839:Global Sustainability Assessment System
14:
5201:
4689:Renew : leading in sustainability
4263:"The Business Case for Green Building"
3407:Dennehymarch, Kevin (March 31, 2014).
3259:
2639:
2531:
2262:
2194:List of low-energy building techniques
1851:
1817:Performance assessment and measurement
1646:Green building rating systems such as
1562:Reduce impact onto electricity network
1166:Siting and structure design efficiency
1049:of existing structures. Also known as
254:List of low-energy building techniques
73:. For the building in Louisville, see
4708:
4683:Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme
4405:
3838:
2642:"Bioclimatic Designbioclimaticdesign"
1823:Acquisition and disposal of buildings
1511:to reduce matter going to landfills.
4230:
4000:
3730:"LEED - U.S. Green Building Council"
2453:
2105:â high density ecological structures
2006:Green building in the United Kingdom
1945:introduced green building standards.
1938:introduced green building standards.
1931:introduced green building standards.
1628:The Business Case for Green Building
1192:
26:
4595:International Active House Alliance
4559:
4435:
3931:"Indoor Air - Wiley Online Library"
3811:"About « BIFMA level Standard"
3562:KMC Controls (September 24, 2015).
3437:Carrington, Damian (July 7, 2022).
2840:Journal of Environmental Management
2016:Green building in the United States
1733:United Nations Environment Program
1300:
849:Building information modeling (BIM)
24:
4957:waste-water treatment technologies
4378:"ICC - International Code Council"
3870:http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php
3782:"Best Practices Manual - CHPS.net"
3260:GUMBEL, PETER (December 4, 2008).
2569:. October 19, 2019. Archived from
2468:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10190-3
1909:United Nations Environment Program
1802:Creating an environmental strategy
1774:context of an individual project.
1608:
1497:
929:United Nations Environment Program
25:
5265:
4942:agricultural wastewater treatment
4605:
1860:In the 1960s, American architect
1805:Inputting to real estate strategy
5229:Buildings and structures by type
4895:
3564:"What's Your IQ on IAQ and IEQ?"
3166:Lockhart, Olga (February 2019).
2209:National Green Building Standard
2081:
2067:
2053:
1759:humans impact on the environment
1693:Green neighborhoods and villages
989:to reduce environmental impact.
899:, others do, especially through
725:
712:
711:
189:Energy efficiency implementation
31:
5023:List of energy storage projects
4947:industrial wastewater treatment
4800:Environmental impact assessment
4770:Environmental impact assessment
4583:
4572:from the original on 2021-06-06
4528:
4517:from the original on 2017-09-15
4499:
4459:
4448:from the original on 2021-11-23
4429:
4418:from the original on 2021-01-26
4406:Graaf, Florijn (May 23, 2018).
4399:
4388:from the original on 2010-09-14
4370:
4346:
4327:
4308:
4289:
4280:
4254:
4243:from the original on 2021-05-10
4224:
4215:
4206:
4181:
4162:
4127:
4104:
4077:
4053:
4035:
3989:from the original on 2015-07-02
3971:
3952:
3941:from the original on 2012-03-19
3923:
3899:
3881:
3862:
3851:from the original on 2020-02-09
3832:
3821:from the original on 2013-12-05
3803:
3774:
3763:from the original on 2013-12-12
3744:
3722:
3711:from the original on 2013-12-05
3697:
3668:
3639:
3610:
3581:
3570:from the original on 2021-04-12
3555:
3520:
3509:from the original on 2014-07-14
3491:
3455:
3430:
3419:from the original on 2021-08-15
3400:
3376:
3329:
3272:
3253:
3212:
3159:
3149:
3124:
3072:
3037:
3013:
3002:from the original on 2009-03-18
2984:
2949:
2940:
2907:
2896:from the original on 2016-06-17
2831:
2808:
2767:
2699:
2675:
2633:
2607:
2598:
2584:
2555:
2532:Tapper, James (July 28, 2019).
2525:
2514:from the original on 2020-10-21
2367:from the original on 2019-11-20
2287:from the original on 2021-03-28
1898:World Conservation Organization
1814:Environmental improvement plans
1554:emission. Producing artificial
1437:quality, and lighting quality.
1404:Environmental Protection Agency
1061:, e.g., using sunlight through
908:General Services Administration
887:. Other related topics include
873:Reducing waste, pollution, and
445:Ocean thermal energy conversion
4671:The Sustainable house handbook
4189:"Green Buildings - Challenges"
3676:"BREEAM - Eurofins Scientific"
3549:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.10.019
2978:10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.09.004
2787:"Components of Green Building"
2646:Sustainable Built Environments
2462:, Elsevier, pp. 149â157,
2447:
2433:
2409:
2400:
2378:
2349:
2314:
2001:Green building in South Africa
1247:further reduces energy costs.
825:to promote Green Buildings in
13:
1:
4412:Amsterdam smart city platform
4231:Boué, George (July 8, 2010).
4156:10.1016/j.solener.2017.10.008
4098:10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00190-X
3354:10.1080/00038628.2021.1896471
3102:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120012
3082:Journal of Cleaner Production
3066:10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00028-2
2860:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.09.037
2654:10.1007/978-1-4614-5828-9_225
2255:
2098:Alternative natural materials
1717:IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
1237:passive solar building design
1160:Green Guide to Specifications
1149:Green Building Standards Code
915:Reducing environmental impact
274:Passive solar building design
4631:Resources in other libraries
4086:Water Science and Technology
3647:"LEED - Eurofins Scientific"
3589:"LEED - Eurofins Scientific"
3342:Architectural Science Review
2234:World Green Building Council
1986:Green building in Bangladesh
1867:In 1969, American architect
1835:Team and personal objectives
1811:Creating performance targets
1654:(United States and Canada),
1314:Point of use water treatment
940:National Resources Inventory
819:World Green Building Council
7:
4805:Environmental impact design
4343:Retrieved: November 5, 2010
4324:Retrieved: November 5, 2010
4305:Retrieved: November 5, 2010
3935:www.blackwellpublishing.com
3839:Faith, S. (April 4, 2018).
3618:"HQE - Eurofins Scientific"
3306:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2015.05.002
3229:10.1007/978-1-4020-6250-6_9
2821:Whole Building Design Guide
2046:
2021:The Model home 2020 project
1981:Green building in Australia
1832:Compliance with regulations
1399:in the built environment).
1278:International Energy Agency
944:International Energy Agency
897:retrofitting existing homes
853:Building information models
807:U.S. Green Building Council
788:environmentally responsible
732:Renewable energy portal
450:Renewable energy transition
57:Proposed since August 2024.
40:It has been suggested that
10:
5270:
5234:Sustainable urban planning
5163:High-performance buildings
2743:10.1109/ICMSS.2009.5303546
2387:A Natural Way of Building.
1696:
1533:, several options exist. "
1445:volatile organic compounds
1429:
1335:
1304:
1196:
1169:
906:A 2009 report by the U.S.
68:
5158:Heat recovery ventilation
5143:Environmental remediation
5068:
4971:
4904:
4893:
4760:Climate smart agriculture
4742:
4626:Resources in your library
3705:"IAQ Green Certification"
2199:Living Building Challenge
2134:Deconstruction (building)
1991:Green building in Germany
1975:Green building by country
1603:energy management systems
1092:On the aesthetic side of
875:environmental degradation
294:Sustainable refurbishment
5219:Sustainable architecture
5148:Glass in green buildings
5092:sustainable architecture
4736:Environmental technology
4121:10.4225/50/58107ce163e0c
4017:(Report). Archived from
3529:Building and Environment
2958:Building and Environment
2793:. US EPA. Archived from
2179:Glass in green buildings
1996:Green building in Israel
1638:Regulation and operation
1601:, smart building (home)
1597:, thermal or electrical
1525:To reduce the impact on
1338:Sustainable architecture
1119:global warming potential
1042:environmentally friendly
279:Sustainable architecture
234:Glass in green buildings
224:Environmental technology
154:Compact fluorescent lamp
5244:Sustainable development
3195:"Green Building Basics"
2817:"Sustainable: OVERVIEW"
2229:Tropical green building
2159:Green building and wood
2011:Green building in India
1970:-mixture was completed.
1729:UNEP and Climate change
1022:sustainable development
993:Goals of green building
600:Human-powered transport
304:Tropical green building
239:Green building and wood
91:LEED 2.0 Gold certified
43:Green building and wood
5138:Environmental movement
4835:Sustainability science
4825:Public interest design
4750:Appropriate technology
4487:Cite journal requires
3479:Cite journal requires
3221:Self Healing Materials
2592:"Buildings â Analysis"
2164:Green Building Council
2144:Environmental planning
1820:Life cycle assessments
1599:energy storage systems
1531:water treatment plants
1408:energy rebate programs
1219:
1185:
1017:
1006:
968:
696:Personal rapid transit
438:Tidal stream generator
299:Thermal energy storage
219:Environmental planning
102:
5017:hydrogen technologies
4931:Solid waste treatment
3757:www.calrecycle.ca.gov
2454:Nord, Natasa (2017),
2361:www.edgebuildings.com
2249:Zero heating building
1697:Further information:
1672:conservation of water
1250:Onsite generation of
1215:with a turf roof and
1210:
1183:
1111:life cycle assessment
1105:Life cycle assessment
1012:
1000:
959:
784:eco-friendly building
540:Sustainable transport
485:Floating wind turbine
314:Zero heating building
229:Fossil fuel phase-out
85:
5214:Building engineering
5209:Sustainable building
5188:Water heat recycling
5118:Efficient energy use
5108:Conservation biology
5045:Sustainable lighting
4981:Efficient energy use
4795:Environmental Design
4765:Environmental design
3046:Energy and Buildings
2335:10.37256/gbce.212021
2244:Zero-energy building
1793:IPD Environment Code
1567:Electricity networks
1332:Materials efficiency
1203:Zero-energy building
973:environmental impact
780:sustainable building
674:Personal transporter
569:Wind-powered vehicle
413:Marine current power
319:Zero-energy building
179:Efficient energy use
71:Green Building (MIT)
50:into this article. (
5224:Low-energy building
5173:Nature conservation
5168:Land rehabilitation
5123:Energy conservation
5012:carbon-neutral fuel
4920:dispersion modeling
4436:Salzano, Miabelle.
4148:2018SoEn..159..390M
3541:2010BuEnv..45.1104L
3297:2015IJSBE...4..378P
3094:2020JCPro.25420012G
3058:2002EneBu..34.1067S
2970:2005BuEnv..40.1126P
2852:2010JEnvM..91..563I
2277:"Basic Information"
2224:Sustainable habitat
2124:Building insulation
2109:Autonomous building
1852:Development history
1826:Supplier management
1595:photovoltaic panels
1370:a high performance
1342:Material efficiency
1245:Solar water heating
1213:Findhorn Ecovillage
1158:In the UK, the BRE
1059:renewable resources
960:Hanging gardens of
841:(GSAS) used in the
801:(LEED) is a set of
361:Carbon-neutral fuel
289:Sustainable habitat
144:Building insulation
132:Energy conservation
108:Part of a series on
5249:Sustainable design
4991:Energy development
4973:Sustainable energy
4962:water purification
4926:Industrial ecology
4542:. ReykjavĂk Energy
4339:2011-02-21 at the
4320:2011-07-24 at the
4301:2021-11-23 at the
4175:2014-03-24 at the
3965:2010-02-17 at the
3875:2009-12-23 at the
3815:levelcertified.org
2393:2008-02-03 at the
2384:Hopkins, R. 2002.
2154:Green architecture
2075:Environment portal
1874:In the 1970s, the
1650:(United Kingdom),
1441:Indoor Air Quality
1432:Indoor air quality
1350:, recycled stone,
1307:Water conservation
1286:electricity demand
1282:energy consumption
1220:
1186:
1172:Sustainable design
1101:renewable energy.
1098:sustainable design
1094:green architecture
1051:sustainable design
1018:
1007:
969:
893:green architecture
889:sustainable design
792:resource-efficient
776:green construction
376:Geothermal heating
204:Energy saving lamp
114:Sustainable energy
103:
98:Native Landscaping
5196:
5195:
5033:commercialization
4677:Sustainable house
4663:978-1-922125-78-1
4612:Library resources
4560:Palumbo, Jacqui.
3238:978-1-4020-6249-0
3052:(10): 1067â1076.
2933:10.3390/su1030674
2752:978-1-4244-4638-4
2663:978-1-4614-5828-9
2477:978-0-12-804792-7
1884:geothermal energy
1516:dontwastewood.com
1470:building envelope
1354:, recycled metal
1193:Energy efficiency
1003:Michelle Kaufmann
982:building envelope
951:energy efficiency
885:natural materials
769:
768:
366:Geothermal energy
64:
63:
59:
16:(Redirected from
5261:
5133:Energy recycling
5054:electric vehicle
5028:Renewable energy
5002:alternative fuel
4952:sewage treatment
4936:Waste management
4899:
4790:Energy recycling
4785:Electric vehicle
4755:Clean technology
4729:
4722:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4667:
4599:
4598:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4541:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4475:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4359:. Archived from
4358:
4350:
4344:
4331:
4325:
4312:
4306:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4265:. Archived from
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4185:
4179:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4066:. Archived from
4065:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4045:. Archived from
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4023:
4016:
4007:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3975:
3969:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3912:. Archived from
3911:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3891:. Archived from
3885:
3879:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3788:. Archived from
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3736:. Archived from
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3682:. Archived from
3680:www.eurofins.com
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3653:. Archived from
3651:www.eurofins.com
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3624:. Archived from
3622:www.eurofins.com
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3595:. Archived from
3593:www.eurofins.com
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3308:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3264:. Archived from
3257:
3251:
3250:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3026:. Archived from
3025:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2823:. Archived from
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2783:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2540:. Archived from
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2502:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2422:. Archived from
2421:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2318:
2312:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2273:
2219:Sustainable city
2214:Natural building
2204:Low-energy house
2184:Healthy building
2174:Green technology
2114:Biophilic design
2091:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2058:
2057:
1964:3D printed house
1443:seeks to reduce
1301:Water efficiency
1284:and over 50% of
1252:renewable energy
1211:An eco-house at
1199:Low-energy house
1121:, resource use,
1087:water efficiency
1038:energy efficient
962:One Central Park
881:Natural building
868:healthy building
827:Emerging Markets
761:
754:
747:
734:
730:
729:
720:
715:
714:
552:Electric vehicle
401:Run-of-the-river
386:Hydroelectricity
371:Geothermal power
332:Renewable energy
284:Sustainable city
259:Low-energy house
199:Energy recycling
124:
105:
104:
55:
35:
34:
27:
21:
18:Sustainable home
5269:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5153:Green computing
5128:Energy recovery
5064:
4996:Energy recovery
4986:Electrification
4967:
4913:Air pollution (
4900:
4891:
4738:
4733:
4664:
4650:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4575:
4573:
4558:
4554:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4529:
4520:
4518:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4488:
4486:
4477:
4476:
4464:
4460:
4451:
4449:
4434:
4430:
4421:
4419:
4404:
4400:
4391:
4389:
4382:www.iccsafe.org
4376:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4341:Wayback Machine
4332:
4328:
4322:Wayback Machine
4313:
4309:
4303:Wayback Machine
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4272:
4270:
4259:
4255:
4246:
4244:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4198:
4196:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4177:Wayback Machine
4167:
4163:
4132:
4128:
4109:
4105:
4082:
4078:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4008:
4001:
3992:
3990:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3967:Wayback Machine
3957:
3953:
3944:
3942:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3916:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3877:Wayback Machine
3867:
3863:
3854:
3852:
3837:
3833:
3824:
3822:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3795:
3793:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3766:
3764:
3749:
3745:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3714:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3689:
3687:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3660:
3658:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3631:
3629:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3602:
3600:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3573:
3571:
3560:
3556:
3525:
3521:
3512:
3510:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3480:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3447:
3445:
3435:
3431:
3422:
3420:
3405:
3401:
3392:
3390:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3334:
3330:
3277:
3273:
3258:
3254:
3239:
3217:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3176:
3174:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3139:
3138:. April 4, 2024
3130:
3129:
3125:
3077:
3073:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3005:
3003:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2912:
2908:
2899:
2897:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2836:
2832:
2813:
2809:
2800:
2798:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2753:
2731:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2574:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2530:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2395:Wayback Machine
2383:
2379:
2370:
2368:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2319:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2288:
2275:
2274:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2049:
1977:
1854:
1714:
1705:
1695:
1685:United States:
1640:
1611:
1609:Cost and payoff
1587:carbon emission
1564:
1500:
1498:Waste reduction
1491:
1434:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1393:
1364:embodied energy
1348:dimension stone
1344:
1334:
1309:
1303:
1205:
1197:Main articles:
1195:
1174:
1168:
1127:water pollution
1115:embodied energy
1107:
1020:The concept of
995:
926:
922:
917:
774:(also known as
765:
724:
723:
710:
703:
702:
542:
532:
531:
334:
324:
323:
309:Waste-to-energy
264:Microgeneration
194:Energy recovery
134:
101:
78:
67:
60:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5267:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5239:Sustainability
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5059:hybrid vehicle
5056:
5050:Transportation
5047:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4917:
4910:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4832:
4830:Sustainability
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4810:Green building
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4775:Eco-innovation
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4648:
4643:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4617:Green building
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:External links
4604:
4601:
4600:
4591:"Active House"
4582:
4552:
4527:
4498:
4489:|journal=
4458:
4428:
4398:
4369:
4366:on 2012-05-29.
4345:
4326:
4307:
4288:
4279:
4253:
4223:
4214:
4205:
4180:
4161:
4126:
4103:
4076:
4073:on 2016-05-17.
4052:
4049:on 2008-11-21.
4034:
3999:
3970:
3951:
3922:
3919:on 2013-04-02.
3898:
3895:on 2011-04-22.
3880:
3861:
3831:
3802:
3773:
3743:
3740:on 2013-12-19.
3721:
3696:
3667:
3638:
3609:
3580:
3554:
3519:
3490:
3481:|journal=
3454:
3429:
3399:
3375:
3328:
3291:(2): 378â390.
3271:
3252:
3237:
3211:
3183:
3158:
3148:
3123:
3071:
3036:
3033:on 2012-07-22.
3012:
2983:
2948:
2939:
2926:(3): 674â701.
2920:Sustainability
2906:
2877:
2846:(3): 563â591.
2830:
2827:on 2020-03-10.
2807:
2791:Green Building
2775:
2766:
2751:
2722:
2698:
2674:
2662:
2632:
2606:
2597:
2583:
2554:
2524:
2488:
2476:
2446:
2432:
2429:on 2013-07-22.
2408:
2399:
2377:
2348:
2313:
2297:
2281:Green Building
2260:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:Housing portal
2078:
2064:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1966:made out of a
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1894:
1891:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1713:
1710:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1639:
1636:
1610:
1607:
1591:climate change
1563:
1560:
1552:greenhouse gas
1499:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1397:storing carbon
1391:
1333:
1330:
1325:Comcast Center
1302:
1299:
1194:
1191:
1167:
1164:
1106:
1103:
1014:Shanghai Tower
994:
991:
987:passive method
924:
920:
916:
913:
878:
877:
871:
864:
837:in Australia,
829:through EDGE (
803:rating systems
772:Green building
767:
766:
764:
763:
756:
749:
741:
738:
737:
736:
735:
721:
705:
704:
701:
700:
699:
698:
688:
687:
686:
679:Rail transport
676:
671:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
652:Roller skating
649:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
625:Cycle rickshaw
622:
612:
607:
597:
596:
595:
590:
589:
588:
581:Human-electric
576:Hybrid vehicle
573:
572:
571:
566:
561:
560:
559:
543:
538:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
528:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
467:
462:
457:
455:Renewable heat
452:
447:
442:
441:
440:
435:
430:
420:
415:
410:
409:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
347:
346:
335:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
244:Green building
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
214:Energy storage
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
135:
130:
129:
126:
125:
117:
116:
110:
109:
100:
99:
96:
93:
87:
65:
62:
61:
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5266:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5102:New Classical
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4898:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4876:refurbishment
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:Sustainable (
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4815:Green vehicle
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Ecotechnology
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4725:
4723:
4718:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4538:
4531:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4494:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4447:
4444:. ARCHITECT.
4443:
4439:
4432:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4362:
4355:
4349:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4330:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4311:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4283:
4269:on 2014-03-24
4268:
4264:
4257:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4218:
4209:
4195:on 2010-12-19
4194:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4165:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4069:
4062:
4056:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4024:on 2008-10-27
4020:
4013:
4006:
4004:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3955:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3915:
3908:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3865:
3850:
3846:
3845:Home Air Care
3842:
3835:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3792:on 2013-12-11
3791:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3739:
3735:
3734:www.usgbc.org
3731:
3725:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3686:on 2018-10-01
3685:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3657:on 2011-09-28
3656:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3628:on 2017-07-03
3627:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3599:on 2011-09-28
3598:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3486:
3473:
3465:
3458:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3348:(2): 91â107.
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3201:on 2009-12-10
3200:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3152:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2797:on 2008-10-31
2796:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2737:. p. 1.
2736:
2729:
2727:
2712:
2711:www.usgbc.org
2708:
2702:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2573:on 2021-10-19
2572:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2544:on 2019-07-28
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2436:
2425:
2418:
2412:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2310:7-112-08390-7
2307:
2301:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2061:Energy portal
2056:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:United States
1920:In 1993, the
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:In 1987, the
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:In 1980, the
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:energy crisis
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:GHG Indicator
1738:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:(Japan), and
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1615:Photovoltaics
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1575:kilowatt hour
1572:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1495:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1423:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1290:electric cars
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1129:, and waste.
1128:
1124:
1123:air pollution
1120:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:passive solar
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:Silent Spring
1031:
1030:Rachel Carson
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1004:
999:
990:
988:
983:
979:
974:
967:
963:
958:
954:
952:
947:
945:
941:
936:
932:
930:
912:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
876:
872:
869:
865:
862:
861:
860:
856:
854:
850:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
762:
757:
755:
750:
748:
743:
742:
740:
739:
733:
728:
722:
719:
709:
708:
707:
706:
697:
694:
693:
692:
691:Rapid transit
689:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
675:
672:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
657:Skateboarding
655:
653:
650:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
601:
598:
594:
591:
587:
584:
583:
582:
579:
578:
577:
574:
570:
567:
565:
564:Solar vehicle
562:
558:
555:
554:
553:
550:
549:
548:
547:Green vehicle
545:
544:
541:
536:
535:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
428:Tidal barrage
426:
425:
424:
421:
419:
418:Marine energy
416:
414:
411:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
328:
327:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
269:Passive house
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
133:
128:
127:
123:
119:
118:
115:
112:
111:
107:
106:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
58:
53:
49:
45:
44:
38:
29:
28:
19:
5178:Permaculture
5097:New Urbanism
5076:
5069:Conservation
4861:food systems
4846:architecture
4809:
4652:
4616:
4594:
4585:
4574:. Retrieved
4565:
4555:
4544:. Retrieved
4530:
4519:. Retrieved
4510:
4501:
4480:cite journal
4461:
4450:. Retrieved
4441:
4431:
4420:. Retrieved
4411:
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1765:FIDIC's PSM
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1579:peak demand
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1075:green roofs
843:Middle East
635:Quadracycle
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391:Micro hydro
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4452:2021-02-04
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4392:2021-11-23
4273:2014-03-09
4247:2021-01-09
4199:2010-06-16
4028:2008-11-03
3993:2015-07-01
3983:sftool.gov
3945:2011-05-09
3855:2019-09-18
3825:2013-12-05
3796:2013-12-05
3767:2013-12-05
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3690:2011-08-23
3661:2011-08-23
3632:2011-08-23
3603:2011-08-23
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3513:2014-07-03
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2256:References
2169:Green home
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