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suspension performance, most off-road motorcycles had rear wheel travel of about 3.5–4 inch (9–10 cm). At the end of this period, most of these motorcycles had rear wheel travel of approximately 12 inch (30 cm). At the beginning of this period, various rear suspension designs were used to reach this degree of performance. However, by the end of this period, a design consisting of using only one shock absorber (instead of two) was universally accepted and used. The performance of single shock absorber suspensions was vastly superior to twin shock motorcycles. Accordingly, this design distinction is readily used to categorize motorcycles. With the exception of
Bentley and Draper system (
896:) system both developed and patented in the 1920s it is only since the 1980s that monoshock motorcycles have been the norm, the term "twinshock" is now used to categorize vintage motorcycles. This distinction is important in that it provides classes used for vintage motorcycle competition. For example, vintage motocross races are held for older motocross motorcycles. To prevent the better-performing monoshock motorcycles from dominating the competition, there are separate competition classes for monoshock and twinshock motorcycles, which prevents them from competing directly against each other.
172:
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36:
340:, which use internal cartridges with a valving system. Damping at low slider speeds is controlled by a much smaller orifice, but damping at higher slider speeds is controlled by a system of flexible shims, which act as a bypass valve for the fork oil. This valve has a number of such shims of varying thicknesses that cover the orifices in the valve to control the damping of the fork on high and medium speed bumps.
312:
conditions. "Bottoming out" occurs when the suspension is compressed to the point where it mechanically cannot compress any more. Topping out occurs when the suspension extends fully and cannot mechanically extend any more. Increasing pre-load increases the initial force on the spring thereby reducing total sag. Decreasing pre-load decreases the initial force in the spring thereby increasing total sag.
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production in 1934. Most motorcycles today use telescopic forks for the front suspension. The forks can most easily be understood as simply encased long coil springs with hydraulic damping of excess spring energy. They allow the front wheel to react to imperfections in the road while isolating the rest of the motorcycle from that motion.
658:
While front suspensions were almost universally adopted before World War I, several manufacturers did not use rear suspension on their bikes until after World War II. However, motorcycles with rear suspension were offered to the public before World War I. Notable among these are the 1909 A.S.L. which
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With a fork the braking forces are put through the suspension, a situation that leads to the suspension being compressed, using up a large amount of suspension travel which makes dealing with bumps and other road irregularities extremely difficult. As the forks dive the steering geometry of the bike
452:
PDF (Posi Damp Fork): This was fitted to the Suzuki RG500, the GSX1100E/GS1150E and GSX-R 750 and was an enhancement of the previous Anti Dive units (which works by brake fluid pressure closing a valve in the mechanism when the brakes are applied, restricting the flow of damping oil and slowing fork
354:
are aftermarket parts that make damper-rod forks behave virtually as cartridge forks. The damping orifice in the damper-rod is made so large that it has virtually no effect on damping, and instead an "emulator" takes over the damping function. The emulator has a very small orifice for low fork-speed
883:
During the late 1970s and 1980s, motorcycle rear suspension design and performance underwent tremendous advances. The primary goal and result of these advances were increased rear wheel travel, as measured in how far the rear wheel could move up and down. Before this period of intense focus on rear
838:
For motorcycles with chain drives, the rear axle can usually be adjusted forward and back in relation to the swingarm, to adjust chain tension, but a few models (such as some 1971/72 Triumph and BSA four-strokes and Ducati 860 GTS and Darmah 900s ) make the adjustment at the swingarm's pivot point.
459:
TRAC (Torque
Reactive Anti-dive Control): Developed by Honda, this is a simple mechanical system which is completely contained in the front suspension. The front brake caliper is mounted on a hinge, and uses the torque created in the braking action to operate a valve in the fork, which inhibits the
311:
The difference between the fully extended length of the suspension and the length compressed by the weight of the motorcycle and rider is called "total sag" or "race sag". Total sag is set to optimize the initial position of the suspension to avoid bottoming out or topping out under normal riding
788:
of the rear suspension. This is due to the additional material required to give identical torsional rigidity to a conventional (two-sided) swingarm setup. For this reason sports bikes are rarely seen using the setup. Notable exclusions are the Ducati 916 which was intended to be taken endurance
407:
Brake dive can be disconcerting to the rider, who may feel like he or she is about to be thrown over the front of the motorcycle. If the bike dives so far as to bottom out the front forks, it can also cause handling and braking problems. One of the purposes of a suspension is to help maintain
332:
is controlled by the passage of fork oil through an orifice. Though cheap to manufacture, it is hard to tune such forks, as they tend to give too little damping at low slider speeds, yet too much damping at higher slider speeds. Any adjustment setting will always be a compromise, giving both
223:
produced a motorcycle with telescopic forks in 1908, and would continue to use them on some models until 1931. In 1935 BMW became the first manufacturer to produce a motorcycle with hydraulically damped telescopic forks, although the Danish Nimbus company had un-damped telescopic forks in
860:
In terms of adjustment, rear shocks span the range from no adjustments whatsoever to pre-load adjustments only to racing shocks with adjustments for length, pre-load, and four different kinds of damping. Most shocks have internal oil reservoirs, but some have external ones, and some offer
453:
compression). The PDF units works in a similar way, except that they rely entirely on the compression stroke itself. The valves are spring-loaded so if the wheel hits a bump, they bounce off their seats and restore the flow of oil for a moment to allow the suspension to absorb the shock.
864:
A number of companies offer custom-built rear shocks for motorcycles. These shocks are assembled for a specific motorcycle and rider combination, taking into account the characteristics of the motorcycle, the weight of the rider, and the rider's preferred riding style/aggressiveness.
347:
damping, allowing it to be stiff over small bumps, yet relatively softer over larger bumps. Also, the springs (or shims) only allow flow in one direction, so one set of springs controls compression damping, and another rebound damping. This allows the dampings to be set separately.
361:, which became available in 2007, consist of gas-charged cartridges fitted within standard forks. This kit is suitable for supersport classes of racing, where regulations prohibit a complete fork replacement but allow modification of the original forks.
960:
sport bike, is intended to isolate the frame and the steering head from undesirable forces transmitted by the rear suspension by having the dampers upper mount contained within the rear swingarm subframe, rather than connecting it to the frame itself.
611:, decreasing the effectiveness of the suspension. The length of the typical motorcycle fork means that they act as large levers about the headstock requiring the forks, the headstock, and the frame to be very robust adding to the bike's weight.
288:, which can improve handling. Two disadvantages of USD forks are: (i) they are more expensive than conventional telescopic forks; and (ii) they are liable to lose all their damping oil should an oil seal fail. USD forks are typically found on
411:
While excessive brake dive is disconcerting, and bottoming out can cause loss of traction, a certain amount of brake dive reduces the rake and trail of the motorcycle, allowing it to turn more easily. This is especially important to racers
427:
of the forks. However, all of these changes make the motorcycle less pleasant to ride on rough roads, since the front end will feel stiffer, in the 1980s various manufacturers attempted to get round this by methods of anti-dive such as:
307:
Motorcycle suspensions are designed so that the springs are always under compression, even when fully extended. Pre-load is used to adjust the initial position of the suspension with the weight of the motorcycle and rider acting on it.
315:
Some motorcycles allow adjustment of pre-load by changing the air pressure inside the forks. Valves at the top of the forks allow air to be added or released from the fork. More air pressure gives more pre-load, and vice versa.
904:
On a motorcycle with a single shock absorber rear suspension, a single shock absorber connects the rear swingarm to the motorcycle's frame. Typically this lone shock absorber is in front of the rear wheel, and uses a
751:
so that it can pivot. The other short side is the rear axle around which the rear wheel turns. The long sides are connected to the motorcycle's frame or rear sub-frame with one or two shocks with coil-over springs.
803:
On many shaft-drive motorcycles the drive shaft is contained in one of the long sides of the swingarm. Notable examples include all post-1955 BMW models prior to BMW's use of the single-sided swingarms,
136:
serves a dual purpose: contributing to the vehicle's handling and braking, and providing safety and comfort by keeping the vehicle's passengers comfortably isolated from road noise, bumps and vibrations.
856:
Motorcycle shocks do differ slightly in that they nearly always use a coil-over spring. In other words, the spring for the rear suspension is a coil spring that is installed over, or around, the shock.
582:" scooter also used a single-sided swingarm suspension, though unlike the GTS1000 there was no upper control arm; the upper part of the suspension on the Dragster served only to transmit steering input.
789:
racing, the MV Agusta f4 which has a hollow interior for reduced weight (a magnesium version is also available), and the Ducati 1098, which was given a single sided swingarm purely for styling reasons.
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With the advent of cartridge forks, which allow more low speed damping and less high speed damping than the previous damping rod forks, separate anti-dive mechanisms have generally fallen out of use.
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over-mushy and over-stiff damping. Since forks act as hydraulic dampers, changing the weight of the fork oil will alter the damping rate. Some telescopic forks have external adjustments for damping.
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Some manufacturers (e.g. Greeves) used a version of the swinging arm for front suspension on their motocross designs. A single-sided version of the idea is also used in motor scooters such as the
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Another method to reduce or eliminate brake dive in telescopic forks is to use a reactive link or torque arm to connect the braking components to the motorcycle frame via the triple clamp.
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Some of the shims (or "leaf springs") lift with little force allowing fluid to flow through the orifice. Other springs require greater force to lift and allow flow. This gives the fork
400:, the added load on the front wheel is transmitted through the forks, which compress. This shortening of the forks causes the front end of the bike to move lower, and this is called
733:
that succeeded it), as follows: (i) wheel travel was limited, (ii) the wheel could move out of the required vertical axis, and (iii) it was more expensive to produce and maintain.
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is designed to nearly eliminate dive, and could have been designed to eliminate it completely if the manufacturer chose to do so. Leading link front forks, such as used on some
258:
in the UK). The fork tubes must be mirror-smooth to seal the fork oil inside the fork. Some fork tubes, especially on early roadsters and off-road motorcycles, are enclosed in
729:
Although plunger suspension could be sophisticated, with springing and damping in both compression and rebound, it had three disadvantages (compared to the almost universal
876:
refers to motorcycles that have two shock absorbers. Generally, this term is used to denote a particular era of motorcycles, and is most frequently used when describing
550:
on racebikes. Hossack himself described the system as a 'steered upright'. In 2004 BMW announced the K1200S with a new front suspension that is based upon this design.
168:. Other fork designs are girder forks, suspended on sprung parallel links (not common since the 1940s) and bottom leading link designs, not common since the 1960s.
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also changes making the bike more nervous, and inversely on acceleration becomes more lazy. Also, having the steering working through the forks causes problems with
921:. The suspension which was designed by Lucien Tilkens, became so successful that other motorcycle manufacturers developed their own single shock absorber designs.
369:
Applying the brakes of a moving motorcycle increases the load borne by the front wheel and decrease the load borne by the rear wheel due to a phenomenon called
239:(known as a "yoke" in the UK), which allows the forks to be turned in order to steer the motorcycle. The bottom of the forks carries the front wheel's axle.
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contact between the tire and road. If the suspension has bottomed out, it is no longer moving as it should, and is no longer helping to maintain contact.
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Hub-center steering is characterized by a swingarm that extends from the bottom of the engine/frame to the centre of the front wheel instead of a fork.
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191:
268:, also known as inverted forks, are installed inverted compared with conventional telescopic forks. The slider bodies are at the top, fixed in the
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The hydraulic shock absorbers used on the rear suspensions of motorcycles are essentially the same as those used in other vehicle applications.
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In production motorcycles, swingarms are not exactly rectangular, but their function can be more easily understood by thinking of them as such.
562:, introduced in 1993. The GTS used the RADD, Inc. front suspension designed by James Parker. A single sided girder fork was use on the German
827:
The BMW R- and K-series combine a shaft-drive contained in the swing arm with a single-sided swingarm, and the combination is marketed as the
456:
TCS (Travel
Control System): Anti-dive system with variable damping. TCS was introduced on the FZ 400 R (1984, only for the Japanese market).
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776:. In 1981 BMW introduced the single sided swingarm (mono lever) to motorcycles on their R 80 GS model. Notable examples include the
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to connect to the swing arm. Such linkages are frequently designed to give a rising rate of damping for the rear. In 1972,
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Some fork designs mitigate dive, eliminate it, or even reverse it without affecting the front suspension adversely. The
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is a complex front swingarm alternative system that entails suspension and steering, as seen in projects such as the
119:
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The basic motorcycle swingarm is a quadrilateral, with one short side connected to the motorcycle's frame with
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NEAS (New
Electrically Activated Suspension): As fitted to the Suzuki GSX-R 1100 and GSX-R 750 Limited Edition.
57:
494:
is among the latter; when braking the front brake hard, the front end of the motorcycle actually rises. BMW's
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R- and K-series. Single-sided swingarms make rear-wheel removal easier, though they generally increase the
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in which the vertical movement of the rear axle was controlled by plungers suspended by springs.
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flow of oil during braking. This system was fitted to a number of motorcycles, most notably the
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1573:
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522:) has an additional swingarm that mounts to the frame and supports the spring. This causes the
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AVDS (Automatic
Variable Damping System): This was fitted to a number of Kawasaki motorcycles.
1644:
1593:
1503:
770:
667:
and the 1913 Pope with wheels supported on a pair of plungers which were each suspended by a
440:
ACT: Developed by
Marzocchi and fitted to Buell motorcycles such as the Buell RR 1200 (1988).
236:
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ANDF (Anti Nose Dive Forks): This was fitted to a number of Suzuki GSX models and the RG250.
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are that hub-center steering separates the steering, braking, and suspension functions.
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to increase during braking instead of decreasing as with traditional telescopic forks.
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The advantages of using a hub-center steering system instead of a more conventional
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single shock absorber rear suspension system on their motorcycles competing in the
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The most common form of front suspension for a modern motorcycle is the telescopic
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When a swingarm is present on only one side of the motorcycle, this is known as a
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1618:
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785:
695:
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404:. Telescopic forks are particularly prone to this, unlike leading link designs.
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215:
165:
542:) separates completely the suspension from steering forces. It was developed by
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1314:(in German). Bremen, Germany: Verlag Boris Deiszler: 36–39. Archived from
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The A.S.L. Spring-Frame Motor
Bicycle, The Motor Cycle, 7 Jul 1909, p. 502
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831:. Newer Moto Guzzi motorcycles use a similar arrangement marketed as the
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Brake dive with telescopic forks can be reduced by either increasing the
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Notable manufacturers of motorcycles with plunger suspension include
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Several motorcycles before and immediately after World War II used
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damping, and an adjustable shim-stack for high fork-speed damping.
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235:
The top of the forks are connected to the motorcycle's frame in a
1811:
1511:
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477:
280:. This USD arrangement has two advantages: (i) it decreases the
1356:
Wood, Bill (December 1999). Wood, Bill (ed.). "Sticker Shock".
953:
938:
634:). This allowed neutral steering and an absence of brake dive.
373:. For a detailed explanation and a sample calculation, see the
835:("CArdano Reattivo Compatto" - Compact Reactive Shaft Drive).
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922:
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567:
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384:
293:
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502:, can also be designed either to reduce or eliminate dive.
277:
1220:
The birth of
Kawasaki's Original Rear Suspension: Uni-Trak
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558:
A single-sided front swingarm suspension was used on the
175:
Vincent Black
Lightning with Girdraulic front suspension
1191:
1189:
1102:
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had both front and rear pneumatic suspension, the 1913
242:
On conventional telescopic forks, the lower portion or
1306:
Schwietzer, Andy (May 2008). Reinken, Berthold (ed.).
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1267:"Honda Unit Pro-Link Rear Suspension System"
574:. More recently, between 1998 and 2003, the
614:The endurance racer "Nessie", built by the
518:The Saxon-Motodd (marketed as Telelever by
1495:
1481:
1453:
1310:[Of mosquitoes ... and bees ...].
1305:
1289:The Complete Guide to Motorcycle Mechanics
1108:
566:motorcycle between 1949 and 1951, and the
538:The Hossack/Fior (marketed as Duolever by
1502:
653:
618:team, used an adapted version of Difazio
284:of the motorcycle; and (ii) it increases
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1415:
899:
791:
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663:Single with a swingarm suspended from a
641:
509:
430:
383:
226:
170:
1871:Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling
1458:, Motorbooks (MBI Publishing Company),
1456:Race Tech's Motorcycle Suspension Bible
1385:
1287:Motorcycle Mechanics Institute (1984).
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423:of the fork springs, or increasing the
14:
1884:
1437:Motorcycle Handling and Chassis Design
1332:
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1041:
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1017:
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302:
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1434:
796:BMW's Paralever rear suspension on a
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336:A more sophisticated approach is the
262:plastic/rubber protective "gaiters".
140:The typical motorcycle has a pair of
1355:
1264:
1216:
1005:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1286:
1180:
1168:
1053:
993:
464:series from 1983 through 2000, the
396:If the motorcycle is equipped with
209:
159:
24:
1897:Automotive suspension technologies
1726:Continuously variable transmission
1378:
1337:The Encyclopedia of the Motorcycle
842:
637:
392:eliminated and reversed brake dive
250:in the UK), slide up and down the
25:
1913:
1120:
1092:"DAMPING ROD FORKS and EMULATORS"
626:were directed to the frame via a
1892:Motorcycle suspension technology
1548:
1454:Thede, Paul; Parks, Lee (2010),
1420:. Oxford: Butterworth Heineman.
324:Basic fork designs use a simple
276:are at the bottom, fixed to the
34:
1265:Edge, Dirck (October 4, 2002),
1258:
1230:
1210:
1129:
1114:
553:
546:though used by Claude Fior and
379:Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics
319:
45:needs additional citations for
1710:Sequential manual transmission
1393:Sportbike Performance Handbook
1247:, pp. 34–35, March 1983,
1245:Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S.
1084:
1059:
231:Telescopic forks on a 1969 BMW
13:
1:
1439:. Spain: Tony Foale Designs.
1308:"Von Mücken... ...und Bienen"
1279:
1243:, Newport Beach, California:
919:Motocross World Championships
892:machines) and the HRD (later
646:Plunger rear suspension on a
506:Saxon-Motodd (Telelever) fork
364:
194:, on a concept associated to
956:racer, and then on the 2003
736:
534:Hossack/Fior (Duolever) fork
7:
964:
616:Mead & Tomkinson racing
570:scooter has a single-sided
359:Gas-charged cartridge forks
10:
1918:
1418:Motorcycle Tuning: Chassis
900:Single shock absorber
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213:
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630:(rather than through the
514:BMW R1200c with Telelever
266:"Upside-down" (USD) forks
156:for the rear suspension.
1858:Anti-lock braking system
1731:Dual-clutch transmission
981:
416:on entrance to corners.
1853:Traction control system
1416:Robinson, John (1990).
69:"Motorcycle suspension"
18:Suspension (motorcycle)
1341:. Dorling-Kindersley.
1237:"How Pro-Link Works",
1197:"Torsten Hallman 2005"
1123:"STEER FOR THE FUTURE"
976:Suspension (mechanics)
861:air-assisted damping.
800:
766:
654:Early rear suspensions
650:
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1504:Motorcycle components
1358:American Motorcyclist
1333:Wilson, Hugo (1995).
925:'s version is called
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761:
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174:
1435:Foale, Tony (2002).
1312:Bma Motorradberichte
1217:Urashima, Shintaro,
1147:, pp. 102, 156.
949:, used first on the
869:Twin shock absorbers
299:featured USD forks.
54:improve this article
27:Part of a motorcycle
1902:Motorcycle dynamics
620:hub-center steering
592:Hub-center steering
586:Hub-center steering
425:compression damping
352:Cartridge emulators
303:Pre-load adjustment
286:torsional stiffness
188:hub-center steering
1681:Hydrogen fuel cell
971:Bicycle suspension
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681:plunger suspension
675:Plunger suspension
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572:trailing-link fork
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1676:Gasoline (petrol)
1589:Flat twin (boxer)
1465:978-0-7603-3140-8
1408:978-0-7603-0229-3
1291:. Prentice-Hall.
1199:. mxworksbike.com
1067:"Cartridge Forks"
328:system, in which
256:"fork stanchions"
237:triple tree clamp
196:Massimo Tamburini
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16:(Redirected from
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818:Yamaha XS Eleven
500:Ural motorcycles
398:telescopic forks
388:BMW's 1955-1969
210:Telescopic forks
192:Ascanio Rodorigo
190:as developed by
160:Front suspension
152:with one or two
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1263:
1259:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1119:
1115:
1109:Schwietzer 2008
1107:
1103:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
984:
967:
913:introduced the
902:
890:Brough Superior
871:
851:
845:
843:Shock absorbers
786:unsprung weight
745:
739:
677:
656:
640:
638:Rear suspension
601:motorcycle fork
594:
588:
556:
536:
508:
377:section of the
367:
322:
305:
282:unsprung weight
274:stanchion tubes
218:
216:Motorcycle fork
212:
162:
154:shock absorbers
132:A motorcycle's
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1915:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1864:
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1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1820:
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1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1736:Semi-automatic
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
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1627:
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1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1451:
1445:
1432:
1426:
1413:
1407:
1387:Cameron, Kevin
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1353:
1347:
1330:
1303:
1297:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1257:
1229:
1209:
1185:
1183:, p. 286.
1173:
1171:, p. 282.
1161:
1159:, p. 310.
1149:
1137:
1128:
1113:
1101:
1083:
1058:
1056:, p. 291.
1046:
1034:
1032:, p. 167.
1022:
1020:, p. 166.
1010:
998:
996:, p. 277.
985:
983:
980:
979:
978:
973:
966:
963:
958:Honda CBR600RR
901:
898:
870:
867:
849:Shock absorber
847:Main article:
844:
841:
822:Yamaha FJR1300
814:Honda Goldwing
741:Main article:
738:
735:
676:
673:
655:
652:
639:
636:
624:braking forces
590:Main article:
587:
584:
560:Yamaha GTS1000
555:
552:
544:Norman Hossack
535:
532:
507:
504:
496:Telelever fork
482:
481:
457:
454:
450:
447:
444:
441:
366:
363:
338:cartridge fork
321:
318:
304:
301:
248:"fork sliders"
214:Main article:
211:
208:
161:
158:
144:for the front
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1914:
1903:
1900:
1898:
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1701:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:Energy source
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Rotary piston
1638:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:Parallel twin
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1541:
1538:
1536:
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1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
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1491:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1446:84-933286-3-4
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1427:0-7506-1840-X
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1348:0-7513-0206-6
1344:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1321:on 2011-07-05
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1298:0-13-160549-6
1294:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1250:
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1242:
1241:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1132:
1124:
1121:Foale, Tony.
1117:
1111:, p. 37.
1110:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1044:, p. 28.
1043:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1002:
995:
990:
986:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
962:
959:
955:
952:
948:
947:Unit Pro-Link
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
897:
895:
891:
887:
881:
880:motorcycles.
879:
875:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
840:
836:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
799:
794:
790:
787:
783:
779:
775:
773:
765:
762:Moto Guzzi's
760:
756:
753:
750:
744:
734:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
672:
670:
666:
662:
649:
644:
635:
633:
632:steering head
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
604:
602:
597:
593:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
551:
549:
545:
541:
531:
529:
525:
521:
512:
503:
501:
497:
493:
488:
485:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:Pacific Coast
463:
458:
455:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
438:
433:
429:
426:
422:
417:
415:
414:trail braking
409:
405:
403:
399:
391:
386:
382:
380:
376:
372:
371:load transfer
362:
360:
356:
353:
349:
346:
341:
339:
334:
331:
327:
317:
313:
309:
300:
298:
295:
292:, though the
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:triple clamps
267:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
229:
225:
222:
217:
207:
206:motorcycles.
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
173:
169:
167:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
135:
124:
121:
113:
110:December 2008
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1869:
1695:Transmission
1614:Straight-six
1455:
1436:
1417:
1392:
1361:
1357:
1336:
1323:. Retrieved
1316:the original
1311:
1288:
1270:
1260:
1238:
1232:
1219:
1212:
1201:. Retrieved
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1131:
1116:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1008:, p. 8.
1001:
989:
951:Honda RC211V
946:
943:Full-Floater
942:
934:
926:
914:
903:
886:New Imperial
882:
873:
872:
863:
859:
855:
852:
837:
832:
828:
826:
802:
778:Honda VFR800
772:single-sided
771:
768:
763:
754:
746:
728:
720:Cossack/Ural
685:
680:
678:
657:
628:pivoted fork
613:
605:
598:
595:
557:
554:Single-sided
548:John Britten
537:
517:
489:
486:
483:
418:
410:
406:
401:
395:
368:
358:
357:
351:
350:
344:
342:
337:
335:
325:
323:
320:Fork damping
314:
310:
306:
265:
264:
255:
251:
247:
243:
241:
234:
219:
185:
178:
163:
145:
139:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1794:Accessories
1780:Shaft drive
1770:Chain drive
1763:Final drive
1599:Inline-four
1240:Cycle World
1157:Wilson 1995
1145:Wilson 1995
1042:Wilson 1995
1030:Wilson 1995
1018:Wilson 1995
812:twins, the
669:coil spring
665:leaf spring
492:Earles fork
421:spring rate
390:Earles fork
244:fork bodies
1886:Categories
1838:Drum brake
1833:Disc brake
1775:Belt drive
1525:Suspension
1399:Motorbooks
1325:2012-02-25
1280:References
1203:2017-09-04
945:. Honda's
915:Mono-Shock
874:Twin shock
820:, and the
810:Moto Guzzi
622:, whereby
435:Honda TRAC
402:brake dive
365:Brake dive
345:digressive
326:damper-rod
290:sportbikes
272:, and the
260:concertina
252:fork tubes
202:Tesi, and
146:suspension
142:fork tubes
134:suspension
80:newspapers
1719:Automatic
1609:Flat-four
1370:0277-9358
1253:0011-4286
1006:Wood 1999
829:Paralever
737:Swingarms
648:BMW R51/3
564:Imme R100
381:article.
1671:Electric
1619:Flat-six
1535:Swingarm
1389:(1998).
1225:Kawasaki
1181:MMI 1984
1169:MMI 1984
1054:MMI 1984
994:MMI 1984
965:See also
935:Uni-Trak
931:Kawasaki
927:Pro-link
878:off-road
780:and the
774:swingarm
749:bearings
743:Swingarm
731:swingarm
609:stiction
580:Dragster
462:Goldwing
297:Valkyrie
150:swingarm
148:, and a
1817:Trailer
1812:Sidecar
1807:Pannier
1802:Fairing
1754:Slipper
1645:Turbine
1512:Chassis
1076:1 April
907:linkage
894:Vincent
833:CA.R.C.
808:, many
798:R1200GS
764:CA.R.C.
724:Zündapp
712:Saroléa
576:ItalJet
478:VFR750F
474:CB1000C
470:CB1100F
375:braking
330:damping
94:scholar
1843:Saddle
1746:Clutch
1703:Manual
1666:Diesel
1594:Triple
1584:V-twin
1574:Single
1559:Engine
1540:Wheels
1462:
1443:
1424:
1405:
1368:
1364:(12).
1345:
1295:
1251:
954:MotoGP
941:'s is
939:Suzuki
937:, and
933:'s is
911:Yamaha
816:, the
716:Norton
704:Indian
661:Indian
476:, and
200:Bimota
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1848:Tires
1826:Other
1520:Frame
1319:(pdf)
982:Notes
923:Honda
806:Urals
692:Ariel
688:Adler
568:Vespa
528:trail
294:Honda
221:Scott
204:Vyrus
181:Vespa
101:JSTOR
87:books
1530:Fork
1460:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1403:ISBN
1366:ISSN
1343:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1249:ISSN
1078:2018
888:and
722:and
526:and
524:rake
278:axle
186:The
166:fork
73:news
782:BMW
700:BSA
696:BMW
540:BMW
520:BMW
56:by
1888::
1624:V8
1604:V4
1401:.
1362:53
1360:.
1269:,
1223:,
1188:^
1094:.
1069:.
929:,
824:.
726:.
718:,
714:,
710:,
708:MZ
706:,
702:,
698:,
694:,
690:,
671:.
472:,
468:,
183:.
1496:e
1489:t
1482:v
1449:.
1430:.
1411:.
1372:.
1351:.
1328:.
1301:.
1206:.
1125:.
1098:.
1080:.
578:"
480:.
254:(
246:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
