116:
250:
2922:
2836:
1319:
2886:
45:
2910:
775:
2874:
2898:
2847:
318:
each approximately 1,000 km (620 mi) in diameter with hot rising plasma in the center and cooler plasma falling in the spaces between them, flowing at velocities of 7 km/s (4.3 mi/s). Each granule has a lifespan of only about twenty minutes, resulting in a continually shifting
357:
As of 2004, although white dwarfs are believed to crystallize from the middle out, none have fully solidified yet; and only neutron stars are believed to have a solid, albeit unstable, crust
335:
dispersed between granules. These features are too fine to be directly observed on other stars; however, sunspots have been indirectly observed, in which case they are referred to as
2687:
276:(5,499 Ā°C)) meaning human eyes perceive it as an overwhelmingly bright surface, and with sufficiently strong neutral density filter, as a hueless, gray surface. It has a
257:
397:
Kanaan, A.; et al. (WET) (2005). "Whole Earth
Telescope observations of BPM 37093: A seismological test of crystallization theory in white dwarfs".
241:, account for less than 2% of the mass, with oxygen (roughly 1% of the Sun's mass), carbon (0.3%), neon (0.2%), and iron (0.2%) being the most abundant.
323:
up to 30,000 km (19,000 mi) in diameter with lifespans of up to 24 hours and flow speeds of about 500 m/s (1,600 ft/s), carrying
801:
231:; they account for 74.9% and 23.8%, respectively, of the mass of the Sun in the photosphere. All heavier elements, colloquially called
622:
749:
644:
2719:
849:
2694:
2013:
1143:
829:
570:
17:
2406:
2699:
2336:
2320:
1355:
115:
2746:
2613:
1299:
152:
A photosphere is the region of a luminous object, usually a star, that is transparent to photons of certain
2729:
2680:
2655:
1948:
1304:
779:
2670:
2650:
791:
327:
bundles to the edges of the cells. Other magnetically related phenomena in the Sun's photosphere include
2033:
2942:
2864:
2734:
2665:
2635:
1102:
616:"Resolution B3 on recommended nominal conversion constants for selected solar and planetary properties"
2741:
2618:
2595:
2177:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1280:
785:
53:
1884:
1758:
1393:
208:
2660:
2411:
2210:
2120:
2080:
2062:
1988:
1559:
1485:
975:
307:
207:
The surface of a star is defined to have a temperature given by the effective temperature in the
96:
249:
199:
meaning "sphere", in reference to it being a spherical surface that is perceived to emit light.
163:, have no solid or liquid surface. Therefore, the photosphere is typically used to describe the
2952:
2821:
2801:
2573:
2568:
2466:
2361:
2310:
2115:
2105:
1778:
1576:
1544:
1435:
1418:
1274:
1117:
1010:
591:
2675:
2645:
2640:
2630:
2558:
2346:
1512:
1170:
990:
822:
1793:
505:"Heterogeneity of solid neutron-star matter: Transport coefficients and neutrino emissivity"
420:
2816:
2714:
2704:
2553:
2521:
2315:
2110:
2095:
1408:
1254:
1224:
1107:
1042:
859:
526:
469:
416:
8:
2914:
2276:
2259:
1930:
1832:
1655:
1074:
615:
2416:
530:
473:
149:, or equivalently, a depth from which 50% of light will escape without being scattered.
2902:
2890:
2811:
2772:
2724:
2709:
2623:
2563:
2486:
2396:
2366:
2356:
2300:
2222:
1913:
1549:
1348:
1160:
892:
544:
516:
485:
459:
432:
406:
292:; increasing with increasing depth. The Sun's photosphere is 100ā400 kilometers thick.
2762:
2187:
2160:
2140:
1940:
1724:
1712:
1539:
1519:
1473:
1455:
1423:
1294:
1209:
1112:
539:
504:
489:
238:
30:
This article is about the astronomical concept. For the image stitching feature, see
2247:
1015:
716:
548:
2878:
2590:
2543:
2493:
2481:
2459:
2454:
2381:
2341:
2288:
2070:
1993:
1968:
1862:
1783:
1507:
1468:
1000:
909:
815:
741:
691:
640:
534:
477:
436:
424:
320:
315:
253:
132:
101:
2777:
2580:
2449:
2293:
2264:
2205:
2200:
2075:
1803:
1768:
1702:
1648:
1643:
1588:
1398:
1234:
1214:
1189:
1084:
1029:
1005:
882:
428:
311:
301:
71:
2926:
2839:
2605:
2444:
2271:
2242:
2217:
2150:
1839:
1707:
1593:
1495:
1385:
1375:
1204:
1184:
1179:
967:
872:
666:
383:
324:
66:
31:
2936:
2791:
2585:
2548:
2516:
2391:
2100:
1923:
1894:
1872:
1490:
1463:
1440:
1341:
1249:
1244:
1219:
1148:
1138:
1059:
1054:
1049:
952:
929:
914:
184:
136:
38:
450:
Jones, P. B. (2003). "Nature of Fault Planes in Solid
Neutron Star Matter".
2947:
2851:
2526:
2476:
2471:
2371:
2254:
2237:
2195:
2165:
2155:
2090:
1973:
1918:
1899:
1879:
1857:
1849:
1692:
1685:
1524:
1445:
1428:
1322:
1229:
1199:
1194:
1155:
985:
980:
957:
939:
919:
797:
411:
332:
160:
86:
81:
2767:
2439:
2431:
2421:
2401:
2376:
2305:
1983:
1958:
1953:
1867:
1827:
1788:
1753:
1736:
1731:
1403:
1165:
1094:
1079:
1064:
1037:
947:
566:
521:
464:
289:
232:
2351:
2048:
2021:
1998:
1978:
1963:
1815:
1719:
1697:
1675:
1670:
1534:
1239:
1069:
877:
867:
272:(4,130 and 6,330 Ā°C) (with an effective temperature of 5,772
153:
109:
61:
2921:
2538:
2386:
2170:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2085:
2038:
2028:
1822:
1798:
1773:
1680:
1631:
1564:
1554:
1529:
1502:
1478:
1413:
1122:
995:
2531:
2232:
1906:
1665:
1638:
1264:
481:
337:
285:
224:
2806:
2281:
2043:
1810:
1763:
1746:
1741:
1660:
924:
328:
277:
91:
2796:
2784:
2003:
1889:
774:
273:
269:
228:
268:'s photosphere has a temperature between 4,400 and 6,600
44:
306:
In the Sun's photosphere, the most ubiquitous phenomenon are
128:
2145:
1364:
1259:
745:
211:. Various stars have photospheres of various temperatures.
168:
2846:
807:
792:
Animated explanation of the temperature of the
Photosphere
2511:
838:
265:
220:
164:
49:
1333:
131:
is radiated. It extends into a star's surface until the
396:
2862:
638:
319:"boiling" pattern. Grouping the typical granules are
632:
378:Carroll, Bradley W. & Ostlie, Dale A. (1996).
567:"SP-402 A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab"
509:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2934:
223:is composed primarily of the chemical elements
27:Star's outer shell from which light is radiated
1349:
823:
377:
564:
1356:
1342:
830:
816:
538:
520:
463:
410:
295:
260:for meanings of extra lines in the graph.
214:
786:Animated explanation of the Photosphere
248:
114:
43:
14:
2935:
560:
558:
1337:
811:
502:
449:
798:Solar Lower Atmosphere and Magnetism
244:
664:
555:
127:is a star's outer shell from which
24:
25:
2964:
767:
135:becomes opaque, equivalent to an
2920:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2845:
2835:
2834:
1318:
1317:
773:
628:from the original on 2016-01-28.
540:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07834.x
752:from the original on 2016-02-05
734:
709:
684:
658:
647:from the original on 2012-07-03
573:from the original on 2004-11-18
256:: temperature and density. See
639:Stanford Solar Center (2008).
608:
584:
496:
443:
390:
371:
351:
202:
13:
1:
2747:Timeline of stellar astronomy
1300:List of heliophysics missions
742:"NASA/Marshall Solar Physics"
364:
1305:Category:Missions to the Sun
794:(University of South Wales).
788:(University of South Wales).
641:"The Sun's Vital Statistics"
399:Astronomy & Astrophysics
174:
119:Sun's surface in false color
7:
2407:HertzsprungāRussell diagram
837:
195:meaning "light" and ĻĻĪ±įæĻĪ±/
10:
2969:
2321:KelvināHelmholtz mechanism
429:10.1051/0004-6361:20041125
299:
36:
29:
2830:
2755:
2604:
2502:
2430:
2329:
2186:
2061:
1939:
1848:
1584:
1575:
1454:
1384:
1371:
1363:
1313:
1287:
1281:G-type main-sequence star
1273:
1131:
1093:
1028:
966:
938:
900:
891:
858:
845:
452:The Astrophysical Journal
2700:With multiple exoplanets
1144:In mythology and culture
344:
37:Not to be confused with
1486:Asymptotic giant branch
421:2005A&A...432..219K
2822:Tidal disruption event
2311:Circumstellar envelope
1545:Luminous blue variable
1011:Supra-arcade downflows
296:Photospheric phenomena
261:
215:Composition of the Sun
120:
112:
2347:Effective temperature
991:Coronal mass ejection
565:John A. Eddy (1979).
503:Jones, P. B. (2004).
300:Further information:
252:
118:
48:The structure of the
47:
2817:Planet-hosting stars
2695:With resolved images
2666:Historical brightest
2596:Photometric-standard
2522:Solar radio emission
2316:Eddington luminosity
2096:Triple-alpha process
2034:ThorneāÅ»ytkow object
1409:Young stellar object
1255:Standard solar model
1225:Solar radio emission
1043:List of solar cycles
782:at Wikimedia Commons
667:"Search for Origins"
209:StefanāBoltzmann law
2641:Highest temperature
2412:Colorācolor diagram
2277:Protoplanetary disk
2081:Protonāproton chain
1759:Chemically peculiar
1075:Magnetic switchback
717:"Layers of the Sun"
596:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
531:2004MNRAS.351..956J
474:2003ApJ...595..342J
380:Modern Astrophysics
171:'s visual surface.
2646:Lowest temperature
2397:Photometric system
2367:Absolute magnitude
2301:Circumstellar dust
1914:Stellar black hole
1550:Stellar population
1436:HerbigāHaro object
1265:Sunlight radiation
860:Internal structure
412:astro-ph/0411199v1
262:
187:roots, Ļįæ¶Ļ, ĻĻĻĻĻ/
121:
113:
18:Sun's surface
2943:Stellar astronomy
2860:
2859:
2763:Substellar object
2742:Planetary nebulae
2161:Luminous red nova
2071:Deuterium burning
2057:
2056:
1540:Instability strip
1520:Wolf-Rayet nebula
1474:Horizontal branch
1419:Pre-main-sequence
1331:
1330:
1295:Solar observatory
1210:Solar observation
1108:Termination shock
1024:
1023:
976:Transition region
778:Media related to
692:"The Photosphere"
245:Sun's photosphere
239:stellar astronomy
139:of approximately
16:(Redirected from
2960:
2925:
2924:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2852:Stars portal
2850:
2849:
2838:
2837:
2494:Planetary system
2417:Strƶmgren sphere
2289:Asteroseismology
2010:Black hole star
1582:
1581:
1508:Planetary nebula
1469:Red-giant branch
1358:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1321:
1320:
910:Supergranulation
898:
897:
832:
825:
818:
809:
808:
777:
761:
760:
758:
757:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
713:
707:
706:
704:
702:
688:
682:
681:
679:
677:
662:
656:
655:
653:
652:
636:
630:
629:
627:
620:
612:
606:
605:
603:
602:
592:"Sun Fact Sheet"
588:
582:
581:
579:
578:
562:
553:
552:
542:
524:
522:astro-ph/0403400
500:
494:
493:
467:
465:astro-ph/0210207
447:
441:
440:
414:
394:
388:
387:
375:
358:
355:
312:convection cells
283:
254:Solar atmosphere
183:is derived from
148:
147:
143:
21:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2861:
2856:
2844:
2826:
2751:
2720:Milky Way novae
2656:Smallest volume
2600:
2581:Radial velocity
2504:
2498:
2450:Common envelope
2426:
2325:
2294:Helioseismology
2265:Bipolar outflow
2206:Microturbulence
2201:Convection zone
2182:
2076:Lithium burning
2063:Nucleosynthesis
2053:
1935:
1844:
1571:
1450:
1399:Molecular cloud
1380:
1367:
1362:
1332:
1327:
1309:
1283:
1269:
1235:Solar telescope
1215:Solar phenomena
1190:Solar astronomy
1127:
1089:
1085:Helioseismology
1020:
1006:Helmet streamer
962:
934:
887:
883:Convection zone
854:
841:
836:
770:
765:
764:
755:
753:
740:
739:
735:
725:
723:
715:
714:
710:
700:
698:
690:
689:
685:
675:
673:
663:
659:
650:
648:
637:
633:
625:
618:
614:
613:
609:
600:
598:
590:
589:
585:
576:
574:
563:
556:
501:
497:
448:
444:
395:
391:
376:
372:
367:
362:
361:
356:
352:
347:
304:
302:Solar phenomena
298:
281:
247:
217:
205:
177:
145:
141:
140:
107:
106:
72:Convection zone
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2966:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2930:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2881:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2842:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2651:Largest volume
2648:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2362:Magnetic field
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2272:Accretion disk
2269:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2248:AlfvƩn surface
2245:
2243:Stellar corona
2240:
2235:
2230:
2220:
2218:Radiation zone
2215:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1840:Blue straggler
1837:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:Main sequence
1596:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1577:Classification
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1513:Protoplanetary
1505:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1275:Spectral class
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1205:Solar neutrino
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:Solar activity
1182:
1180:Sun in fiction
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1034:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1016:AlfvƩn surface
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
972:
970:
964:
963:
961:
960:
955:
950:
944:
942:
936:
935:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
906:
904:
895:
889:
888:
886:
885:
880:
875:
873:Radiation zone
870:
864:
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:
846:
843:
842:
835:
834:
827:
820:
812:
806:
805:
795:
789:
783:
769:
768:External links
766:
763:
762:
733:
708:
683:
665:Burnett, Don.
657:
631:
607:
583:
554:
515:(3): 956ā966.
495:
482:10.1086/377351
458:(1): 342ā345.
442:
405:(1): 219ā224.
389:
384:Addison-Wesley
369:
368:
366:
363:
360:
359:
349:
348:
346:
343:
325:magnetic field
297:
294:
246:
243:
216:
213:
204:
201:
176:
173:
167:'s or another
159:Stars, except
108:Not labelled:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
67:Radiation zone
64:
58:
57:
32:VR photography
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2965:
2954:
2953:Light sources
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:Intergalactic
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Galactic year
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Most luminous
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Proper motion
2584:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Constellation
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:Solar eclipse
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:Earth-centric
2501:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Alpha process
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1873:Helium planet
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:Parker's star
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Lambda Boƶtis
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1560:Superluminous
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Main sequence
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:Hayashi track
1439:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:Space weather
1248:
1246:
1245:Space climate
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:Solar physics
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:Lunar eclipse
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:Current sheet
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:Solar minimum
1058:
1056:
1055:Solar maximum
1053:
1051:
1050:Active region
1048:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
971:
969:
965:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
943:
941:
937:
931:
930:Ellerman bomb
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
905:
903:
899:
896:
894:
890:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
863:
861:
857:
851:
848:
847:
844:
840:
833:
828:
826:
821:
819:
814:
813:
810:
803:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
776:
772:
771:
751:
747:
743:
737:
722:
718:
712:
697:
693:
687:
672:
668:
661:
646:
642:
635:
624:
617:
611:
597:
593:
587:
572:
568:
561:
559:
550:
546:
541:
536:
532:
528:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
499:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
461:
457:
453:
446:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
408:
404:
400:
393:
385:
381:
374:
370:
354:
350:
342:
340:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:supergranules
317:
313:
309:
303:
293:
291:
287:
279:
275:
271:
267:
259:
255:
251:
242:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
222:
212:
210:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:Ancient Greek
182:
172:
170:
166:
162:
161:neutron stars
157:
155:
150:
138:
137:optical depth
134:
130:
126:
117:
111:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
55:
51:
46:
40:
39:Photon sphere
33:
19:
2915:Solar System
2715:White dwarfs
2705:Brown dwarfs
2688:Most distant
2636:Most massive
2614:Proper names
2574:Photographic
2527:Solar System
2505:observations
2432:Star systems
2255:Stellar wind
2238:Chromosphere
2227:
2211:Oscillations
2091:Helium flash
1941:Hypothetical
1919:X-ray binary
1858:Compact star
1693:Bright giant
1446:Henyey track
1424:Herbig Ae/Be
1230:Solar System
1200:Solar energy
1195:Solar dynamo
1156:Heliophysics
986:Coronal loop
981:Coronal hole
958:Moreton wave
940:Chromosphere
901:
754:. Retrieved
736:
724:. Retrieved
720:
711:
699:. Retrieved
695:
686:
674:. Retrieved
670:
660:
649:. Retrieved
634:
610:
599:. Retrieved
595:
586:
575:. Retrieved
512:
508:
498:
455:
451:
445:
402:
398:
392:
379:
373:
353:
336:
305:
263:
233:
218:
206:
196:
192:
188:
180:
178:
158:
151:
124:
122:
82:Chromosphere
76:
2903:Outer space
2891:Spaceflight
2768:Brown dwarf
2544:Circumpolar
2422:Kraft break
2402:Color index
2377:Metallicity
2337:Designation
2306:Cosmic dust
2228:Photosphere
1994:Dark-energy
1969:Electroweak
1954:Black dwarf
1885:Radio-quiet
1868:White dwarf
1754:White dwarf
1404:Bok globule
1288:Exploration
1166:Solar deity
1113:Heliosheath
1095:Heliosphere
1065:Wolf number
1038:Solar cycle
902:Photosphere
780:Photosphere
203:Temperature
181:photosphere
154:wavelengths
125:photosphere
77:Photosphere
54:G-type star
2937:Categories
2730:Candidates
2725:Supernovae
2710:Red dwarfs
2569:Extinction
2357:Kinematics
2352:Luminosity
2330:Properties
2223:Atmosphere
2121:Si burning
2111:Ne burning
2049:White hole
2022:Quasi-star
1949:Blue dwarf
1804:Technetium
1720:Hypergiant
1698:Supergiant
1240:Solar time
1161:In culture
1118:Heliopause
1070:Solar wind
1001:Prominence
893:Atmosphere
878:Tachocline
756:2008-02-19
726:5 November
701:5 November
676:5 November
651:2018-02-20
601:2023-08-27
577:2017-07-12
365:References
331:and solar
280:of about 3
110:Solar wind
102:Prominence
2879:Astronomy
2661:Brightest
2559:Magnitude
2539:Pole star
2460:Symbiotic
2455:Eclipsing
2387:Starlight
2188:Structure
2178:Supernova
2171:Micronova
2166:Recurrent
2151:Symbiotic
2136:p-process
2131:r-process
2126:s-process
2116:O burning
2106:C burning
2086:CNO cycle
2029:Gravastar
1565:Hypernova
1555:Supernova
1530:Dredge-up
1503:Blue loop
1496:super-AGB
1479:Red clump
1456:Evolution
1414:Protostar
1394:Accretion
1386:Formation
1123:Bow shock
1030:Variation
996:Nanoflare
490:119335130
338:starspots
179:The term
175:Etymology
2840:Category
2735:Remnants
2631:Extremes
2591:Parallax
2564:Apparent
2554:Asterism
2532:Sunlight
2482:Globular
2467:Multiple
2392:Variable
2382:Rotation
2342:Dynamics
2233:Starspot
1907:Magnetar
1850:Remnants
1666:Subgiant
1639:Subdwarf
1491:post-AGB
1323:Category
750:Archived
645:Archived
623:Archived
621:. 2014.
571:Archived
569:. NASA.
549:11877513
329:sunspots
308:granules
225:hydrogen
97:Granules
2927:Science
2865:Portals
2807:Gravity
2756:Related
2676:Nearest
2624:Chinese
2472:Cluster
2445:Contact
2282:Proplyd
2156:Remnant
2044:Blitzar
2018:Hawking
1974:Strange
1924:Burster
1880:Neutron
1833:Extreme
1784:He-weak
1429:T Tauri
1139:Eclipse
1132:Related
953:Spicule
925:Sunspot
920:Faculae
915:Granule
839:The Sun
527:Bibcode
470:Bibcode
437:7297628
417:Bibcode
333:faculae
278:density
197:sphaira
144:⁄
92:Sunspot
2797:Galaxy
2785:Planet
2773:Desert
2681:bright
2619:Arabic
2440:Binary
2260:Bubble
1984:Planck
1959:Exotic
1895:Binary
1890:Pulsar
1828:Helium
1789:Barium
1732:Carbon
1725:Yellow
1713:Yellow
1686:Yellow
1525:PG1159
968:Corona
547:
488:
435:
316:plasma
234:metals
229:helium
193:photos
133:plasma
87:Corona
2802:Guest
2606:Lists
2487:Super
2141:Fusor
2014:Black
1999:Quark
1979:Preon
1964:Boson
1900:X-ray
1816:Shell
1769:Ap/Bp
1671:Giant
1589:Early
1535:OH/IR
1365:Stars
1080:Flare
948:Plage
626:(PDF)
619:(PDF)
545:S2CID
517:arXiv
486:S2CID
460:arXiv
433:S2CID
407:arXiv
345:Notes
129:light
2477:Open
2372:Mass
2196:Core
2146:Nova
2039:Iron
1989:Dark
1799:Lead
1779:HgMn
1774:CEMP
1703:Blue
1676:Blue
1594:Late
1376:List
1260:Star
1171:List
868:Core
850:List
746:NASA
728:2023
721:NASA
703:2023
696:NASA
678:2023
671:NASA
264:The
258:here
227:and
219:The
189:phos
169:star
123:The
62:Core
52:, a
2948:Sun
2778:Sub
2512:Sun
1931:SGR
1708:Red
1681:Red
802:MPS
535:doi
513:351
478:doi
456:595
425:doi
403:432
314:of
284:10
266:Sun
237:in
221:Sun
165:Sun
50:Sun
2939::
1811:Be
1764:Am
1747:CH
1742:CN
1661:OB
1656:WR
748:.
744:.
719:.
694:.
669:.
643:.
594:.
557:^
543:.
533:.
525:.
511:.
507:.
484:.
476:.
468:.
454:.
431:.
423:.
415:.
401:.
382:.
341:.
286:kg
191:,
156:.
56::
2867::
2004:Q
1823:B
1737:S
1649:B
1644:O
1632:M
1627:K
1622:G
1617:F
1612:A
1607:B
1602:O
1357:e
1350:t
1343:v
831:e
824:t
817:v
804:)
800:(
759:.
730:.
705:.
680:.
654:.
604:.
580:.
551:.
537::
529::
519::
492:.
480::
472::
462::
439:.
427::
419::
409::
386:.
310:ā
290:m
288:/
282:Ć
274:K
270:K
146:3
142:2
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_as_of_January_20,_2020.jpg)