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F.W. Sowers and Manzo
Issoufou, "Precolonial Agroforestry and its Implications for the Present: the Case of the Sultanate of Damagaram, Niger. Published in: Vandenbeldt, R.J. (ed.) 1992. Faidherbia albida in the West African semi-arid tropics: proceedings of a workshop, 22-26 Apr 1991, Niamey, Niger.
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The authority that the sultan claimed on trees was a new practice, breaking with customary views on trees in the Sahel. Traditionally, trees were considered 'gifts from the gods' and could not be owned by any individual, but belonged either to the spirits of the bush or to God. The policies of sultan
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to the south. While it provided aid to the animist Hausa-led refugee states to its west (in what is now Niger) who were formed from the rump of the states conquered by the Sokoto Caliph, Damagaram also maintained good relations with its southern neighbors. Damagaram sat astride the major trade route
321:
spent three weeks under the Sultan's protection in
Damagaram. Cazemajou had been dispatched to form an alliance against the British with Rabih, and the Sultan's court was alarmed at the prospect of their two most powerful new threats linking up. Cazemajou was murdered by a faction at the court, and
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Damagaram was originally an area of hunting and gathering activities. As the sultanate developed, the rulers encouraged the rural population to expand farming. Most of the land, especially that surrounding the capital Zinder, belonged to the Sultan and a few notables. In all cases, people who held
359:. Following French intelligence that a rising by Hausa in the area was preparing a revolt with the aid of the Sultan, a puppet Sultan was placed in power in 1906, though the royal line was restored in 1923. The Sultanate continues to operate in a ceremonial function into the 21st century.
387:) with its fertilising properties: "He who cuts a gawo tree without authorization will have his head severed; he who mutilates it without reason will have an arm cut off." The sultan and later his successors also proceeded to plant trees,
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or the
Gobirwa as profitable, and thus important. Damagaram also covered some of the more productive of Bornu's western salt-producing evaporation mines, as well as farms producing Ostrich feathers, highly valued in Europe.
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When the French arrived in force in the 1890s, Zinder was the only city of over 10,000 in what is today Niger. Damagaram found itself threatened by well-armed
European incursions to the west, and the conquering forces of
627:(In En. Summaries in En, Fr, Es.) Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics; and Nairobi, Kenya: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry. pp 171-175.
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with the moving of the capital of
Damagaram there in 1736. The large fortress of the southeast central city (Birini) was built shortly thereafter, and became a major hub for trade south through
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in 1851) and children, and a tradition of direct (to son or brother) succession which reached 26 rulers by 1906. The sultan ruled through the activities of two primary officers: the
197:, but it quickly came to conquer all its fellow vassal states of western Bornu. In the 1830s, the small band of Bornu nobles and retainers conquered the Myrria kingdom, the
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of this conversion to agriculture, the sultan
Tanimoune (1854–84) enforced laws to forbid the cutting of certain trees, with particular emphasis on the gawo tree (
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The wealth of
Damagaram depended on three related sources: taxes and income from the caravan trade, the capture and the exchange of slaves, and internal taxes.
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The French placed the capital of the new Niger
Military Territory there in 1911. In 1926, following fears of Hausa revolts and improving relations with the
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In the mid-19th century, European travelers estimated the state covered some 70,000 square kilometers and had a population of over 400,000, mostly
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to Kano, one of the more powerful Sokoto sultanates, which provided the economic lifeblood of both states. An east–west trade from the
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With colonialism came the loss of some of
Damagaram's traditional lands and its most important trade partner to the British in
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the remainder of the French escaped, protected by other factions. In 1899, the reconstituted elements of the ill-fated
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330:, 10 km from Zinder, the well-armed Senegalese-French troops defeated the Sultan and took Damagaram's capital.
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sultanates (including Zinder). By the 19th century, Damagaram had absorbed 18 Bornu vassal states in the area.
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aristocrats, led by Mallam (r. 1736–1743). Damagaram was at the beginning a vassal state of the decaying
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Overlooking the town of Zinder, presumably from the French fort (1906). The palace is on the left, rear.
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finally arrived in
Damagaram on their way to revenge Cazemajou's death. Meeting on 30 July at the
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trees in particular, and dispersed the seeds throughout the empire. Other protected trees were
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James Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - London (1979)
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and cannons were produced in the state by the second half of the 19th century. According to
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Tanimoune anchored a new perception: they became called the 'trees of the sultan'.
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had earlier sided with the French, and was placed on the throne in 1899 as Sultan
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to Bornu also passed through Zinder, making relations with animist neighbors like
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Finn Fuglestad. A History of Niger: 1850–1960. Cambridge University Press (1983)
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Tuareg who formed communities near Zinder and other parts of the sultanate.
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Damagaram had a mixed relationship with the other major regional power, the
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128:. The border between Bornu vassal and Sokoto vassal states is in yellow.
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682:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 985.
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Abdourahmane Idrissa & Samuel Decalo, "Damagaram, Sultanate of", in
573:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 985.
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Zinder rose from a small Hausa village to an important center of the
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Law, Robin (1980). "Wheeled Transport in Pre-Colonial West Africa".
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The Sultanate of Damagaram has been ruled by the following sultans:
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The courtyard of the Sultan's palace in the Birini district of
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to the east and south. In 1898, A French force under Captain
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was a Muslim pre-colonial state in what is now southeastern
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of the west, the capital was transferred to the village of
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446:). The fallow period for land at that time was six years.
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land were obliged to pay an annual tribute to the sultan.
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The Sultanate of Damagaram was founded in 1731 (near
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Amadou dan Tanimoun Mai Roumji Kouran Daga 1893-1899
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124:An 1891 German map of the region surrounding the
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280:) with many wives (estimated at 300 by visitor
586:Journal of the International African Institute
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290:Yakudima
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