2086:
453:
1720:
510:
patients using pictures, videos, or models of the subcutaneous tissue for practice. People who are to self-inject medicine subcutaneously should be trained how to evaluate and rotate the injection site if complications or contraindications arise. Self-administration by subcutaneous injection generally does not require disinfection of the skin outside of a hospital setting as the risk of infection is extremely low, but instead it is recommended to ensure that the site and person's hands are simply clean prior to administration.
307:". This term encompasses any combination of redness, swelling, itching, bruising, or other irritation that does not spread beyond the immediate vicinity of the injection. Injection site reactions may be minimized if repeated injections are necessary by moving the injection site at least one inch from previous injections, or using a different injection location altogether. There may also be specific complications associated with the specific medication being administered.
159:
2193:
2433:
1714:
396:
2255:
444:, the needle used may be as thin as 34 gauge (commonly 30–32 gauge), and as short as 3.5 mm (commonly 3.5 mm to 5 mm). Subcutaneous injections can also be delivered via a pump system which uses a cannula inserted under the skin. The specific needle size/length, as well as appropriateness of a device such as a pen or pump, is based on the characteristics of a person's skin layers.
27:
1959:
544:. Typically, it is limited to 1 mL per minute, although it is possible to increase this by using two sites simultaneously. The chief advantages of subcutaneous infusion over intravenous infusion is that it is cheap and can be administered by non-medical personnel with minimal supervision. It is therefore particularly suitable for home care. The enzyme
408:. If administered at an angle, the skin and underlying tissue may be pinched upwards prior to injection. The injection is administered slowly, lasting about 10 seconds per milliliter of fluid injected, and the needle may be left in place for 10 seconds following injection to ensure the medicine is fully injected.
403:
Subcutaneous injections are performed by cleaning the area to be injected followed by an injection, usually at a 45-degree angle to the skin when using a syringe and needle, or at a 90-degree angle (perpendicular) if using an injector pen. The appropriate injection angle is based on the length of
509:
As opposed to intramuscular or intravenous injections, subcutaneous injections can be easily performed by people with minor skill and training required. The injection sites for self-injection of medication are the same as for injection by a healthcare professional, and the skill can be taught to
335:
products such as enoxaparin. There is some low certainty evidence that administering the injection more slowly may decrease the pain from heparin injections, but not the risk of or extent of bruising. Subcutaneous heparin-based anticoagulation may also lead to necrosis of the surrounding skin or
294:
Contraindications to subcutaneous injections primarily depend on the specific medication being administered. Doses which would require more than 2 mL to be injected at once are not administered subcutaneously. Medications which may cause necrosis or otherwise be damaging or irritating to tissues
230:
Perhaps the most common medication administered subcutaneously is insulin. While attempts have been made since the 1920s to administer insulin orally, the large size of the molecule has made it difficult to create a formulation with absorption and predictability that comes close to subcutaneous
218:. These medications cannot be administered orally as the molecules are too large to be absorbed in the intestines. Subcutaneous injections can also be used when the increased bioavailability and more rapid effects over oral administration are preferred. They are also the easiest form of
500:
almost always being administered in the abdomen, as well as preference. Injections administered frequently or repeatedly should be administered in a different location each time, either within the same general site or a different site, but at least one inch away from recent injections.
33:
31:
28:
32:
323:. This can lead to slower or incomplete absorption from the injection site. Rotating the injection site is the primary method of preventing changes in tissue structure from insulin administration. Heparin-based anticoagulants injected subcutaneously may cause
354:
Other common medication-specific side effects include pain, burning or stinging, warmth, rash, flushing, or multiple of these reactions at the injection site, collectively termed "injection site reactions". This is seen with the subcutaneous injection of
30:
363:
for contraception, as well as many monoclonal antibodies. In most cases, injection site reactions are self-limiting and resolve on their own after a short time without treatment, and do not require the medication to be discontinued.
266:. In some cases, the administration of illicit drugs in this way is associated with unsafe practices leading to infections and other adverse effects. In rare cases, this results in serious side effects such as
303:
With normal doses of medicine (less than 2 mL in volume), complications or adverse effects are very rare. The most common adverse reactions after subcutaneous injections are administered are termed "
250:. An insulin pump consists of a catheter which is inserted into the subcutaneous tissue, and then secured in place to allow insulin to be administered multiple times through the same injection site.
622:
339:
Many medications have the potential to cause local lesions or swelling due to the irritating effect the medications have on the skin and subcutaneous tissues. This includes medications such as
29:
1631:
371:
which is associated with a specific scar appearance which can be used as evidence of prior vaccination. Other subcutaneous vaccines, many of which are live vaccines including the
917:
Steele TD, Katz JL, Ricaurte GA (September 1992). "Evaluation of the neurotoxicity of N-methyl-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (para-methoxymethamphetamine, PMMA)".
555:
in 1900. Kane was looking for a technique that was as fast as intravenous infusion but not so risky to use on trauma patients in unhygienic conditions in the field.
2477:
882:
Meng H, Cao J, Kang J, Ying X, Ji J, Reynolds W, Rampe D (January 2012). "Mephedrone, a new designer drug of abuse, produces acute hemodynamic effects in the rat".
847:
Khan F, Mukhtar S, Anjum F, Tripathi B, Sriprasad S, Dickinson IK, Madaan S (April 2013). "Fournier's gangrene associated with intradermal injection of cocaine".
315:
Due to the frequency of injections required for the administration of insulin products via subcutaneous injection, insulin is associated with the development of
1624:
295:
should also not be administered subcutaneously. An injection should not be given at a specific site if there is inflammation or skin damage in the area.
130:
Subcutaneous tissue has few blood vessels and so drugs injected into it are intended for slow, sustained rates of absorption, often with some amount of
182:. They are commonly used to administer medications, especially those which cannot be administered by mouth as they would not be absorbed from the
1703:
1617:
404:
needle used, and the depth of the subcutaneous fat in the skin of the specific person. A 90-degree angle is always used for medications such as
222:
of medication to perform by lay people, and are associated with less adverse effects such as pain or infection than other forms of injection.
150:(as opposed to subcutaneous injection) is similar but involves a continuous drip from a bag and line, as opposed to injection with a syringe.
1420:"Combination Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Varicella Vaccine in Healthy Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Immunogenicity and Safety"
242:
Insulin historically was injected from a vial using a syringe and needle, but may also be administered subcutaneously using devices such as
960:
Mathaes R, Koulov A, Joerg S, Mahler HC (August 2016). "Subcutaneous
Injection Volume of Biopharmaceuticals-Pushing the Boundaries".
347:
injected as a filler, which may cause the area to appear bruised. Hyaluronic acid "bruising" may be treated using injections of
1391:
Grange JM (June 1998). "Complications of bacille
Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination and immunotherapy and their management".
1304:
Erlichson K, Waight J (July 2012). "Therapeutic applications for subcutaneous triptans in the acute treatment of migraine".
627:
1988:
551:
Subcutaneous infusion can be speeded up by applying it to multiple sites simultaneously. The technique was pioneered by
662:
2576:
1031:
283:
367:
The administration of vaccines subcutaneously is also associated with injection site reactions. This includes the
1352:"The safety of subcutaneously administered depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (104mg/0.65mL): A systematic review"
683:"Subcutaneous Injection of Drugs: Literature Review of Factors Influencing Pain Sensation at the Injection Site"
2069:
1226:
MĂĽller T (October 2020). "An evaluation of subcutaneous apomorphine for the treatment of
Parkinson's disease".
417:
2581:
2166:
2009:
440:-inch for injections using a syringe and needle. For subcutaneous injections delivered using devices such as
96:
995:
Prettyman J (April 2005). "Subcutaneous or intramuscular? Confronting a parenteral administration dilemma".
2540:
2502:
1845:
1661:
332:
2454:
360:
235:
almost all require insulin as part of their treatment regimens, and a smaller proportion of people with
2482:
2051:
2530:
2459:
2046:
1993:
1827:
1144:"Slow versus fast subcutaneous heparin injections for prevention of bruising and site pain intensity"
1099:
Guo X, Wang W (June 2017). "Challenges and recent advances in the subcutaneous delivery of insulin".
219:
2085:
2449:
1823:
2520:
2487:
2441:
2286:
2118:
1850:
1771:
1698:
1640:
564:
304:
191:
139:
135:
1592:
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2469:
2411:
2317:
2184:
1791:
1665:
534:
183:
2571:
2525:
2406:
1819:
574:
569:
259:
211:
143:
1469:"Penetration force and cannula sliding profiles of different pen needles: the PICASSO study"
540:
Subcutaneous infusion can be used where a slow rate of fluid uptake is required compared to
2370:
2215:
2133:
2078:
1998:
1983:
1786:
657:(7th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
552:
541:
127:
is the preferred abbreviation to reduce the risk of misunderstanding and potential errors.
1518:
Frid AH, Kreugel G, Grassi G, Halimi S, Hicks D, Hirsch LJ, et al. (September 2016).
496:
The choice of specific injection site is based on the medication being administered, with
420:
of the needle used can range from 25 gauge to 27 gauge, while the length can vary between
8:
2423:
2160:
2041:
2036:
1756:
1652:
1609:
1558:
529:, is a form of subcutaneous (under the skin) administration of fluids to the body, often
239:
do as well — with tens of millions of prescriptions per year in the United States alone.
187:
171:
1368:
1351:
594:
327:
and bruising around the injection site due to their anticoagulant effect. This includes
2497:
2291:
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1943:
1688:
1495:
1468:
1444:
1419:
1329:
1251:
1168:
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1124:
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829:
761:
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452:
207:
2347:
2342:
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1683:
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1500:
1449:
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1286:
1255:
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1116:
1073:
1027:
1004:
977:
934:
930:
899:
864:
821:
753:
712:
658:
530:
399:
Comparison of angle of subcutaneous injection of a needle with other injection types.
376:
72:
1333:
1204:
1128:
1085:
833:
779:
765:
79:. Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering medications such as
2281:
1531:
1490:
1480:
1439:
1431:
1363:
1313:
1278:
1235:
1200:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1108:
1063:
969:
926:
891:
856:
813:
743:
702:
694:
478:, between 4 inches from the top of the thigh and 4 inches above the knee.
179:
64:
52:
1239:
1112:
946:
44:
is the insertion of medications beneath the skin either by injection or infusion.
2171:
1855:
1719:
1536:
1519:
1317:
895:
344:
316:
236:
232:
202:
Medications commonly administered via subcutaneous injection or infusion include
158:
131:
68:
1435:
2232:
1865:
973:
698:
267:
270:. Recreational drugs reported to be administered subcutaneously have included
2565:
2375:
2297:
2266:
2031:
1860:
1575:
1282:
545:
348:
20:
801:
395:
2416:
2352:
2337:
2312:
2150:
1870:
1545:
1504:
1453:
1377:
1325:
1290:
1247:
1212:
1177:
1120:
1077:
1008:
981:
903:
868:
825:
757:
716:
489:
441:
263:
247:
243:
163:
1404:
938:
595:"ISMP's List of Error-Prone Abbreviations, Symbols, and Dose Designations"
2510:
2398:
2271:
2227:
2205:
2192:
2123:
2093:
2027:
1876:
1815:
1644:
1485:
732:"Oral insulin delivery: existing barriers and current counter-strategies"
372:
368:
340:
320:
279:
258:
Subcutaneous injection may also be used by people to (self-) administer
186:. A subcutaneous injection is absorbed slower than a substance injected
2432:
2394:
2365:
1925:
1899:
1761:
1269:
DeLorenzi C (May 2013). "Complications of injectable fillers, part I".
748:
731:
275:
1713:
1068:
1051:
860:
817:
170:
A subcutaneous injection is administered into the fatty tissue of the
2004:
1894:
1746:
1736:
1191:
Bilen O, Teruya J (August 2012). "Complications of anticoagulation".
548:
can be added to the fluid to improve absorption during the infusion.
465:
92:
2546:
2535:
2327:
2307:
2302:
2276:
2220:
2113:
2103:
2098:
1801:
1766:
1751:
1693:
324:
84:
56:
655:
Fundamentals of nursing : the art and science of nursing care
2332:
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1948:
1904:
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497:
485:
405:
384:
356:
328:
271:
215:
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80:
76:
2254:
2322:
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2155:
1975:
1886:
1776:
1741:
1728:
175:
88:
60:
2210:
1935:
1837:
1796:
1675:
802:"Characteristics of AA amyloidosis patients in San Francisco"
475:
380:
1052:"Injection site reactions with the use of biological agents"
730:
Gedawy A, Martinez J, Al-Salami H, Dass CR (February 2018).
729:
1958:
1639:
681:
Usach I, Martinez R, Festini T, Peris JE (November 2019).
2074:
2019:
800:
Lejmi H, Jen KY, Olson JL, James SH, Sam R (April 2016).
680:
959:
846:
533:
or glucose solutions. It is the infusion counterpart of
1517:
1466:
1418:
Ma SJ, Li X, Xiong YQ, Yao AL, Chen Q (November 2015).
1024:
Physician assistant : a guide to clinical practice
471:
The abdomen, avoiding a 2-inch circle around the navel.
1141:
194:, but faster than a medication administered by mouth.
1026:(5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders.
336:
lesions, most commonly when injected in the abdomen.
1576:"Hypodermoclysis: an alternative infusion technique"
1467:
Leonardi L, Viganò M, Nicolucci A (28 August 2019).
1021:
1582:, vol. 64, no. 9, pp. 1575-1579 (November 1, 2001).
916:
799:
19:"Subcut" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2563:
1349:
1303:
881:
1593:"An improved device for rapid hypodermoclysis"
1142:Mohammady M, Radmehr M, Janani L (June 2021).
1049:
1625:
1345:
1343:
1417:
387:for a day or two following the vaccination.
1597:Journal of the American Medical Association
1563:Merriam-Webster's medical dictionary online
1350:Dragoman MV, Gaffield ME (September 2016).
1190:
1148:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1045:
1043:
1632:
1618:
1340:
795:
793:
723:
383:and rash, as well as a feeling of general
298:
1535:
1494:
1484:
1443:
1367:
1268:
1167:
1067:
1022:Ballweg R, Brown DL, Vetrosky DT (2013).
994:
988:
747:
706:
676:
674:
1511:
1040:
736:The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
451:
394:
253:
157:
37:3D animation of a subcutaneous injection
25:
1098:
790:
780:"Insulin Human - Drug Usage Statistics"
460:Commonly used injection sites include:
59:, the layer of skin directly below the
2564:
1520:"New Insulin Delivery Recommendations"
1473:Medical Devices: Evidence and Research
1460:
1393:Communicable Disease and Public Health
1390:
1225:
671:
652:
587:
504:
310:
16:Insertion of medication under the skin
1613:
633:
95:. Subcutaneous administration may be
1306:Current Medical Research and Opinion
289:
1989:Heated humidified high-flow therapy
1574:Menahem Sasson, Pesach Shvartzman,
1369:10.1016/j.contraception.2016.02.003
1050:Thomaidou E, Ramot Y (March 2019).
231:injections of insulin. People with
13:
2253:
2191:
2084:
962:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
67:, collectively referred to as the
14:
2593:
1228:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
166:with a subcutaneous infusion site
2431:
1957:
1718:
1712:
71:. The instruments are usually a
1585:
1568:
1552:
1411:
1384:
1297:
1262:
1219:
1205:10.1016/j.disamonth.2012.04.002
1184:
1135:
1101:Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
1092:
1015:
953:
910:
153:
1160:10.1002/14651858.CD008077.pub6
875:
849:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
840:
772:
616:
197:
1:
1757:Effervescent powder or tablet
1240:10.1080/14656566.2020.1787379
1113:10.1080/17425247.2016.1232247
580:
262:. This can be referred to as
2541:Patient-controlled analgesia
1846:Orally disintegrating tablet
1537:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.010
1318:10.1185/03007995.2012.674501
931:10.1016/0006-8993(92)91298-s
896:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.010
628:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
456:Subcutaneous injection sites
447:
411:
390:
351:enzyme around the location.
333:low molecular weight heparin
134:effect. Compared with other
7:
1436:10.1097/MD.0000000000001721
784:ClinCalc DrugStats Database
558:
513:
361:medroxyprogesterone acetate
42:Subcutaneous administration
10:
2598:
2052:Relative analgesia machine
1565:. Retrieved July 19, 2009.
974:10.1016/j.xphs.2016.05.029
699:10.1007/s12325-019-01101-6
225:
18:
2496:
2468:
2440:
2429:
2393:
2360:
2241:
2179:
2132:
2068:
2018:
1974:
1955:
1934:
1920:
1885:
1836:
1814:
1727:
1710:
1674:
1660:
1651:
1580:American Family Physician
1271:Aesthetic Surgery Journal
220:parenteral administration
2577:Routes of administration
1641:Routes of administration
1283:10.1177/1090820X13484492
623:"subcutaneous injection"
305:injection site reactions
140:intramuscular injections
136:routes of administration
2167:Extra-amniotic infusion
1772:Molecular encapsulation
1704:Osmotic delivery system
1699:Time release technology
1524:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
565:Intramuscular injection
359:for migraine headache,
299:Risks and complications
2470:Central nervous system
2258:
2196:
2124:Mucoadhesive microdisc
2089:
535:subcutaneous injection
484:The upper area of the
464:The outer area of the
457:
400:
184:gastrointestinal tract
167:
144:intradermal injections
142:but still faster than
49:subcutaneous injection
38:
2313:Transfersome vesicles
2257:
2195:
2172:Intravesical infusion
2088:
1603:, p. 1273, 1900.
575:Intradermal injection
570:Intravenous injection
523:interstitial infusion
519:Subcutaneous infusion
455:
398:
254:Recreational drug use
212:monoclonal antibodies
161:
148:Subcutaneous infusion
51:is administered as a
36:
2582:Injection (medicine)
1999:Metered-dose inhaler
1984:Anesthetic vaporizer
1591:Edwin M. Hasbrouck,
1486:10.2147/MDER.S218983
1056:Dermatologic Therapy
1003:(2): 93–8, quiz 99.
542:intravenous infusion
282:derivatives such as
174:, located below the
138:, it is slower than
2424:Transdermal implant
2384:(into tissue/blood)
2161:Intrauterine device
2042:Anaesthetic machine
2037:Oxygen concentrator
687:Advances in Therapy
505:Self-administration
311:Medication-specific
172:subcutaneous tissue
2536:Nanocell injection
2259:
2197:
2090:
1944:Dry-powder inhaler
884:Toxicology Letters
749:10.1111/jphp.12852
488:, just behind the
458:
401:
379:, which may cause
260:recreational drugs
168:
39:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2386:
2348:Transdermal spray
2343:Transdermal patch
2333:Medicated shampoo
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2047:Medical inhalants
1994:Medical inhalants
1922:Respiratory tract
1916:
1915:
1810:
1809:
1559:"hypodermoclysis"
1234:(14): 1659–1665.
1069:10.1111/dth.12817
861:10.1111/jsm.12055
818:10.1111/nep.12616
693:(11): 2986–2996.
653:Taylor C (2011).
553:Evan O'Neill Kane
474:The front of the
377:varicella vaccine
290:Contraindications
73:hypodermic needle
34:
2589:
2435:
2391:
2390:
2382:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1932:
1931:
1861:Sublingual drops
1834:
1833:
1722:
1716:
1672:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1589:
1583:
1572:
1566:
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1550:
1549:
1539:
1530:(9): 1231–1255.
1515:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1312:(7): 1231–1238.
1301:
1295:
1294:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1171:
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1089:
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1038:
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1012:
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968:(8): 2255–2259.
957:
951:
950:
914:
908:
907:
879:
873:
872:
855:(4): 1184–1186.
844:
838:
837:
797:
788:
787:
776:
770:
769:
751:
727:
721:
720:
710:
678:
669:
668:
650:
631:
620:
614:
613:
611:
609:
599:
591:
537:with a syringe.
521:, also known as
439:
438:
434:
429:
428:
424:
89:diacetylmorphine
35:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2551:
2531:Intraperitoneal
2503:musculoskeletal
2501:
2492:
2464:
2460:Intra-articular
2436:
2427:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2356:
2237:
2175:
2128:
2073:
2056:
2014:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1912:
1881:
1806:
1723:
1717:
1708:
1662:Digestive tract
1647:
1638:
1608:
1607:
1590:
1586:
1573:
1569:
1557:
1553:
1516:
1512:
1465:
1461:
1416:
1412:
1389:
1385:
1348:
1341:
1302:
1298:
1267:
1263:
1224:
1220:
1193:Disease-a-Month
1189:
1185:
1154:(6): CD008077.
1140:
1136:
1097:
1093:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1020:
1016:
997:Medsurg Nursing
993:
989:
958:
954:
915:
911:
880:
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841:
798:
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773:
728:
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679:
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665:
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634:
621:
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607:
605:
597:
593:
592:
588:
583:
561:
527:hypodermoclysis
516:
507:
481:The upper back.
450:
436:
432:
431:
426:
422:
421:
414:
393:
345:hyaluronic acid
317:lipohypertrophy
313:
301:
292:
256:
237:type 2 diabetes
233:type 1 diabetes
228:
200:
156:
26:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2450:Intracavernous
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2252:
2250:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2233:Nutrient enema
2230:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2208:
2203:
2190:
2188:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2083:
2081:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1929:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1669:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1584:
1567:
1551:
1510:
1459:
1410:
1383:
1362:(3): 202–215.
1339:
1296:
1277:(4): 561–575.
1261:
1218:
1199:(8): 440–447.
1183:
1134:
1107:(6): 727–734.
1091:
1039:
1032:
1014:
987:
952:
925:(2): 349–352.
919:Brain Research
909:
874:
839:
812:(4): 308–313.
789:
771:
742:(2): 197–213.
722:
670:
664:978-0781793834
663:
632:
615:
585:
584:
582:
579:
578:
577:
572:
567:
560:
557:
515:
512:
506:
503:
494:
493:
482:
479:
472:
469:
449:
446:
413:
410:
392:
389:
312:
309:
300:
297:
291:
288:
268:AA amyloidosis
255:
252:
227:
224:
199:
196:
155:
152:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2594:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Intramuscular
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:Intracerebral
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:Iontophoresis
2296:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:Topical cream
2265:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:Nasal cannula
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1960:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:(44): e1721.
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:Contraception
1353:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1062:(2): e12817.
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1035:
1033:9781455723102
1029:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
794:
785:
781:
775:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
726:
718:
714:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
675:
666:
660:
656:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
630:
629:
624:
619:
603:
596:
590:
586:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
556:
554:
549:
547:
546:hyaluronidase
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
511:
502:
499:
491:
487:
483:
480:
477:
473:
470:
467:
463:
462:
461:
454:
445:
443:
442:injector pens
419:
409:
407:
397:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
362:
358:
352:
350:
349:hyaluronidase
346:
342:
337:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
308:
306:
296:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
251:
249:
248:insulin pumps
245:
244:injector pens
240:
238:
234:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:live vaccines
205:
195:
193:
192:into a muscle
189:
188:intravenously
185:
181:
177:
173:
165:
160:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
43:
22:
21:Subcut (song)
2572:Dosage forms
2526:Intraosseous
2516:Intracardiac
2455:Intravitreal
2417:Injector pen
2412:Subcutaneous
2383:
2353:Jet injector
2338:Dermal patch
2151:Vaginal ring
2119:Insufflation
1871:Effervescent
1645:dosage forms
1600:
1596:
1587:
1579:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1399:(2): 84–88.
1396:
1392:
1386:
1359:
1355:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1059:
1055:
1023:
1017:
1000:
996:
990:
965:
961:
955:
922:
918:
912:
890:(1): 62–68.
887:
883:
877:
852:
848:
842:
809:
805:
783:
774:
739:
735:
725:
690:
686:
654:
626:
618:
606:. Retrieved
602:www.ismp.org
601:
589:
550:
539:
526:
522:
518:
517:
508:
495:
459:
415:
402:
366:
353:
338:
314:
302:
293:
264:skin popping
257:
241:
229:
201:
169:
164:insulin pump
154:Medical uses
147:
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
48:
46:
41:
40:
2511:Intravenous
2498:Circulatory
2483:Intrathecal
2407:Intradermal
2399:transdermal
2366:Parenterals
2272:Topical gel
2228:Murphy drip
2206:Suppository
2094:Nasal spray
2028:Oxygen mask
1877:Chewing gum
1816:Oral mucosa
1479:: 311–317.
373:MMR vaccine
369:BCG vaccine
341:apomorphine
321:lipoatrophy
280:amphetamine
198:Medications
97:abbreviated
2566:Categories
2371:Injections
2134:Urogenital
2070:Ophthalmic
1926:inhalation
1900:Toothpaste
1828:sublingual
1792:Suspension
1762:Herbal tea
806:Nephrology
581:References
276:mephedrone
2376:infusions
2308:Liposomes
2104:Eye drops
2099:Ear drops
2010:Vaporizer
2005:Nebulizer
1895:Mouthwash
1824:sublabial
1747:Electuary
1737:Decoction
1256:220435665
466:upper arm
448:Locations
430:-inch to
412:Equipment
391:Technique
180:epidermis
93:goserelin
65:epidermis
55:into the
2547:PIC line
2488:Epidural
2328:Lip balm
2303:Hydrogel
2294:solution
2277:Liniment
2262:Ointment
2221:Hydrogel
2216:Solution
2201:Ointment
2141:Ointment
2114:Hydrogel
2109:Ointment
1905:Ointment
1866:Lozenges
1856:Lollipop
1802:Tincture
1787:Solution
1767:Hydrogel
1752:Emulsion
1694:Pastille
1546:27594187
1505:31695523
1454:26554769
1424:Medicine
1378:26874275
1334:10487801
1326:22401601
1291:23636629
1248:32640853
1213:22818558
1178:34101161
1129:19820269
1121:27626885
1086:58544258
1078:30637967
1009:15916264
982:27378678
904:22037396
869:23347293
834:31760853
826:26370715
766:12848146
758:29193053
717:31587143
559:See also
514:Infusion
490:hip bone
375:and the
357:triptans
325:hematoma
85:morphine
57:subcutis
2247:topical
2185:enteral
2146:Pessary
1976:Liquids
1949:Smoking
1887:Liquids
1782:Softgel
1729:Liquids
1689:Capsule
1666:enteral
1496:6717876
1445:4915870
1405:9644119
1169:8186522
939:1382813
708:6822791
498:heparin
486:buttock
435:⁄
425:⁄
406:heparin
385:malaise
329:heparin
272:cocaine
226:Insulin
216:heparin
204:insulin
81:insulin
77:syringe
2442:Organs
2323:Lotion
2243:Dermal
2181:Rectal
2156:Douche
1936:Solids
1873:tablet
1838:Solids
1820:buccal
1777:Powder
1742:Elixir
1684:Tablet
1676:Solids
1544:
1503:
1493:
1452:
1442:
1403:
1376:
1332:
1324:
1289:
1254:
1246:
1211:
1176:
1166:
1127:
1119:
1084:
1076:
1030:
1007:
980:
947:232653
945:
937:
902:
867:
832:
824:
764:
756:
715:
705:
661:
608:13 May
604:. 2013
531:saline
278:, and
214:, and
176:dermis
125:Subcut
121:subcut
119:, or
75:and a
61:dermis
2318:Cream
2282:Paste
2211:Enema
2163:(IUD)
2079:nasal
2001:(MDI)
1909:Spray
1797:Syrup
1330:S2CID
1252:S2CID
1125:S2CID
1082:S2CID
943:S2CID
830:S2CID
762:S2CID
598:(PDF)
476:thigh
418:gauge
381:fever
132:depot
113:sub-Q
109:subcu
69:cutis
53:bolus
2543:pump
2395:Skin
2292:DMSO
2287:Film
2075:otic
2030:and
1851:Film
1653:Oral
1542:PMID
1501:PMID
1450:PMID
1401:PMID
1374:PMID
1322:PMID
1287:PMID
1244:PMID
1209:PMID
1174:PMID
1152:2021
1117:PMID
1074:PMID
1028:ISBN
1005:PMID
978:PMID
935:PMID
900:PMID
865:PMID
822:PMID
754:PMID
713:PMID
659:ISBN
610:2013
416:The
343:and
331:and
319:and
284:PMMA
178:and
117:SubQ
91:and
63:and
2020:Gas
1532:doi
1491:PMC
1481:doi
1440:PMC
1432:doi
1364:doi
1314:doi
1279:doi
1236:doi
1201:doi
1164:PMC
1156:doi
1109:doi
1064:doi
970:doi
966:105
927:doi
923:589
892:doi
888:208
857:doi
814:doi
744:doi
703:PMC
695:doi
625:at
525:or
246:or
190:or
162:An
99:as
2568::
2077:,
1826:,
1822:,
1643:,
1601:34
1599:,
1595:,
1578:,
1561:,
1540:.
1528:91
1526:.
1522:.
1499:.
1489:.
1477:12
1475:.
1471:.
1448:.
1438:.
1428:94
1426:.
1422:.
1395:.
1372:.
1360:94
1358:.
1354:.
1342:^
1328:.
1320:.
1310:28
1308:.
1285:.
1275:33
1273:.
1250:.
1242:.
1232:21
1230:.
1207:.
1197:58
1195:.
1172:.
1162:.
1150:.
1146:.
1123:.
1115:.
1105:14
1103:.
1080:.
1072:.
1060:32
1058:.
1054:.
1042:^
1001:14
999:.
976:.
964:.
941:.
933:.
921:.
898:.
886:.
863:.
853:10
851:.
828:.
820:.
810:21
808:.
804:.
792:^
782:.
760:.
752:.
740:70
738:.
734:.
711:.
701:.
691:36
689:.
685:.
673:^
635:^
600:.
286:.
274:,
210:,
206:,
146:.
123:.
115:,
111:,
107:,
105:SQ
103:,
101:SC
87:,
83:,
47:A
2500:,
2401:)
2397:(
2249:)
2245:(
2187:)
2183:(
2072:,
1968:0
1964:0
1928:)
1924:(
1830:)
1818:(
1668:)
1664:(
1633:e
1626:t
1619:v
1548:.
1534::
1507:.
1483::
1456:.
1434::
1407:.
1397:1
1380:.
1366::
1336:.
1316::
1293:.
1281::
1258:.
1238::
1215:.
1203::
1180:.
1158::
1131:.
1111::
1088:.
1066::
1036:.
1011:.
984:.
972::
949:.
929::
906:.
894::
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836:.
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768:.
746::
719:.
697::
667:.
612:.
492:.
468:.
437:8
433:5
427:2
423:1
23:.
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