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434:. Designed experiments are a means of objectively quantifying the relative importance (strength) of sources of variation. Once the sources of (special cause) variation are identified, they can be minimized or eliminated. Steps to eliminating a source of variation might include: development of standards, staff training, error-proofing, and changes to the process itself or its inputs.
364:
functionality of the cams and pulleys may lead to a non-random linear pattern of increasing cereal box weights. We call this common cause variation. If, however, all the cereal boxes suddenly weighed much more than average because of an unexpected malfunction of the cams and pulleys, this would be considered a special cause variation.
398:. Control charts attempt to differentiate "assignable" ("special") sources of variation from "common" sources. "Common" sources, because they are an expected part of the process, are of much less concern to the manufacturer than "assignable" sources. Using control charts is a continuous activity, ongoing over time.
333:'Common' causes are sometimes referred to as 'non-assignable', or 'normal' sources of variation. It refers to any source of variation that consistently acts on process, of which there are typically many. This type of causes collectively produce a statistically stable and repeatable distribution over time.
363:
From an SPC perspective, if the weight of each cereal box varies randomly, some higher and some lower, always within an acceptable range, then the process is considered stable. If the cams and pulleys of the machinery start to wear out, the weights of the cereal box might not be random. The degraded
114:
to monitor and control the quality of a production process. This helps to ensure that the process operates efficiently, producing more specification-conforming products with less waste scrap. SPC can be applied to any process where the "conforming product" (product meeting specifications) output can
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There are few areas of statistical application with a wider gap between methodological development and application than is seen in SPC (statistical process control). Many organizations in dire need of SPC are not using it at all, while most of the remainder are using methods essentially exactly as
347:
Most processes have many sources of variation; most of them are minor and may be ignored. If the dominant assignable sources of variation are detected, potentially they can be identified and removed. When they are removed, the process is said to be 'stable'. When a process is stable, its variation
359:
If the production process, its inputs, or its environment (for example, the machine on the line) change, the distribution of the data will change. For example, as the cams and pulleys of the machinery wear, the cereal filling machine may put more than the specified amount of cereal into each box.
134:
SPC must be practiced in two phases: The first phase is the initial establishment of the process, and the second phase is the regular production use of the process. In the second phase, a decision of the period to be examined must be made, depending upon the change in 5M&E conditions (Man,
442:
When monitoring many processes with control charts, it is sometimes useful to calculate quantitative measures of the stability of the processes. These metrics can then be used to identify/prioritize the processes that are most in need of corrective actions. These metrics can also be viewed as
273:
quality management systems are used, including financial auditing and accounting, IT operations, health care processes, and clerical processes such as loan arrangement and administration, customer billing etc. Despite criticism of its use in design and development, it is well-placed to manage
447:
metrics. Several metrics have been proposed, as described in
Ramirez and Runger. They are (1) a Stability Ratio which compares the long-term variability to the short-term variability, (2) an ANOVA Test which compares the within-subgroup variation to the between-subgroup variation, and (3) an
312:
In manufacturing, quality is defined as conformance to specification. However, no two products or characteristics are ever exactly the same, because any process contains many sources of variability. In mass-manufacturing, traditionally, the quality of a finished article is ensured by
360:
Although this might benefit the customer, from the manufacturer's point of view it is wasteful, and increases the cost of production. If the manufacturer finds the change and its source in a timely manner, the change can be corrected (for example, the cams and pulleys replaced).
351:
For example, a breakfast cereal packaging line may be designed to fill each cereal box with 500 grams of cereal. Some boxes will have slightly more than 500 grams, and some will have slightly less. When the package weights are measured, the data will demonstrate a
199:(1939), which was the result of that lecture. Deming was an important architect of the quality control short courses that trained American industry in the new techniques during WWII. The graduates of these wartime courses formed a new professional society in 1945, the
303:
points out that the complexity, conformance requirements, changeability, and invisibility of software results in inherent and essential variation that cannot be removed. This implies that SPC is less effective in the software development than in, e.g., manufacturing.
606:
Deming, W. Edwards and Dowd S. John (translator) Lecture to
Japanese Management, Deming Electronic Network Web Site, 1950 (from a Japanese transcript of a lecture by Deming to "80% of Japanese top management" given at the Hotel de Yama at Mr. Hakone in August
321:
tools to observe the performance of the production process in order to detect significant variations before they result in the production of a sub-standard article. Any source of variation at any point of time in a process will fall into one of two classes.
421:
When the process triggers any of the control chart "detection rules", (or alternatively, the process capability is low), other activities may be performed to identify the source of the excessive variation. The tools used in these extra activities include:
848:
Shewhart proposed them early this century. The reasons for this are varied. One that cannot be overlooked is Deming's observation that any procedure which requires regular intervention by an expert statistician to work properly will not be implemented.
1012:
203:, which elected Edwards as its first president. Deming travelled to Japan during the Allied Occupation and met with the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) in an effort to introduce SPC methods to Japanese industry.
343:'Special' causes are sometimes referred to as 'assignable' sources of variation. The term refers to any factor causing variation that affects only some of the process output. They are often intermittent and unpredictable.
413:
A stable process can be demonstrated by a process signature that is free of variances outside of the capability index. A process signature is the plotted points compared with the capability index.
145:
In addition to reducing waste, SPC can lead to a reduction in the time required to produce the product. SPC makes it less likely the finished product will need to be reworked or scrapped.
292:
The application of SPC to non-repetitive, knowledge-intensive processes, such as research and development or systems engineering, has encountered skepticism and remains controversial.
313:
post-manufacturing inspection of the product. Each article (or a sample of articles from a production lot) may be accepted or rejected according to how well it meets its design
181:
inspection on a rational statistical basis as well. Shewhart consulted with
Colonel Leslie E. Simon in the application of control charts to munitions manufacture at the Army's
241:'). He discovered that data from measurements of variation in manufacturing did not always behave the same way as data from measurements of natural phenomena (for example,
274:
semi-automated data governance of high-volume data processing operations, for example in an enterprise data warehouse, or an enterprise data quality management system.
161:
in the early 1920s. Shewhart developed the control chart in 1924 and the concept of a state of statistical control. Statistical control is equivalent to the concept of
285:
suggested that SPC could be applied to software engineering processes. The Level 4 and Level 5 practices of the
Capability Maturity Model Integration (
1230:
245:
of particles). Shewhart concluded that while every process displays variation, some processes display variation that is natural to the process ("
135:
Machine, Material, Method, Movement, Environment) and wear rate of parts used in the manufacturing process (machine parts, jigs, and fixtures).
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Statistical process control is appropriate to support any repetitive process, and has been implemented in many settings where for example
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142:," is that it emphasizes early detection and prevention of problems, rather than the correction of problems after they have occurred.
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Monitoring the ongoing production process, assisted by the use of control charts, to detect significant changes of mean or variation.
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analysis may be performed on a stable process to predict the ability of the process to produce "conforming product" in the future.
195:
invited
Shewhart to speak at the Graduate School of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and served as the editor of Shewhart's book
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406:
When the process does not trigger any of the control chart "detection rules" for the control chart, it is said to be "stable". A
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Digital control charts use logic-based rules that determine "derived values" which signal the need for correction. For example,
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to consult on the use of statistical quality control among its divisions and contractors at the outbreak of World War II.
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The proper implementation of SPC has been limited, in part due to a lack of statistical expertise at many organizations.
253:. Other processes additionally display variation that is not present in the causal system of the process at all times ("
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should remain within a known set of limits. That is, at least, until another assignable source of variation occurs.
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670:(MayâJune 2008). "Point/Counterpoint: Counterpoint Argument: Software Data Violate SPC's Underlying Assumptions".
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Improving Data
Warehouse and Business Information Quality: Methods for Reducing Costs and Increasing Profits
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Binder, Robert V. (SeptemberâOctober 1997). "Can a
Manufacturing Quality Model Work for Software?".
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Instability Ratio which compares the number of subgroups that have one or more violations of the
53:
798:
Brooks, Fred P. (1986). "No Silver Bullet â Essence and
Accident in Software Engineering".
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Innovative
Control Charting: Practical SPC Solutions for Today's Manufacturing Environment
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Ramirez, B.; Runger, G. (2006). "Quantitative
Techniques to Evaluate Process Stability".
427:
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The data from measurements of variations at points on the process map is monitored using
238:
230:
217:
Shewhart read the new statistical theories coming out of Britain, especially the work of
825:"Monitoring univariate processes using control charts: Some practical issues and advice"
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in 1934. That successful application helped convince Army Ordnance to engage AT&T's
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Bergman, B. (2009). "Conceptualistic Pragmatism: A framework for Bayesian analysis?".
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Eliminating assignable (special) sources of variation, so that the process is stable.
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Zwetsloot, Inez M.; Jones-Farmer, L. Allison; Woodall, William H. (2 July 2024).
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Information processing 86: proceedings of the IFIP 10th World Computer Congress
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734:"Is Statistical Process Control Applicable to Software Development Processes?"
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229:. However, he understood that data from physical processes seldom produced a
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131:. An example of a process where SPC is applied is manufacturing lines.
111:
67: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
908:. Hayward, CA: Institute of Mathematical Statistics. pp. 99â112.
710:
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2002:
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518:
116:
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An advantage of SPC over other methods of quality control, such as "
42:
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1664:
1541:
1536:
1531:
906:
Current Issues in Statistical Inference: Essays in Honor of D. Basu
270:
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994:
Out of the Crisis: Quality, Productivity and Competitive Position
756:"No Silver BulletâEssence and Accidents of Software Engineering"
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2454:
2428:
2408:
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372:
The application of SPC involves three main phases of activity:
249:" sources of variation); these processes he described as being
206:
3804:
3689:
1302:
1252:
264:
1113:(2 ed.). Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG). 2005.
822:
1393:
286:
1091:
Statistical Method from the Viewpoint of Quality Control
1055:. The Warsaw University of Technology Publishing House.
197:
Statistical Method from the Viewpoint of Quality Control
376:
Understanding the process and the specification limits.
1194:
Zabell, S.L. (1992). "Predicting the unpredictable".
257:" sources of variation), which Shewhart described as
3215:
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
1072:
Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product
588:(Rev. 2nd ed.). Nippon Kagaku Gijutsu Remmei.
171:
Logic, Part III: The Logical Foundations of Science
2677:
1240:. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
1158:Understanding Variation: The Key to Managing Chaos
1110:Statistical Process Control (SPC) Reference Manual
791:
1238:"NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods"
3815:
955:(1975). "On probability as a basis for action".
455:
2763:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
1231:MIT Course - Control of Manufacturing Processes
1136:
665:
173:. Along with a team at AT&T that included
3644:
1318:
859:
307:
153:Statistical process control was pioneered by
902:"Foundations of statistical quality control"
437:
1175:Wise, Stephen A.; Fair, Douglas C. (1998).
899:
853:
750:
547:
213:Common cause and special cause (statistics)
207:'Common' and 'special' sources of variation
115:be measured. Key tools used in SPC include
3651:
3637:
1363:
1325:
1311:
1050:
586:Lectures on statistical control of quality
265:Application to non-manufacturing processes
30:"SQc" redirects here. For other uses, see
1976:
1139:Understanding Statistical Process Control
1120:Normality and the Process-Behaviour Chart
840:
774:
731:
83:Learn how and when to remove this message
1174:
1088:
1074:. American Society for Quality Control.
1069:
1235:
1155:
1117:
1031:
922:
640:
558:
416:
14:
3816:
3289:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
1193:
1137:Wheeler, D.J.; Chambers, D.S. (1992).
991:
951:
797:
696:
580:
569:
3632:
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2929:
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1975:
1745:
1362:
1306:
1010:
904:. In Ghosh, M.; Pathak, P.K. (eds.).
3599:
3299:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
1259:
732:Raczynski, Bob (February 20, 2009).
201:American Society for Quality Control
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
3658:
3611:
2894:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
1746:
802:. North-Holland. pp. 1069â76.
24:
2989:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
1615:Pearson product-moment correlation
900:Barlow, R.E.; Irony, T.Z. (1992).
452:to the total number of subgroups.
25:
3835:
3737:Failure mode and effects analysis
1224:
1053:SPC â Statistical Process Control
401:
389:
177:and Harry Romig he worked to put
3610:
3598:
3586:
3573:
3572:
3363:
1285:
1268:
41:
3248:Least-squares spectral analysis
892:
816:
744:
725:
484:Distribution-free control chart
52:needs additional citations for
2229:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
1332:
969:10.1080/00031305.1975.10477402
690:
659:
634:
610:
600:
574:
563:
552:
541:
443:supplementing the traditional
367:
283:Software Engineering Institute
13:
1:
3542:Geographic information system
2758:Simultaneous equations models
842:10.1080/08982112.2023.2238049
534:
464:derived value = last value +
456:Mathematics of control charts
2725:Coefficient of determination
2336:Uniformly most powerful test
1236:Guthrie, William F. (2012).
489:Electronic design automation
7:
3824:Statistical process control
3784:Statistical process control
3294:Proportional hazards models
3238:Spectral density estimation
3220:Vector autoregression (VAR)
2654:Maximum posterior estimator
1886:Randomized controlled trial
1255:Statistical process control
1160:(2nd ed.). SPC Press.
1156:Wheeler, Donald J. (1999).
1034:Statistical Process Control
1014:Statistical quality control
472:
468:between the last N numbers.
466:average absolute difference
104:statistical quality control
96:Statistical process control
18:Statistical Process Control
10:
3840:
3054:Multivariate distributions
1474:Average absolute deviation
308:Variation in manufacturing
210:
148:
29:
3802:
3771:
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3724:
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3136:
3085:
3076:
3042:Structural equation model
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2850:
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2771:
2733:
2700:
2696:
2672:
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2378:Score/Lagrange multiplier
2363:
2316:
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2187:
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1988:
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1930:
1904:
1856:
1811:
1793:Sample size determination
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1371:
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957:The American Statistician
937:10.1080/07408170802322713
874:10.1080/08982110500403581
438:Process stability metrics
279:Capability Maturity Model
169:also in 1924 in his book
129:the design of experiments
27:Method of quality control
3706:Business process mapping
3537:Environmental statistics
3059:Elliptical distributions
2852:Generalized linear model
2781:Simple linear regression
2551:HodgesâLehmann estimator
2008:Probability distribution
1917:Stochastic approximation
1479:Coefficient of variation
529:Total quality management
504:Process capability index
251:in (statistical) control
110:) is the application of
3197:Cross-correlation (XCF)
2805:Non-standard predictors
2239:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
1912:Adaptive clinical trial
1093:. Courier Corporation.
1070:Shewhart, W.A. (1931).
1051:Salacinski, T. (2015).
785:10.1109/MC.1987.1663532
641:English, Larry (1999).
548:Barlow & Irony 1992
514:Reliability engineering
3593:Mathematics portal
3414:Engineering statistics
3322:NelsonâAalen estimator
2899:Analysis of covariance
2786:Ordinary least squares
2710:Pearson product-moment
2114:Statistical functional
2025:Empirical distribution
1858:Controlled experiments
1587:Frequency distribution
1365:Descriptive statistics
1118:Wheeler, D.J. (2000).
494:Industrial engineering
450:Western Electric rules
167:William Ernest Johnson
165:developed by logician
125:continuous improvement
3758:Design of experiments
3680:Voice of the customer
3509:Population statistics
3451:System identification
3185:Autocorrelation (ACF)
3113:Exponential smoothing
3027:Discriminant analysis
3022:Canonical correlation
2886:Partition of variance
2748:Regression validation
2592:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
2491:Likelihood-ratio test
2180:Frequentist inference
2092:Locationâscale family
2013:Sampling distribution
1978:Statistical inference
1945:Cross-sectional study
1932:Observational studies
1891:Randomized experiment
1720:Stem-and-leaf display
1522:Central limit theorem
1179:. ASQ Quality Press.
235:Gaussian distribution
3685:Value-stream mapping
3432:Probabilistic design
3017:Principal components
2860:Exponential families
2812:Nonlinear regression
2791:General linear model
2753:Mixed effects models
2743:Errors and residuals
2720:Confounding variable
2622:Bayesian probability
2600:Van der Waerden test
2590:Ordered alternative
2355:Multiple comparisons
2234:RaoâBlackwellization
2197:Estimating equations
2153:Statistical distance
1871:Factorial experiment
1404:Arithmetic-Geometric
1032:Oakland, J. (2002).
1011:Grant, E.L. (1946).
499:Process Window Index
428:designed experiments
417:Excessive variations
289:) use this concept.
219:William Sealy Gosset
61:improve this article
32:SQC (disambiguation)
3732:Root cause analysis
3504:Official statistics
3427:Methods engineering
3108:Seasonal adjustment
2876:Poisson regressions
2796:Bayesian regression
2735:Regression analysis
2715:Partial correlation
2687:Regression analysis
2286:Prediction interval
2281:Likelihood interval
2271:Confidence interval
2263:Interval estimation
2224:Unbiased estimators
2042:Model specification
1922:Up-and-down designs
1610:Partial correlation
1566:Index of dispersion
1484:Interquartile range
862:Quality Engineering
829:Quality Engineering
620:. SPC Press. 1992.
479:ANOVA Gauge R&R
231:normal distribution
112:statistical methods
3711:Process capability
3524:Spatial statistics
3404:Medical statistics
3304:First hitting time
3258:Whittle likelihood
2909:Degrees of freedom
2904:Multivariate ANOVA
2837:Heteroscedasticity
2649:Bayesian estimator
2614:Bayesian inference
2463:KolmogorovâSmirnov
2348:Randomization test
2318:Testing hypotheses
2291:Tolerance interval
2202:Maximum likelihood
2097:Exponential family
2030:Density estimation
1990:Statistical theory
1950:Natural experiment
1896:Scientific control
1813:Survey methodology
1499:Standard deviation
1208:10.1007/bf00485351
752:Brooks, Jr., F. P.
684:10.1109/MS.2008.68
582:Deming, W. Edwards
524:Stochastic control
445:process capability
408:process capability
233:curve (that is, a
155:Walter A. Shewhart
3811:
3810:
3626:
3625:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3499:National accounts
3469:Actuarial science
3461:Social statistics
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3281:Survival function
3266:
3265:
3128:Granger causality
2969:Contingency table
2944:Survival analysis
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2773:Linear regression
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2639:Credible interval
2608:
2607:
2391:
2390:
2207:Method of moments
2076:Parametric family
2037:Statistical model
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1881:Random assignment
1803:Statistical power
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1582:Contingency table
1552:
1551:
1419:Generalized/power
1062:978-83-7814-319-2
915:978-0-940600-24-9
809:978-0-444-70077-3
711:10.1109/52.605937
652:978-0-471-25383-9
627:978-0-945320-17-3
509:Quality assurance
193:W. Edwards Deming
187:George D. Edwards
183:Picatinny Arsenal
159:Bell Laboratories
93:
92:
85:
16:(Redirected from
3831:
3742:Multi-vari chart
3653:
3646:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3614:
3613:
3602:
3601:
3591:
3590:
3576:
3575:
3479:Crime statistics
3373:
3372:
3360:
3359:
3277:
3276:
3243:Fourier analysis
3230:Frequency domain
3210:
3157:
3123:Structural break
3083:
3082:
3032:Cluster analysis
2979:Log-linear model
2952:
2951:
2927:
2926:
2868:
2842:Homoscedasticity
2698:
2697:
2674:
2673:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2576:(KruskalâWallis)
2561:
2546:
2501:Cross validation
2486:
2468:AndersonâDarling
2415:
2402:
2401:
2373:Likelihood-ratio
2365:Parametric tests
2343:Permutation test
2326:1- & 2-tails
2217:Minimum distance
2189:Point estimation
2185:
2184:
2136:Optimal decision
2087:
1986:
1985:
1973:
1972:
1955:Quasi-experiment
1905:Adaptive designs
1756:
1755:
1743:
1742:
1620:Rank correlation
1382:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1360:
1359:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1249:
1219:
1190:
1171:
1152:
1133:
1114:
1104:
1089:— (1939).
1085:
1066:
1047:
1028:
1007:
992:— (1982).
988:
948:
925:IIE Transactions
919:
886:
885:
857:
851:
850:
844:
820:
814:
813:
795:
789:
788:
778:
760:
748:
742:
741:
729:
723:
722:
694:
688:
687:
666:Raczynski, Bob;
663:
657:
656:
638:
632:
631:
614:
608:
604:
598:
597:
578:
572:
567:
561:
556:
550:
545:
424:Ishikawa diagram
356:of net weights.
297:No Silver Bullet
88:
81:
77:
74:
68:
45:
37:
21:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3798:
3767:
3746:
3720:
3694:
3675:Project charter
3663:
3657:
3627:
3622:
3585:
3556:
3518:
3455:
3441:quality control
3408:
3390:Clinical trials
3367:
3342:
3326:
3314:Hazard function
3308:
3262:
3224:
3208:
3171:
3167:BreuschâGodfrey
3155:
3132:
3072:
3047:Factor analysis
2993:
2974:Graphical model
2946:
2913:
2880:
2866:
2846:
2800:
2767:
2729:
2692:
2691:
2660:
2604:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2559:
2544:
2523:Rank statistics
2517:
2496:Model selection
2484:
2442:Goodness of fit
2436:
2413:
2387:
2359:
2312:
2257:
2246:Median unbiased
2174:
2085:
2018:Order statistic
1980:
1959:
1926:
1900:
1852:
1807:
1750:
1748:Data collection
1729:
1641:
1596:
1570:
1548:
1508:
1460:
1377:Continuous data
1367:
1354:
1336:
1331:
1301:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1260:sister projects
1257:at Knowledge's
1246:10.18434/M32189
1227:
1222:
1187:
1168:
1149:
1130:
1107:
1101:
1082:
1063:
1044:
1025:
1017:. McGraw-Hill.
1004:
916:
895:
890:
889:
858:
854:
821:
817:
810:
796:
792:
758:
749:
745:
730:
726:
695:
691:
664:
660:
653:
639:
635:
628:
616:
615:
611:
605:
601:
579:
575:
568:
564:
557:
553:
546:
542:
537:
475:
458:
440:
419:
404:
392:
370:
310:
267:
243:Brownian motion
215:
209:
163:exchangeability
151:
89:
78:
72:
69:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3837:
3827:
3826:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3608:
3596:
3582:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3387:
3385:Bioinformatics
3381:
3379:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3190:partial (PACF)
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3137:Specific tests
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3037:Classification
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2984:McNemar's test
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2948:
2947:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Semiparametric
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2563:
2560:(MannâWhitney)
2555:
2554:
2553:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2485:(ShapiroâWilk)
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2417:
2405:
2399:
2397:Specific tests
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1848:Standard error
1845:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1778:Optimal design
1775:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1752:
1751:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1575:Summary tables
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1409:Contraharmonic
1406:
1401:
1390:
1388:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1300:
1299:
1282:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1233:
1226:
1225:External links
1223:
1221:
1220:
1191:
1185:
1172:
1166:
1153:
1147:
1134:
1128:
1115:
1105:
1099:
1086:
1080:
1067:
1061:
1048:
1042:
1029:
1023:
1008:
1002:
989:
963:(4): 146â152.
949:
920:
914:
896:
894:
891:
888:
887:
852:
835:(3): 487â499.
815:
808:
790:
776:10.1.1.117.315
743:
724:
689:
658:
651:
633:
626:
609:
599:
573:
562:
551:
539:
538:
536:
533:
532:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
474:
471:
470:
469:
457:
454:
439:
436:
418:
415:
403:
402:Stable process
400:
396:control charts
391:
390:Control charts
388:
384:
383:
380:
377:
369:
366:
345:
344:
341:
334:
331:
315:specifications
309:
306:
266:
263:
259:not in control
211:Main article:
208:
205:
150:
147:
121:control charts
91:
90:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3836:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:Control phase
3770:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:Improve phase
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:Analyse phase
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:Measure phase
3697:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3619:
3618:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:Geostatistics
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3514:Psychometrics
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3377:Biostatistics
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3339:
3338:Log-rank test
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3209:(BoxâJenkins)
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:DurbinâWatson
3160:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:DickeyâFuller
3142:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Cointegration
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:Decomposition
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Cohen's kappa
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Nonparametric
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
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2598:
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2570:
2567:
2566:Nonparametric
2564:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2536:Sample median
2534:
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2142:
2141:loss function
2139:
2138:
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2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
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1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1956:
1953:
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1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
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1843:Questionnaire
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1671:
1670:Control chart
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1297:from Wikidata
1296:
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1265:
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1239:
1234:
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1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1186:0-87389-385-9
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1167:0-945320-53-1
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1148:0-945320-13-2
1144:
1141:. SPC Press.
1140:
1135:
1131:
1129:0-945320-56-6
1125:
1122:. SPC Press.
1121:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1100:0-486-65232-7
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1081:0-87389-076-0
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1054:
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1045:
1043:0-7506-5766-9
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1024:0-07-100447-5
1020:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1005:
1003:0-521-30553-5
999:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:Deming, W. E.
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
917:
911:
907:
903:
898:
897:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
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838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
811:
805:
801:
794:
786:
782:
777:
772:
768:
764:
757:
753:
747:
739:
735:
728:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:IEEE Software
693:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:IEEE Software
669:
662:
654:
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637:
629:
623:
619:
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603:
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485:
482:
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477:
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463:
462:
461:
453:
451:
446:
435:
433:
432:Pareto charts
429:
425:
414:
411:
409:
399:
397:
387:
381:
378:
375:
374:
373:
365:
361:
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262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:Ronald Fisher
224:
220:
214:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
146:
143:
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136:
132:
130:
126:
123:, a focus on
122:
118:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
87:
84:
76:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This section
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3783:
3779:Control plan
3716:Pareto chart
3668:Define phase
3615:
3603:
3584:
3577:
3489:Econometrics
3439: /
3436:
3422:Chemometrics
3399:Epidemiology
3392: /
3365:Applications
3207:ARIMA model
3154:Q-statistic
3103:Stationarity
2999:Multivariate
2942: /
2938: /
2936:Multivariate
2934: /
2874: /
2870: /
2644:Bayes factor
2543:Signed rank
2455:
2429:
2421:
2409:
2104:Completeness
1940:Cohort study
1838:Opinion poll
1773:Missing data
1760:Study design
1715:Scatter plot
1637:Scatter plot
1630:Spearman's Ï
1592:Grouped data
1292:
1280:from Commons
1275:
1254:
1199:
1195:
1176:
1157:
1138:
1119:
1109:
1090:
1071:
1052:
1033:
1013:
993:
960:
956:
928:
924:
905:
893:Bibliography
868:(1): 53â68.
865:
861:
855:
846:
832:
828:
818:
799:
793:
769:(4): 10â19.
766:
762:
746:
737:
727:
705:(5): 101â5.
702:
698:
692:
678:(3): 49â51.
675:
671:
668:Curtis, Bill
661:
642:
636:
617:
612:
602:
585:
576:
565:
559:Bergman 2009
554:
543:
459:
441:
420:
412:
405:
393:
385:
371:
362:
358:
354:distribution
350:
346:
337:
327:
311:
296:
294:
291:
277:In the 1988
276:
268:
258:
254:
250:
246:
223:Karl Pearson
216:
196:
191:
175:Harold Dodge
170:
152:
144:
137:
133:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:
79:
70:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3617:WikiProject
3532:Cartography
3494:Jurimetrics
3446:Reliability
3177:Time domain
3156:(LjungâBox)
3078:Time-series
2956:Categorical
2940:Time-series
2932:Categorical
2867:(Bernoulli)
2702:Correlation
2682:Correlation
2478:JarqueâBera
2450:Chi-squared
2212:M-estimator
2165:Asymptotics
2109:Sufficiency
1876:Interaction
1788:Replication
1768:Effect size
1725:Violin plot
1705:Radar chart
1685:Forest plot
1675:Correlogram
1625:Kendall's Ï
738:StickyMinds
570:Zabell 1992
368:Application
319:statistical
317:, SPC uses
301:Fred Brooks
3484:Demography
3202:ARMA model
3007:Regression
2584:(Friedman)
2545:(Wilcoxon)
2483:Normality
2473:Lilliefors
2420:Student's
2296:Resampling
2170:Robustness
2158:divergence
2148:Efficiency
2086:(monotone)
2081:Likelihood
1998:Population
1831:Stratified
1783:Population
1602:Dependence
1558:Count data
1489:Percentile
1466:Dispersion
1399:Arithmetic
1334:Statistics
1202:(2): 205.
535:References
281:(CMM) the
239:bell curve
140:inspection
117:run charts
73:March 2022
3794:Poka-yoke
3660:Six Sigma
2865:Logistic
2632:posterior
2558:Rank sum
2306:Jackknife
2301:Bootstrap
2119:Bootstrap
2054:Parameter
2003:Statistic
1798:Statistic
1710:Run chart
1695:Pie chart
1690:Histogram
1680:Fan chart
1655:Bar chart
1537:L-moments
1424:Geometric
945:119485220
931:: 86â93.
882:109601393
771:CiteSeerX
645:. Wiley.
519:Six sigma
3818:Category
3579:Category
3272:Survival
3149:Johansen
2872:Binomial
2827:Isotonic
2414:(normal)
2059:location
1866:Blocking
1821:Sampling
1700:QâQ plot
1665:Box plot
1647:Graphics
1542:Skewness
1532:Kurtosis
1504:Variance
1434:Heronian
1429:Harmonic
1196:Synthese
985:21043630
763:Computer
754:(1987).
719:40550515
618:Why SPC?
584:(1952).
473:See also
271:ISO 9000
179:sampling
3605:Commons
3552:Kriging
3437:Process
3394:studies
3253:Wavelet
3086:General
2253:Plug-in
2047:L space
1826:Cluster
1527:Moments
1345:Outline
1216:9416747
977:1078437
594:2518026
338:Special
255:special
149:History
3763:Kaizen
3474:Census
3064:Normal
3012:Manova
2832:Robust
2582:2-way
2574:1-way
2412:-test
2083:
1660:Biplot
1451:Median
1444:Lehmer
1386:Center
1214:
1183:
1164:
1145:
1126:
1097:
1078:
1059:
1040:
1021:
1000:
983:
975:
943:
912:
880:
806:
773:
717:
649:
624:
592:
430:, and
340:causes
330:causes
328:Common
247:common
225:, and
127:, and
3805:DMAIC
3690:SIPOC
3662:tools
3098:Trend
2627:prior
2569:anova
2458:-test
2432:-test
2424:-test
2331:Power
2276:Pivot
2069:shape
2064:scale
1514:Shape
1494:Range
1439:Heinz
1414:Cubic
1350:Index
1277:Media
1212:S2CID
981:S2CID
941:S2CID
878:S2CID
759:(PDF)
715:S2CID
607:1950)
102:) or
3331:Test
2531:Sign
2383:Wald
1456:Mode
1394:Mean
1294:Data
1181:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1095:ISBN
1076:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1038:ISBN
1019:ISBN
998:ISBN
973:PMID
910:ISBN
804:ISBN
647:ISBN
622:ISBN
590:OCLC
336:(2)
326:(1)
287:CMMI
237:or '
2511:BIC
2506:AIC
1242:doi
1204:doi
965:doi
933:doi
870:doi
837:doi
781:doi
707:doi
680:doi
295:In
157:at
108:SQC
100:SPC
63:by
3820::
3789:5S
1210:.
1200:90
1198:.
1036:.
996:.
979:.
971:.
961:29
959:.
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929:41
927:.
876:.
866:18
864:.
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833:36
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779:.
767:20
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761:.
736:.
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1218:.
1206::
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1151:.
1132:.
1103:.
1084:.
1065:.
1046:.
1027:.
1006:.
987:.
967::
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884:.
872::
839::
812:.
787:.
783::
740:.
721:.
709::
686:.
682::
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630:.
596:.
106:(
98:(
86:)
80:(
75:)
71:(
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
