154:
702:
170:
199:
1589:
4446:
3446:
214:
972:
677:
1933:
3830:
2956:
38:
1550:) and always handsomely treated by us, had not ceased to take a leading part in the struggles against our country. The Grand Duke Frederick, Grand Duke by the will of Napoleon, has done France all the harm he could. But French opinion itself renders justice to the probity of his character and to the ardour of his patriotism, and nobody will feel surprise at the homage with which Germany feels bound to surround his old age.
1092:(1830) in France did not cause any disturbances in Baden, but the new grand duke showed liberal tendencies from the beginning. The elections of 1830 proceeded without interference, and resulted in the return of a Liberal majority. The next few years saw the introduction, under successive ministries, of liberal reforms in the constitution, in criminal and civil law, and in education. In 1832, the adhesion of Baden to the
1237:, consisting entirely of the most "advanced" politicians, assembled. It had little chance of doing more than make speeches. The country remained in the hands of an armed mob of civilians and mutinous soldiers. Meanwhile, the Grand Duke of Baden had joined with Bavaria in requesting the armed intervention of Prussia, which
1080:
the chambers after three months of unproductive debate. The reaction that followed was as severe in Baden as elsewhere in
Germany, and culminated in 1823 when, on the refusal of the chambers to vote on the military budget, the grand duke dissolved them and levied the taxes on his own authority. In
1056:
In Baden, the conditions were not favourable for success. During the revolutionary period, the people had fallen completely under the influence of French ideas, and this was sufficiently illustrated by the temper of the new chambers, which tended to model their activity on the proceedings of the
1634:
From 10 to 14 November, soldiers' councils called for the government to declare a republic and remove
Frederick II. Frederick II called this government unconstitutional, but did not contest it and dismissed his ministers. He renounced his governmental powers on 13 November, and abdicated on 22
1545:
on the other, gave the Grand Duke 500,000 new subjects. He believed that the recognition of the prince and the artificial ethnical formation of the principality would be pledges of security for France. But in 1813 Baden joined the coalition, and since then that nation created of odds and ends
1198:
In the beginning of 1849, however, the issue of a new constitution in accordance with the resolutions of the
Frankfurt parliament, led to more serious trouble. It did little to satisfy the radicals, angered by the refusal of the second chamber to agree to their proposal for the summoning of a
1146:
brought agitation to a head. Numerous public meetings were held and the
Offenburg programme was adopted. On 4 March 1848, under the influence of popular excitement, the lower chamber accepted this programme almost unanimously. As in other German states, the government bowed to the storm,
2134:
Owing to its physical configuration, Baden presents great extremes of heat and cold. The Rhine valley is the warmest district in
Germany, but the higher elevations of the Black Forest record the greatest degrees of cold experienced in the south. The mean temperature of the Rhine valley is
1286:
Grand Duke
Leopold returned on 10 August and at once dissolved the diet. The following elections resulted in a majority favourable to the new ministry, which passed a series of laws of a reactionary tendency with a view to strengthening the government.
1819:, with an area of barely 1,300 sq mi (3,400 km) and a population of 210,000. Subsequently, the grand duchy acquired more territory so that, by 1905, it had 5,823 sq mi (15,082 km) and a population of 2,010,728. Of that number, 61% were
1506:(whom he had married in 1856), gave him a peculiar influence in the councils of Berlin. When, on 20 September 1906, the Grand Duke celebrated at once the jubilee of his reign and his golden wedding anniversary, all Europe honoured him. King
1275:, dispersed. The insurgent leaders who were caught, notably the ex-officers, suffered military execution. The army was dispersed among Prussian garrison towns, and Prussian troops occupied Baden for a time. Franz Trefzger managed to escape to
1166:
Disorder, fomented by republican agitators, continued nonetheless. The efforts of the government to suppress the agitators with the aid of federal troops led to an armed insurrection, which was mastered without much difficulty. The
1735:
The lower chamber consisted of 73 popular representatives, of whom 24 were elected by the burgesses of certain communities, and 49 by rural communities. Every citizen of 25 years of age, who had not been convicted and was not a
1030:(created countess Hochberg), capable of succeeding to the crown. A controversy between Bavaria and Baden ensued, which was only decided in favour of the Hochberg claims by a treaty signed by Baden and the four great powers at
1081:
January 1825, owing to official pressure, only three
Liberals were returned to the chamber. A law was passed making the budget presentable only every three years, and the constitution ceased to have any active existence.
1540:
aggrandized the margravate at the expense of
Austria; transformed it into a sovereign principality and raised it to a Grand Duchy. It was he too who, by the secularization on the one hand and by the dismemberment of
2610:
382:
2482:
was the great market centre for exports down the Rhine and had substantial river traffic. It was also the chief manufacturing town for the duchy and an important administrative centre for its northern region.
2645:
1230:(1813–1891), who represented the more moderate radicals against the republicans, established itself in the capital in an attempt to direct affairs pending the establishment of a provisional government.
2699:
2666:
2624:
2630:
1831:, and the remainder of other religions. At that time, about half of the population was rural, living in communities of less than 2,000; the density of the rest was about 330/sq mi (130/km).
2741:
1037:
Meanwhile, the dispute had wide-ranging effects. In order to secure popular support for the
Hochberg heir, in 1818 Grand Duke Charles granted to the grand duchy, under Article XIII of the
2083:
The greater part of Baden belongs to the basin of the Rhine, which receives upwards of twenty tributaries from the highlands; the north-eastern portion of the territory is also watered by the
2747:
2849:
3347:
2672:
1748:), the latter selecting the representatives. The chambers met at least every two years. The lower chambers were elected for four years, half the members retiring every two years.
1271:, and suffered complete defeat. On 25 June, Prince William entered Karlsruhe and, at the end of the month, the members of the provisional government, who had taken refuge at
3120:
987:
of 9 June. However, in the haste of winding up the
Congress, the question of the succession to the grand duchy did not get settled, a matter that would soon become acute.
2729:
2636:
1728:, a deputy from each of the universities and the technical high school, eight members elected by the territorial nobility for four years, three representatives elected by the
1218:
on 11 May showed that the army sympathised with the revolution, which was proclaimed two days later at Offenburg amid tumultuous scenes. Also, on 13 May a mutiny at
4728:
3795:
2753:
1483:
Amid all these contests, the statesmanlike moderation of Grand Duke Frederick won him universal esteem. By the treaty under which Baden had become an integral part of the
1407:, however, did not end. In 1867, on the accession to the premiership of Julius von Jolly (1823–1891), several constitutional changes in a secular direction occurred:
2693:
2654:
2971:
2341:
is practised throughout the country. A greater proportion of Baden than any other south German state is occupied by forests. In these, the predominant trees are
1732:, two by that of agriculture, one by the trades, two mayors of municipalities, and eight members (two of them legal functionaries) nominated by the Grand Duke.
4758:
3340:
2021:
The grand duchy had an area of 15,081 km (5,823 sq mi) and consisted of a considerable portion of the eastern half of the fertile valley of the
4325:
2687:
2681:
1460:
had a majority of just one in the diet. From 1893, they could stay in power only with the aid of the Conservatives and, in 1897, a coalition of the Catholic
1448:
communities. Not until 1880, after the fall of the ministry of Jolly, did Baden reconcile with Rome. In 1882 the archbishopric of Freiburg was again filled.
2735:
4753:
4679:
2705:
2199:
769:
the previous year at a meeting now considered the first-ever democratic program in Germany. With the collapse of the German Empire it became part of the
4615:
4281:
1751:
The executive consisted of four departments: the interior, foreign and grand-ducal affairs; finance; justice; and ecclesiastical affairs and education.
1053:. The outcome was important far beyond the narrow limits of the duchy, as all of Germany watched the constitutional experiments in the southern states.
1002:
were settled, also supported Bavaria's claim to the Palatine parts of Baden on the east bank of the Rhine and reaffirmed the succession rights of King
4748:
3333:
1913:
1604:
1256:), invaded Baden in the middle of June 1849. Afraid of a military escalation, Brentano reacted hesitantly – too hesitantly for the more radical
416:
1663:
as its capital; this area was declared in its 1947 constitution to be the true successor of the duchy. The northern half was combined with northern
3788:
2052:
into two districts of different elevation. To the south of the Kinzig the mean height is 945 m (3,100 ft)), and the highest summit, the
1703:
A constitution was adopted on 22 August 1814, and existed with some changes until the end of the duchy. The Grand Duchy of Baden was a hereditary
1303:(died 22 January 1858), was incapable of ruling. The internal affairs of Baden during the period that followed have little general interest.
1511:
463:
1624:
448:
804:, or Song of the People of Baden, which has four or five traditional verses and many more added: there are collections with up to 591 verses.
2460:
of Baden consisted mostly of the above goods and were considerable, but the bulk of its trade consisted of transit. The grand duchy had many
2100:
198:
1345:
a good excuse for intervention, but the opposition of Baden to the formation of a South German confederation made the union inevitable. The
2227:
1986:
1346:
4743:
3781:
2231:
2096:
1762:
and domains. The railways were operated by the state, and formed the only source of major public debt, about 22 million pounds sterling.
1415:, and compulsory education. On 6 September 1867, a law compelled all candidates for the priesthood to pass government examinations.
2976:
1494:
In his relations with the German Empire, too, Frederick proved himself more of a great German noble than a sovereign prince actuated by
4768:
2219:
4318:
1279:. In the months following, no fewer than 80,000 people left Baden for America. Many of these migrants would later participate in the
3125:
2385:
was responsible for the bulk of the grand duchy's wealth, but this was superseded by industrial production. The chief products were
1065:(ruled 1818–1830), who had succeeded in 1818, was unpopular, and the administration was in the hands of hide-bound and inefficient
1038:
169:
106:
4763:
1600:
1310:(ruled 1856–1907) opposed the war with Prussia from the first, but yielded to popular resentment at the policy of Prussia on the
1151:
and promised reforms. The ministry remodelled itself in a more liberal direction, and sent a new delegate to the federal diet at
78:
48:
2551:
2523:
1532:, and he alone, who created this whole state in 1803 to reward in the person of the little margrave of Baden a relative of the
1326:, the second chamber petitioned the grand duke to end the war and enter into an offensive and defensive alliance with Prussia.
857:
353:
3445:
3211:
Exner, Konrad (2016). "Die politischen und wirtschaftlichen Ereignisse der Republik Baden in der Zeit der Weimarer Republik".
1577:
went on strike in January 1918. Members of the garrisons of Lahr and Offenburg formed a soldiers' council on 8 November 1918.
4384:
2056:, reaches about 1,493 m (4,898 ft), while to the north the mean height is only 640 metres (2,100 ft), and the
213:
153:
85:
4738:
4311:
2091:, which there takes its rise in a number of mountain streams. Among the numerous lakes which belonged to the duchy are the
1720:
The upper chamber included all the princes of the ruling family of full age, the heads of all the mediatized families, the
4587:
4477:
4472:
3916:
3911:
3580:
1759:
1528:
Nothing more clearly demonstrates the sterile paradox of the Napoleonic work than the history of the Grand Duchy. It was
1403:
responsible for education, though admitting the priests to a share in the management. The quarrel between secularism and
4773:
3804:
3229:
2777:
2469:
2277:
are extensively cultivated. There is a considerable extent of pasture-land, and the rearing of cattle, sheep, pigs and
2080:
group, nearly 16 km in length and 8 km in breadth, the highest point of which is 536 metres (1,759 ft).
1491:. The army, the post office, railways and the conduct of foreign relations passed to the effective control of Prussia.
1469:
528:
2073:
2060:, the culminating point of the whole, does not exceed 1,164 metres (3,819 ft). To the north of the Neckar is the
92:
3260:
3252:
3012:
2597:
2508:
1668:
1593:
1559:
368:
4572:
4111:
3956:
3713:
3297:
Selgert, Felix. "Performance, pay and promotion: implementing a Weberian bureaucracy in nineteenth century Baden."
2782:
2611:
List of ministers-president of Baden-Württemberg § Ministers-President of the Grand Duchy of Baden (1809–1918)
2586:
1457:
1307:
1296:
4445:
74:
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and cede his territories on the left bank of the Rhine to France. In 1803, largely owing to the good offices of
4411:
3237:
1578:
1267:
Mieroslawski reduced the insurgents to some semblance of order. On 20 June, 1849, he met the Prussians at
1007:
1003:
975:
Monument to the Constitution of Baden (and the Grand Duke for granting it), in Rondellplatz, Karlsruhe, Germany
816:
and subsequently split into various smaller territories that were unified in 1771. In 1803 Baden was raised to
757:, before being reunified in 1771. The territory grew and assumed its ducal status after the dissolution of the
63:
17:
1444:
raged in Baden, as in the rest of Germany, and, here as elsewhere, the government encouraged the formation of
927:. Having quadrupled the area of Baden, Charles Frederick died in June 1811, and was succeeded by his grandson
4733:
4718:
3628:
3623:
3509:
2579:
2515:
2001:
1300:
873:
2049:
2572:
2565:
2558:
1949:
1901:
1400:
1085:
1062:
928:
750:
1953:
1353:
of 1870, and it was Grand Duke Frederick of Baden, who, in the historic assembly of the German princes at
1222:
forced Grand Duke Leopold to flee, and the next day his ministers followed. Meanwhile, a committee of the
4564:
4334:
4177:
3829:
3691:
1725:
1692:
4389:
1680:
1371:
The internal politics of Baden, both before and after 1870, centered in the main around the question of
932:
4556:
4164:
3701:
3519:
3357:
3325:
2836:
The Lives of Hans Luther, 1879 - 1962: German Chancellor, Reichsbank President, and Hitler's Ambassador
2618:
1631:, the chair of the SPD in Baden and vice-president of the Landtag, chaired the provisional government.
1503:
1338:
1119:
once more began to raise its head in Baden. On 12 September 1847, a popular demonstration held at
1027:
960:
909:
889:
849:
754:
401:
310:
233:
3493:
2812:
2087:
and the Neckar. A part, however, of the eastern slope of the Black Forest belongs to the basin of the
948:
4723:
4582:
4246:
3728:
2723:
2544:
1499:
1253:
1248:
From this moment, the revolution in Baden was doomed, and with it the revolution across Germany. The
1143:
893:
845:
334:
4435:
3864:
3394:
924:
797:
4482:
4380:
4376:
4218:
4126:
3921:
3666:
3659:
3488:
2787:
2237:
In the valleys the soil is particularly fertile, yielding luxuriant crops of wheat, maize, barley,
1972:
1563:
936:
291:
2807:
1707:
with executive power vested in the Grand Duke; legislative authority was shared between him and a
1623:
formed a provisional government, with Bodman's recognition, on 10 November. Five SPD members, two
1566:, was popular due her supports of artistic endeavors and treatment of the wounded soldiers during
1318:
of 1866, Austria's contingents, under Prince William, had two sharp engagements with the Prussian
856:. The conflict devastated the margraviate's countryside. Baden was defeated in 1796 with Margrave
99:
4364:
3773:
2660:
2522:
consisting of a prelate, 48 elected and 7 nominated lay and clerical members. The Roman Catholic
2053:
1708:
1495:
1420:
1116:
991:
326:
287:
920:
4647:
4577:
4419:
4271:
4241:
4208:
3723:
3654:
2504:
2223:
2028:
The mountainous part was by far the most extensive, forming nearly 80% of the whole area. From
1721:
1461:
1128:
513:
59:
4551:
4520:
4200:
4106:
4048:
3676:
3649:
3514:
3467:
3290:
Liebel, Helen P. "Enlightened bureaucracy versus enlightened despotism in Baden, 1750–1792."
3185:
2496:
1876:
The capital of the duchy was Karlsruhe, and important towns other than those listed included
1607:'s resignation on 9 November, due to fears that violence would break out in Mannheim. Kaiser
1585:
initiated the demonstration. Another soldiers' council was formed in Mannheim on 9 November.
1408:
865:
853:
175:
2961:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2476:). A rail-line ran mostly parallel with the Rhine, with oblique branches from East to West.
1636:
1011:
4487:
4467:
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4233:
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4040:
3926:
3901:
3718:
3708:
3555:
3550:
3415:
1963:
1860:
1847:
1660:
1537:
1412:
1354:
1330:
1319:
1272:
1200:
1160:
1061:(1792–1795) in the earlier days of the French Revolution. Additionally, the new Grand Duke
980:
877:
833:
825:
813:
785:
746:
239:
4303:
3032:(Reissued, 1967, by Russell & Russell ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
2491:
There were numerous educational institutions in Baden. There were three universities, one
1688:
1672:
8:
4631:
4415:
4372:
4064:
3880:
3560:
3483:
3285:
The Politics of Harmony: Civil Service, Liberalism, and Social Reform in Baden, 1800–1850
3115:
2527:
2382:
2310:
1997:
1866:
1729:
1515:
1435:
1392:
1350:
1315:
1261:
1132:
1058:
1023:
817:
682:
489:
4510:
4407:
4354:
4349:
3946:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3633:
3384:
3028:
Lonn, Ella (1950). "VII. The Forty-Eighters in the Civil War". In Zucker, A. E. (ed.).
1976:
1488:
1416:
1311:
1280:
1136:
1015:
999:
984:
781:
1679:
upon the latter's formation in 1949, but in 1952 they merged with each other and with
1588:
1456:
The political tendency of Baden, meanwhile, mirrored that of all Germany. In 1892 the
4430:
4399:
4024:
3951:
3854:
3542:
3389:
3256:
3233:
3033:
3008:
2362:
2116:
1745:
1640:
1533:
1334:
1323:
956:
829:
821:
774:
758:
695:
644:
1896:. The population was most thickly clustered in the north and near the Swiss city of
1395:, led to a constitutional struggle. This struggle ended in 1863 with the victory of
1045:, under which two chambers were constituted and their assent declared necessary for
832:
in 1806, Baden became the much-enlarged Grand Duchy of Baden. In 1815 it joined the
4144:
3979:
3696:
2711:
2410:
2136:
1786:
1620:
1295:
Grand Duke Leopold died on 24 April 1852 and was succeeded by his second son,
1172:
1110:
1073:
762:
638:
283:
4011:
3611:
1659:, at first called South Baden, out of the southern half of the former duchy, with
55:
4505:
4154:
4134:
4116:
3995:
3987:
3964:
3819:
3735:
3686:
3601:
3596:
3431:
2041:
1820:
1430:
did not allay the strife, which reached its climax after the proclamation of the
1333:
and, on 17 August 1866, signed a treaty of peace and alliance with Prussia.
1227:
1168:
1089:
995:
971:
943:
905:
901:
770:
735:
723:
304:
271:
1187:, which they held, fell on 24 April and, on 27 April, a Franco–German
1123:
passed resolutions demanding the conversion of the regular army into a national
4605:
4533:
4525:
4515:
4403:
4266:
4072:
4032:
3969:
3565:
2500:
2350:
2342:
2282:
2207:
2108:
2029:
1740:, had a vote. The elections were, however, indirect. The citizens selected the
1427:
1358:
881:
1921:
1664:
1542:
4712:
4694:
4681:
4185:
4101:
4096:
4003:
3681:
3671:
3606:
3575:
3180:
2967:
2962:
2450:
2358:
2210:
of Baden are still very numerous and have acquired great celebrity, those of
1799:
1484:
1473:
1257:
1249:
739:
245:
204:
159:
2068:, an extreme of 603 metres (1,978 ft). Lying between the Rhine and the
1691:– still the only merger of states to have taken place in the history of the
1077:
923:
in 1809, it was rewarded with accessions of territory at the expense of the
4663:
4654:
4543:
4423:
4368:
2438:
2322:
2139:
6 °C (43 °F). July is the hottest month and January the coldest.
2084:
2065:
2057:
2037:
1932:
1676:
1652:
1445:
1342:
1242:
1207:
1042:
632:
626:
1210:
that broke out proved a more formidable affair than the first. A military
4454:
3570:
3306:
Science, Medicine, and the State in Germany: The Case of Baden, 1815–1871
2338:
2215:
2211:
2128:
2013:
1900:. The inhabitants of Baden are of various origins, those to the south of
1881:
1816:
1656:
1628:
1582:
1567:
1440:
1404:
1276:
1046:
793:
457:
442:
3355:
2377:
Around 1910, 56.8% of the region's land mass was cultivated and 38% was
4597:
3906:
3030:
The Forty-Eighters: Political Refugees of the German Revolution of 1848
2772:
2717:
2492:
2434:
2354:
2346:
2104:
1842:
1824:
1778:
1608:
1507:
1465:
1396:
1192:
1156:
1097:
1066:
983:
established by the Act of 8 June, annexed to the Final Act of the
913:
801:
189:
2468:
for transporting goods by ship. Railways were run by the state as the
1643:
was formed on 14 November, and elections scheduled on 5 January 1919.
1084:
In 1830 Grand Duke Louis was succeeded by his half-brother Grand Duke
2446:
2426:
2386:
2298:
2092:
1893:
1855:
1851:
1774:
1766:
1616:
1384:
1376:
1268:
1219:
1152:
1120:
1031:
946:
was adopted in 1810, and remained in force until the adoption of the
861:
824:, with ecclesiastical and secular territories added to it during the
766:
261:
1581:
stated that a member of Replacement Battalion 171 who returned from
37:
3618:
3369:
2479:
2430:
2378:
2266:
2077:
2061:
1917:
1905:
1885:
1870:
1838:
1794:
1790:
1770:
1704:
1627:, two Centrists, and two National Liberals made up the government.
1612:
1574:
1558:
on 28 September 1907. He was succeeded by his son, Grand Duke
1529:
1520:
1380:
1372:
1184:
1176:
1050:
897:
885:
3803:
1487:
in 1871, he had reserved only the exclusive right to tax beer and
1010:
to all of Baden, upon the expected event of the extinction of the
4610:
4276:
2461:
2414:
2406:
2318:
2179:
2143:
2124:
2069:
1877:
1828:
1804:
1782:
1713:
1684:
1223:
1215:
1180:
1148:
1124:
1093:
1014:. As a counter to this, in 1817, the Grand Duke Charles issued a
433:
3037:
4360:
2457:
2394:
2366:
2334:
2314:
2250:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2088:
2033:
1909:
1737:
1619:
formed Welfare Committees. The Karlsruhe Welfare Committee and
1555:
1388:
1238:
1233:
This was accomplished on 1 June and, on 10 June, the
1211:
1072:
The result was a deadlock. Even before the promulgation of the
869:
1127:, which should take an oath to the constitution, as well as a
880:, and other smaller districts, together with the dignity of a
4497:
3132:
3068:
2766:
2519:
2465:
2422:
2418:
2402:
2330:
2313:
is Germany's third largest in terms of vineyard surface. The
2302:
2294:
2238:
2064:
Range, with a mean of 439 metres (1,440 ft), and in the
2022:
1897:
1431:
1260:
and his followers, who overthrew him and established a Pole,
789:
731:
730:) was a state in south-west Germany on the east bank of the
4333:
3085:
3083:
2589:(1826–1907), (since 1852 Regent, since 1856 with the title
2398:
2390:
2326:
2306:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2171:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2135:
approximately 10 °C (50 °F) and that of the high
1889:
1639:. He was one of the last German monarchs to abdicate. The
780:
The Grand Duchy of Baden was bordered to the north by the
2442:
2365:, are well represented. A third, at least, of the annual
2305:
of excellent quality. Viticulture is increasing, and the
2274:
2270:
2242:
1755:
1518:. But more significant, perhaps, was the tribute paid by
3156:
3080:
3044:
919:
Baden continued to assist France militarily, and by the
884:. Baden then changed sides in 1805 to join France under
3056:
2984:
2437:
was also manufactured on a large scale, as were wooden
1088:(ruled 1830–1852), the first of the Höchberg line. The
3121:
State Center for Political Education Baden-Württemberg
3095:
2301:
are fairly abundant, while the mountain streams yield
1834:
The country was divided into the following districts:
1754:
The chief sources of revenue were direct and indirect
1322:. However, on 24 July 1866, two days before the
1101:
did much for the material prosperity of the country.
955:
Charles fought for his father-in-law until after the
812:
Baden came into existence in the 12th century as the
3007:((paperback) ed.). Penguin Books. p. 212.
2269:
and tobacco; and even in the more mountainous part,
1675:. Both Baden and Württemberg-Baden became states of
1480:) won a majority for the opposition in the chamber.
966:
3144:
1241:granted on the condition that Baden would join the
1022:) declaring the counts of Hochberg, the issue of a
4729:Former states and territories of Baden-Württemberg
3292:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
2850:"The Salmen – a monument of national significance"
2604:
2123:) of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, and partly to
1815:At the beginning of the 19th century, Baden was a
1498:ambitions. His position as husband of the Emperor
2833:
1916:derives its name from the adjacent German tribe (
1314:question. The ministry, as one, resigned. In the
839:
4710:
3322:(Kohlhammer, 1993), heavily illustrated history.
2514:The grand-duke was a Protestant; under him, the
892:. France and its allies won the war, and in the
2107:, but none of them is of any significant size.
1357:, was the first to hail the king of Prussia as
1155:, empowered to vote for the establishment of a
2025:and of the mountains which form its boundary.
1698:
1683:, which was southern Württemberg and a former
1337:himself resisted the adhesion of Baden to the
765:in 1848, whose demands had been formulated in
4759:States and territories disestablished in 1918
4319:
3789:
3341:
2827:
1026:between the Grand Duke Charles Frederick and
4661:
4652:
2980:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2646:Wilhelm Ludwig Leopold Reinhard von Berstett
1290:
1131:, and a fair adjustment of the interests of
994:, by which the territorial disputes between
134:
64:introducing citations to additional sources
3219:(2). Landesverein Badische Heimat: 291–300.
3175:
3173:
3171:
1655:the French military government created the
1611:abdicated the same day while the mayors of
1419:resisted, and, on his death in April 1868,
745:The duchy's 12th-century origins were as a
738:from 1806 to 1871 and later as part of the
4754:States and territories established in 1806
4326:
4312:
3796:
3782:
3348:
3334:
3246:
3162:
3138:
3074:
3062:
3050:
2990:
2538:
2518:was governed by a nominated council and a
1635:November, ending 600 years of rule by the
912:, declared himself a sovereign prince and
212:
197:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2800:
2486:
2474:Großherzoglich Badische Staatseisenbahnen
2321:supply an abundance of fruit, especially
2048:), which is divided by the valley of the
4749:States of the Confederation of the Rhine
3168:
2966:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2667:Friedrich Landolin Karl von Blittersdorf
2625:Conrad Karl Friedrich von Andlau-Birseck
1931:
1587:
1562:(ruled 1907–1918, died 1928). His wife,
1375:. The signing on 28 June 1859 of a
1329:Baden announced her withdrawal from the
1104:
970:
908:. In 1806, Charles Frederick joined the
218:Map of the Grand Duchy of Baden (orange)
54:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3320:Geschichte Badens in Bildern, 1100–1918
1451:
935:(1789–1860) a cousin of French empress
14:
4711:
3113:
2631:Christian Heinrich Gayling von Altheim
1726:Protestant Evangelical Church of Baden
582:15,082 km (5,823 sq mi)
27:State in southwest Germany (1806–1918)
4307:
3777:
3329:
3287:(University of Delaware Press, 1980).
3280:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 1983).
3278:The Nazi Movement in Baden, 1920–1945
3226:The Nazi Movement in Baden, 1920-1945
3223:
3210:
3150:
3128:from the original on 1 February 2024.
3101:
3089:
3002:
2856:
2742:Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Arthur von Brauer
2650:1832–1833: Sigismund von Reitzenstein
2641:1817–1818: Sigismund von Reitzenstein
1841:district had the towns Mannheim, and
1391:and facilitated the establishment of
1283:as abolitionists and union soldiers.
979:In 1815 Baden became a member of the
916:, and received additional territory.
800:. Its unofficial anthem has been the
3027:
2700:Ludwig Rüdt von Collenberg-Bödigheim
2162:of excellent quality were produced;
1144:revolution of February 1848 in Paris
1076:in October 1819, the grand duke had
203:The Grand Duchy of Baden within the
31:
2190:was found in abundance, as well as
2186:were obtained in small quantities.
2146:wealth of Baden was not great, but
1797:, from which appeals passed to the
1510:appointed him, by the hands of the
1252:, under Prince William (afterwards
24:
4744:States of the German Confederation
3805:States of the German Confederation
3270:
3230:University of North Carolina Press
2677:1845–1846: Karl Friedrich Nebenius
2470:Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway
1603:(FVP) parties requested President
939:and adopted daughter of Napoleon.
896:the same year, Baden obtained the
25:
4785:
4769:1918 disestablishments in Germany
3253:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
3116:"Novemberrevolution im Südwesten"
2036:in the north is a portion of the
967:Baden in the German Confederation
872:, Charles Frederick received the
4444:
3828:
3444:
3308:(Oxford University Press, 1993).
2954:
2783:November 1918 in Alsace-Lorraine
1908:and those to the north from the
1349:took a conspicuous share in the
796:, and to the east mainly by the
749:that eventually split into two,
700:
675:
168:
152:
47:relies largely or entirely on a
36:
3249:Die Revolution 1918/19 in Baden
3107:
2838:. Lexington Books. p. 142.
2605:Ministers-President (1809–1918)
2507:, and a research university in
1641:Free People's Republic of Baden
1554:Grand Duke Frederick I died at
1299:, as regent, since the eldest,
1191:, which had invaded Baden from
4764:1806 establishments in Germany
4155:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf
3318:Schwarzmaier, Hansmartin, ed.
3204:
3021:
2996:
2842:
2778:German Revolution of 1918–1919
2673:Christian Friedrich von Boeckh
1717:) consisting of two chambers.
1592:The abdication certificate of
1524:, the leading Parisian paper:
1364:
1008:House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld
1004:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
848:in 1792 saw Baden joining the
840:French Revolution and Napoleon
828:. Upon the dissolution of the
13:
1:
2793:
2372:
2281:is extensively practised. Of
1810:
1573:22,000 industrial workers in
1426:In 1869, the introduction of
1301:Louis II, Grand Duke of Baden
874:Prince-Bishopric of Constance
734:. It originally existed as a
3312:
2730:Ludwig Karl Friedrich Turban
2637:Karl Christian von Berckheim
1950:County Palatine of the Rhine
1942: Grand Duchy of Baden
1927:
1625:Independent Social Democrats
1195:, was routed at Dossenbach.
992:treaty of 16 April 1816
959:in 1813, when he joined the
7:
4739:States of the German Empire
4335:States of the German Empire
3247:Schmidgall, Markus (2012).
2760:
2349:, but many others, such as
2309:continue to sell well. The
2234:being the most frequented.
1699:Constitution and government
1693:Federal Republic of Germany
1579:Wilhelm Engelbert Oeftering
1387:under the oversight of the
1264:(1814–1878), in his place.
1243:Alliance of the Three Kings
1203:on 10 February, 1849.
807:
402:Sigismund Reitzenstein
10:
4790:
3358:Confederation of the Rhine
3003:Evans, Richard J. (2016).
2834:Edmund C. Clingan (2010).
2619:Sigismund von Reitzenstein
2608:
2542:
2533:
2464:and roads, as well as the
2032:in the south to the river
1863:district included Freiburg
1803:(the supreme tribunal) in
1765:The supreme courts lay in
1417:The archbishop of Freiburg
1339:North German Confederation
1108:
1028:Luise Geyer von Geyersberg
910:Confederation of the Rhine
890:War of the Third Coalition
860:being compelled to pay an
4774:Modern history of Germany
4640:
4624:
4596:
4583:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
4542:
4496:
4453:
4442:
4342:
4290:
4259:
4232:
4199:
4125:
4092:
4085:
4023:
3978:
3942:
3935:
3889:
3873:
3837:
3826:
3812:
3748:
3642:
3589:
3541:
3532:
3502:
3476:
3460:
3453:
3442:
3424:
3403:
3377:
3365:
3224:Grill, Johnpeter (1983).
2545:List of monarchs of Baden
1936:Baden from 1819 to 1945:
1904:being descended from the
1671:and forming the state of
1646:
1341:. He had no wish to give
1291:Towards the German Empire
1254:William I, German Emperor
937:Josephine's first husband
900:and other territories in
846:French Revolutionary Wars
654:
619:
615:
605:
595:
591:
586:
576:
571:
567:
557:
547:
543:
539:
524:
509:
499:
486:
482:
474:
469:
454:
439:
429:
425:
410:
395:
391:
381:
377:
362:
347:
343:
333:
321:
297:
277:
267:
257:
223:
211:
196:
184:
148:
143:
129:
4390:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
3276:Grill, Johnpeter Horst.
2788:Bavarian Soviet Republic
2369:production is exported.
2115:) belongs partly to the
1681:Württemberg-Hohenzollern
1564:Princess Hilda of Nassau
933:Stéphanie de Beauharnais
2977:Encyclopædia Britannica
2813:Encyclopædia Britannica
2661:Karl Friedrich Nebenius
2655:Ludwig Georg von Winter
2539:Grand Dukes (1806–1918)
1724:, the president of the
1709:representative assembly
1667:, becoming part of the
1399:principles, making the
1183:on 20 April 1848.
949:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
327:Constitutional monarchy
4662:
4653:
4648:German colonial empire
4578:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
2694:Friedrich Adolf Klüber
2524:Archbishop of Freiburg
2487:Education and religion
2045:
2018:
1987:Kingdom of Württemberg
1722:Archbishop of Freiburg
1669:American-occupied zone
1596:
1552:
1536:. It was he who after
1129:progressive income tax
1034:on 10 July 1819.
976:
925:Kingdom of Württemberg
904:at the expense of the
798:Kingdom of Württemberg
727:
559:• Disestablished
135:
75:"Grand Duchy of Baden"
3186:Catholic Encyclopedia
2972:Baden, Grand Duchy of
2117:German federal states
1935:
1599:The NLP, Centre, and
1591:
1526:
1105:1849 Baden Revolution
974:
931:, who was married to
788:, to the west by the
4734:Former grand duchies
4719:Grand Duchy of Baden
4625:Imperial Territories
4478:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
4473:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
4394:Starostwo of Draheim
3917:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3912:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3629:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3624:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3005:The Pursuit of Power
2530:of the Upper Rhine.
2505:Freiburg im Breisgau
1964:Grand Duchy of Hesse
1861:Freiburg im Breisgau
1452:In the German Empire
1413:freedom of the press
1393:religious institutes
1331:German Confederation
1201:constituent assembly
1039:Act of Confederation
981:German Confederation
921:Treaty of Schönbrunn
844:The outbreak of the
834:German Confederation
826:German mediatisation
814:Margraviate of Baden
786:Grand Duchy of Hesse
720:Grand Duchy of Baden
240:German Confederation
131:Grand Duchy of Baden
60:improve this article
4691: /
4588:Waldeck and Pyrmont
4117:Waldeck and Pyrmont
3301:8.1 (2014): 79–113.
3294:55.5 (1965): 1–132.
3114:Engehausen, Frank.
2754:Heinrich von Bodman
2748:Alexander von Dusch
2688:Karl Georg Hoffmann
2682:Johann Baptist Bekk
2383:agricultural sector
2381:. Before 1870, the
2014:Swiss Confederation
1730:chamber of commerce
1516:Order of the Garter
1436:papal infallibility
1351:Franco-Prussian War
1316:Austro-Prussian War
1262:Ludwig Mieroslawski
1059:National Convention
1024:morganatic marriage
728:Großherzogtum Baden
683:Electorate of Baden
549:• Established
501:• Grand Duchy
234:Rhine Confederation
136:Großherzogtum Baden
4412:Schleswig-Holstein
3141:, p. 123-127.
3092:, p. 291-294.
3077:, p. 100-102.
2736:Franz Wilhelm Nokk
2516:Evangelical Church
2019:
2004:from 1814–48, etc)
1977:Kingdom of Prussia
1954:Kingdom of Bavaria
1850:district included
1637:House of Zähringen
1597:
1548:de bric et de broc
1514:, a Knight of the
1502:'s only daughter,
1312:Schleswig-Holstein
1281:American Civil War
1016:pragmatic sanction
1012:House of Zähringen
985:Congress of Vienna
977:
894:Peace of Pressburg
878:Rhenish Palatinate
792:, to the south by
782:Kingdom of Bavaria
514:German Unification
383:Minister-President
4674:
4673:
4301:
4300:
4255:
4254:
4181:
4168:
4081:
4080:
4025:Ernestine duchies
3771:
3770:
3744:
3743:
3528:
3527:
3440:
3439:
3304:Tuchman, Arleen.
2706:Franz von Stengel
2552:Charles Frederick
2363:coast Douglas-fir
2311:Baden wine region
2076:, an independent
1689:Baden-Württemberg
1687:exclave, to form
1673:Württemberg-Baden
1534:emperor of Russia
1512:Duke of Connaught
1458:National Liberals
1423:remained vacant.
1324:Battle of Werbach
1175:and Franz Joseph
957:Battle of Leipzig
858:Charles Frederick
830:Holy Roman Empire
822:Holy Roman Empire
818:Electoral dignity
775:Republic of Baden
759:Holy Roman Empire
716:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
696:Republic of Baden
688:
687:
529:German Revolution
412:• 1917–1918
397:• 1809–1810
364:• 1907–1918
354:Charles Frederick
349:• 1806–1811
268:Official language
125:
124:
110:
16:(Redirected from
4781:
4724:History of Baden
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4695:49.017°N 8.400°E
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4667:
4658:
4573:Schaumburg-Lippe
4568:
4560:
4530:
4448:
4427:
4397:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4305:
4304:
4225:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4192:
4191:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4151:
4150:
4145:Reuss-Lobenstein
4141:
4140:
4112:Schaumburg-Lippe
4090:
4089:
4069:
4061:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3992:
3980:Anhalt (Ascania)
3961:
3940:
3939:
3832:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3714:Schaumburg-Lippe
3539:
3538:
3458:
3457:
3448:
3375:
3374:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3266:
3243:
3220:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3177:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3111:
3105:
3104:, p. 15-16.
3099:
3093:
3087:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2804:
2712:Anton von Stabel
2010:
1994:
1984:
1970:
1961:
1947:
1941:
1920:), who lived in
1470:Social Democrats
1320:Army of the Main
1235:constituent diet
1173:Friedrich Hecker
1142:The news of the
1111:Baden Revolution
1074:Carlsbad Decrees
866:Tsar Alexander I
704:
703:
692:
691:
679:
678:
672:
671:
656:
655:
535:14 November 1918
531:
516:
421:
406:
373:
358:
329:
288:South Franconian
279:Common languages
250:
216:
201:
172:
156:
138:
127:
126:
120:
117:
111:
109:
68:
40:
32:
21:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4709:
4708:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4670:
4636:
4632:Alsace–Lorraine
4620:
4592:
4566:
4558:
4538:
4528:
4492:
4488:Weimar-Eisenach
4468:Hesse-Darmstadt
4449:
4440:
4392:and the former
4388:(including the
4387:
4358:
4338:
4332:
4302:
4297:
4286:
4251:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4171:
4170:
4158:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4138:
4137:
4135:Reuss-Ebersdorf
4121:
4077:
4067:
4059:
4057:Gotha-Altenburg
4051:
4043:
4041:Coburg-Saalfeld
4035:
4019:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3974:
3959:
3931:
3927:Weimar-Eisenach
3902:Hesse-Darmstadt
3885:
3869:
3833:
3824:
3808:
3802:
3772:
3767:
3740:
3638:
3585:
3581:Weimar-Eisenach
3556:Gotha-Altenburg
3551:Coburg-Saalfeld
3534:
3524:
3498:
3472:
3449:
3436:
3420:
3399:
3367:
3361:
3354:
3315:
3273:
3271:Further reading
3263:
3240:
3213:Badische Heimat
3207:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3179:
3178:
3169:
3163:Schmidgall 2012
3161:
3157:
3149:
3145:
3139:Schmidgall 2012
3137:
3133:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3081:
3075:Schmidgall 2012
3073:
3069:
3063:Schmidgall 2012
3061:
3057:
3051:Schmidgall 2012
3049:
3045:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3001:
2997:
2991:Schmidgall 2012
2989:
2985:
2970:, ed. (1911). "
2955:
2953:
2952:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2763:
2758:
2613:
2607:
2547:
2541:
2536:
2489:
2375:
2361:and the exotic
2208:mineral springs
2017:
2008:
2006:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1968:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1930:
1914:Swabian Plateau
1821:Roman Catholics
1813:
1701:
1649:
1605:Heinrich Bodman
1454:
1383:, which placed
1369:
1293:
1228:Lorenz Brentano
1113:
1107:
1090:July Revolution
969:
961:Sixth Coalition
944:Napoleonic Code
906:Austrian Empire
902:Further Austria
850:First Coalition
842:
810:
773:under the name
771:Weimar Republic
761:but suffered a
736:sovereign state
701:
676:
650:
608:
598:
579:
560:
550:
532:
527:
520:18 January 1871
517:
512:
505:24 October 1806
502:
492:
460:
445:
419:
417:Heinrich Bodman
413:
404:
398:
371:
365:
356:
350:
325:
317:
313:
280:
253:
248:
219:
207:
192:
180:
179:
178:
173:
165:
164:
162:
157:
139:
132:
121:
115:
112:
69:
67:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4787:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4659:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4562:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4544:Principalities
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4331:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4216:
4205:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4183:
4175:
4162:
4152:
4142:
4131:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4086:Principalities
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:Hildburghausen
4062:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3993:
3984:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3646:
3644:
3643:Principalities
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3561:Hildburghausen
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3503:Principalities
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3455:
3454:States created
3451:
3450:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3356:States of the
3353:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3261:
3244:
3238:
3221:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3167:
3155:
3143:
3131:
3106:
3094:
3079:
3067:
3055:
3053:, p. 123.
3043:
3020:
3013:
2995:
2983:
2968:Chisholm, Hugh
2855:
2841:
2826:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2501:Roman Catholic
2488:
2485:
2374:
2371:
2351:sweet chestnut
2343:European beech
2323:sweet cherries
2200:potter's earth
2109:Lake Constance
2030:Lake Constance
2007:
1991:
1981:
1967:
1958:
1944:
1938:
1929:
1926:
1874:
1873:
1864:
1858:
1845:
1812:
1809:
1700:
1697:
1657:State of Baden
1648:
1645:
1453:
1450:
1428:civil marriage
1411:of ministers,
1409:responsibility
1368:
1363:
1359:German Emperor
1292:
1289:
1179:, was lost at
1161:united Germany
1147:proclaimed an
1109:Main article:
1106:
1103:
968:
965:
882:prince-elector
876:, part of the
841:
838:
809:
806:
714:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
698:
689:
686:
685:
680:
668:
667:
662:
652:
651:
649:
648:
642:
636:
630:
623:
621:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
606:
603:
602:
599:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
584:
583:
580:
577:
574:
573:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
558:
555:
554:
551:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
533:
525:
522:
521:
518:
510:
507:
506:
503:
500:
497:
496:
493:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
472:
471:
467:
466:
461:
455:
452:
451:
446:
440:
437:
436:
431:
427:
426:
423:
422:
414:
411:
408:
407:
399:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
379:
378:
375:
374:
366:
363:
360:
359:
351:
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
331:
330:
323:
319:
318:
316:
315:
308:
301:
299:
295:
294:
281:
278:
275:
274:
269:
265:
264:
259:
255:
254:
252:
251:
243:
237:
231:
227:
225:
221:
220:
217:
209:
208:
202:
194:
193:
182:
181:
174:
167:
166:
158:
151:
150:
149:
146:
145:
141:
140:
133:
130:
123:
122:
58:. Please help
44:
42:
35:
26:
18:State of Baden
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4786:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4707:
4704:
4700:49.017; 8.400
4666:
4665:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4559:(Junior Line)
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4455:Grand Duchies
4452:
4447:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4247:Sondershausen
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4220:
4217:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4187:
4186:Reuss-Schleiz
4184:
4182:
4176:
4169:
4167:(Junior Line)
4163:
4156:
4153:
4146:
4143:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:Liechtenstein
4100:
4098:
4097:Hesse-Homburg
4095:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4013:
4010:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:Grand duchies
3888:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3729:Sondershausen
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:Lippe-Detmold
3675:
3673:
3672:Liechtenstein
3670:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:Other duchies
3588:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3543:Saxon duchies
3540:
3537:
3531:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3510:Aschaffenburg
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:Grand Duchies
3475:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:Grand Duchies
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3366:Rank elevated
3364:
3359:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3283:Lee, Loyd E.
3282:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3262:9783866447271
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3165:, p. 19.
3164:
3159:
3153:, p. 16.
3152:
3147:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3065:, p. 88.
3064:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3014:9780143110422
3010:
3006:
2999:
2993:, p. 18.
2992:
2987:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2963:public domain
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2851:
2845:
2837:
2830:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:Norway spruce
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:French Empire
1988:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1955:
1951:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1869:district had
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1800:Reichsgericht
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:particularist
1492:
1490:
1486:
1485:German Empire
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1438:in 1870. The
1437:
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1259:
1258:Gustav Struve
1255:
1251:
1250:Prussian Army
1246:
1244:
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847:
837:
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783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
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751:Baden-Durlach
748:
743:
741:
740:German Empire
737:
733:
729:
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721:
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519:
515:
508:
504:
498:
495:27 April 1803
494:
491:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:Establishment
468:
465:
464:Zweite Kammer
462:
459:
453:
450:
447:
444:
438:
435:
432:
428:
424:
418:
415:
409:
403:
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376:
370:
367:
361:
355:
352:
346:
342:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
312:
311:Protestantism
309:
306:
303:
302:
300:
296:
293:
289:
285:
282:
276:
273:
270:
266:
263:
260:
256:
247:
246:German Empire
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
230:State of the:
229:
228:
226:
222:
215:
210:
206:
205:German Empire
200:
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191:
187:
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177:
171:
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137:
128:
119:
108:
105:
101:
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91:
87:
84:
80:
77: –
76:
72:
71:Find sources:
65:
61:
57:
51:
50:
49:single source
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4676:
4664:Mitteleuropa
4655:Mittelafrika
4567:(Elder Line)
4565:Reuss-Greiz
4529:(until 1876)
4521:Coburg-Gotha
4462:
4424:West Prussia
4381:Hohenzollern
4377:Hesse-Nassau
4369:East Prussia
4223:(until 1850)
4213:(until 1850)
4201:Hohenzollern
4190:(until 1848)
4180:(Elder Line)
4178:Reuss-Greiz
4149:(until 1824)
4139:(until 1824)
4068:(until 1826)
4060:(until 1826)
4049:Coburg-Gotha
4044:(until 1826)
4015:(until 1847)
4007:(until 1863)
3999:(until 1863)
3896:
3881:Hesse-Kassel
3650:Hohenzollern
3533:Pre-existing
3410:
3319:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3248:
3225:
3216:
3212:
3190:. Retrieved
3184:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3119:
3109:
3097:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3029:
3023:
3004:
2998:
2986:
2975:
2844:
2835:
2829:
2817:. Retrieved
2811:
2802:
2724:Julius Jolly
2598:Frederick II
2590:
2528:Metropolitan
2513:
2490:
2478:
2473:
2455:
2376:
2273:, wheat and
2236:
2141:
2133:
2120:
2112:
2082:
2066:Katzenbuckel
2058:Hornisgrinde
2038:Black Forest
2027:
2020:
2012:
1996:
1973:Hohenzollern
1912:, while the
1875:
1833:
1814:
1798:
1764:
1753:
1750:
1741:
1734:
1719:
1712:
1702:
1677:West Germany
1653:World War II
1650:
1633:
1598:
1594:Frederick II
1572:
1560:Frederick II
1553:
1547:
1527:
1519:
1493:
1482:
1477:
1462:Centre Party
1455:
1446:Old Catholic
1439:
1425:
1370:
1365:
1343:Napoleon III
1328:
1305:
1294:
1285:
1266:
1247:
1234:
1232:
1208:insurrection
1205:
1197:
1188:
1165:
1141:
1114:
1096:
1083:
1071:
1055:
1043:constitution
1041:, a liberal
1036:
1019:
989:
978:
954:
947:
941:
918:
843:
811:
779:
744:
742:until 1918.
719:
717:
665:Succeeded by
664:
659:
633:Baden gulden
627:Baden thaler
607:• 1905
597:• 1803
578:• Total
449:Erste Kammer
369:Friedrich II
185:
176:Coat of arms
113:
103:
96:
89:
82:
70:
46:
29:
4698: /
4598:City-states
4557:Reuss-Gera
4436:Württemberg
4365:Brandenburg
4357:as a whole
4337:(1871–1918)
4260:Free cities
4234:Schwarzburg
4219:Sigmaringen
4172:(from 1848)
4165:Reuss-Gera
4159:(1824-1848)
4052:(from 1826)
4036:(from 1826)
3991:(from 1863)
3960:(from 1839)
3874:Electorates
3865:Württemberg
3807:(1815–1866)
3719:Schwarzburg
3660:Sigmaringen
3395:Württemberg
3360:(1806–1813)
3299:Cliometrica
3205:Works cited
2769:(territory)
2752:1917–1918:
2746:1905–1917:
2740:1901–1905:
2734:1893–1901:
2728:1876–1893:
2722:1868–1876:
2716:1866–1868:
2710:1861–1866:
2704:1856–1860:
2698:1850–1856:
2692:1849–1850:
2686:1848–1849:
2680:1846–1848:
2671:1843–1845:
2665:1839–1843:
2659:1838–1839:
2653:1833–1838:
2644:1818–1831:
2635:1812–1817:
2629:1810–1812:
2623:1810–1810:
2617:1809–1810:
2600:(1857–1928)
2596:1907–1918:
2587:Frederick I
2585:1858–1907:
2582:(1824–1858)
2578:1852–1858:
2575:(1790–1852)
2571:1830–1852:
2568:(1763–1830)
2564:1818–1830:
2561:(1786–1818)
2557:1811–1818:
2554:(1728–1811)
2550:1806–1811:
2447:music boxes
2339:bee-keeping
2216:Badenweiler
2212:Baden-Baden
2129:Switzerland
2101:Eichenersee
2074:Kaiserstuhl
2046:Schwarzwald
1979:from 1850)
1922:Württemberg
1882:Baden-Baden
1825:Protestants
1817:margraviate
1665:Württemberg
1629:Anton Geiss
1601:Progressive
1568:World War I
1543:Württemberg
1478:Freisinnige
1441:Kulturkampf
1405:Catholicism
1366:Kulturkampf
1308:Frederick I
1306:Grand Duke
1277:Switzerland
1067:bureaucrats
1047:legislation
820:within the
794:Switzerland
755:Baden-Baden
747:margraviate
660:Preceded by
458:Lower house
443:Upper house
430:Legislature
305:Catholicism
249:(1871–1918)
242:(1815–1866)
236:(1806–1813)
163:(1891–1918)
116:August 2020
4713:Categories
4420:Westphalia
4242:Rudolstadt
3907:Luxembourg
3764:until 1811
3758:until 1809
3755:until 1810
3724:Rudolstadt
3697:Lobenstein
3520:Regensburg
3468:Westphalia
3239:0807814725
3192:7 November
3151:Grill 1983
3102:Grill 1983
3090:Exner 2016
2794:References
2773:Baden Army
2718:Karl Mathy
2609:See also:
2591:Grand Duke
2543:See also:
2497:Heidelberg
2493:Protestant
2435:Beet sugar
2373:Industries
2355:Scots pine
2347:silver fir
2299:partridges
2228:Friersbach
2137:table-land
2105:Schluchsee
1843:Heidelberg
1811:Population
1779:Heidelberg
1742:Wahlmänner
1609:Wilhelm II
1538:Austerlitz
1508:Edward VII
1466:Socialists
1355:Versailles
1347:Baden army
1193:Strasbourg
1157:parliament
1117:radicalism
1098:Zollverein
1020:Hausgesetz
914:grand duke
802:Badnerlied
763:revolution
645:Papiermark
587:Population
490:Electorate
335:Grand Duke
322:Government
314:(Official)
307:(majority)
292:Palatinate
190:Badnerlied
86:newspapers
4534:Meiningen
4526:Lauenburg
4516:Altenburg
4511:Brunswick
4483:Oldenburg
4404:Rhineland
4385:Pomerania
4294:partially
4272:Frankfurt
4209:Hechingen
4073:Meiningen
4033:Altenburg
3970:Lauenburg
3947:Brunswick
3922:Oldenburg
3761:from 1809
3752:from 1810
3687:Ebersdorf
3655:Hechingen
3634:Oldenburg
3566:Meiningen
3489:Frankfurt
3313:In German
2509:Karlsruhe
2439:ornaments
2431:chemicals
2427:jewellery
2401:ribbons,
2387:machinery
2297:and wild
2232:Peterthal
2224:Griesbach
2097:Wildersee
2093:Mummelsee
1975:(part of
1952:(part of
1928:Geography
1894:Offenburg
1856:Pforzheim
1852:Karlsruhe
1848:Karlsruhe
1775:Offenburg
1767:Karlsruhe
1617:Karlsruhe
1500:William I
1385:education
1379:with the
1377:concordat
1297:Frederick
1269:Waghausel
1220:Karlsruhe
1171:, led by
1153:Frankfurt
1121:Offenburg
1115:By 1847,
1078:prorogued
1032:Frankfurt
952:in 1900.
862:indemnity
767:Offenburg
611:2,009,320
298:Religion
284:Alemannic
262:Karlsruhe
144:1806–1918
56:talk page
4343:Kingdoms
3996:Bernburg
3952:Holstein
3838:Kingdoms
3667:Isenburg
3619:Arenberg
3602:Bernburg
3576:Eisenach
3494:Würzburg
3461:Kingdoms
3378:Kingdoms
3370:Napoleon
3126:Archived
3038:66-27186
2819:26 April
2761:See also
2580:Louis II
2480:Mannheim
2462:railways
2379:forested
2319:orchards
2317:and the
2267:beetroot
2251:potatoes
2220:Antogast
2194:, china
2113:Bodensee
2078:volcanic
2062:Odenwald
2054:Feldberg
1918:Schwaben
1906:Alemanni
1886:Bruchsal
1871:Konstanz
1867:Konstanz
1839:Mannheim
1795:Mannheim
1791:Konstanz
1787:Waldshut
1771:Freiburg
1760:railways
1746:electors
1744:(deputy
1705:monarchy
1685:Prussian
1661:Freiburg
1613:Mannheim
1575:Mannheim
1530:Napoleon
1521:Le Temps
1474:Radicals
1401:communes
1381:Holy See
1373:religion
1335:Bismarck
1273:Freiburg
1206:The new
1185:Freiburg
1177:Trefzger
1169:uprising
1094:Prussian
1051:taxation
1006:and his
898:Breisgau
886:Napoleon
852:against
808:Creation
784:and the
639:Goldmark
620:Currency
4611:Hamburg
4498:Duchies
4416:Silesia
4373:Hanover
4355:Prussia
4350:Bavaria
4277:Hamburg
3957:Limburg
3936:Duchies
3860:Hanover
3850:Bavaria
3845:Prussia
3820:Austria
3813:Empires
3736:Waldeck
3702:Schleiz
3425:Duchies
3385:Bavaria
3181:"Baden"
2965::
2808:"Baden"
2573:Leopold
2566:Louis I
2559:Charles
2534:Leaders
2458:exports
2415:leather
2407:tobacco
2397:goods,
2391:woollen
2335:walnuts
2315:gardens
2180:vitriol
2144:mineral
2125:Austria
2072:is the
2070:Dreisam
2011:
2002:Kingdom
1995:
1985:
1971:
1962:
1948:
1878:Rastatt
1827:, 1.5%
1805:Leipzig
1783:Mosbach
1714:Landtag
1621:Soviets
1489:spirits
1421:the see
1397:secular
1216:Rastatt
1181:Kandern
1149:amnesty
1133:capital
1125:militia
1086:Leopold
1063:Louis I
1000:Bavaria
996:Austria
929:Charles
888:in the
601:210,000
526:•
511:•
488:•
475:History
456:•
441:•
434:Landtag
405:(first)
357:(first)
258:Capital
186:Anthem:
100:scholar
4686:8°24′E
4683:49°1′N
4616:Lübeck
4606:Bremen
4506:Anhalt
4431:Saxony
4408:Saxony
4361:Berlin
4282:Lübeck
4267:Bremen
4012:Köthen
4004:Dessau
3988:Anhalt
3965:Nassau
3855:Saxony
3612:Köthen
3607:Dessau
3597:Anhalt
3571:Weimar
3535:states
3432:Nassau
3390:Saxony
3259:
3236:
3036:
3011:
2959:
2499:, one
2451:organs
2429:, and
2423:clocks
2395:cotton
2367:timber
2337:, and
2331:apples
2206:. The
2192:gypsum
2184:sulfur
2176:cobalt
2168:copper
2164:silver
2121:Länder
2089:Danube
2050:Kinzig
2042:German
2034:Neckar
2009:
1993:
1983:
1969:
1960:
1946:
1940:
1910:Franks
1823:, 37%
1793:, and
1758:, the
1738:pauper
1651:After
1647:Legacy
1556:Mainau
1504:Louise
1389:clergy
1239:Berlin
1226:under
1212:mutiny
1189:legion
1159:for a
1137:labour
870:Russia
854:France
724:German
647:(1914)
641:(1873)
635:(1837)
629:(1829)
478:
420:(last)
387:
372:(last)
339:
272:German
224:Status
188:
102:
95:
88:
81:
73:
4641:Other
4552:Lippe
4463:Baden
4400:Posen
4127:Reuss
4107:Lippe
3897:Baden
3692:Greiz
3682:Reuss
3515:Leyen
3416:Hesse
3411:Baden
2767:Baden
2520:synod
2466:Rhine
2419:glass
2411:china
2403:paper
2327:plums
2307:wines
2303:trout
2295:snipe
2279:goats
2247:beans
2239:spelt
2023:Rhine
1898:Basel
1756:taxes
1432:dogma
790:Rhine
732:Rhine
107:JSTOR
93:books
3709:Salm
3484:Berg
3257:ISBN
3234:ISBN
3194:2008
3034:LCCN
3009:ISBN
2821:2008
2456:The
2449:and
2443:toys
2441:and
2399:silk
2393:and
2345:and
2333:and
2291:boar
2287:deer
2283:game
2275:oats
2263:hops
2259:hemp
2255:flax
2230:and
2204:salt
2202:and
2196:clay
2188:Peat
2182:and
2172:gold
2160:zinc
2158:and
2156:lead
2152:coal
2148:iron
2142:The
2127:and
2103:and
2085:Main
1902:Murg
1892:and
1890:Lahr
1854:and
1829:Jews
1615:and
1583:Kiel
1472:and
1224:diet
1135:and
1049:and
998:and
990:The
942:The
753:and
718:The
572:Area
563:1918
553:1806
160:Flag
79:news
3368:by
2974:".
2526:is
2503:in
2495:in
2271:rye
2243:rye
1695:.
1434:of
1214:at
868:of
62:by
4715::
4422:,
4418:,
4414:,
4410:,
4406:,
4402:,
4398:,
4383:,
4379:,
4375:,
4371:,
4367:,
4363:,
3255:.
3251:.
3232:.
3228:.
3217:96
3215:.
3183:.
3170:^
3124:.
3118:.
3082:^
2858:^
2810:.
2511:.
2453:.
2445:,
2433:.
2425:,
2421:,
2417:,
2413:,
2409:,
2405:,
2389:,
2357:,
2353:,
2329:,
2325:,
2293:,
2289:,
2285:,
2265:,
2261:,
2257:,
2253:,
2249:,
2245:,
2241:,
2226:,
2222:,
2218:,
2214:,
2198:,
2178:,
2174:,
2170:,
2166:,
2154:,
2150:,
2131:.
2099:,
2095:,
2044::
1956:)
1924:.
1888:,
1884:,
1880:,
1807:.
1789:,
1785:,
1781:,
1777:,
1773:,
1769:,
1570:.
1468:,
1464:,
1361:.
1245:.
1163:.
1139:.
1069:.
963:.
836:.
777:.
726::
290:,
286:,
4426:)
4396:)
4359:(
4327:e
4320:t
4313:v
3797:e
3790:t
3783:v
3349:e
3342:t
3335:v
3265:.
3242:.
3196:.
3040:.
3017:.
2852:.
2823:.
2593:)
2472:(
2119:(
2111:(
2040:(
2000:(
1711:(
1546:(
1476:(
1018:(
722:(
118:)
114:(
104:·
97:·
90:·
83:·
66:.
52:.
20:)
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