47:
2274:
2285:
214:
Another activity cycle is the so-called flip-flop cycle, which implies that the activity on either hemisphere shifts from one side to the other. The same phenomena can be seen on the Sun, with periods of 3.8 and 3.65 years for the northern and southern hemispheres. Flip-flop phenomena are observed
100:
For slowly rotating stars – Line Depth Ratio (LDR). Here one measures two different spectral lines, one sensitive to temperature and one which is not. Since starspots have a lower temperature than their surroundings the temperature-sensitive line changes its depth. From the difference between these
149:
between the spot and the surrounding surface. There also seems to be a relation between the spot temperature and the temperature for the stellar photosphere, indicating that starspots behave similarly for different types of stars (observed in
30:. Spots as small as sunspots have not been detected on other stars, as they would cause undetectably small fluctuations in brightness. The commonly observed starspots are in general much larger than those on the
2125:
182:
The distribution of starspots across the stellar surface varies analogous to the solar case, but differs for different types of stars, e.g., depending on whether the star is a
173:
of the star, but there are some indications that large spots which give rise to light variations can survive for many years even in stars with differential rotation.
333:
Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto; Winn, Joshua N.; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; et al. (2013). "Kepler-63b: A Giant Planet in a Polar Orbit Around a Young Sun-like Star".
186:
or not. The same type of activity cycles that are found for the Sun can be seen for other stars, corresponding to the solar (2 times) 11-year cycle.
2310:
2157:
610:
34:: up to about 30% of the stellar surface may be covered, corresponding to starspots 100 times larger than those on the Sun.
399:
2132:
1451:
723:
119:
1844:
2137:
1774:
1758:
793:
2184:
2051:
216:
2167:
2118:
2093:
1386:
412:
315:
219:
stars and single stars although the extent of the cycles are different between binary and singular stars.
2108:
2088:
545:"Five Decades of Chromospheric Activity in 59 Sun-like Stars and New Maunder Minimum Candidate HD 166620"
1471:
2315:
2172:
2103:
2073:
151:
2179:
2056:
2033:
1615:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
476:
Shah, Shivani P.; Wright, Jason T.; Isaacson, Howard; Howard, Andrew; Curtis, Jason L. (2018-08-16).
269:
101:
two lines the temperature and size of the spot can be calculated, with a temperature accuracy of 10K.
1322:
1196:
831:
645:
2098:
1849:
1648:
1558:
1518:
1500:
1426:
997:
923:
2259:
2239:
2011:
2006:
1904:
1799:
1748:
1553:
1543:
1216:
1014:
982:
873:
856:
86:
58:
2113:
2083:
2078:
2068:
1996:
1784:
950:
170:
146:
1231:
754:
641:
438:
105:
2254:
2152:
2142:
1991:
1959:
1753:
1548:
1533:
846:
750:
677:
566:
499:
434:
352:
278:
250:
8:
1714:
1697:
1368:
1270:
1093:
1854:
681:
570:
503:
356:
282:
166:
For small spots the lifetime is proportional to their size, similar to spots on the Sun.
2249:
2210:
2162:
2147:
2061:
2001:
1924:
1834:
1804:
1794:
1738:
1660:
1351:
987:
786:
695:
673:
592:
556:
525:
489:
458:
424:
376:
342:
296:
125:
2200:
1625:
1598:
1578:
1378:
1162:
1150:
977:
957:
911:
893:
861:
719:
713:
596:
584:
529:
517:
462:
450:
368:
364:
300:
1685:
699:
380:
2028:
1981:
1931:
1919:
1897:
1892:
1819:
1779:
1726:
1508:
1431:
1406:
1300:
1221:
945:
906:
758:
685:
574:
507:
442:
360:
286:
198:
for the Sun which lasted 70 years, for example some
Maunder minimum candidates are
446:
145:. This temperature difference could give rise to a brightness variation up to 0.6
2215:
2018:
1887:
1731:
1702:
1643:
1638:
1513:
1241:
1206:
1140:
1086:
1081:
1026:
836:
195:
82:
77:
To detect and measure the extent of starspots one uses several types of methods.
543:
Baum, Anna C.; Wright, Jason T.; Luhn, Jacob K.; Isaacson, Howard (2022-04-01).
2277:
2043:
1882:
1709:
1680:
1655:
1588:
1277:
1145:
1031:
933:
823:
813:
579:
544:
512:
477:
291:
264:
90:
763:
738:
411:
Poppenhäger, K.; Robrade, J.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M.; Hall, J. C. (2009-12-01).
2304:
2229:
2023:
1986:
1954:
1829:
1538:
1361:
1332:
1310:
928:
901:
878:
779:
588:
521:
454:
372:
265:"Interferometric Imaging of λ Andromedae: Evidence of Starspots and Rotation"
94:
2289:
1964:
1914:
1909:
1809:
1692:
1675:
1633:
1603:
1593:
1528:
1411:
1356:
1337:
1317:
1295:
1287:
1130:
1123:
962:
883:
866:
661:
93:
on stars can be determined since spectral lines are split according to the
2205:
1877:
1869:
1859:
1839:
1814:
1743:
1665:
1421:
1396:
1391:
1305:
1265:
1226:
1191:
1174:
1169:
841:
690:
183:
142:
115:
46:
1789:
1486:
1459:
1436:
1416:
1401:
1253:
1157:
1135:
1113:
1108:
972:
112:
1976:
1824:
1608:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1523:
1476:
1466:
1260:
1236:
1211:
1118:
1069:
1002:
992:
967:
940:
916:
851:
203:
199:
23:
1969:
1344:
1103:
1076:
611:"Astronomers see star enter a 'Maunder Minimum' for the first time"
561:
494:
137:
Observed starspots have a temperature which is in general 500–2000
429:
347:
108:– Eclipse mapping produces images and maps of spots on both stars.
2244:
1719:
1481:
1248:
1201:
1184:
1179:
1098:
89:. With the Zeeman-Doppler imaging technique the direction of the
27:
2234:
2222:
1441:
1327:
138:
410:
194:
Some stars may have longer cycles, possibly analogous to the
332:
1583:
802:
2284:
1949:
31:
771:
475:
413:"51 Pegasi – a planet-bearing Maunder minimum candidate"
542:
97:, revealing the direction and magnitude of the field.
642:"Mapping starspots and magnetic fields on cool stars"
326:
715:
162:The lifetime for a starspot depends on its size.
2302:
787:
37:
794:
780:
736:
762:
689:
578:
560:
511:
493:
428:
346:
316:"Searching for Spots with Interferometry"
290:
662:"Starspots: A Key to the Stellar Dynamo"
313:
169:For large spots the sizes depend on the
737:Strassmeir, Klaus G. (September 2009).
2303:
478:"HD 4915: A Maunder Minimum Candidate"
775:
743:The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review
392:
390:
262:
656:(explains how Doppler imaging works)
263:Parks J, et al. (24 May 2021).
41:
209:
13:
730:
672:(8). Institute of Astronomy ETHZ,
387:
189:
177:
14:
2327:
253:show spots on two imaged binaries
120:Very-long-baseline interferometry
2283:
2273:
2272:
660:Berdyugina, Svetlana V. (2005).
45:
666:Living Reviews in Solar Physics
659:
603:
396:
536:
469:
404:
307:
256:
240:
229:
132:
1:
2311:Stellar astrophysics concepts
2185:Timeline of stellar astronomy
632:
81:For rapidly rotating stars –
639:
417:Astronomy & Astrophysics
246:
235:
157:
7:
1845:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
447:10.1051/0004-6361/200912945
314:Konchady T (23 June 2021).
26:, so-named by analogy with
10:
2332:
1759:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
712:K. G. Strassmeier (1997),
365:10.1088/0004-637X/775/1/54
124:For stars with transiting
38:Detection and measurements
2268:
2193:
2042:
1940:
1868:
1767:
1624:
1499:
1377:
1286:
1022:
1013:
892:
822:
809:
801:
764:10.1007/s00159-009-0020-6
640:Cameron, Andrew Collier.
482:The Astrophysical Journal
335:The Astrophysical Journal
270:The Astrophysical Journal
128:– Light curve variations.
2138:With multiple exoplanets
646:University of St Andrews
580:10.3847/1538-3881/ac5683
549:The Astronomical Journal
513:10.3847/2041-8213/aad40c
292:10.3847/1538-4357/abb670
222:
141:cooler than the stellar
924:Asymptotic giant branch
755:2009A&ARv..17..251S
439:2009A&A...508.1417P
2260:Tidal disruption event
1749:Circumstellar envelope
983:Luminous blue variable
106:eclipsing binary stars
87:Zeeman-Doppler imaging
1785:Effective temperature
171:differential rotation
2255:Planet-hosting stars
2133:With resolved images
2104:Historical brightest
2034:Photometric-standard
1960:Solar radio emission
1754:Eddington luminosity
1534:Triple-alpha process
1472:Thorne–Żytkow object
847:Young stellar object
691:10.12942/lrsp-2005-8
2079:Highest temperature
1850:Color–color diagram
1715:Protoplanetary disk
1519:Proton–proton chain
1197:Chemically peculiar
682:2005LRSP....2....8B
571:2022AJ....163..183B
504:2018ApJ...863L..26S
357:2013ApJ...775...54S
283:2021ApJ...913...54P
2084:Lowest temperature
1835:Photometric system
1805:Absolute magnitude
1739:Circumstellar dust
1352:Stellar black hole
988:Stellar population
874:Herbig–Haro object
674:Max Planck Society
126:extrasolar planets
57:. You can help by
16:Stellar phenomenon
2316:Stellar phenomena
2298:
2297:
2201:Substellar object
2180:Planetary nebulae
1599:Luminous red nova
1509:Deuterium burning
1495:
1494:
978:Instability strip
958:Wolf-Rayet nebula
912:Horizontal branch
857:Pre-main-sequence
75:
74:
2323:
2290:Stars portal
2288:
2287:
2276:
2275:
1932:Planetary system
1855:Strömgren sphere
1727:Asteroseismology
1448:Black hole star
1020:
1019:
946:Planetary nebula
907:Red-giant branch
796:
789:
782:
773:
772:
768:
766:
709:
707:
706:
693:
655:
653:
652:
626:
625:
623:
622:
607:
601:
600:
582:
564:
540:
534:
533:
515:
497:
473:
467:
466:
432:
423:(3): 1417–1421.
408:
402:
394:
385:
384:
350:
330:
324:
323:
311:
305:
304:
294:
260:
254:
244:
238:
233:
215:for both binary
210:Flip-flop cycles
70:
67:
49:
42:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2282:
2264:
2189:
2158:Milky Way novae
2094:Smallest volume
2038:
2019:Radial velocity
1942:
1936:
1888:Common envelope
1864:
1763:
1732:Helioseismology
1703:Bipolar outflow
1644:Microturbulence
1639:Convection zone
1620:
1514:Lithium burning
1501:Nucleosynthesis
1491:
1373:
1282:
1009:
888:
837:Molecular cloud
818:
805:
800:
733:
731:Further reading
728:
704:
702:
650:
648:
635:
630:
629:
620:
618:
609:
608:
604:
541:
537:
474:
470:
409:
405:
395:
388:
331:
327:
312:
308:
261:
257:
245:
241:
234:
230:
225:
212:
192:
190:Maunder minimum
180:
178:Activity cycles
160:
135:
83:Doppler imaging
71:
65:
62:
55:needs expansion
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2329:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2280:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2089:Largest volume
2086:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1800:Magnetic field
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1710:Accretion disk
1707:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1686:Alfvén surface
1683:
1681:Stellar corona
1678:
1673:
1668:
1658:
1656:Radiation zone
1653:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1325:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1278:Blue straggler
1275:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1036:Main sequence
1034:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1015:Classification
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
954:
953:
951:Protoplanetary
943:
938:
937:
936:
931:
921:
920:
919:
909:
904:
898:
896:
890:
889:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
870:
869:
864:
859:
854:
844:
839:
834:
828:
826:
820:
819:
817:
816:
810:
807:
806:
799:
798:
791:
784:
776:
770:
769:
749:(3): 251–308.
732:
729:
727:
726:
710:
657:
636:
634:
631:
628:
627:
602:
535:
468:
403:
386:
325:
306:
255:
251:Eclipse movies
239:
227:
226:
224:
221:
211:
208:
202:, HD 4915 and
196:Maunder minima
191:
188:
179:
176:
175:
174:
167:
159:
156:
134:
131:
130:
129:
122:
109:
102:
98:
91:magnetic field
73:
72:
52:
50:
39:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2328:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:Intergalactic
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:Galactic year
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:Most luminous
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:Proper motion
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:Constellation
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Solar eclipse
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:Earth-centric
1939:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
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1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
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1791:
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1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
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1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
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1733:
1730:
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1728:
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1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1699:
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1695:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
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1587:
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1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:Alpha process
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
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1502:
1498:
1488:
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1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
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1465:
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1458:
1455:
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1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:Helium planet
1309:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:Parker's star
1299:
1297:
1294:
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1289:
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1279:
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1259:
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1233:
1232:Lambda Boötis
1230:
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1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
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1213:
1210:
1208:
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1199:
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1190:
1186:
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1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
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1111:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
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1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1075:
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1068:
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1063:
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1056:
1053:
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1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:Superluminous
996:
995:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
952:
949:
948:
947:
944:
942:
939:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
922:
918:
915:
914:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
902:Main sequence
900:
899:
897:
895:
891:
885:
882:
880:
879:Hayashi track
877:
875:
872:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
827:
825:
821:
815:
812:
811:
808:
804:
797:
792:
790:
785:
783:
778:
777:
774:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
734:
725:
724:3-211-83005-7
721:
717:
716:
711:
701:
697:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
647:
643:
638:
637:
616:
615:Physics World
612:
606:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
576:
572:
568:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
539:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
509:
505:
501:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
472:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
407:
401:
400:5.3 Lifetimes
398:
393:
391:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
344:
340:
336:
329:
321:
317:
310:
302:
298:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:
266:
259:
252:
248:
243:
237:
232:
228:
220:
218:
207:
205:
201:
197:
187:
185:
172:
168:
165:
164:
163:
155:
153:
148:
144:
140:
127:
123:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
96:
95:Zeeman effect
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:
78:
69:
60:
56:
53:This section
51:
48:
44:
43:
35:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2153:White dwarfs
2143:Brown dwarfs
2126:Most distant
2074:Most massive
2052:Proper names
2012:Photographic
1965:Solar System
1943:observations
1870:Star systems
1693:Stellar wind
1676:Chromosphere
1670:
1649:Oscillations
1529:Helium flash
1379:Hypothetical
1357:X-ray binary
1296:Compact star
1131:Bright giant
884:Henyey track
862:Herbig Ae/Be
746:
742:
718:, Springer,
714:
703:. Retrieved
669:
665:
649:. Retrieved
619:. Retrieved
617:. 2022-04-05
614:
605:
552:
548:
538:
485:
481:
471:
420:
416:
406:
338:
334:
328:
319:
309:
274:
268:
258:
247:Cameron 2008
242:
236:Cameron 2008
231:
213:
193:
181:
161:
136:
116:binary stars
76:
63:
59:adding to it
54:
22:are stellar
19:
18:
2206:Brown dwarf
1982:Circumpolar
1860:Kraft break
1840:Color index
1815:Metallicity
1775:Designation
1744:Cosmic dust
1666:Photosphere
1432:Dark-energy
1407:Electroweak
1392:Black dwarf
1323:Radio-quiet
1306:White dwarf
1192:White dwarf
842:Bok globule
739:"Starspots"
143:photosphere
133:Temperature
66:August 2008
2305:Categories
2168:Candidates
2163:Supernovae
2148:Red dwarfs
2007:Extinction
1795:Kinematics
1790:Luminosity
1768:Properties
1661:Atmosphere
1559:Si burning
1549:Ne burning
1487:White hole
1460:Quasi-star
1387:Blue dwarf
1242:Technetium
1158:Hypergiant
1136:Supergiant
705:2008-08-28
651:2008-08-28
633:References
621:2022-04-06
562:2203.13376
555:(4): 183.
495:1801.09650
488:(2): L26.
397:Berdyugina
152:G–K dwarfs
147:magnitudes
2099:Brightest
1997:Magnitude
1977:Pole star
1898:Symbiotic
1893:Eclipsing
1825:Starlight
1626:Structure
1616:Supernova
1609:Micronova
1604:Recurrent
1589:Symbiotic
1574:p-process
1569:r-process
1564:s-process
1554:O burning
1544:C burning
1524:CNO cycle
1467:Gravastar
1003:Hypernova
993:Supernova
968:Dredge-up
941:Blue loop
934:super-AGB
917:Red clump
894:Evolution
852:Protostar
832:Accretion
824:Formation
597:247613714
589:0004-6256
530:119358595
522:2041-8213
463:118626420
455:0004-6361
430:0911.4862
373:0004-637X
348:1307.8128
341:(1): 54.
301:235286160
277:(1): 54.
204:HD 166620
200:51 Pegasi
158:Lifetimes
24:phenomena
20:Starspots
2278:Category
2173:Remnants
2069:Extremes
2029:Parallax
2002:Apparent
1992:Asterism
1970:Sunlight
1920:Globular
1905:Multiple
1830:Variable
1820:Rotation
1780:Dynamics
1671:Starspot
1345:Magnetar
1288:Remnants
1104:Subgiant
1077:Subdwarf
929:post-AGB
700:54791515
381:36615256
28:sunspots
2245:Gravity
2194:Related
2114:Nearest
2062:Chinese
1910:Cluster
1883:Contact
1720:Proplyd
1594:Remnant
1482:Blitzar
1456:Hawking
1412:Strange
1362:Burster
1318:Neutron
1271:Extreme
1222:He-weak
867:T Tauri
751:Bibcode
678:Bibcode
567:Bibcode
500:Bibcode
435:Bibcode
353:Bibcode
320:AASnova
279:Bibcode
139:kelvins
2235:Galaxy
2223:Planet
2211:Desert
2119:bright
2057:Arabic
1878:Binary
1698:Bubble
1422:Planck
1397:Exotic
1333:Binary
1328:Pulsar
1266:Helium
1227:Barium
1170:Carbon
1163:Yellow
1151:Yellow
1124:Yellow
963:PG1159
722:
698:
595:
587:
528:
520:
461:
453:
379:
371:
299:
217:RS CVn
184:binary
2240:Guest
2044:Lists
1925:Super
1579:Fusor
1452:Black
1437:Quark
1417:Preon
1402:Boson
1338:X-ray
1254:Shell
1207:Ap/Bp
1109:Giant
1027:Early
973:OH/IR
803:Stars
696:S2CID
676:: 8.
593:S2CID
557:arXiv
526:S2CID
490:arXiv
459:S2CID
425:arXiv
377:S2CID
343:arXiv
297:S2CID
223:Notes
113:giant
1915:Open
1810:Mass
1634:Core
1584:Nova
1477:Iron
1427:Dark
1237:Lead
1217:HgMn
1212:CEMP
1141:Blue
1114:Blue
1032:Late
814:List
720:ISBN
585:ISSN
518:ISSN
451:ISSN
369:ISSN
111:For
104:For
85:and
2216:Sub
1950:Sun
1369:SGR
1146:Red
1119:Red
759:doi
686:doi
575:doi
553:163
508:doi
486:863
443:doi
421:508
361:doi
339:775
287:doi
275:913
154:).
61:.
32:Sun
2307::
1249:Be
1202:Am
1185:CH
1180:CN
1099:OB
1094:WR
757:.
747:17
745:.
741:.
694:.
684:.
668:.
664:.
644:.
613:.
591:.
583:.
573:.
565:.
551:.
547:.
524:.
516:.
506:.
498:.
484:.
480:.
457:.
449:.
441:.
433:.
419:.
415:.
389:^
375:.
367:.
359:.
351:.
337:.
318:.
295:.
285:.
273:.
267:.
249:.
206:.
118:-
1442:Q
1261:B
1175:S
1087:B
1082:O
1070:M
1065:K
1060:G
1055:F
1050:A
1045:B
1040:O
795:e
788:t
781:v
767:.
761::
753::
708:.
688::
680::
670:2
654:.
624:.
599:.
577::
569::
559::
532:.
510::
502::
492::
465:.
445::
437::
427::
383:.
363::
355::
345::
322:.
303:.
289::
281::
68:)
64:(
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