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one on prokaryotic hosts (1984) and one on eukaryotic hosts (1988). Licenses were granted non-exclusively for "a moderate fee". Four hundred seventy-eight companies took out licenses, making it one of the university's top five revenue earners. Thousands of products have been developed on the basis of the Boyer-Cohen patents. The Boyer-Cohen patents however were controversial due to its scope as they laid claim to the fundamental technology of gene splicing, and led to many challenges to the validity of the patents in the 1980s. The patents were unusual in that they dominated almost all other patents in the field of molecular biotechnology, and in no other industry have there been patents that had such an all-embracing impact. It also made other universities around the world become aware of the commercial value of the scientific work by their academic staff.
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511:. Upon losing a long court battle, Cohen was found guilty of "a species of actual fraud and ... deceit", and he admitted to providing wrong testimony in court, although he was not found guilty of intentionally misleading investors. The drug developed by Cohen had been withdrawn by the FDA in 1976, for its potentially lethal side effects, having led to the loss of limbs and death in some cases. As reparations, Cohen paid $ 29.2 million in damages.
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Cohen and Boyer were not initially interested in filing patents on their work. In 1974 they agreed to file a joint patent application, administered through
Stanford, and benefiting both universities. Three patents were eventually granted for the Boyer-Cohen process, one on the actual process (1980),
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of the DNA segments aligned themselves and were afterwards joined using DNA ligase. The plasmids were then transferred into a strain of E. coli and plated onto a growth medium containing tetracycline. The cells that incorporated the plasmid carrying the tetracycline resistance gene grew and formed a
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in 1976, as well as later reports and recommendations. Cohen supported the
Baltimore-Campbell proposal, arguing that recommended containment levels for certain types of research should be lowered on the grounds that little risk was involved, and that the proposal should be "a non-regulating code of
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in 1975, and was reportedly uncomfortable with the process and tone of the meeting. He was vocal in the recombinant DNA controversy as the United States government attempted to develop policies for DNA research. Government efforts resulted in the creation of the
Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee
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This collaboration, in particular the 1973 publication of "Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro" by Cohen, Chang, Boyer and
Helling, is considered a landmark in the development of methods to combine and transplant genes. Not only were different plasmids from E. coli
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During the 1970s and 1980s, Cohen was an active proponent of the potential benefits of DNA technology. He was a signatory of the "Berg letter" in 1974, which called for a voluntary moratorium on some types of research pending an evaluation of risk. He also attended the
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Today, Cohen is a professor of genetics and medicine at
Stanford, where he works on a variety of scientific problems involving cell growth and development, including mechanisms of plasmid inheritance and evolution. He has continued to study plasmid involvement in
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in 1980 for "his imaginative and persevering studies of bacterial plasmids, for discovering new opportunities for manipulating and investigating the genetics of cells, and for establishing the biological promise of recombinant DNA methodology."
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and a gene for tetracycline resistance. The restriction enzyme EcoRI was used to cut the frog DNA into small segments. Next, the frog DNA fragments were combined with the plasmid, which had also been cleaved with EcoRI. The
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Committee on the
Independent Review and Assessment of the Activities of the NIH Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Institute of Medicine; Lenzi RN, Altevogt BM, Gostin LO, editors.
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were the first scientists to transplant genes from one living organism to another, a fundamental discovery for genetical engineering. Thousands of products have been developed on the basis of their work, including
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colony of bacteria. Some of these colonies consisted of cells that carried the frog ribosomal RNA gene. The scientists then tested the colonies that formed after growth for the presence of frog ribosomal RNA.
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283:. At a conference on plasmids in 1972, he met Herbert W. Boyer and discovered that their interests and research were complementary. Plasmids were sent back and forth between Stanley Cohen,
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and declined to join. In 2022, Cohen was found guilty of having committed fraud in misleading investors into a biotechnology company he founded in 2016, and paid $ 29 million in damages.
188:, "Cohen's DNA cloning technology has helped biologists in virtually every field". Without it, "the face of biomedicine and biotechnology would look totally different." Boyer cofounded
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successfully joined and inserted back into E. coli cells, but those cells replicated and carried forward the new genetic information. Subsequent experiments that transferred
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in 1968. He was appointed as a professor of medicine in 1975, and as a professor of genetics in 1977. In 1993, he became the Kwoh-Ting Li professor of genetics.
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which can "jump" between strains of bacteria. He has developed techniques for studying the behavior of genes in eukaryotic cells using "reporter genes".
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1552:"Analysis of mammalian cell genetic regulation in situ by using retrovirus-derived "portable exons" carrying the Escherichia coli lacZ gene"
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1105:"Genome Construction Between Bacterial Species In Vitro: Replication and Expression of Staphylococcus Plasmid Genes in Escherichia coli"
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In 2018, Cohen was sued by
Christopher Alafi for misleading investors in the biotechnology company Nuredis, and hiding details of the
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plasmid genes into E. coli demonstrated that genes could be transplanted between species. These discoveries signaled the birth of
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1396:. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2014 Mar 27. B, Historical and Policy Timelines for Recombinant DNA Technology.
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could be transferred into bacterial cells and expressed by them. First they developed a chemical cell transformation method for
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Oversight and Review of
Clinical Gene Transfer Protocols: Assessing the Role of the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee
1924:"President Bush awards National Medal of Technology to UC San Francisco's Herbert Boyer and Stanford's Stanley Cohen"
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Paths to innovation : discovering recombinant DNA, oncogenes, and prions in one medical school, over one decade
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295:. The Stanford researchers isolated the plasmids, and sent them to the San Francisco team, who cut them using the
236:, he decided to combine basic research with a clinical practice. In 1967 he was a postdoctoral researcher at the
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302:. The fragments were analyzed and sent back to Stanford, where Cohen's team joined them and introduced them into
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1611:"Nonchromosomal antibiotic resistance in bacteria: Genetic transformation of Escherichia coli by R-factor DNA"
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Economics, Law and
Intellectual Property Seeking Strategies for Research and Teaching in a Developing Field
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School of
Medicine in 1960. Cohen then held internships and fellowships at various institutions, including
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655:"Stanley N. Cohen SCIENCE, BIOTECHNOLOGY, and RECOMBINANT DNA: A PERSONAL HISTORY (Oral history)"
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2026:"An Essay on Prize One in Life Science and Medicine 2004: Stanely N Cohen & Herbert W Boyer"
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1166:"1980 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award Cloning genes by recombinant DNA technology"
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In 1976, Cohen co-authored a proposal for uniform nomenclature for bacterial plasmids (with
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Novick, Richard P.; Clowes, R C; Cohen, S N; Curtiss, 3rd, R; Datta, N; Falkow, S (1976).
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Berg, Paul; Baltimore, David; Boyer, Herbert W.; Cohen, Stanley N.; et al. (1974).
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346:). From 1978 to 1986, Cohen served as chair of the Department of Genetics at Stanford.
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1898:"The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details, Stanley N. Cohen"
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1670:"Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro"
1020:"Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro"
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in 1976 based on their work together, but Cohen was a consultant for
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Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
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1974:"Innovators Cohen, Fogarty to enter National Inventors Hall of Fame"
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Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer made what would be one of the first
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Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
1762:(5th ed.). Blackwell Scientific Publishing. pp. 56–57.
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1774:"Stanford prof pays investors in defunct biotech Nuredis $ 29m"
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431:“Mechanism of Recombination, 3D animation with basic narration“
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Cohen, SN; Chang, AC; Boyer, HW; Helling, RB (November 1973).
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Stanley Norman Cohen's genetic engineering laboratory, 1973 -
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368:. In particular, he studies mobile genetic elements such as
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679:"Stanford School of Medicine Profiles: Stanley N. Cohen, MD"
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1848:"Stanley N. Cohen Winner of Wolf Prize in Medicine - 1981"
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Brenner, D. G.; Lin-Chao, S.; Cohen, S. N. (1 July 1989).
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
2127:, Stanford Historical Society Oral History Program, 1995.
2075:"$ 2.8 million raised at 2009 Double Helix Medals dinner"
1192:"Uniform Nomenclature for Bacterial Plasmids: A Proposal"
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1355:. Berkeley, CA: Machine Intelligence Research Institute.
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The Asilomar Conference: A Case Study in Risk Mitigation
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in Life Science and Medicine (shared with Herbert Boyer)
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National Institute for Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases
2001:"Early genetics discovery wins Cohen the Albany Prize"
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Cohen, S.; Chang, A.; Boyer, H.; Helling, R. (1973).
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Koonin, Eugene V.; Krupovic, Mart (January 1, 2015).
1733:. San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. p.
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with a B.S. in 1956, and received his M.D. from the
1727:Thieman, William J.; Palladino, Michael A. (2004).
1288:"Potential Biohazards of Recombinant DNA Molecules"
865:
Troublemakers : Silicon Valley's Coming of Age
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443:experiments, in 1973. They demonstrated that the
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5546:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
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413:Electron micrograph of a bacterial DNA plasmid,
287:, and others at Stanford, and Herbert Boyer and
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1556:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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743:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
507:disapproval of a drug Cohen had discovered for
473:. This plasmid contained a single site for the
7048:Stanford University School of Medicine faculty
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1497:Guilfoile, Patrick G.; Alcamo, Edward (2006).
1103:Chang, Annie C. Y.; Cohen, Stanley N. (1974).
528:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
320:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
7063:Members of the American Philosophical Society
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1432:Cohen, Stanley N.; Shapiro, James A. (1980).
915:"Stanford professor pays $ 29M in fraud case"
807:. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 162–166.
739:"DNA cloning: A personal view after 40 years"
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415:“Medal of Science 50 Videos -- Stanley Cohen”
272:At Stanford he began to explore the field of
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1826:. Vol. 1. Singapore: World Scientific.
1609:Cohen, S. N.; Chang, A. C.; Hsu, L. (1972).
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7073:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
1238:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
967:"Biography 34: Stan Norman Cohen (1935 - )"
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706:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 47–49.
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896:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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36:
19:For other people named Stanley Cohen, see
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163:(born February 17, 1935) is an American
7028:National Medal of Technology recipients
3525:
3247:United States National Medal of Science
1921:
1915:
1873:"National Medal Winner - Stanley Cohen"
1720:
1543:
1425:
1070:
993:"Herbert W. Boyer and Stanley N. Cohen"
985:
868:(1st ed.). New York. p. 199.
293:University of California, San Francisco
6975:
1821:
1815:
1517:
1413:. National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
1365:
1359:
1246:
1183:
1155:
858:
835:
833:
831:
652:
615:
352:Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA
169:Stanford University School of Medicine
167:and the Kwoh-Ting Li Professor in the
6075:
6074:
5544:
4954:
4468:
3524:
3260:
3219:
2575:
2134:
2067:
1998:
1992:
1345:
1339:
1258:. London: Europa. 2003. p. 340.
1096:
959:
736:
699:
643:
498:
261:Cohen discussing his life and career.
1922:Sanders, Robert (October 18, 1989).
1279:
953:World of Microbiology and Immunology
909:
907:
839:
693:
7033:People from Perth Amboy, New Jersey
7023:National Medal of Science laureates
2089:
1890:
1751:
1076:
828:
600:Biotechnology Industry Organization
386:National Museum of American History
357:Recombinant DNA research guidelines
238:Albert Einstein College of Medicine
13:
2125:Oral History with Stanley N. Cohen
2081:. 12 November 2009. Archived from
737:Cohen, S. N. (16 September 2013).
626:"Autobiography of Stanley N Cohen"
14:
7084:
2118:
1949:"Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen"
1461:10.1038/scientificamerican0280-40
1170:Albert And Mary Lasker Foundation
904:
375:
7058:Wolf Prize in Medicine laureates
1824:Wolf prize in medicine 1978-2008
1802:The National Academy of Sciences
1255:The international who's who 2004
840:Wang, Bruce (10 November 1999).
425:
408:
399:
2043:
1766:
1760:Principles of Gene Manipulation
1661:
1602:
1434:"Transposable Genetic Elements"
1407:Office of the Director (1976).
1384:
973:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
842:"Cohen: DNA genius on the Farm"
564:National Inventors Hall of Fame
16:American geneticist (born 1935)
2097:"Biotechnology Heritage Award"
1208:10.1128/MMBR.40.1.168-189.1976
852:
584:American Philosophical Society
21:Stanley Cohen (disambiguation)
1:
4469:
3262:Behavioral and social science
2079:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
1999:Adams, Amy (April 28, 2004).
1730:Introduction to biotechnology
1500:Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
848:. Vol. 216, no. 38.
801:Granstrand, Ove, ed. (2003).
681:. Stanford School of Medicine
609:
199:
1315:10.1126/science.185.4148.303
949:"Cohen, Stanley N. (1935- )"
653:Hughes, Sally Smith (1995).
604:Chemical Heritage Foundation
596:Biotechnology Heritage Award
547:National Medal of Technology
522:National Academy of Sciences
265:Cohen joined the faculty of
232:. During a residency at the
184:. According to immunologist
7:
1902:National Science Foundation
1503:. New York: Chelsea House.
572:(shared with Herbert Boyer)
570:Albany Medical Center Prize
419:National Science Foundation
10:
7089:
7068:21st-century American Jews
7003:Jewish American scientists
6998:Physicians from California
6150:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
489:
461:, then they constructed a
214:University of Pennsylvania
90:University of Pennsylvania
42:Stanley Norman Cohen, 2016
18:
7043:Rutgers University alumni
6912:
6761:
6610:
6431:
6237:
6085:
6081:
6070:
6004:
5906:
5795:
5706:
5627:
5555:
5551:
5540:
5497:
5406:
5298:
5189:
5125:William Hayward Pickering
5070:
4965:
4961:
4950:
4876:
4768:
4622:
4498:
4479:
4475:
4464:
4375:
4184:
3998:
3816:
3672:
3535:
3531:
3520:
3477:
3418:
3330:
3290:
3271:
3267:
3256:
3030:
2811:
2610:
2518:
2435:
2366:
2299:
2208:
2169:
2101:Science History Institute
1758:R.W. Old; S.B. Primrose.
1366:Bourne, Henry R. (2011).
997:Science History Institute
955:. Encyclopedia.com. 2003.
540:National Medal of Science
514:
424:
407:
398:
393:
243:
154:
144:
134:
124:
117:
108:National Medal of Science
103:
95:
81:
71:
47:
35:
28:
6574:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
6020:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
3651:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
226:Duke University Hospital
5885:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
3803:George Ledyard Stebbins
3724:James Augustine Shannon
3098:Demetrios Christodoulou
2939:Everett Peter Greenberg
1695:10.1073/pnas.70.11.3240
1577:10.1073/pnas.86.14.5517
1196:Bacteriological Reviews
1045:10.1073/pnas.70.11.3240
764:10.1073/pnas.1313397110
664:. Berkeley, California.
355:and the publication of
206:Perth Amboy, New Jersey
65:Perth Amboy, New Jersey
6342:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
6329:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
5285:Harry George Drickamer
5231:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
4905:M. Frederick Hawthorne
4779:John D. Baldeschwieler
4019:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
3701:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
2540:Lynne Elizabeth Maquat
2526:Emmanuelle Charpentier
2163:Wolf Prize in Medicine
1636:10.1073/pnas.69.8.2110
1130:10.1073/pnas.71.4.1030
534:Wolf Prize in Medicine
388:
262:
230:Durham, North Carolina
112:Wolf Prize in Medicine
6933:Sylvester James Gates
6319:William Alfred Fowler
6301:Robert Rathbun Wilson
6114:Robert Burns Woodward
4926:Geraldine L. Richmond
4674:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
3957:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
3886:Vernon B. Mountcastle
3742:Sterling B. Hendricks
3559:Marshall W. Nirenberg
3554:Theodosius Dobzhansky
3402:William Julius Wilson
2802:Shrinivas R. Kulkarni
1822:Gurdon, John (2012).
1346:Grace, Katja (2015).
553:) from President Bush
542:from President Reagan
465:, which would be the
433:, DNA Learning Center
383:
366:antibiotic resistance
260:
171:. Stanley Cohen and
6988:American geneticists
6904:Warren M. Washington
6868:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
6777:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
6722:Martin Schwarzschild
6503:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
6495:J. Robert Schrieffer
6465:E. Margaret Burbidge
6309:Nicolaas Bloembergen
6286:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
6165:Vladimir K. Zworykin
5917:John Griggs Thompson
5840:Martin David Kruskal
5680:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
5153:Erwin Wilhelm MĂĽller
5107:Ralph Brazelton Peck
5062:Jack St. Clair Kilby
4989:John Robinson Pierce
4956:Engineering sciences
4887:Jacqueline K. Barton
4742:George M. Whitesides
4661:Dudley R. Herschbach
4599:Richard B. Bernstein
4568:Walter H. Stockmayer
4116:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
4047:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
3937:Stanley Norman Cohen
3924:Rita Levi-Montalcini
3760:Keith Roberts Porter
3623:Alfred H. Sturtevant
3618:Michael Heidelberger
3590:Fritz Albert Lipmann
2861:Keith H. S. Campbell
2821:Stanley Norman Cohen
2378:Alexander Varshavsky
2280:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
2240:Jean-Pierre Changeux
2234:Stanley Norman Cohen
2055:search.amphilsoc.org
2051:"APS Member History"
1077:Kiermer, Veronique.
703:A to Z of biologists
700:Yount, Lisa (2003).
582:2006 elected to the
520:1979 elected to the
509:Huntington's disease
360:standard practice."
218:Mount Sinai Hospital
208:. He graduated from
178:human growth hormone
161:Stanley Norman Cohen
30:Stanley Norman Cohen
6954:Shirley Ann Jackson
6873:Charles P. Slichter
6717:Marshall Rosenbluth
6709:Wallace S. Broecker
6662:Eugene M. Shoemaker
6423:Victor F. Weisskopf
6370:Herbert S. Gutowsky
6352:Edgar Bright Wilson
6193:George Kistiakowsky
5811:Stephen Cole Kleene
5322:George H. Heilmeier
5309:Mildred Dresselhaus
5200:Edward H. Heinemann
5130:Frederick E. Terman
5094:Richard T. Whitcomb
5015:Clarence L. Johnson
4976:Theodore von Kármán
4863:Stephen J. Benkovic
4842:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
4829:Marvin H. Caruthers
4784:Ralph F. Hirschmann
4724:Darleane C. Hoffman
4614:Harden M. McConnell
4555:Frank H. Westheimer
4367:Stanley B. Prusiner
4331:Robert J. Lefkowitz
4090:Howard Martin Temin
3947:Maurice R. Hilleman
3942:Joseph L. Goldstein
3881:Donald A. Henderson
3798:Earl Reece Stadtman
3783:Elizabeth C. Crosby
3747:Orville Alvin Vogel
3577:Donald D. Van Slyke
3526:Biological sciences
3164:Alexander Beilinson
3102:Richard S. Hamilton
2772:Chryssa Kouveliotou
2509:Jeffrey M. Friedman
2335:Stanley B. Prusiner
1686:1973PNAS...70.3240C
1627:1972PNAS...69.2110C
1568:1989PNAS...86.5517B
1526:"A Movable Defense"
1453:1980SciAm.242b..40C
1441:Scientific American
1307:1974Sci...185..303B
1121:1974PNAS...71.1030C
1036:1973PNAS...70.3240C
971:DNA Learning Center
755:2013PNAS..11015521C
749:(39): 15521–15529.
441:genetic engineering
316:genetic engineering
267:Stanford University
222:Ann Arbor, Michigan
182:hepatitis B vaccine
139:Stanford University
7008:Lemelson–MIT Prize
6826:G. Brent Dalrymple
6644:Arthur L. Schawlow
6551:James A. Van Allen
6442:Philip W. Anderson
6398:Richard P. Feynman
6324:Linus Carl Pauling
5959:Dennis P. Sullivan
5516:John B. Goodenough
5449:Edwin N. Lightfoot
5417:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
5398:Kenneth N. Stevens
5166:Raymond D. Mindlin
5089:Harold E. Edgerton
4934:A. Paul Alivisatos
4813:Stephen J. Lippard
4792:Ernest R. Davidson
4729:Harold S. Johnston
4563:William S. Johnson
4527:George C. Pimentel
4362:Susan L. Lindquist
4344:Francis S. Collins
4238:Victor A. McKusick
4213:Francisco J. Ayala
4195:Nancy C. Andreasen
4145:Robert A. Weinberg
3919:Har Gobind Khorana
3904:Michael E. DeBakey
3891:George Emil Palade
3863:Wendell L. Roelofs
3853:Howard L. Bachrach
3683:Barbara McClintock
3585:Edward F. Knipling
3174:Jean-Michel Bismut
2901:Franz-Ulrich Hartl
2724:William J. Borucki
2487:Jeffrey V. Ravetch
2408:Alexander Levitzki
2329:Yasutomi Nishizuka
2230:Barbara McClintock
1798:"Stanley N. Cohen"
846:The Stanford Daily
590:Double Helix Medal
558:Lemelson–MIT Prize
499:Nuredis fraud case
475:restriction enzyme
389:
297:restriction enzyme
263:
210:Rutgers University
204:Cohen was born in
99:Joanna Lucy Wolter
86:Rutgers University
6993:Jewish biologists
6970:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6899:Esther M. Conwell
6839:Robert N. Clayton
6831:Riccardo Giacconi
6795:Raymond Davis Jr.
6683:Albert Overhauser
6626:Edwin M. McMillan
6587:Arnold O. Beckman
6564:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
6541:Paul C. Lauterbur
6518:Robert Hofstadter
6470:Maurice Goldhaber
6457:Charles H. Townes
6408:Edward M. Purcell
6375:Frederick Rossini
6229:Wolfgang Panofsky
6160:John H. Van Vleck
6076:Physical sciences
6066:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6028:Solomon W. Golomb
5988:Andrew J. Viterbi
5983:Leonard Kleinrock
5930:Calyampudi R. Rao
5898:Ronald R. Coifman
5806:George F. Carrier
5787:Donald C. Spencer
5782:Saunders Mac Lane
5717:Marshall H. Stone
5667:Shiing-Shen Chern
5574:Solomon Lefschetz
5536:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5473:David J. Wineland
5441:John M. Prausnitz
5382:C. Kumar N. Patel
5377:James L. Flanagan
5345:John Roy Whinnery
5332:H. Guyford Stever
5314:Nick Holonyak Jr.
5277:George W. Housner
5272:Willis M. Hawkins
5267:Daniel C. Drucker
5249:Robert Byron Bird
5241:Bernard M. Oliver
5148:Peter C. Goldmark
5135:Wernher von Braun
5081:George E. Mueller
5054:Nathan M. Newmark
5049:J. Presper Eckert
5028:Claude E. Shannon
4997:Charles S. Draper
4946:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4913:Judith P. Klinman
4797:Gábor A. Somorjai
4708:Isabella L. Karle
4695:George S. Hammond
4656:Gertrude B. Elion
4609:Rudolph A. Marcus
4460:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4386:Ralph L. Brinster
4305:Torsten N. Wiesel
4282:Norman E. Borlaug
4269:Solomon H. Snyder
4264:J. Michael Bishop
4223:Mario R. Capecchi
4103:Salome G. Waelsch
4034:E. Donnall Thomas
3909:Theodor O. Diener
3808:Paul Alfred Weiss
3636:Bernard B. Brodie
3572:George G. Simpson
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3461:Michael I. Posner
3362:Eleanor J. Gibson
3314:George J. Stigler
3282:Neal Elgar Miller
3213:
3212:
3194:Vladimir Drinfeld
3040:Shiing-Shen Chern
2997:Paul A. Negulescu
2905:Arthur L. Horwich
2778:Lennart Lindegren
2710:Daniel Eisenstein
2569:
2568:
2550:Daniel J. Drucker
2412:Anthony R. Hunter
2384:Ralph L. Brinster
2266:Pedro Cuatrecasas
2254:Donald F. Steiner
2244:Solomon H. Snyder
2199:Oleh Hornykiewicz
2161:Laureates of the
1833:978-981-4291-73-6
1680:(11): 3240–3244.
1562:(14): 5517–5521.
1083:NATURE Milestones
875:978-1-4516-5150-8
814:978-1-4757-3750-9
437:
436:
328:Royston C. Clowes
289:Robert B. Helling
285:Annie C. Y. Chang
258:
194:Cetus Corporation
158:
157:
145:Doctoral students
119:Scientific career
58:February 17, 1935
7080:
6782:Gilbert F. White
6727:George Wetherill
6621:Allan M. Cormack
6579:Jack Steinberger
6559:D. Allan Bromley
6508:H. Richard Crane
6485:Frederick Reines
6475:Helmut Landsberg
6390:George Uhlenbeck
6291:Vladimir Haensel
6253:Allan R. Sandage
6224:Herbert C. Brown
6206:Herbert Friedman
6132:Leon M. Lederman
6104:Julian Schwinger
6083:
6082:
6072:
6071:
6041:Alexandre Chorin
6015:Richard A. Tapia
5996:David B. Mumford
5824:Alberto CalderĂłn
5769:Joseph B. Keller
5756:Michael Freedman
5725:Herman Goldstine
5579:H. Marston Morse
5553:
5552:
5542:
5541:
5481:Rudolf E. Kálmán
5465:Robert S. Langer
5457:Jan D. Achenbach
5290:Herbert E. Grier
5041:Igor I. Sikorsky
5002:Othmar H. Ammann
4963:
4962:
4952:
4951:
4918:Jerrold Meinwald
4687:Norman Hackerman
4666:Glenn T. Seaborg
4581:William O. Baker
4509:F. Albert Cotton
4477:
4476:
4466:
4465:
4443:Mary-Claire King
4336:Bert W. O'Malley
4292:Thomas E. Starzl
4287:Phillip A. Sharp
4274:Charles Yanofsky
4256:Evelyn M. Witkin
4251:James E. Darnell
4077:Paul C. Zamecnik
4042:Mary Ellen Avery
4014:Herbert W. Boyer
4009:Baruj Benacerraf
3980:Joshua Lederberg
3970:Viktor Hamburger
3932:Michael S. Brown
3778:Robert H. Burris
3533:
3532:
3522:
3521:
3469:Mortimer Mishkin
3394:William K. Estes
3378:Roger N. Shepard
3370:Robert K. Merton
3354:George A. Miller
3301:Herbert A. Simon
3269:
3268:
3258:
3257:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3158:Michel Talagrand
3108:Maxim Kontsevich
3062:Robert Langlands
3001:Michael J. Welsh
2965:Mary-Claire King
2919:Michael W. Young
2891:Ruslan Medzhitov
2875:Jeffrey Friedman
2851:Robert Lefkowitz
2839:Michael Berridge
2796:Maura McLaughlin
2782:Michael Perryman
2596:
2589:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2560:José-Alain Sahel
2503:James P. Allison
2493:Lewis C. Cantley
2483:Philippa Marrack
2325:Michael Berridge
2155:
2148:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1919:
1913:
1912:
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1908:
1894:
1888:
1887:
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1869:
1863:
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1844:
1838:
1837:
1819:
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1812:
1810:
1808:
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1785:
1784:
1770:
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1763:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1697:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1638:
1621:(8): 2110–2114.
1606:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1521:
1515:
1514:
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1423:
1422:
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1404:
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1388:
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1326:
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1219:
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1180:
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1162:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1132:
1115:(4): 1030–1034.
1100:
1094:
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1091:
1089:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1015:
1009:
1008:
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1004:
989:
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978:
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945:
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922:
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901:
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856:
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849:
837:
826:
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776:
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734:
725:
724:
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697:
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690:
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650:
641:
640:
638:
636:
622:
459:Escherichia coli
429:
428:
412:
411:
403:
391:
390:
304:Escherichia coli
259:
61:
57:
55:
40:
26:
25:
7088:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7077:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6958:
6946:Sean C. Solomon
6908:
6860:Daniel Kleppner
6852:Lonnie Thompson
6847:Ralph A. Alpher
6813:W. Jason Morgan
6800:Charles Keeling
6790:Marvin L. Cohen
6757:
6740:John N. Bahcall
6735:Don L. Anderson
6701:Peter Goldreich
6654:Steven Weinberg
6606:
6536:Walter Elsasser
6513:Herman Feshbach
6427:
6365:Samuel Goudsmit
6357:Chien-Shiung Wu
6296:Frederick Seitz
6263:John A. Wheeler
6248:Robert H. Dicke
6233:
6096:Luis W. Alvarez
6077:
6058:
6046:David Blackwell
6000:
5951:Carl R. de Boor
5922:Karen Uhlenbeck
5902:
5856:Louis Nirenberg
5791:
5764:Ralph E. Gomory
5702:
5698:Donald E. Knuth
5685:Hassler Whitney
5623:
5547:
5528:
5493:
5425:Andreas Acrivos
5402:
5390:Eli Ruckenstein
5369:Hermann A. Haus
5340:Calvin F. Quate
5327:Luna B. Leopold
5294:
5185:
5171:Robert N. Noyce
5161:Emmett N. Leith
5120:Manson Benedict
5102:Rudolf Kompfner
5066:
5020:Warren K. Lewis
4957:
4938:
4872:
4834:Peter B. Dervan
4805:John I. Brauman
4764:
4716:Norman Davidson
4643:John D. Roberts
4618:
4586:Konrad E. Bloch
4532:Richard N. Zare
4494:
4471:
4452:
4409:Sallie Chisholm
4391:Rudolf Jaenisch
4371:
4354:J. Craig Venter
4313:Rita R. Colwell
4180:
4166:David Baltimore
4057:Robert W. Kates
4029:David G. Nathan
4024:Edward B. Lewis
3994:
3990:Harland G. Wood
3985:Roger W. Sperry
3840:Glenn W. Burton
3812:
3788:Arthur Kornberg
3755:Roger Guillemin
3732:Hallowell Davis
3696:Daniel I. Arnon
3688:Albert B. Sabin
3668:
3641:Detlev W. Bronk
3613:Harry F. Harlow
3608:Kenneth S. Cole
3595:William C. Rose
3567:Francis P. Rous
3527:
3508:
3473:
3453:Gordon H. Bower
3414:
3410:Robert M. Solow
3326:
3322:Milton Friedman
3286:
3263:
3252:
3244:
3214:
3209:
3188:Ehud Hrushovski
3152:Luis Caffarelli
3086:Clifford Taubes
3082:Simon Donaldson
3072:Vladimir Arnold
3032:
3026:
3017:Stuart H. Orkin
2977:Gero Miesenböck
2915:Michael Rosbash
2911:Jeffrey C. Hall
2871:Douglas Coleman
2865:Shinya Yamanaka
2813:
2807:
2762:Roger Blandford
2756:Edward C. Stone
2750:Jean-Loup Puget
2718:John A. Peacock
2690:David C. Jewitt
2666:Charles Bennett
2654:Reinhard Genzel
2648:Peter Goldreich
2634:Saul Perlmutter
2606:
2600:
2570:
2565:
2530:Jennifer Doudna
2514:
2465:Nahum Sonenberg
2459:Ronald M. Evans
2453:Rudolf Jaenisch
2449:Shinya Yamanaka
2431:
2398:Robert Weinberg
2392:Oliver Smithies
2362:
2295:
2290:Edward B. Lewis
2224:James L. Gowans
2204:
2185:Jon J. van Rood
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2085:on 2 June 2016.
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82:Alma mater
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5935:Elias M. Stein
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5877:Shing-Tung Yau
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5730:Isadore Singer
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5693:Joseph L. Doob
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5672:George Dantzig
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5662:John W. Backus
5659:
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5648:
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5638:Richard Brauer
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5619:William Feller
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5608:
5605:
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5589:
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5576:
5571:
5568:
5566:Norbert Wiener
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5205:Donald L. Katz
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4868:Marye Anne Fox
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4821:Tobin J. Marks
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4750:Stuart A. Rice
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4682:Donald J. Cram
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3130:Henryk Iwaniec
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3120:George Lusztig
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2955:Ian R. Gibbons
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573:
566:
560:
554:
543:
536:
530:
524:
516:
513:
500:
497:
491:
488:
435:
434:
422:
421:
405:
404:
396:
395:
377:
374:
344:Richard Novick
340:Stanley Falkow
312:Staphylococcus
245:
242:
201:
198:
156:
155:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
115:
114:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7085:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7013:Living people
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6886:James E. Gunn
6884:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6818:Edward Witten
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6636:Roger Revelle
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6603:
6602:Henry Stommel
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6592:Eugene Parker
6590:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6452:Edward Teller
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6418:Lyman Spitzer
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6337:Hans A. Bethe
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6281:Maurice Ewing
6279:
6277:
6276:Carl Djerassi
6274:
6271:
6269:
6268:Saul Winstein
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6216:Eugene Wigner
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6201:Paul Bartlett
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6188:Louis Hammett
6186:
6184:
6183:Gregory Breit
6181:
6179:
6178:Francis Birch
6176:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6137:William Rubey
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6069:
6055:
6054:Michael Artin
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6003:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5967:Bradley Efron
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5893:Felix Browder
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5869:Stephen Smale
5867:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5816:John McCarthy
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5777:Samuel Karlin
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5587:Oscar Zariski
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5539:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5361:Ray W. Clough
5359:
5356:
5354:
5353:Alfred Y. Cho
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:John G. Trump
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5036:Edwin H. Land
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:Vannevar Bush
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4953:
4949:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4900:Allen J. Bard
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4855:JoAnne Stubbe
4853:
4851:
4850:Joanna Fowler
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4760:Susan Solomon
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4604:Melvin Calvin
4602:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4545:Yuan Tseh Lee
4543:
4541:
4540:Harry B. Gray
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4514:Gilbert Stork
4512:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4463:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:Bruce Alberts
4420:
4418:
4417:May Berenbaum
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4323:Lubert Stryer
4321:
4319:
4318:Nina Fedoroff
4316:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4300:Anthony Fauci
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:Harold Varmus
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4176:Lynn Margulis
4174:
4172:
4171:Jared Diamond
4169:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Thomas Eisner
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Maxine Singer
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:Paul A. Marks
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3876:Stanley Cohen
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:Efraim Racker
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:James V. Neel
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:Horace Barker
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Sewall Wright
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3519:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3488:Anne Treisman
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Kenneth Arrow
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3309:Anne Anastasi
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3168:David Kazhdan
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3146:Claire Voisin
3143:
3140:
3137:
3136:Nigel Hitchin
3134:
3131:
3127:
3126:Gerd Faltings
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3092:Jean Bourgain
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3052:David Mumford
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3022:
3018:
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2895:Bruce Beutler
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2825:Herbert Boyer
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2700:Steven Balbus
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2674:David Spergel
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2473:Victor Ambros
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2374:Avram Hershko
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2319:Judah Folkman
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2276:Henri G. Hers
2274:
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2103:. 31 May 2016
2102:
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2006:
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1744:9780805348255
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1530:The Scientist
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1377:9780983463924
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1301:(4148): 303.
1300:
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1265:9781857432176
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551:Herbert Boyer
549:(shared with
548:
544:
541:
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531:
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186:Hugh McDevitt
183:
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174:
173:Herbert Boyer
170:
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153:
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98:
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91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
66:
60:(age 89)
50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
22:
6928:Sandra Faber
6923:Sidney Drell
6753:Leo Kadanoff
6748:James Cronin
6696:Hans Dehmelt
6631:Robert Pound
6597:Robert Sharp
6413:John Sinfelt
6380:Verner Suomi
6347:Lewis Sarett
6211:Lars Onsager
6155:Henry Eyring
6122:John Bardeen
5864:Richard Karp
5832:Allen Newell
5611:Jerzy Neyman
5236:Tung-Yen Lin
5213:Bill Hewlett
5143:Morris Cohen
4737:John W. Cahn
4638:Karl Folkers
4399:Lucy Shapiro
4349:Elaine Fuchs
4228:Ann Graybiel
4158:Janet Rowley
4140:James Watson
4132:Ruth Patrick
3975:Philip Leder
3936:
3845:Mildred Cohn
3793:Severo Ochoa
3770:E. O. Wilson
3204:Peter Sarnak
3178:Jeff Cheeger
3142:János Kollár
3114:David Donoho
3046:Andrew Wiles
3031:Mathematical
2991:Scott D. Emr
2929:Peter Walter
2881:David Julius
2833:Richard Doll
2829:Yuet-Wai Kan
2820:
2814:and medicine
2812:Life science
2738:Rainer Weiss
2680:Enrico Costa
2628:Michel Mayor
2556:Botond Roska
2479:John Kappler
2443:Axel Ullrich
2426:Aharon Razin
2422:Howard Cedar
2347:Michael Sela
2341:Mary F. Lyon
2270:Meir Wilchek
2233:
2191:Roger Sperry
2181:Jean Dausset
2177:George Snell
2105:. Retrieved
2100:
2091:
2083:the original
2078:
2069:
2058:. Retrieved
2054:
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1977:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1953:Lemelson-MIT
1952:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1901:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1851:
1842:
1823:
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1778:pharmaphorum
1777:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1729:
1722:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:
1519:
1499:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1447:(2): 40–49.
1444:
1440:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1409:
1402:
1392:
1386:
1367:
1361:
1348:
1341:
1298:
1294:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1254:
1248:
1234:cite journal
1199:
1195:
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1169:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:
1072:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
996:
987:
975:. Retrieved
970:
961:
952:
919:. Retrieved
917:. 2022-12-21
864:
854:
845:
818:. Retrieved
803:
746:
742:
717:. Retrieved
702:
695:
685:November 17,
683:. Retrieved
661:
633:. Retrieved
629:
502:
493:
438:
362:
356:
348:
325:
308:
271:
264:
203:
160:
159:
135:Institutions
118:
6983:1935 births
6881:Berni Alder
6688:Frank Press
6569:Walter Kohn
6546:George Pake
6480:Walter Munk
6403:Herman Mark
6385:Henry Taube
6173:Jesse Beams
6127:Peter Debye
6109:Harold Urey
6033:Barry Mazur
5595:John Milnor
5489:Amnon Yariv
5433:Leo Beranek
5259:Ernst Weber
5112:Abel Wolman
4703:Thomas Cech
4633:Elkan Blout
4573:Max Tishler
4490:Roger Adams
4448:Simon Levin
3914:Harry Eagle
3737:Paul Gyorgy
3429:Gary Becker
3011:Eva Nogales
2985:Georg Nagel
2971:Maria Jasin
2959:Ronald Vale
2949:Huda Zoghbi
2945:Adrian Bird
2744:Simon White
2618:Jim Peebles
2536:Joan Steitz
2469:Gary Ruvkun
2416:Tony Pawson
2357:Eric Kandel
2286:John Gurdon
999:. June 2016
598:, from the
483:sticky ends
370:transposons
336:Naomi Datta
332:Roy Curtiss
281:antibiotics
72:Nationality
6977:Categories
6675:Vera Rubin
6314:Paul Flory
5975:Hyman Bass
5848:John Cocke
5751:Raoul Bott
5654:Kurt Gödel
5646:John Tukey
5603:Paul Cohen
5218:George Low
5181:Simon Ramo
4404:Leroy Hood
4205:Carl Woese
4153:Bruce Ames
3664:Ernst Mayr
3056:Wentsun Wu
2857:Ian Wilmut
2734:Kip Thorne
2714:Shaun Cole
2670:Lyman Page
2638:Adam Riess
2603:Shaw Prize
2351:Ruth Arnon
2060:2021-05-24
2030:Shaw Prize
1783:2023-04-16
921:2023-04-16
884:1008569018
630:Shaw Prize
610:References
577:Shaw Prize
200:Early life
165:geneticist
54:1935-02-17
6670:Val Fitch
5738:Peter Lax
5508:Shu Chien
4755:John Ross
4470:Chemistry
3858:Paul Berg
3250:laureates
3184:Noga Alon
2660:Frank Shu
2611:Astronomy
2605:laureates
2220:Leo Sachs
1928:UCSF News
892:cite book
469:, called
452:ribosomal
274:bacterial
190:Genentech
6649:Ed Stone
3646:Jay Lush
2694:Jane Luu
2394:(2002/3)
2343:(1996/7)
2337:(1995/6)
2331:(1994/5)
2256:(1984/5)
2107:22 March
1003:21 March
862:(2017).
783:24043817
277:plasmids
129:Genetics
76:American
3033:science
1714:4594039
1682:Bibcode
1655:4559594
1623:Bibcode
1596:2501787
1564:Bibcode
1477:6562135
1469:6246575
1449:Bibcode
1333:4600381
1303:Bibcode
1295:Science
1226:1267736
1149:4598290
1117:Bibcode
1064:4594039
1032:Bibcode
774:3785787
751:Bibcode
490:Patents
463:plasmid
291:at the
3206:(2024)
3200:(2023)
3190:(2022)
3180:(2021)
3170:(2020)
3160:(2019)
3154:(2018)
3148:(2017)
3138:(2016)
3132:(2015)
3122:(2014)
3116:(2013)
3110:(2012)
3104:(2011)
3094:(2010)
3088:(2009)
3078:(2008)
3068:(2007)
3058:(2006)
3048:(2005)
3042:(2004)
3023:(2024)
3013:(2023)
3003:(2022)
2993:(2021)
2987:(2020)
2973:(2019)
2967:(2018)
2961:(2017)
2951:(2016)
2941:(2015)
2931:(2014)
2921:(2013)
2907:(2012)
2897:(2011)
2883:(2010)
2877:(2009)
2867:(2008)
2853:(2007)
2847:(2006)
2841:(2005)
2835:(2004)
2804:(2024)
2798:(2023)
2784:(2022)
2774:(2021)
2764:(2020)
2758:(2019)
2752:(2018)
2746:(2017)
2740:(2016)
2726:(2015)
2720:(2014)
2706:(2013)
2696:(2012)
2686:(2011)
2676:(2010)
2662:(2009)
2656:(2008)
2650:(2007)
2644:(2006)
2630:(2005)
2620:(2004)
2562:(2024)
2552:(2023)
2546:(2021)
2532:(2020)
2511:(2019)
2505:(2017)
2499:(2016)
2489:(2015)
2475:(2014)
2461:(2012)
2455:(2011)
2445:(2010)
2428:(2008)
2418:(2005)
2404:(2004)
2380:(2001)
2359:(1999)
2353:(1998)
2321:(1992)
2315:(1991)
2309:(1990)
2292:(1989)
2282:(1988)
2272:(1987)
2262:(1986)
2250:(1982)
2236:(1981)
2226:(1980)
2201:(1979)
2187:(1978)
1830:
1741:
1712:
1705:427208
1702:
1653:
1646:426879
1643:
1594:
1587:297654
1584:
1507:
1475:
1467:
1374:
1331:
1324:388511
1321:
1262:
1224:
1217:413948
1214:
1147:
1140:388155
1137:
1062:
1055:427208
1052:
882:
872:
811:
781:
771:
710:
515:Awards
471:pSC101
467:vector
244:Career
224:, and
125:Fields
104:Awards
96:Spouse
6913:2010s
6762:2000s
6611:1990s
6432:1980s
6238:1970s
6086:1960s
6005:2010s
5907:2000s
5796:1990s
5707:1980s
5628:1970s
5556:1960s
5498:2010s
5407:2000s
5299:1990s
5190:1980s
5071:1970s
4966:1960s
4877:2010s
4769:2000s
4623:1990s
4499:1980s
4480:1960s
4376:2010s
4185:2000s
3999:1990s
3817:1980s
3673:1970s
3536:1960s
3478:2010s
3419:2000s
3331:1990s
3291:1980s
3272:1960s
2519:2020s
2436:2010s
2367:2000s
2300:1990s
2209:1980s
2170:1970s
2035:5 May
2010:5 May
1984:4 May
1958:5 May
1933:5 May
1907:5 May
1882:5 May
1857:5 May
1807:5 May
1535:6 May
1482:6 May
1473:S2CID
1437:(PDF)
1417:6 May
1353:(PDF)
1291:(PDF)
1271:6 May
1175:5 May
1088:5 May
977:6 May
820:6 May
719:4 May
658:(PDF)
635:5 May
594:2016
588:2009
575:2004
568:2004
562:2001
556:1996
545:1989
538:1988
532:1981
526:1980
478:EcoRI
334:III,
300:EcoRI
6950:2014
6937:2012
6919:2011
6890:2009
6877:2008
6864:2007
6856:2006
6843:2005
6835:2004
6822:2003
6804:2002
6786:2001
6768:2000
6744:1999
6731:1998
6713:1997
6705:1996
6692:1995
6679:1994
6666:1993
6658:1992
6640:1991
6617:1990
6583:1989
6555:1988
6527:1987
6499:1986
6461:1983
6438:1982
6394:1979
6361:1976
6333:1975
6305:1974
6272:1973
6244:1970
6220:1969
6197:1968
6169:1967
6141:1966
6118:1965
6100:1964
6092:1963
6050:2013
6037:2012
6024:2011
6011:2010
5992:2009
5979:2007
5971:2006
5963:2005
5955:2004
5947:2003
5939:2002
5926:2001
5913:2000
5889:1999
5881:1998
5873:1997
5860:1996
5852:1995
5844:1994
5836:1993
5828:1992
5820:1991
5802:1990
5773:1989
5760:1988
5747:1987
5734:1986
5721:1983
5713:1982
5689:1979
5676:1976
5658:1975
5650:1974
5642:1973
5634:1970
5615:1969
5607:1968
5599:1967
5591:1966
5583:1965
5570:1964
5562:1963
5520:2012
5512:2011
5504:2010
5485:2009
5477:2008
5469:2007
5461:2006
5453:2005
5445:2004
5437:2003
5429:2002
5421:2001
5413:2000
5394:1999
5386:1998
5373:1996
5365:1995
5357:1994
5349:1993
5336:1992
5318:1991
5305:1990
5281:1989
5263:1988
5245:1987
5227:1986
5209:1983
5196:1982
5157:1979
5139:1976
5116:1975
5098:1974
5085:1973
5077:1970
5058:1969
5045:1968
5032:1967
5024:1966
5006:1965
4993:1964
4980:1963
4972:1962
4930:2014
4922:2013
4909:2012
4896:2011
4883:2010
4859:2009
4846:2008
4838:2007
4825:2006
4817:2005
4809:2004
4801:2002
4788:2001
4775:2000
4746:1999
4733:1998
4720:1997
4712:1996
4699:1995
4691:1994
4678:1993
4670:1992
4647:1991
4629:1990
4595:1989
4577:1988
4559:1987
4536:1986
4518:1983
4505:1982
4486:1964
4434:2014
4426:2013
4413:2012
4395:2011
4382:2010
4358:2009
4340:2008
4327:2007
4309:2006
4296:2005
4278:2004
4260:2003
4247:2002
4209:2001
4191:2000
4162:1999
4149:1998
4136:1997
4128:1996
4120:1995
4107:1994
4094:1993
4081:1992
4038:1991
4005:1990
3961:1989
3928:1988
3900:1987
3872:1986
3849:1983
3831:1982
3823:1981
3774:1979
3751:1976
3728:1975
3705:1974
3692:1973
3679:1970
3655:1969
3627:1968
3604:1967
3581:1966
3563:1965
3550:1964
3542:1963
3500:2015
3492:2014
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