Windsor Castle - Knowledge

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Spicerie Gatehouse and the Kitchen Gatehouse. The Spicerie Gatehouse was the main entrance into the palace, while the Kitchen Gatehouse simply led into the kitchen courtyard. The great hall had numerous large windows looking out across the ward. The range had an unusual, unified roof-line and, with a taller roof than the rest of the palace, would have been highly distinctive. The Rose Tower, designed for the king's private use, set off the west corner of the range. The result was a "great and apparently architecturally unified palace ... uniform in all sorts of ways, as to roof line, window heights, cornice line, floor and ceiling heights". With the exception of the Hall, Chapel and the Great Chamber, the new interiors all shared a similar height and width. The defensive features, however, were primarily for show, possibly to provide a backdrop for jousting between the two-halves of the Order of the Garter.

790: 866: 1789: 2290: 915: 1982: 1639: 2190:, George attempted to "transform the exterior of the buildings in the Upper Ward into a Gothic palace, while retaining the character of the Hugh May state rooms". The outside of the building was restyled with Gothic features, including new battlements and turrets. Inside, conservation work was undertaken, and several new rooms constructed, including a new Gothic staircase to replace May's 17th-century version, complete with the Grand Vestibule ceiling above it. New paintings were purchased for the castle, and collections from other royal palaces moved there by the king. The cost of the work came to over £150,000 (£100 million in 2008 terms). The king undertook extensive work in the castle's Great Park as well, laying out the new Norfolk and Flemish farms, creating two dairies and restoring 1851: 1532: 967: 1050: 1832:

North Wharf into a permanent, huge stone terrace, complete with statues, carvings and an octagonal, outdoor banqueting house, raising the western end of the terrace to provide more privacy. The chapel was refitted with stalls, a gallery and a new ceiling. A bridge was built over the ditch to the south of the castle to enable easier access to the park. Elizabeth built a gallery range of buildings on the west end of the Upper Ward, alongside Henry VII's tower. Elizabeth increasingly used the castle for diplomatic engagements, but space continued to prove a challenge as the property was simply not as large as the more modern royal palaces. This flow of foreign visitors was captured for the queen's entertainment in

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repairing the castle so as to incorporate modern designs. The decision was taken to largely follow the pre-fire architecture with some changes to reflect modern tastes and cost, but fresh questions emerged over whether the restoration should be undertaken to "authentic" or "equivalent" restoration standards. Modern methods were used at Windsor to reproduce the equivalent pre-fire appearance, partially due to the cost. The restoration programme was completed in 1997 at a total cost of £37 million (£67 million in 2015 terms).

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that one of the spotlights being used in the work set fire to a curtain by the altar during the morning. The fire spread quickly and destroyed nine of the principal state rooms and severely damaged more than 100 others. Fire-fighters applied water to contain the blaze, while castle staff attempted to rescue the precious artworks from the castle. Many of the rooms closest to the fire had been emptied as part of the renovation work, and this contributed to the successful evacuation of most of the collection.

1555:. As part of this process Edward decided to rebuild Windsor Castle, in particular Henry III's palace, in an attempt to construct a castle that would be symbolic of royal power and chivalry. Edward was influenced both by the military successes of his grandfather, Edward I, and by the decline of royal authority under his father, Edward II, and aimed to produce an innovative, "self-consciously aesthetic, muscled, martial architecture". 2876: 2727:. In terms of population, Windsor Castle is the largest inhabited castle in the world and the longest-occupied palace in Europe, but it also remains a functioning royal home. As of 2006, around 500 people were living and working in the castle. Elizabeth II had increasingly used the castle as a royal palace as well as her weekend home before her death. In recent years, Windsor Castle has hosted visits from 1523:"one of the high-water marks of English medieval art". The conversion cost more than £10,000. The result was to create a division in the castle between a more private Upper Ward and a Lower Ward devoted to the public face of the monarchy. Little further building was carried out at the castle during the 13th century; the Great Hall in the Lower Ward was destroyed by fire in 1296, but it was not rebuilt. 117: 1506:, who further strengthened the defences. The walls of the Lower Ward were rebuilt in stone, complete with a gatehouse in the location of the future Henry VIII Gate, between 1224 and 1230. Three new towers, the Curfew, Garter and the Salisbury towers, were constructed. The Middle Ward was heavily reinforced with a southern stone wall, protected by the new Edward III and Henry III towers at each end. 2628:

decorated", a "gradual attrition of the original vibrancy of effect, as each change repeated a more faded version of the last". A programme of repair work to replace the heating and the wiring of the Upper Ward began in 1988. Work was also undertaken to underpin the motte of the Round Tower after fresh subsidence was detected in 1988, threatening the collapse of the tower.

2286:, have criticised Wyatville's work as representing an act of vandalism of May's earlier designs. The work was unfinished at the time of George IV's death in 1830, but was broadly completed by Wyatville's death in 1840. The total expenditure on the castle had soared to the colossal sum of over one million pounds (£817 million in 2008 terms) by the end of the project. 1687:, born at Windsor Castle and known as Henry of Windsor, became king at the young age of nine months. His long period of minority, coupled with the increasing tensions between Henry's Lancastrian supporters and the Yorkists, distracted attention from Windsor. The Garter Feasts and other ceremonial activities at the castle became more infrequent and less well attended. 1293: 1444:

beginning to appear in the stonework of the south side. Henry replaced the keep with another stone shell keep and chemise wall, but moved the walls in from the edge of the motte to relieve the pressure on the mound, and added massive foundations along the south side to provide additional support. Inside the castle Henry remodelled the royal accommodation.

1514:, Henry built a luxurious palace in 1240–1263, based around a court along the north side of the Upper Ward. This was intended primarily for the queen and Henry's children. In the Lower Ward, the king ordered the construction of a range of buildings for his own use along the south wall, including a 70 ft (21 m) long chapel, later called the 1943:, a prominent Royalist general, attempted to relieve Windsor Castle that November. Rupert's small force of cavalry was able to take the town of Windsor, but was unable to overcome the walls at Windsor Castle – in due course, Rupert was forced to retreat. Over the winter of 1642–1643, Windsor Castle was converted into the headquarters for the 2516:, who had a strong interest in furniture and decoration. Mary sought out and re-acquired items of furniture that had been lost or sold from the castle, including many dispersed by Edward VII, and also acquired many new works of art to furnish the state rooms. Queen Mary was also a lover of all things miniature, and a famous 2670:

declared extinguished the next morning. Along with the fire and smoke damage, one of the unintended effects of the fire-fighting was the considerable water damage to the castle; more than 1.5 million gallons of water were used to extinguish it, which in many ways caused more complex restoration problems than the fire.

1009:. The style comprises "the rather stripped, cool and systematic coherence of modernism sewn into a reinterpretation of the Gothic tradition". Downes argues that the style avoids "florid decoration", emphasising an organic, flowing Gothic structure. Three new rooms were built or remodelled by Downes at Windsor. Downes' new 1386:, or bluff, rising 100 ft (30 m) above the river. A second wooden bailey was constructed to the east of the keep, forming the later Upper Ward. By the end of the century, another bailey had been constructed to the west, creating the basic shape of the modern castle. In design, Windsor most closely resembled 935:

room, restored after the fire, includes a huge French Rococo ceiling, characterised by Ian Constantinides, the lead restorer, as possessing a "coarseness of form and crudeness of hand ... completely overshadowed by the sheer spectacular effect when you are at a distance". The room is set off by a set of restored

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create a more dramatic appearance; many of the rooms in the State Apartments were rebuilt or remodelled; numerous new towers were created, much higher than the older versions. The south range of the ward was rebuilt to provide private accommodation for the king, away from the state rooms. The statue of

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style to England at Carlton House, preferred a blend of periods and styles, and applied this taste to Windsor. The terraces were closed off to visitors for greater privacy and the exterior of the Upper Ward was completely remodelled into its current appearance. The Round Tower was raised in height to

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During the Interregnum, however, squatters had occupied Windsor Castle. As a result, the "King's house was a wreck; the fanatic, the pilferer, and the squatter, having been at work ... Paupers had squatted in many of the towers and cabinets". Shortly after returning to England, Charles appointed

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into a proposed shrine to Henry VI, whose canonisation was then considered imminent. In the event, Henry VI was not canonised and the project was abandoned, although the shrine continued to attract a flood of pilgrims. Henry VII appears to have remodelled the King's Chamber in the palace, and had the

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Edward built further luxurious, self-contained lodgings for his court around the east and south edges of the Upper Ward, creating the modern shape of the quadrangle. The Norman gate was built to secure the west entrance to the Ward. In the Lower Ward, the chapel was enlarged and remodelled with grand

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in Paris in size and quality. Henry repaired the Great Hall that lay along the north side of the Lower Ward, and enlarged it with a new kitchen and built a covered walkway between the Hall and the kitchen. Henry's work was characterised by the religious overtones of the rich decorations, which formed

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The ground floor of the State Apartments retains various famous medieval features. The 14th-century Great Undercroft still survives, some 193 feet (59 m) long by 31 feet (9.4 m) wide, divided into 13 bays. At the time of the 1992 fire, the Undercroft had been divided into smaller rooms; the

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A handful of rooms in the modern State Apartments reflect either 18th-century or Victorian Gothic design. The State Dining Room, for example, whose current design originates from the 1850s but which was badly damaged during the 1992 fire, is restored to its appearance in the 1920s, before the removal

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lived for safety in the castle, with the roof above their rooms specially strengthened in case of attack. The king and queen drove daily to London, returning to Windsor to sleep, although at the time this was a well-kept secret, as for propaganda and morale purposes it was reported that the king was

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had caused extensive damage to the royal palaces in England. At the same time the shifting "functional requirements, patterns of movement, modes of transport, aesthetic taste and standards of comfort" among royal circles was changing the qualities being sought in a successful palace. Windsor was the

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Henry rebuilt the principal castle gateway in about 1510 and constructed a tennis court at the base of the motte in the Upper Ward. He also built a long terrace, called the North Wharf, along the outside wall of the Upper Ward; constructed of wood, it was designed to provide a commanding view of the

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Windsor Castle's position on top of steep ground has meant that the castle's gardens are limited in scale. The castle gardens stretch east from the Upper Ward across a 19th-century terrace. Windsor Castle is surrounded by extensive parkland. The immediate area stretching to the east of the castle is

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The Upper Ward of Windsor Castle comprises a number of major buildings enclosed by the upper bailey wall, forming a central quadrangle. The State Apartments run along the north of the ward, with a range of buildings along the east wall, and the private royal apartments and the King George IV Gate to

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On the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 the castle was readied for war-time conditions. Many of the staff from Buckingham Palace were moved to Windsor for safety, security was tightened and windows were blacked-out. There was significant concern that the castle might be damaged or destroyed

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came to the throne in 1901 and immediately set about modernising Windsor Castle with "enthusiasm and zest". Many of the rooms in the Upper Ward were de-cluttered and redecorated for the first time in many years, with Edward "peering into cabinets; ransacking drawers; clearing rooms formerly used by

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of the period. Indeed, it has been argued that Windsor reached its social peak during the Victorian era, seeing the introduction of invitations to numerous prominent figures to "dine and sleep" at the castle. Victoria took a close interest in the details of how Windsor Castle was run, including the

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to expand out into the North Terrace, rebuilding and widening it in the process. This new building was called the Star Building, because Charles II placed a huge gilt Garter star on the side of it. May took down and rebuilt the walls of Edward III's hall and chapel, incorporating larger windows but

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meanings. Restored or replaced after the fire, these trophies are famous for their "vitality, precision and three-dimensional quality", and were originally brought from Carlton House in 1826, some being originally imported from France and others carved by Edward Wyatt. The soft furnishings of these

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On 20 November 1992, a major fire occurred at Windsor Castle, lasting for 15 hours and causing widespread damage to the Upper Ward. The Private Chapel in the north-east corner of the State Apartments was being renovated as part of a long term programme of work within the castle, and it is believed

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and furnished by leading craftsmen and designers of the 1930s. George V was committed to maintaining a high standard of court life at Windsor Castle, adopting the motto that everything was to be "of the best". A large staff was still kept at the castle, with around 660 servants working in the

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court. Charles attempted to restock Windsor Great Park with deer brought over from Germany, but the herds never recovered their pre-war size. Rupert created apartments for himself in the Round Tower, decorated with an "extraordinary" number of weapons and armour, with his inner chambers "hung with

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converted much of this into an Italian Renaissance design, before Wolsey's fall from power brought an end to the project, with contemporaries estimating that around £60,000 (£295 million in 2008 terms) had been spent on the work. Henry continued the project, but it remained unfinished when he

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in 1475, resulting in the dismantling of several of the older buildings in the Lower Ward. By building the grand chapel Edward was seeking to show that his new dynasty were the permanent rulers of England, and may also have been attempting to deliberately rival the similar chapel that Henry VI had

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Edward's new palace consisted of three courts along the north side of the Upper Ward, called Little Cloister, King's Cloister and the Kitchen Court. At the front of the palace lay the St George's Hall range, which combined a new hall and a new chapel. This range had two symmetrical gatehouses, the

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and Gothic design generating "a sense that a theatrical performance is being put on here", despite late 20th century efforts to expose more of the older structures to increase the sense of authenticity. Although there has been some criticism, the castle's architecture and history lends it a "place

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in style. Looting began immediately: Edward IV's bejewelled coat of mail was stolen; the chapel's organs, windows and books destroyed; the Lady Chapel was emptied of valuables, including the component parts of Henry VIII's unfinished tomb. By the end of the war, some 3,580 ounces (101 kg) of

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cannons were purchased for the castle's defence. It became one of her favourite locations and she spent more money on the property than on any of her other palaces. She conducted some modest building works at Windsor, including a wide range of repairs to the existing structures. She converted the

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enjoyed Windsor Castle, as a young man "exercising himself daily in shooting, singing, dancing, wrestling, casting of the bar, playing at the recorders, flute, virginals, in setting of songs and making of ballads". The tradition of the Garter Feasts was maintained and became more extravagant; the

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was born at Windsor Castle and used it extensively throughout his reign. In 1344 the king announced the foundation of the new Order of the Round Table at the castle. Edward began to construct a new building in the castle to host this order, but it was never finished. Chroniclers described it as a

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The Queen's Drawing Room, Queen's Ballroom, Queen's Audience Chamber, Queen's Presence Chamber, Queen's Guard Chamber, King's Presence Chamber, King's Audience Room, King's Drawing Chamber and King's Dining Chamber residing in May's 17th-century structure; Wyatville transformed the layout of the

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to the public at selected times of the year, and by introducing new charges for public access to the parkland surrounding Windsor. The second major issue concerned how to repair the castle. Some suggested that the damaged rooms should be restored to their original appearance, but others favoured

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assisted in the design of the Queen's Private Audience Chamber in the south range. Blore and Salvin also did extensive work in the Lower Ward, under the direction of Prince Albert, including the Hundred Steps leading down into Windsor town, rebuilding the Garter, Curfew and Salisbury towers, the

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in overall charge of the rebuilding and design of the new castle and while work was ongoing Edward stayed in temporary accommodation in the Round Tower. Between 1350 and 1377 Edward spent £51,000 on renovating Windsor Castle; this was the largest amount spent by any English medieval monarch on a

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or France, are in fact 19th-century imitations in plasterwork and wood, designed to blend with original elements. The Grand Reception Room is the most prominent of these Rococo designs, 100 feet (30 m) long and 40 feet (12 m) tall and occupying the site of Edward III's great hall. This

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and their two children took up residence. By the early 1990s, however, there had been a marked deterioration in the quality of the Upper Ward, in particular the State Apartments. Generations of repairs and replacements had resulted in a "diminution of the richness with which they had first been

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after Albert's death and instead used Windsor Castle as her residence when conducting official business near London. Towards the end of her reign, plays, operas, and other entertainments slowly began to be held at the castle again, accommodating both the Queen's desire for entertainment and her

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was already living in it and refused to move out. Instead, George had to move into the Upper Lodge, later called the Queen's Lodge, and started the long process of renovating the castle and the surrounding parks. Initially the atmosphere at the castle remained very informal, with local children

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came to the throne in 1154 and built extensively at Windsor between 1165 and 1179. Henry replaced the wooden palisade surrounding the upper ward with a stone wall interspersed with square towers and built the first King's Gate. The first stone keep was suffering from subsidence, and cracks were

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movement of the late 18th century. Archaeological and restoration work following the 1992 fire has shown the extent to which the current structure represents a survival of elements from the original 12th-century stone walls onwards, presented within the context of Wyatville's final remodelling.

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The fire spread through the roof voids and efforts continued through the night to contain the blaze, at great risk to the 200 fire-fighters involved. It was not until late afternoon that the blaze began to come under control, although the fire continued during the night before being officially

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when he was staying at the castle. The result became an "exemplar" for royal buildings for the next twenty-five years. The result of May's work showed a medievalist leaning; although sometimes criticised for its "dullness", May's reconstruction was both sympathetic to the existing castle and a

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disliked Windsor Castle. Edward's Protestant beliefs led him to simplify the Garter ceremonies, to discontinue the annual Feast of the Garter at Windsor and to remove any signs of Catholic practices with the Order. During the rebellions and political strife of 1549, Windsor was again used as a

852:, originally started at the castle in the 17th century to give stonework from disparate periods a similar appearance. The skyline of the Upper Ward is designed to be dramatic when seen from a distance or silhouetted against the horizon, an image of tall towers and battlements influenced by the 2384:, preferring candles; electric lighting was only installed in limited parts of the castle at the end of her reign. Indeed, the castle was famously cold and draughty in Victoria's reign, but it was connected to a nearby reservoir, with water reliably piped into the interior for the first time. 1575:. Windsor Castle was already a substantial building before Edward began expanding it, making the investment all the more impressive, and much of the expenditure was lavished on rich furnishings. The castle was "the most expensive secular building project of the entire Middle Ages in England". 1100:

at the end of the 18th century, and are decorated with a unique set of brass plates showing the arms of the Knights of the Garter over the last six centuries. On the west side, the chapel has a grand Victorian door and staircase, used on ceremonial occasions. The east stained glass window is

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The interior of the State Apartments was mostly designed by Wyatville in the early 19th century. Wyatville intended each room to illustrate a particular architectural style and to display the matching furnishings and fine arts of the period. With some alterations over the years, this concept

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in places. Many of the rooms on the eastern end of the castle had to be restored following the 1992 fire, using "equivalent restoration" methods – the rooms were restored so as to appear similar to their original appearance, but using modern materials and concealing modern structural

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moved into Windsor in November and decided to try Charles for treason. Charles was held at Windsor again for the last three weeks of his reign; after his execution in January 1649, his body was taken back to Windsor that night through a snowstorm, to be interred without ceremony in the

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took control of Windsor Castle with twelve companies of foot soldiers to protect the route along the Thames river, becoming the governor of the castle for the duration of the war. The contents of St George's Chapel were both valuable and, to many Parliamentary forces, inappropriately

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The South Wing of the Upper Ward; the Official Entrance to the State Apartments is on the left, the monarch's entrance to private apartments is left-centre in the corner, and the gateway near centre leads to the Long Walk in the Home Park. A statue of Charles II on horseback is at

2407:. These changes allowed the royal family to undertake the enclosure of a large area of parkland to form the private "Home Park" with no public roads passing through it. The Queen granted additional rights for public access to the remainder of the park as part of this arrangement. 1817:, some limited building work continued at the castle, in many cases using resources recovered from the English abbeys. Water was piped into the Upper Ward to create a fountain. Mary also expanded the buildings used by the Knights of Windsor in the Lower Ward, using stone from 2056:. At Windsor, Charles created "the most extravagantly Baroque interiors ever executed in England". Much of the building work was paid for out of increased royal revenues from Ireland during the 1670s. French court etiquette at the time required a substantial number of 2685:

on grounds of economy. At the time of the fire, however, the British press strongly argued in favour of the Queen herself being required to pay for the repairs from her private income. A solution was found in which the restoration work would be paid for by opening

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features reinvented in a modern style. Since the 14th century, architecture at the castle has attempted to produce a contemporary reinterpretation of older fashions and traditions, repeatedly imitating outmoded or even antiquated styles. As a result, architect Sir

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has continued, following on from limited investigations in the 1970s, the work on the Round Tower from 1988 to 1992 and the investigations following the 1992 fire. During 2007, 993,000 tourists visited the castle. This has had to be achieved in co-ordination with

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styles, but the king came to favour a more Gothic style, both as a consequence of the Palladian style becoming overused and poorly implemented, and because the Gothic form had come to be seen as a more honest, national style of English design in the light of the

770:, due to the shape and structure of the motte beneath it. The current height of the tower has been criticised as being disproportionate to its width; archaeologist Tim Tatton-Brown, for example, has described it as a mutilation of the earlier medieval structure. 2808:

On Christmas Day 2021, while Queen Elizabeth was staying at Windsor Castle, 19-year-old Jaswant Singh Chail broke into the gardens using a rope ladder and carrying a crossbow. Before he could enter any buildings Chail was arrested and later sectioned under the

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Traditionally the Upper Ward was judged to be "to all intents and purposes a nineteenth century creation ... the image of what the early nineteenth-century thought a castle should be", as a result of the extensive redesign of the castle by Wyatville under

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Windsor Castle grounds cover 13 acres (5.3 hectares) and combines the features of a fortification, a palace, and a small town. The present-day castle was created during a sequence of phased building projects, culminating in the reconstruction work after a

959:. The Queen's Presence Chamber, the Queen's Audience Chamber and the King's Dining Room are designed in a Baroque, Franco-Italian style, characterised by "gilded interiors enriched with florid murals", first introduced to England between 1648 and 1650 at 3044:

This resulted in a change to the official distance to the race; the previous length of a marathon had been around 24 miles; since 1908, the distance has been set at 26 miles and 385 yards, the distance between Windsor Castle and the main

2928:"Authentic restoration" involves using original materials and methods; "equivalent restoration", as at Windsor, can integrate modern "fire compartmentation, service ducting, hygienic materials and strengthened floors", provided they cannot be seen. 1041:, although the floor remains artificially raised for convenience of use. The "beautifully vaulted" 14th-century Larderie passage runs alongside the Kitchen Courtyard and is decorated with carved royal roses, marking its construction by Edward III. 2210:

at Kew, where he temporarily recovered. After relapses in 1801 and 1804, his condition became enduring from 1810 onwards and he was confined in the State Apartments of Windsor Castle, with building work on the castle ceasing the following year.

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with a small staff in what became known as 'HMS Bubble' – a jocular reference to the UK Government's rules on household support 'bubbles' during the pandemic. The pandemic also meant that they celebrated Christmas at Windsor Castle rather than

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roof of the Great Kitchen rebuilt in 1489. He also built a three-storied tower on the west end of the palace, which he used for his personal apartments. Windsor began to be used for international diplomatic events, including the grand visit of

877:, with the ground floor comprising service chambers and cellars, and the much grander first floor forming the main part of the palace. On the first floor, the layout of the western end of the State Apartments is primarily the work of architect 1981: 1721:

Henry VII made more use of Windsor. In 1488, shortly after succeeding to the throne, he held a massive feast for the Order of the Garter at the castle. He completed the roof of St George's Chapel, and set about converting the older eastern

2616:. After the war the king revived the "dine and sleep" events at Windsor, following comments that the castle had become "almost like a vast, empty museum"; nonetheless, it took many years to restore Windsor Castle to its pre-war condition. 2791:

announced a £27m project to reinstate the original entrance hall of the castle to visitors, as well as a new café in the 14th-century undercroft. The new entrance was opened at the end of 2019. From March 2020, the Queen and her husband,

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below. The design included an outside staircase into the king's apartments, which made the monarch's life more comfortable at the expense of considerably weakening the castle's defences. Early in his reign, Henry had given the eastern

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in 1606 that became infamous across Europe for the resulting drunken behaviour of the two kings. The absence of space at Windsor continued to prove problematic, with James' English and Scottish retinues often quarrelling over rooms.

2894: 1222:. These buildings originate from the 16th century and are still used by the Knights, who represent the Order of the Garter each Sunday. On the south side of the Ward is King Henry VIII's gateway, which bears the coat of arms of 963:. Verrio's paintings are "drenched in medievalist allusion" and classical images. These rooms were intended to show an innovative English "baroque fusion" of the hitherto separate arts of architecture, painting and carving. 1068:

The Lower Ward lies below and to the west of the Round Tower, reached through the Norman Gate. Originally largely of medieval design, most of the Lower Ward was renovated or reconstructed during the mid-Victorian period by

1017:; the design attempts to create an illusion of additional height through the gothic woodwork along the ceiling. The Lantern Lobby used to welcome guests features flowing oak columns forming a vaulted ceiling, imitating an 781:, traditional symbols of majesty, to form an impressive entrance to the Upper Ward. Wyatville redesigned the exterior of the gatehouse, and the interior was later heavily converted in the 19th century for residential use. 505:

went further, rebuilding the palace to make an even grander set of buildings in what would become "the most expensive secular building project of the entire Middle Ages in England". Edward's core design lasted through the

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At the end of this period Windsor Castle became a place of royal confinement. In 1788 the king first became ill during a dinner at Windsor Castle; diagnosed as suffering from madness, he was removed for a period to the

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single building operation, and over one and a half times Edward's typical annual income of £30,000. Some of the costs of the castle were paid from the results of ransoms following Edward's victories at the battles of

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has praised the State Apartments as "a superb and unrivalled sequence of rooms widely regarded as the finest and most complete expression of later Georgian taste." Others, such as architect Robin Nicolson and critic

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reversed this trend when he came to the throne in 1760. George disliked Hampton Court and was attracted by the park at Windsor Castle. George wanted to move into the Ranger's House by the castle, but his brother,

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round building, 200 ft (61 m) across, and it was probably in the centre of the Upper Ward. Shortly afterwards, Edward abandoned the new order for reasons that remain unclear, and instead established the

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Behind the Horseshoe Cloister is the Curfew Tower, one of the oldest surviving parts of the Lower Ward and dating from the 13th century. The interior of the tower contains a former dungeon, and the remnants of a

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Windsor Castle was one of Henry III's three favourite residences and he invested heavily in the royal accommodation, spending more money at Windsor than in any other of his properties. Following his marriage to

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estate. The Long Walk, a double lined avenue of trees, runs for 2.65 miles (4.26 km) south of the castle, and is 240 ft (73 m) wide. The original 17th century elms were replaced with alternating

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retaining the height and dimensions of the medieval building. Although Windsor Castle was now big enough to hold the entire court, it was not built with chambers for the King's Council, as would be found in

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production during World War II, tended in part by Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret. In 2020 it was announced that for a limited time the garden would be open to the public for the first time in 40 years.

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in the 17th century. The East Terrace has a private formal rose garden, first laid out by George IV in the 1820s. The present garden was updated by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, after it was used for

939:. Although decorated with less gold leaf than in the 1820s, the result remains "one of the greatest set-pieces of Regency decoration". The White, Green and Crimson Drawing Rooms include a total of 62 2919:

eastern end of the State Apartments, forming the Grand Reception Room, White Drawing Room, Green Drawing Room, Crimson Drawing Room, the Waterloo Chamber, State Dining Room and Octagonal Dining Room.

1025:. The result is an "extraordinary, continuous and closely moulded net of tracery", complementing the new stained glass windows commemorating the fire, designed by Joseph Nuttgen, based on an idea of 2591:

during the war; the more important art works were removed from the castle for safe-keeping, the valuable chandeliers were lowered to the floor in case of bomb damage, and a sequence of paintings by

1029:'s. The Great Kitchen, with its newly exposed 14th-century roof lantern sitting alongside Wyatville's fireplaces, chimneys and Gothic tables, is also a product of the reconstruction after the fire. 1813:. Edward famously commented while staying at Windsor Castle during this period that "Methink I am in a prison, here are no galleries, nor no gardens to walk in". Under both Edward and his sister, 926:

Wyatville's most famous work are those rooms designed in a Rococo style. These rooms take the fluid, playful aspects of this mid-18th century artistic movement, including many original pieces of

1697:, she was brought back to be detained at the castle. Edward began to revive the Order of the Garter, and held a particularly lavish feast in 1472. Edward began the construction of the present 1354:

and from the next castle, allowing for easy reinforcements in a crisis. Windsor Castle, one of this ring of fortifications, was strategically important because of its proximity to both the

773:

The western entrance to the Middle Ward is now open, and a gateway leads north from the ward onto the North Terrace. The eastern exit from the ward is guarded by the Norman Gatehouse. This

5967: 2174:

playing games inside the Upper and Lower Wards, and the royal family frequently seen as they walked around the grounds. As time went by, however, access for visitors became more limited.

1183:

heavily restored the building in 1871 and little of the original structure remains. Other ranges originally built by Edward III sit alongside the Horseshoe, featuring stone perpendicular

2619:

In February 1952, Elizabeth II came to the throne and decided to make Windsor her principal weekend retreat. The private apartments which had not been properly occupied since the era of

2238:

came to the throne in 1820 intending to create a set of royal palaces that reflected his wealth and influence as the ruler of an increasingly powerful Britain. George's previous houses,

6619: 5888: 2154:. By the 1740s, Windsor Castle had become an early tourist attraction; wealthier visitors who could afford to pay the castle keeper could enter, see curiosities such as the castle's 1888:

was a connoisseur of art, and paid greater attention to the aesthetic aspects of Windsor Castle than his predecessors. Charles had the castle completely surveyed by a team including

2673:

Two major issues for Windsor Castle emerged following the fire. The first was a political debate in Britain as to who should pay for the repairs. Traditionally, as the property of

2343:. The prince's rooms were maintained exactly as they had been at the moment of his death and Victoria kept the castle in a state of mourning for many years, becoming known as the " 1955:. Looting by the underpaid garrison continued to be a problem; 500 royal deer were killed across the Windsor Great Park during the winter, and fences were burned as firewood. 762:

by 30 feet (9.1 m) to produce a more imposing height and silhouette. The interior of the Round Tower was further redesigned in 1991–1993 to provide additional space for the

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the Prince Consort and not touched since his death; dispatching case-loads of relics and ornaments to a special room in the Round Tower ... destroying statues and busts of

2331:

minutiae of the social events. Few visitors found these occasions comfortable, both due to the design of the castle and the excessive royal formality. Prince Albert died in the

1904:

gold service for the St George's Chapel altar. In the final years of peace, Charles demolished the fountain in the Upper Ward, intending to replace it with a classical statue.

7049: 2314:

made Windsor Castle their principal royal residence, despite Victoria complaining early in her reign that the castle was "dull and tiresome" and "prison-like", and preferring

462:

as "a superb and unrivalled sequence of rooms widely regarded as the finest and most complete expression of later Georgian taste". Inside the castle walls is the 15th-century

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The State Apartments form the major part of the Upper Ward and lie along the north side of the quadrangle. The modern building follows the medieval foundations laid down by

1013:

of St George's Hall is the largest green-oak structure built since the Middle Ages, and is decorated with brightly coloured shields celebrating the heraldic element of the

1425:, took place in the castle in 1121. During this period the keep suffered a substantial collapse – archaeological evidence shows that the southern side of the motte 1005:

Some parts of the State Apartments were completely destroyed in the 1992 fire and this area was rebuilt in a style called "Downesian Gothic", named after the architect,

2162:

in 1753 and Joseph Pote in 1755. As the condition of the State Apartments continued to deteriorate, even the general public were able to regularly visit the property.

5902: 1199:, a secret exit for the occupants in a time of siege. The upper storey contains the castle bells placed there in 1478, and the castle clock of 1689. The French-style 2937:

The rooms completely or largely destroyed in the fire were St George's Hall, the Lantern Lobby, the Octagonal Dining Room, the Private Chapel, and the Great Kitchen.

1873:

used Windsor Castle primarily as a base for hunting, one of his favourite pursuits, and for socialising with his friends. Many of these occasions involved extensive

2282:

captured contemporary views when he noted that the work showed "a great deal of taste and feeling for the Gothic architecture"; many modern commentators, including

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style in 1859; the Georgian Flemish Farm rebuilt, and the Norfolk Farm renovated. The Long Walk was planted with fresh trees to replace the diseased stock. The

1167:

At the west end of the Lower Ward is the Horseshoe Cloister, originally built in 1480, near to the chapel to house its clergy. It houses the vicars-choral, or

2490: ... throwing out hundreds of 'rubbishy old coloured photographs' ... rearranging pictures". Electric lighting was added to more rooms, along with 3278: 758:, called the Round Tower, on the top of the motte is based on an original 12th-century building, extended upwards in the early 19th century under architect 2269:

was selected, and work commenced in 1824. Wyatville's own preference ran to Gothic architecture, but George, who had led the reintroduction of the French

6049: 1307:: the Lower Ward and St George's Chapel, the Middle Ward and Round Tower, the Upper Ward and East Terrace garden, with the Long Walk, lower right. The 454:(who reigned 1100–1135), it has been used by the reigning monarch and is the longest-occupied palace in Europe. The castle's lavish early 19th-century 5562: 2762:

During Elizabeth II's reign much was done, not only to restore and maintain the fabric of the building, but also to transform it into a major British

869:

The State Apartments in the Upper Ward – (l to r) King's Audience and Presence Chambers, the Official Entrance, St George's Hall, the Guest's Entrance

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Tim Tatton-Brown argues that only the initial, middle bailey was built by William I, suggesting a later construction date for the two larger baileys.

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buried nearby. The chapel is considered by historian John Robinson to be "one of the supreme achievements of English Perpendicular Gothic" design.

7039: 6964: 2170: 800: 359: 6291:

Maintaining the Occupied Royal Palaces: Twenty-fourth Report of Session 2008–09, Report, Together with Formal Minutes, Oral and Written Evidence

6066: 5959: 6984: 6083: 1422: 1093: 6545: 5879: 1988: 1735:, one of the surviving Yorkist claimants to the throne, was imprisoned at Windsor Castle during Henry's reign, before his execution in 1513. 146: 2813:. He had posted a video on the internet threatening to assassinate the Queen. Chail later admitted that his aim was to take revenge for the 2399:, passed by Parliament in 1848, permitted the closing and re-routing of the old roads which previously ran through the park from Windsor to 17: 6994: 6923: 6725: 6602: 2367:

constructing a new private chapel within the State Apartments. Salvin also rebuilt the State Dining Room following a serious fire in 1853.

1475:

undertook some building works at Windsor, but primarily to the accommodation rather than the defences. The castle played a role during the

986:'s Grand Staircase is also of mid-Victorian design in the Gothic style, rising to a double-height hall lit by an older 18th-century Gothic 6444: 6100: 2326:

and Victoria's close dynastic ties to Europe made Windsor the hub for many diplomatic and state visits, assisted by the new railways and

1502:

The damage done to the castle during the second siege was immediately repaired in 1216 and 1221 by Cigogné on behalf of John's successor

1219: 1062: 6424: 2003:

of the monarchy in 1660 saw the first period of significant change to Windsor Castle for many years. The civil war and the years of the

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at the castle on Smith's Lawn, now used as a golf-course. Edward's reign was short-lived and he broadcast his abdication speech to the

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in the castle park while he was Prince Regent, and then began a programme of work to modernise the castle itself once he became king.

7019: 6478: 2704: 1429:

by over 6 ft (2 m). Timber piles were driven in to support the motte and the old wooden keep was replaced with a new stone

777:, which, despite its name, dates from the 14th century, is heavily vaulted and decorated with carvings, including surviving medieval 6118: 5616: 6336: 3121:

The Queen spent 10 more nights at Windsor Castle than Buckingham Palace in 2011, 35 in 2012, 59 in 2013, 52 in 2014, and 71 in 2015

2863:

Windsor Castle, seen from the north; (l to r) Upper Ward, Middle Ward, Round Tower, St George's Chapel, Lower Ward and Curfew Tower

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spent much of her time at Windsor Castle and used it a safe haven in crises, "knowing it could stand a siege if need be". Ten new

6697: 6152: 2387:

Many of the changes under Victoria were to the surrounding parklands and buildings. The Royal Dairy at Frogmore was rebuilt in a

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to begin work on the Maestricht Garden beneath the North Terrace, which was never completed. Anne also created the racecourse at

396: 347: 297: 5825: 1900:

style and to construct a gateway in the North Terrace. Christian van Vianen, a noted Dutch goldsmith, was employed to produce a

6319: 2724: 2712: 2600: 2088:

to conduct a large, final classical remodelling of the Upper Ward, but the king's early death caused the plan to be cancelled.

1972: 1732: 1078: 1054: 657: 215: 6495: 6407: 2677:, Windsor Castle was maintained, and if necessary repaired, by the British government in exchange for the profits made by the 2604:

still residing full-time at Buckingham Palace. The castle was also used as a storage facility; for example, the only purified

1239:. The Home Park includes parkland and two working farms, along with many estate cottages mainly occupied by employees and the 6999: 6660: 6645: 6611: 6594: 6554: 6538: 6521: 6504: 6487: 6470: 6453: 6433: 6382: 6365: 6345: 6328: 6299: 6282: 6264: 6247: 6215: 6178: 6144: 6127: 6110: 6092: 6075: 6058: 6041: 2829: 1947:, a senior Parliamentary general. The Horseshoe Cloister was taken over as a prison for captured Royalists, and the resident 1642: 1268: 1264: 902:

improvements. These rooms were also partially redesigned at the same time to more closely match modern tastes. Art historian

799:

the south, with the Edward III Tower in the south-west corner. The motte and the Round Tower form the west edge of the ward.

766:, an additional room being built in the space left by Wyatville's originally hollow extension. The Round Tower is in reality 557:

renovated and rebuilt Charles II's palace at colossal expense, producing the current design of the state apartments, full of

463: 7014: 6974: 6954: 6314:

MacGregor, Arthur. (2009) "The Household Out of Doors: the Stuart Court and the Animal Kingdom", in Cruickshanks (ed) 2009.

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who had worked for George III; he changed his name to distinguish himself from his other relatives working in architecture.

2751:

is carried out in the presence of the monarch each year, and the annual ceremony of the Order of the Garter takes place in

1958:

In 1647 Charles, then a prisoner of Parliament, was brought to the castle for a period under arrest, before being moved to

1810: 109: 569:

made a few minor changes to the castle, which became the centre for royal entertainment for much of her reign. During the

42: 7004: 2425: 2262: 6563:

Thurley, Simon. (2009) "A Country Seat Fit For a King: Charles II, Greenwich and Winchester", in Cruickshanks (ed) 2009.

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were commissioned from 1942 to 1944 to record the castle's appearance. The king and queen and their children Princesses

6702: 6230: 2613: 2147: 1944: 908: 5517: 1479:: the castle was besieged in 1214, and John used the castle as his base during the negotiations before the signing of 7034: 6307: 6290: 2020:

in 1668. Rupert immediately began to reorder the castle's defences, repairing the Round Tower and reconstructing the

6461: 5676: 6748: 6569:

Annals of Windsor, Being a History of the Castle and Town, with some Account of Eton and Places Adjacent, Volume II

6529: 5993:

Barber, Richard (2007). "The Round Table Feast of 1344". In Munby, Julian; Barber, Richard; Brown, Richard (eds.).

2793: 2624: 2572: 2254: 1619: 971: 951:

Wyatville's design retains three rooms originally built by May in the 17th century in partnership with the painter

948:

rooms, although luxurious, are more modest than the 1820s originals, both on the grounds of modern taste and cost.

416: 6169: 2856:. The concert was attended by members of the royal family, alongside an audience of 20,000 members of the public. 2142:

rarely used Windsor either, preferring Hampton Court. Many of the apartments in the Upper Ward were given out as "

1401:

Windsor was not initially used as a royal residence. The early Norman kings preferred to use the former palace of

7029: 6989: 6979: 6636: 6512: 2752: 2517: 1698: 63: 6189: 2069:. Instead Charles took advantage of the good road links emerging around Windsor to hold his council meetings at 1652:

Windsor Castle continued to be favoured by monarchs in the 15th century, despite increasing political violence.

7024: 6568: 2530: 2380:. Windsor Castle did not benefit from many of the minor improvements of the era, however, as Victoria disliked 1383: 6014: 5672: 2981:

The interiors were approximately 22 ft 11 in (7 m) in height, and 23 ft 7 in (7.2 m) wide.

2525:

property during the period. Meanwhile, during the First World War, anti-German feeling led the members of the

1171:

of the chapel. This curved brick and timber building is said to have been designed to resemble the shape of a

1002:

as being a distinctly inferior design to the earlier staircases built on the same site by both Wyatt and May.

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rebuilt the Horseshoe Cloister in the 1870s. The Norman Gatehouse was turned into a private dwelling for Sir

1665: 789: 730: 6009:

Barnard, Toby. (2009) "The Viceregal Court in Later Seventeenth-Century Ireland", in Cruickshanks (ed) 2009.

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size of the royal retinue visiting Windsor had to be restricted because of the growing numbers. During the

1671:

By the middle of the 15th century England was increasingly divided between the rival royal factions of the

1084:

On the north side of the Lower Ward is St George's Chapel. This huge building is the spiritual home of the

903: 459: 2824:

On 7 May 2023, the lawn in the Home Park just beyond the East Terrace of the castle was the venue for the

2177:

George's architectural taste shifted over the years. As a young man, he favoured Classical, in particular

7009: 6620:

Domestic Memoirs of the Royal Family and of the Court of England, Chiefly at Shene and Richmond, Volume 2

6390: 2228: 2045: 2017: 1552: 1215: 1058: 848:. The buildings in the Upper Ward are characterised by the use of small bits of flint in the mortar for 822:, and the East Terrace, which overlooks the Home Park; both of the current terraces were constructed by 3133: 3113:"Buckingham Palace could become Queen's 'third home' as she opts for more time at Windsor and Balmoral" 2994: 2776: 2332: 2159: 2139: 2013: 1940: 1838: 1599:

in England was installed by Edward III in the Round Tower in 1354. William of Wykeham went on to build

1343: 443: 1487:

in 1215. In 1216 the castle was besieged again by baronial and French troops under the command of the

6877: 3005:'s court for his unwillingness, or inability, to pay his bills and his constant attempts to join the 2123: 1572: 886: 814:

in London, the statue was cast by Josias Ibach in 1679, with the marble plinth featuring carvings by

750:

or artificial hill in the centre of the ward. The motte is 50 feet (15 m) high and is made from

38: 6015:

Deliciæ Britannicæ; or, the Curiosities of Kensington, Hampton Court, and Windsor Castle, Delineated

1683:(1455–1485), which were fought primarily in the form of pitched battles between the rival factions. 1362:, a royal hunting preserve previously used by the Saxon kings. The nearby settlement of Clivore, or 865: 2659: 2637: 2388: 2261:

300,000 for restoration (£245 million in 2008 terms). Under the guidance of George's advisor,

1711: 919: 713: 590: 309: 6272: 5995:

Edward III's Round Table at Windsor: The House of the Round Table and the Windsor Festival of 1344

1204: 6949: 2396: 2057: 1878: 1375: 1350:

castles around London; each was a day's march – about 20 miles (32 km) – from the

436: 5903:"Man admits treason after breaking into grounds of Windsor Castle with crossbow 'to kill Queen'" 3018:

The Windsor narwhal horn had been kept since medieval times, when it was first believed to be a

7044: 6928: 6184: 5522: 3002: 2810: 2788: 2544: 2445: 2311: 2178: 2077: 2074:

deliberate attempt to create a slightly austere 17th-century version of a "neo-Norman" castle.

2049: 1962:. In 1648 there was a Royalist plan, never enacted, to seize Windsor Castle. The Parliamentary 1824: 1797: 1707: 1568: 1164:. The east door of the chapel, covered in ornamental ironwork, is the original door from 1246. 1148:, the ornate chapel features lavish decoration and works in marble, glass mosaic and bronze by 1145: 940: 721: 515: 6560:

Tatton-Brown, Tim. (2007) "Windsor Castle Before 1344", in Munby, Barber and Brown (eds) 2007.

6031: 3845: 2755:. When the Queen was in residence, the Guard Mounting ceremony occurred on a daily basis. The 2008:

only royal palace to be successfully fully modernised by Charles II in the Restoration years.

1496: 1390:, another powerful early Norman fortification, but the double bailey design was also found at 2965: 2732: 2543:

did not spend much of his reign at Windsor Castle. He continued to spend most of his time at

2494:; telephone lines were installed, along with garages for the newly invented automobiles. The 2435: 2275: 2239: 2093: 2004: 2000: 1755: 1748: 1668:

in 1417, a massive diplomatic event that stretched the castle's accommodation to its limits.

1657: 1623: 1587: 1543: 1536: 1518:. This was the grandest of the numerous chapels built for his own use, and comparable to the 1472: 931: 874: 803: 717: 538: 534: 502: 447: 2832:. It was the first open air concert to be staged at the castle and included performances by 2289: 2246:

were too small for grand court events, even after expensive extensions. George expanded the

2092:

was fond of the castle, and attempted to address the lack of a formal garden by instructing

518:

made increasing use of the castle as a royal court and centre for diplomatic entertainment.

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in 1629, but little of the recommended work was carried out. Nonetheless, Charles employed

1885: 1805: 1690: 1646: 1503: 1476: 1465: 1402: 1379: 1339: 1180: 1141: 1140:

in the 13th century and converted into the Albert Memorial Chapel between 1863 and 1873 by

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dominance around the outskirts of London and oversee a strategically important part of the

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in 1940, and most of it was sent to the castle to be stored in the basement alongside the

2219: 2207: 1626:. Richard conducted restoration work on St George's Chapel, the work being carried out by 1531: 1488: 8: 6772: 6680: 5549:

Sovereign Grant Act: Frequently Asked Questions Relating to the Act and on General Issues

3006: 2592: 2191: 1963: 1833: 1760: 1728: 1684: 1653: 1638: 1600: 1548: 1511: 1440: 1331: 1284: 1223: 1214:

On the opposite side of the chapel is a range of buildings including the lodgings of the

1110: 1089: 1085: 1014: 725: 589:. An extensive restoration of several state rooms took place after the castle survived a 562: 558: 427:, about 25 miles (40 km) west of central London. It is strongly associated with the 1788: 1203:

roof is a 19th-century attempt by Anthony Salvin to remodel the tower in the fashion of

733:

has pointed to Windsor Castle's architecture as having "a certain fictive quality", the

6843: 6674: 6351:

Newman, John. (1993) "Hugh May, Clarendon and Cornbury", in Bold and Chaney (eds) 1993.

5929: 2825: 2763: 2548: 2533:; George decided to take the new name from the castle, and the royal family became the 2340: 2081: 1934: 1920: 1897: 1874: 1855: 1850: 1781: 1672: 1661: 1611: 1604: 1559: 1418: 1410: 1359: 1260: 1236: 995: 501:

built a luxurious royal palace within the castle during the middle of the century, and

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The Society of the Friends of St George's and Descendants of the Knights of the Garter

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Les Delices de Windsore: or, a Description of Windsor Castle and the Country Adjacent

6378: 6361: 6341: 6324: 6295: 6278: 6260: 6243: 6226: 6211: 6194: 6174: 6157: 6140: 6123: 6106: 6088: 6071: 6054: 6037: 6019: 5826:"Queen and Prince Philip to skip Christmas in Sandringham for first time in 33 years" 2814: 2805:

for the first time since 1987. Prince Philip died at Windsor Castle on 9 April 2021.

2802: 2797: 2748: 2687: 2651: 2352: 2243: 2183: 2135: 1908: 1814: 1694: 1680: 1615: 1391: 1253: 1187:. As of 2011, they are used as offices, a library and as the houses for the Dean and 1149: 1033:

area is now opened up to form a single space in an effort to echo the undercrofts at

943:: carved, gilded wooden panels illustrating weapons and the spoils of war, many with 522: 267: 6239:

Cythera Regained?: the Rococo Revival in European Literature and the Arts, 1830–1910

5880:"Windsor Castle: Video emerges of masked man threatening to 'assassinate the Queen'" 3801: 1743: 1582: 1492: 1417:

at the castle in 1110 during a period of heightened insecurity. Henry's marriage to

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Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300–1500: Volume 3, Southern England

3022:'s horn. It narrowly escaped being lost during the Interregnum after the Civil War. 2969: 2818: 2767: 2609: 2584: 2534: 2452: 2266: 2143: 2097: 2085: 1992: 1859: 1627: 1347: 1161: 1010: 956: 849: 815: 759: 747: 586: 574: 486: 1590:: (l to r) the Spicerie Gatehouse, the chapel, the hall, and the Kitchen Gatehouse 1267:

in Europe. In the Home Park, to the north of the castle, stands a private school,

6830: 6818: 6808: 6777: 6373: 6206: 6135: 5998: 3009:. Various parts of the park surrounding Windsor are also represented in the play. 2845: 2560: 2491: 2348: 2319: 2053: 2041: 1519: 1200: 1034: 881:, whereas the structure on the eastern side represents Jeffry Wyatville's plans. 807: 704:*to the right of "D" (not shown) is the East Terrace created in the 17th century 570: 182: 2335:

at Windsor Castle in 1861 and was buried in the Royal Mausoleum built at nearby

2146:" privileges for the use of prominent widows or other friends of the Crown. The 2028: 1595:

buildings for the canons built alongside. The earliest weight-driven mechanical

1128: 966: 6767: 3556:"Private chapel for Archie's christening was rebuilt after Windsor Castle fire" 2881: 2841: 2747:

of the United States. The castle remains an important ceremonial location. The

2579:

at Windsor, drawing on the accounts of the 17th-century ceremonies recorded by

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in the 16th century and the steep, protective ground to the north of the castle

1715: 1460: 1434: 1395: 1387: 1351: 1188: 1157: 1070: 1038: 983: 952: 927: 890: 841: 828: 763: 566: 478: 6586:

Portraiture, Dynasty and Power: Art Patronage in Hanoverian Britain, 1714–1759

6270:

Hoak, Dale. (1995) "The Iconography of the Crown Imperial", in Hoak (ed) 1995

2859: 1923:

in October, Parliament became concerned that Charles might advance on London.

1263:, occupying some 5,000 acres (2,020 ha) and including some of the oldest 1136:

At the east end of St George's Chapel is the Lady Chapel, originally built by

746:

At the heart of Windsor Castle is the Middle Ward, a bailey formed around the

489:, with three wards surrounding a central mound. Gradually replaced with stone 6943: 6825: 5753:

p. 5, the Institute for Sport, Parks and Leisure. Retrieved 21 December 2010.

2833: 2780: 2580: 2521: 2368: 2315: 1959: 1818: 1777: 1676: 1596: 1551:, again with Windsor Castle as its headquarters, complete with the attendant 1445: 1026: 1022: 490: 248: 161: 148: 6002: 1679:. Castles such as Windsor did not play a decisive role during the resulting 844:

stone faced on the inside with regular bricks, the gothic details in yellow

62:

This article is about the castle in Windsor, Berkshire. For other uses, see

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in Surrey to the castle to allow it to be visited by pilgrims more easily.

1703: 1449: 1367: 1355: 1308: 1280: 1276: 1176: 1153: 1132:

The Horseshoe Cloister, built in 1480 and reconstructed in the 19th century

1114: 1102: 1074: 1006: 975: 960: 819: 598: 507: 482: 6399: 6198: 6023: 4991: 2278:

was moved from the centre of the Upper Ward to the base of the motte. Sir

1995:; (l to r) the Lower Ward, the Middle Ward and Round Tower, the Upper Ward 6905: 6838: 6416: 6161: 5799: 5690: 3032: 2756: 2728: 2716: 2605: 2568: 2540: 2512:

continued a process of more gradual modernisation, assisted by his wife,

2404: 2392: 2283: 2247: 2224: 2187: 2117: 2101: 2021: 1929: 1889: 1773: 1723: 1515: 1480: 1406: 1326: 1208: 1113:. The vault in front of the altar houses the remains of Henry VIII, 1097: 991: 944: 853: 767: 734: 594: 201: 6628: 6577: 6374:

The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a social and political history

2779:

and the castle's role as a working royal palace. In late 2011 two large

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horn, and by the 1750s buy the first guidebooks to Windsor, produced by

2126:

took little interest in Windsor Castle, preferring his other palaces at

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The Civilian Bomb Disposing Earl: Jack Howard and Bomb Disposal in WW2.

5851: 5787:

Windsor Castle's Inner Hall closed by Queen Victoria opens after revamp

2837: 2784: 2642: 2482: 2301: 2165: 2060:

rooms to satisfy court protocol; the demand for space forced architect

1916: 1430: 1426: 1196: 1106: 898: 845: 550: 511: 455: 2359:

Several minor alterations were made to the Upper Ward under Victoria.

6870: 2849: 2783:

were installed upstream of the castle on the River Thames to provide

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seized the castle during his coup in 1399, although failing to catch

1484: 1414: 1168: 1088:

and dates from the late 15th and early 16th century, designed in the

1049: 1018: 837: 778: 774: 582: 578: 554: 526: 424: 205: 130: 6686: 2036:'s reconstruction work. May's new East Terrace is in the foreground. 1433:, with a probable gateway to the north-east and a new stone well. A 1077:, to form a "consistently Gothic composition". The Lower Ward holds 609: 6813: 2990: 2787:

power to the castle and the surrounding estate. In April 2016, the

2551:, where he had lived while Prince of Wales. Edward created a small 2509: 2495: 2336: 2061: 2033: 1912: 1863: 1785:

himself was buried in the chapel, in an elaborate funeral in 1547.

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and most of the buildings associated with the Order of the Garter.

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interiors. After a period of neglect during the 18th century,

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The original castle was built in the 11th century, after the

6050:

English Architecture, Public and Private: essays for Kerry Downes

5621: 5567: 4818: 4816: 3019: 2647: 2520:

was created for her at Windsor Castle, designed by the architect

2400: 2155: 1951:

were expelled from the castle. The Lady Chapel was turned into a

1901: 1710:

made only a brief use of Windsor Castle before his defeat at the

1184: 1172: 1096:

are of 15th century design, having been restored and extended by

885:

continues to dominate the apartments. Different rooms follow the

546: 6334:

Munby, Julian; Barber, Richard and Brown, Richard. (eds) (2007)

2608:

at the time was rescued from France in the face of the imminent

818:. The Upper Ward adjoins the North Terrace, which overlooks the 5930:"Katy Perry and Lionel Richie to perform at Coronation concert" 2817:

of 1919. He pleaded guilty to charges under section two of the

2571:

in the Great Park, but moved into Windsor Castle with his wife

2270: 2195: 1363: 894: 6496:

Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother : the Official Biography

6462:

The Hollow Crown: a History of Britain in the Late Middle Ages

5960:"BBC announces more world-famous names for Coronation Concert" 4813: 2372:

houses of the Military Knights and creating a new Guardhouse.

1610:

The new castle was used to hold French prisoners taken at the

1437:, or low protective wall, was subsequently added to the keep. 1259:

The Home Park adjoins the northern edge of the more extensive

541:

rebuilt much of Windsor Castle with the help of the architect

5852:"Prince Philip has died aged 99, Buckingham Palace announces" 2681:. Furthermore, like other occupied royal palaces, it was not 2199: 1828: 1272: 751: 1607:, where the influence of Windsor Castle can easily be seen. 1968: 1371: 755: 321:

Windsor Castle Including All The Buildings Within The Walls

186: 5775:

Queen's official residences to undergo £37m tourism revamp

4990:

Financial comparison based on average earnings; using the

1630:, who served as a diplomat and Clerk of The King's Works. 1622:. Later in the century, the castle also found favour with 1409:. The first king to use Windsor Castle as a residence was 593:. It is a popular tourist attraction, a venue for hosting 5092:

Robinson, p. 92; Prince Charles, quoted Nicolson, p. 126.

4016: 4014: 4012: 1693:

seized power in 1461. When Edward captured Henry's wife,

1279:

is located about half a mile from the castle, across the

581:, it was used as a refuge by the royal family during the 6067:

Windsor Revealed: New Light on the History of the Castle

5800:"The Queen and Prince Philip: An enduring royal romance" 5101:

Robinson, p. 117; Rowse, p. 207; Mackworth-Young, p. 75.

4333:

Rowse, p. 43; Knox and Leslie pp. 3–7, cited Hoak p. 72.

2964:

The other two residences favoured by Henry III were the

2559:

from the castle in December 1936, adopting the title of

1991:

Windsor Castle in 1658, as seen from the south-east, by

1586:

A reconstruction of the St George's Hall range built by

1283:, reflecting the fact that it was a royal foundation of 1057:, the Lady Chapel, the Round Tower, the lodgings of the 911:, have described them as "bland" and "distinctly dull". 95:

Round Tower and Upper Ward viewed from the Long Walk in

2759:

leaves the castle each year during the annual meeting.

974:

for the new Private Chapel, showing a Gothic design by

806:

on horseback sits beneath the Round Tower. Inspired by

573:, the historic estate inspired the naming of the royal 370:

The Royal Estate, Windsor: Windsor Castle and Home Park

6960:

Buildings and structures completed in the 11th century

6566:

Tighe, Robert Richard and Davis, James Edward. (1858)

5952: 5763:

Windsor Castle water turbine installed on River Thames

5416: 5414: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 4009: 3279:"Windsor Castle's East Terrace Garden opens to public" 2658:

and Ray Gonzalez to replace carvings destroyed in the

2623:

were renovated and further modernised, and the Queen,

2016:, one of his few surviving close relatives, to be the 1464:

The Curfew Tower, part of the Lower Ward, built under

990:

lantern tower called the Grand Vestibule, designed by

7050:

Burned buildings and structures in the United Kingdom

6153:

The History of the King's Works, Volume VI, 1782–1851

3697: 3695: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 2506:

landed an aircraft at the castle for the first time.

2300:

in the Queen's Sitting Room in 1895, photographed by

2150:

made the most use of the property in his role as the

754:

originally excavated from the surrounding ditch. The

521:

Windsor Castle survived the tumultuous period of the

5789:, BBC News, 16 October 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2020. 5632: 5630: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 3896:

Emery, p. 193; Tatton-Brown, p. 18; Robinson, p. 11.

3874: 3872: 3134:"Royal Collection Trust – Windsor Castle Fact Sheet" 3063: 3061: 2871: 2766:

attraction, containing a significant portion of the

1448:

stone was used for most of the work, and stone from

1370:

residence. The initial wooden castle consisted of a

493:, the castle withstood a prolonged siege during the 6288:House of Commons Public Accounts Committee. (2009) 5411: 5334: 4456: 4454: 4130: 4128: 4126: 3225: 3223: 5878: 5234: 5232: 5230: 4901: 4899: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4199: 4197: 4046: 4044: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3709: 3707: 3692: 3658: 3633: 3631: 3430: 3428: 2418:Changing style of St George's Hall since the 1600s 470:to be "one of the supreme achievements of English 6698:"Details from listed building database (1117776)" 5636:House of Commons Public Accounts Committee, p. 3. 5627: 5386: 5384: 4977: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3869: 3174: 3172: 3058: 2900:Windsor Festival International String Competition 1714:in 1485, but had the body of Henry VI moved from 1346:of 1066. William established a defensive ring of 998:. The staircase has been criticised by historian 982:of some of the gilded features on the pilasters. 525:, when it was used as a military headquarters by 6941: 6546:The Archaeology of the Medieval English Monarchy 6425:Windsor Castle: the Official Illustrated History 6139:. Berkeley, US: University of California Press. 5533: 5531: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5318: 5316: 5136: 5134: 4451: 4123: 4116: 4114: 3409: 3407: 3401:Nicolson, pp. 123, 174; Brindle and Kerr, p. 28. 3220: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3001:; the duke became an unpopular figure of fun at 1226:and forms the secondary entrance to the castle. 918:The Crimson Drawing Room in 2007, following the 6655:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 6133:Clarke, John and Ridley, Jasper Godwin. (2000) 5227: 5188: 5079: 5077: 5031: 5029: 5027: 4943: 4941: 4913: 4911: 4896: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4839: 4837: 4788: 4786: 4769: 4753: 4751: 4739: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4538: 4336: 4194: 4102: 4041: 3993: 3787: 3785: 3704: 3628: 3425: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3204: 3202: 2391:style in 1853; George III's Dairy rebuilt in a 360:National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens 5381: 3968: 3721: 3719: 3311: 3309: 3255: 3253: 3169: 2529:to change their dynastic name from the German 2347:", a phrase popularised in the famous poem by 2025:tapisserie, curious and effeminate pictures". 6733: 6357:Restoration: The Rebuilding of Windsor Castle 6305:Knox, Ronald and Leslie, Shane. (eds) (1923) 6047:Bold, John and Chaney, Edwards. (eds) (1993) 5528: 5468: 5313: 5220: 5218: 5131: 4884:Tite, p. 110; Robinson, p. 60; Bickham; Pote. 4151: 4149: 4111: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 3404: 3110: 3086: 3074: 1535:The Norman Gate in the Middle Ward, built by 1330:The Round Tower in the Middle Ward, built by 1311:can be seen in the upper left of the picture. 59:Official country residence of British monarch 6747: 5673:The Official Website of the British Monarchy 5074: 5024: 4938: 4908: 4855: 4834: 4783: 4748: 4698: 4682: 4680: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4596: 4594: 4575: 4573: 4513: 4511: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4229: 4227: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3782: 3354: 3199: 1796:, showing the North Terrace (left) built by 1792:Windsor Castle in the 1670s from across the 6445:Windsor Castle in the History of the Nation 6320:The History and Treasures of Windsor Castle 6242:. Cranbury, US: Fairleigh Dickinson Press. 6156:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 6136:The Houses of Hanover and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 6119:The Changing English Countryside, 1400–1700 6084:The Architecture of Castles: A Visual Guide 3716: 3479:Nicolson, p. 191.; Brindle and Kerr, p. 56. 3306: 3303:Colvin, p. 392, cited Brown (1984), p. 230. 3250: 840:. The walls of the Upper Ward are built of 724:design based on a medieval structure, with 23: 6740: 6726: 5876: 5215: 5021:Clarke and Ridley, p. 48; Robinson, p. 71. 4558:Brindle and Kerr, p. 47; Rowse, pp. 64–65. 4146: 4071: 3598:Nicolson, p. 146; Brindle and Kerr, p. 26. 3422:Brindle and Kerr, p. 28; Nicolson, p. 184. 2890:Constables and Governors of Windsor Castle 2567:also preferred his own original home, the 2363:rebuilt Wyatville's grand staircase, with 1321: 1303:Aerial view of the castle from the south, 1256:led to large-scale replanting after 1945. 24: 6428:. London: Royal Collection Publications. 6377:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6210:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5691:"Queen meets Joe Biden at Windsor Castle" 5378:Robinson, pp. 138–139; Shawcross, p. 487. 5053:Ireland, p. 92; Nicolson, p. 79, 172–173. 4677: 4648: 4621: 4612: 4591: 4570: 4508: 4313: 4263: 4224: 4182:Nicolson, p.120; Brindle and Ward, p. 40. 4029:Brindle and Kerr, p. 34; Robinson, p. 15. 3899: 2322:as holiday residences. The growth of the 2116:The North Terrace at sunset, c. 1790, by 2032:The Upper Ward seen from the east, after 1911:broke out, dividing the country into the 6311:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6064:Brindle, Steven and Kerr, Brian. (1997) 4822:Robinson, p. 55; Mackworth-Young, p. 45. 3187:Nicolson, p.78; Brindle and Kerr, p. 61. 2997:, for example, is believed to represent 2858: 2698: 2641: 2288: 2218: 2111: 2027: 1849: 1787: 1742: 1637: 1581: 1530: 1459: 1358:, a key medieval route into London, and 1325: 1127: 1048: 965: 913: 864: 788: 738:amongst the greatest European palaces". 608: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 6277:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6105:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5927: 5765:, BBC News. Retrieved 21 December 2011. 5677:President Obama touches down in Windsor 5645:Robinson, p. 7; Mackworth-Young, p. 88. 5274:Robinson, p. 135; Hibbert, pp. 191–192. 4191:Steven Brindle, cited Nicolson, p. 125. 3846:"The Crown Estate – Windsor Great Park" 1338:Windsor Castle was originally built by 497:at the start of the 13th century. 14: 7040:11th-century establishments in England 6965:Art museums and galleries in Berkshire 6942: 6479:Power, Politics, and the Olympic Games 5992: 5688: 5456:Emery, p. 193; Brindle and Kerr, p. 5. 5176:Rowse, p. 237; Mackworth-Young, p. 75. 4412:Brindle and Kerr, p. 46; Rowse, p. 47. 4358:Brindle and Kerr, p. 46; Rowse, p. 43. 4143:Brown (1984), p. 91; Nicolson, p. 122. 3938:Brown (1989), p. 227; Robinson, p. 11. 3550: 3548: 2723:, and day-to-day management is by the 2397:Windsor Castle and Town Approaches Act 2100:and began the tradition of the annual 435:, and embodies almost a millennium of 116: 6985:Grade I listed buildings in Berkshire 6721: 6371:Pounds, Norman John Greville. (1990) 5891:from the original on 10 January 2022. 5552:, HM Treasury. Retrieved 22 May 2016. 5310:Robinson, pp. 136–137; Rowse, p. 247. 3866:Brown (1989), p. 230; Cantor, p. 105. 3689:Mackworth-Young, p. 22; Rowse, p. 37. 2830:coronation of Charles III and Camilla 2575:. As king, George revived the annual 2502:, and in 1911 the pioneering aviator 1896:to improve the chapel gallery in the 1664:, the castle hosted a visit from the 1235:a 19th-century creation known as the 1229: 1105:to the north side of it was built by 6617:Williams, Robert Folkestone. (1860) 6150:Colvin, Howard Montagu. (ed) (1973) 5751:ISPAL Information Hub Fact Sheet B24 4994:website. Retrieved 15 November 2010. 4810:Nicolson, pp. 128–129; Rowse, p. 95. 2231:attending chapel on a Sunday morning 1702:ordered to be constructed at nearby 897:styles, together with an element of 458:were described by the art historian 6995:Historic house museums in Berkshire 6337:Edward III's Round Table at Windsor 6256:Edward VII: The Last Victorian King 6167:Cruickshanks, Eveline. (ed) (2009) 5777:, BBC News. Retrieved 6 April 2016. 5438:Nicolson, p. 183; Robinson, p. 151. 4099:Tatton-Brown, p. 23; Barber, p. 41. 3950: 3545: 3031:Jeffry Wyatville was the nephew of 2705:Britain's major tourist attractions 2498:was run from Windsor Castle at the 1866:'s reconstruction of the Upper Ward 1660:, who had escaped to London. Under 1144:. Built to commemorate the life of 860: 56: 6703:National Heritage List for England 5970:from the original on 28 April 2023 5940:from the original on 14 April 2023 5928:Rackham, Annabel (14 April 2023). 5679:, BBC News. Retrieved 2 June 2017. 5588:Robinson, p. 145; Nicolson, p. 71. 5465:Robinson, p. 143; Nicolson, p. 30. 5283:Robinson, p. 135; Hibbert, p. 192. 5265:Robinson, p. 135; Hibbert, p. 191. 3111:Gordon Rayner (26 December 2015). 2475:reconstruction after the 1992 fire 2044:and imitated French design at his 2040:Charles was heavily influenced by 1539:and remodelled in the 19th century 1468:and remodelled in the 19th century 1334:and remodelled in the 19th century 1086:Order of the Knights of the Garter 57: 7061: 6668: 6603:A History of Western Architecture 6482:. Champaign, US: Human Kinetics. 6294:. London: The Stationery Office. 6173:. Stroud, UK: The History Press. 6036:Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6032:The Monarchy and the Constitution 3383:Ireland, p. 93; Nicolson, p. 191. 3069:Options Report for Windsor Castle 2796:, shielded at Windsor during the 2772:Archaeological work at the castle 2356:reluctance to be seen in public. 1378:, or mound, protected by a small 7020:Tourist attractions in Berkshire 6640:. Cambridge: Lutterworth Press. 6530:Prince Rupert: The Last Cavalier 6516:. Chesham, UK: Barracuda Books. 6448:. London: Book Club Associates. 6408:Windsor Castle, and Its Environs 6394:. Eton: Joseph and Thomas Pote. 6259:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 5921: 5895: 5870: 5844: 5818: 5792: 5780: 5768: 5756: 5744: 5735: 5726: 5717: 5708: 5682: 5666: 5657: 5648: 5639: 5609: 5600: 5591: 5582: 5573: 5555: 5540: 5509: 5500: 5491: 5482: 5459: 5450: 5441: 5432: 5423: 5402: 5393: 5372: 5363: 5354: 5325: 5304: 5295: 5286: 5277: 5268: 5259: 5250: 5241: 5206: 5197: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5065: 5056: 5047: 5038: 5015: 5006: 4997: 4968: 4959: 4950: 4929: 4920: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4846: 4825: 4804: 4795: 4760: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4689: 4668: 4639: 4603: 4582: 4561: 4552: 4529: 4520: 4499: 4490: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4442: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4327: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4277: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4215: 4206: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4164:Nicolson, p. 121; Emery, p. 196. 4158: 4137: 4038:Nicolson, p. 123; Emery, p. 193. 3038: 3025: 3012: 2984: 2975: 2946:"Larderie" means "meat passage". 2874: 2794:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 2465: 2444: 2424: 1980: 1809:safe-haven for the king and the 1292: 1220:Governor of the Military Knights 1063:Governor of the Military Knights 626:: The Upper Ward, The Quadrangle 597:, and was the main residence of 545:, creating a set of extravagant 485:, Windsor Castle was built as a 115: 108: 89: 6317:Mackworth-Young, Robin. (1992) 6116:Cantor, Leonard Martin. (1987) 5985: 5877:Steve Bird (27 December 2021). 4645:Rowse, pp. 56, 79; Hoak, p. 98. 4588:Rowse, p. 74; MacGregor, p. 86. 4093: 4062: 4053: 4032: 4023: 3984: 3959: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3890: 3881: 3860: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3794: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3683: 3674: 3649: 3640: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3416: 3395: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3297: 3271: 3262: 3241: 3232: 3211: 3190: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2912: 2694: 2451:Gothic alterations made by Sir 2410: 2351:. The Queen shunned the use of 2214: 2107: 1915:supporters of Charles, and the 1845: 1780:for Wolsey's future mausoleum. 1738: 1633: 1526: 1455: 604: 477:Originally designed to project 64:Windsor Castle (disambiguation) 6623:. London: Hurst and Blackett. 6589:. Amherst, US: Cambria Press. 6422:Robinson, John Martin. (2010) 6193:. London: Hurst and Blackett. 6098:Brown, Reginald Allen. (1989) 6081:Brown, Reginald Allen. (1984) 5689:Morton, Becky (13 June 2021). 5675:. Retrieved 28 November 2010; 3887:Rowse, p. 12; Robinson, p. 13. 3181: 3160: 3151: 3126: 3104: 2531:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1858:of Windsor Castle in 1658, by 741: 466:, considered by the historian 18:St George's Hall, Windsor 13: 1: 6683:at the Royal Collection Trust 6308:The Miracles of King Henry VI 6253:Hibbert, Christopher. (2007) 4852:Tite, p. 24; Robinson, p. 57. 3052: 2713:Occupied Royal Palaces Estate 2186:. Working with the architect 1877:sessions, including one with 1044: 784: 7000:History museums in Berkshire 6689:, home to St George's Chapel 6070:. London: English Heritage. 5408:Shawcross, pp. 604–605, 594. 4526:Brindle and Kerr, pp. 46–47. 4310:Rowse, p. 41; Rubin, p. 284. 3965:Brindle and Kerr, pp. 32–33. 3533:Nicolson, pp. 211, 214, 218. 2711:Windsor Castle, part of the 2631: 2152:Ranger of Windsor Great Park 1879:Christian IV of Denmark 1499:, successfully defended it. 1477:revolt of the English barons 1452:for the internal buildings. 7: 7015:Royal residences in England 6975:Country houses in Berkshire 6955:11th-century fortifications 6677:at the Royal Family website 6493:Shawcross, William. (2009) 6476:Senn, Alfred Erich. (1999) 6340:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell. 6053:. London: Hambledon Press. 5292:Senn, p. 24; Rowse, p. 247. 4439:Rowse, p. 55; Hoak, p. 101. 2867: 2223:The Lower Ward in 1840, by 2018:Constable of Windsor Castle 1218:, and the residence of the 1061:, and the residence of the 583:Luftwaffe bombing campaigns 240:Late 11th century – present 10: 7066: 7005:Jeffry Wyatville buildings 6634:Williams, Neville. (1971) 6360:. London: Michael Joseph. 5525:. Retrieved 18 March 2015. 3351:Nicolson, pp. 79, 172–173. 2995:The Merry Wives of Windsor 2635: 2583:, but moving the event to 1941:Prince Rupert of the Rhine 1919:. In the aftermath of the 1839:The Merry Wives of Windsor 1316: 937:Gobelins French tapestries 922:and subsequent remodelling 444:Norman invasion of England 61: 6916: 6801: 6755: 6606:. London: Laurence King. 6527:Spencer, Charles. (2007) 6465:. London: Penguin Books. 6225:Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 6029:Bogdanor, Vernon. (1997) 5624:. Retrieved 22 June 2016. 5518:Windsor Castle Fact Sheet 5012:Clarke and Ridley, p. 46. 2735:of Jordan and presidents 2703:Windsor Castle is one of 1751:gateway in the Lower Ward 1374:on the top of a man-made 1092:style. The ornate wooden 1053:The Lower Ward, (l to r) 565:and Baroque furnishings. 537:of the monarchy in 1660, 423:in the English county of 406: 402: 392: 374: 366: 357: 353: 343: 325: 317: 307: 303: 293: 285: 276: 255: 244: 236: 231: 221: 211: 197: 192: 177: 140: 103: 88: 78: 73: 7035:Motte-and-bailey castles 6749:British royal residences 6651:Wolffe, Bertram. (2001) 6583:Tite, Catherine. (2010) 6405:Ritchie, Leitch. (1840) 6190:Royal Windsor, Volume IV 6012:Bickham, George. (1753) 5570:. Retrieved 22 May 2016. 5256:Tighe and Davis, p. 655. 5238:Tighe and Davis, p. 656. 5194:Brindle and Kerr, p. 56. 4780:Brindle and Kerr, p. 50. 4549:Brindle and Kerr, p. 47. 4349:Brindle and Kerr, p. 46. 4203:Brindle and Kerr, p. 44. 4020:Brindle and Kerr, p. 34. 3981:Brindle and Kerr, p. 33. 3947:Brindle and Kerr, p. 32. 3848:. The Crown Estate. 2015 3324:Brindle and Kerr, p. 61. 3268:Brindle and Kerr, p. 31. 3247:Mackworth-Young, p. 234. 3139:. Royal Collection Trust 3101:Brindle and Kerr, p. 39. 3071:, cited Nicolson, p. 79. 2905: 2828:, in celebration of the 2638:1992 Windsor Castle fire 1729:Philip I of Castile 1712:Battle of Bosworth Field 1382:wall, occupying a chalk 1342:in the decade after the 613:Plan of Windsor Castle: 529:forces and a prison for 39:latest accepted revision 6924:Former royal residences 6510:South, Raymond. (1977) 6354:Nicolson, Adam. (1997) 6323:. Andover, UK: Pitkin. 6273:Tudor Political Culture 6221:Freeman, Kerin. (2015) 6204:Emery, Anthony. (2006) 6185:Dixon, William Hepworth 5741:Brindle and Kerr, p. 4. 5732:Mackworth-Young, p. 95. 5723:Mackworth-Young, p. 90. 5714:Mackworth-Young, p. 92. 5420:Mackworth-Young, p. 88. 5351:Mackworth-Young, p. 85. 5167:Mackworth-Young, p. 75. 5110:Robinson, pp. 117, 126. 4831:Mackworth-Young, p. 45. 4674:Mackworth-Young, p. 36. 4496:Williams (1971), p. 25. 4460:Williams (1860), p. 69. 4421:Mackworth-Young, p. 25. 3779:Mackworth-Young, p. 72. 3770:Mackworth-Young, p. 42. 3761:Mackworth-Young, p. 27. 3734:Mackworth-Young, p. 81. 3680:Mackworth-Young, p. 22. 3671:Mackworth-Young, p. 80. 3646:Mackworth-Young, p. 20. 3625:Nicolson, pp. 125, 152. 3589:Nicolson, pp. 246, 264. 1804:By contrast, the young 1553:Poor Knights of Windsor 1322:11th and 12th centuries 464:St George's Chapel 7030:Grade I listed palaces 6990:Grade I listed castles 6980:Edward Blore buildings 6929:Historic Royal Palaces 6600:Watkin, David. (2005) 5523:Royal Collection Trust 5360:Robinson, pp. 139–140. 5247:Robinson, pp. 122–123. 5212:Robinson, pp. 119–121. 5185:Robinson, pp. 118–119. 4108:Nicolson, pp. 118–119. 3878:Mackworth-Young, p. 6. 3835:Robinson, pp. 55, 122. 3743:Robinson, pp. 14, 121. 3713:Robinson, pp. 26, 121. 3616:Nicolson, pp. 166–167. 3580:Nicolson, pp. 244–246. 3443:Nicolson, pp. 206–207. 3434:Nicolson, pp. 197–198. 3229:Mackworth-Young, p. 1. 2864: 2789:Royal Collection Trust 2757:Royal Ascot procession 2708: 2662: 2304: 2232: 2120: 2102:Royal Ascot procession 2037: 1867: 1801: 1752: 1649: 1591: 1540: 1469: 1335: 1133: 1065: 978: 923: 870: 795: 708: 671:: King Henry VIII Gate 632:: The State Apartments 380:; 25 years ago 331:; 48 years ago 7025:William the Conqueror 6549:. London: Routledge. 6543:Steane, John. (1999) 6499:. London: Macmillan. 6388:Pote, Joseph. (1755) 6236:Ireland, Ken. (2006) 6122:. London: Routledge. 5497:Nicolson, pp. 23, 25. 5071:Robinson, pp. 91, 93. 4736:Spencer, pp. 327–329. 4212:Brown (1989), p. 230. 3655:Robinson, pp. 18, 28. 3157:Robinson, pp. 7, 156. 2966:Palace of Westminster 2862: 2733:King Abdullah II 2702: 2645: 2292: 2222: 2115: 2031: 1853: 1791: 1746: 1641: 1618:, who was held for a 1585: 1534: 1463: 1340:William the Conqueror 1329: 1265:broadleaved woodlands 1252:trees. The impact of 1205:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 1131: 1052: 969: 917: 868: 792: 716:. It is in essence a 638:: Private Apartments* 612: 448:William the Conqueror 437:architectural history 6970:Castles in Berkshire 6883:Thatched House Lodge 6687:College of St George 6459:Rubin, Miri. (2006) 6101:Castles From the Air 6087:. London: Batsford. 5597:Nicolson, pp. 78–79. 5003:Robinson, pp. 60–62. 4956:Robinson, pp. 74–75. 4875:Robinson, pp. 57–58. 4050:Tatton-Brown, p. 25. 4006:Tatton-Brown, p. 24. 3929:Tatton-Brown, p. 18. 3806:Windsor Berkshire UK 3701:Tatton-Brown, p. 26. 3217:Tatton-Brown, p. 14. 2374:George Gilbert Scott 2046:palace at Winchester 1403:Edward the Confessor 1181:George Gilbert Scott 1142:George Gilbert Scott 1090:Perpendicular Gothic 972:presentation drawing 768:far from cylindrical 665:: Horseshoe Cloister 472:Perpendicular Gothic 468:John Martin Robinson 450:. Since the time of 433:British royal family 162:51.48333°N 0.60417°W 6773:Hillsborough Castle 6572:. London: Longman. 6533:. London: Phoenix. 6513:The Book of Windsor 6411:. London: Longman. 3007:Order of the Garter 2192:Virginia Water Lake 1834:William Shakespeare 1761:Pilgrimage of Grace 1699:St. George's Chapel 1645:, begun in 1475 by 1620:considerable ransom 1614:in 1357, including 1601:New College, Oxford 1549:Order of the Garter 1512:Eleanor of Provence 1497:Engelard de Cigogné 1224:Catherine of Aragon 1179:used by Edward IV. 1111:Catherine of Aragon 1101:Victorian, and the 1015:Order of the Garter 601:from 2011 to 2022. 378:31 August 1999 329:2 October 1975 185:wards with a round 158: / 29:Page version status 7010:Palaces in England 6844:Nottingham Cottage 6835:Kensington Palace 5606:Nicholson, p. 260. 5546:Bogdanor, p. 190; 5515:Nicolson, p. 110; 5390:Shawcross, p. 527. 5369:Shawcross, p. 487. 4535:Rowse, pp. 64, 66. 3166:Nicolson, pp. 3–4. 2865: 2826:Coronation Concert 2753:St George's Chapel 2709: 2663: 2305: 2233: 2148:Duke of Cumberland 2121: 2082:Nicholas Hawksmoor 2038: 1973:St George's Chapel 1921:battle of Edgehill 1868: 1802: 1782:Benedetto Grazzini 1753: 1733:William de la Pole 1666:Holy Roman Emperor 1650: 1643:St George's Chapel 1612:Battle of Poitiers 1605:Winchester College 1592: 1560:William of Wykeham 1541: 1470: 1423:Godfrey of Louvain 1421:, the daughter of 1405:in the village of 1336: 1305:from left to right 1261:Windsor Great Park 1230:Park and landscape 1134: 1079:St George's Chapel 1066: 1055:St George's Chapel 996:Francis Bernasconi 979: 924: 871: 801:A bronze statue of 796: 709: 701:: The Curfew Tower 695:: Edward III Tower 658:St George's Chapel 577:. In the reign of 393:Reference no. 344:Reference no. 294:Reference no. 279:Scheduled monument 167:51.48333; -0.60417 97:Windsor Great Park 81:Windsor, Berkshire 35: 6937: 6936: 6861:Sandringham House 6788:St James's Palace 6783:Kensington Palace 6763:Buckingham Palace 6661:978-0-300-08926-4 6646:978-0-7188-0803-7 6612:978-1-85669-459-9 6595:978-1-60497-678-6 6555:978-0-415-19788-5 6539:978-0-297-84610-9 6522:978-0-86023-038-0 6505:978-1-4050-4859-0 6488:978-0-88011-958-0 6471:978-0-14-014825-1 6454:978-1-902163-21-5 6434:978-1-902163-21-5 6383:978-0-521-45828-3 6366:978-0-7181-4192-9 6346:978-1-84383-391-8 6329:978-0-85372-338-7 6300:978-0-215-53049-3 6283:978-0-521-52014-0 6265:978-1-4039-8377-0 6248:978-0-8386-4078-4 6216:978-0-521-58132-5 6179:978-0-7524-5206-7 6170:The Stuart Courts 6145:978-0-520-22801-6 6128:978-0-7102-0501-8 6111:978-0-521-32932-3 6093:978-0-7134-4089-8 6076:978-1-85074-688-1 6059:978-1-85285-095-1 6042:978-0-19-829334-7 5966:. 28 April 2023. 5909:. 3 February 2023 5832:. 2 December 2020 5479:Robinson, p. 144. 5429:Robinson, p. 151. 5331:Robinson, p. 137. 5322:Robinson, p. 138. 5301:Robinson, p. 136. 5203:Robinson, p. 124. 5158:Robinson, p. 129. 5140:Robinson, p. 126. 4478:Rowse, pp. 57–60. 4394:Rowse, pp. 52–53. 4260:Wolffe, pp. 27–28 4173:Nicolson, p. 124. 4134:Nicolson, p. 106. 4120:Nicolson, p. 121. 3791:Robinson, p. 122. 3637:Robinson, p. 121. 3542:Nicolson, p. 235. 3524:Nicolson, p. 234. 3515:Nicolson, p. 233. 3506:Nicolson, p. 212. 3497:Robinson, p. 118. 3461:Nicolson, p. 128. 3413:Nicolson, p. 190. 3392:Nicolson, p. 176. 3238:Nicolson, p. 120. 3208:Robinson, p. 142. 3196:Robinson, p. 156. 3178:Nicolson, p. 123. 2815:Amritsar massacre 2811:Mental Health Act 2803:Sandringham House 2798:COVID-19 pandemic 2749:Waterloo ceremony 2731:of South Africa, 2688:Buckingham Palace 2563:. His successor, 2353:Buckingham Palace 2298:Princess Beatrice 2253:George persuaded 2244:Brighton Pavilion 2184:French Revolution 2104:from the castle. 1937:had been looted. 1909:English Civil War 1695:Margaret of Anjou 1681:Wars of the Roses 1616:King John II 1413:, who celebrated 1271:, which provides 1254:Dutch elm disease 1207:'s recreation of 1150:Henri de Triqueti 731:William Whitfield 620:: The Round Tower 523:English Civil War 495:First Barons' War 410: 409: 268:English Civil War 263:First Barons' War 83:, in England 26: 16:(Redirected from 7057: 6901:Frogmore Cottage 6891:Adelaide Cottage 6742: 6735: 6728: 6719: 6718: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6694:Historic England 6018:. London: Owen. 6006: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5964:BBC Media Centre 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5882: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5715: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5686: 5680: 5670: 5664: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5625: 5613: 5607: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5580: 5579:Nicolson, p. 58. 5577: 5571: 5559: 5553: 5544: 5538: 5537:Nicolson, p. 55. 5535: 5526: 5513: 5507: 5506:Nicolson, p. 30. 5504: 5498: 5495: 5489: 5488:Nicolson, p. 11. 5486: 5480: 5477: 5466: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5409: 5406: 5400: 5399:Freeman, p. 145. 5397: 5391: 5388: 5379: 5376: 5370: 5367: 5361: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5332: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5311: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5239: 5236: 5225: 5222: 5213: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5129: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5093: 5090: 5084: 5083:Robinson, p. 96. 5081: 5072: 5069: 5063: 5062:Robinson, p. 89. 5060: 5054: 5051: 5045: 5044:Robinson, p. 90. 5042: 5036: 5033: 5022: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4995: 4988: 4975: 4974:Robinson, p. 75. 4972: 4966: 4965:Robinson, p. 81. 4963: 4957: 4954: 4948: 4947:Robinson, p. 76. 4945: 4936: 4935:Robinson, p. 72. 4933: 4927: 4926:Robinson, p. 71. 4924: 4918: 4917:Robinson, p. 58. 4915: 4906: 4905:Robinson, p. 59. 4903: 4894: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4867: 4866:Robinson, p. 57. 4864: 4853: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4832: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4811: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4793: 4792:Thurley, p. 229. 4790: 4781: 4778: 4767: 4766:Barnard, p. 257. 4764: 4758: 4755: 4746: 4745:Spencer, p. 331. 4743: 4737: 4734: 4728: 4727:Spencer, p. 326. 4725: 4719: 4716: 4710: 4709:Thurley, p. 214. 4707: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4675: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4646: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4619: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4601: 4598: 4589: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4568: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4536: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4506: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4449: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4334: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4261: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4222: 4221:Ritchie, p. 100. 4219: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4144: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4121: 4118: 4109: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4069: 4068:Robinson, p. 17. 4066: 4060: 4059:Robinson, p. 15. 4057: 4051: 4048: 4039: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4007: 4004: 3991: 3990:Robinson, p. 14. 3988: 3982: 3979: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3897: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3867: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3780: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3752:Robinson, p. 30. 3750: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3725:Robinson, p. 26. 3723: 3714: 3711: 3702: 3699: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3552: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3488:Robinson, p. 74. 3486: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3374:Nicolson, p. 70. 3372: 3366: 3365:Nicolson, p. 78. 3363: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3342:Nicolson, p. 79. 3340: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3315:Robinson, p. 92. 3313: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3283:Evening Standard 3275: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3259:Robinson, p. 55. 3257: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3138: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3084: 3083:Robinson, p. 27. 3081: 3072: 3065: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3029: 3023: 3016: 3010: 3003:Elizabeth I 2999:Frederick I 2988: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2970:Clarendon Palace 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2916: 2884: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2819:Treason Act 1842 2768:Royal Collection 2717:Charles III 2541:Edward VIII 2535:House of Windsor 2473:Downesian Gothic 2469: 2453:Jeffry Wyatville 2448: 2428: 2345:Widow of Windsor 2267:Jeffry Wyatville 2265:, the architect 2229:Military Knights 2144:grace and favour 2086:Christopher Wren 2078:William III 1993:Wenceslas Hollar 1984: 1933:gold and silver 1917:Parliamentarians 1860:Wenceslas Hollar 1825:Elizabeth I 1811:Duke of Somerset 1798:Elizabeth I 1708:Richard III 1628:Geoffrey Chaucer 1348:motte and bailey 1296: 1216:Military Knights 1162:Antonio Salviati 1059:Military Knights 1011:hammer-beam roof 994:and executed by 957:Grinling Gibbons 861:State Apartments 816:Grinling Gibbons 760:Jeffry Wyatville 587:Second World War 575:House of Windsor 516:Elizabeth I 487:motte-and-bailey 456:state apartments 388: 386: 381: 339: 337: 332: 202:King Charles III 193:Site information 173: 172: 170: 169: 168: 163: 159: 156: 155: 154: 151: 129:Location within 119: 118: 112: 93: 84: 71: 70: 47:3 September 2024 21: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7054: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6912: 6831:Highgrove House 6819:Craigowan Lodge 6809:Balmoral Castle 6797: 6778:Holyrood Palace 6751: 6746: 6708: 6706: 6692: 6671: 6666: 5988: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5926: 5922: 5912: 5910: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5875: 5871: 5861: 5859: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5833: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5806:. 10 April 2021 5798: 5797: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5687: 5683: 5671: 5667: 5663:Robinson, p. 7. 5662: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5560: 5556: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5529: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5447:Nicolson, p. 4. 5446: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5389: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5237: 5228: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035:Robinson, p.85. 5034: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4992:Measuring Worth 4989: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4909: 4904: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4784: 4779: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4757:Watkin, p. 335. 4756: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4251:Pounds, p. 249. 4250: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4090:Steane, p. 110. 4089: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4010: 4005: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826:Cantor, p. 105. 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3802:"The Long Walk" 3800: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3554: 3553: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3452:Watkin, p. 345. 3451: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3285:. 6 August 2020 3277: 3276: 3272: 3267: 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1520:Sainte-Chapelle 1489:Count of Nevers 1458: 1344:Norman conquest 1324: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1302: 1297: 1275:to the chapel. 1232: 1107:Henry VIII 1047: 1039:Rievaulx Abbeys 875:Edward III 863: 808:Hubert Le Sueur 804:Charles II 787: 744: 707: 689:: North Terrace 677:: The Long Walk 607: 571:First World War 551:George III 539:Charles II 512:Henry VIII 510:, during which 503:Edward III 431:and succeeding 417:royal residence 384: 382: 379: 362: 335: 333: 330: 313: 310:Listed Building 281: 272: 224:the public 223: 216:Royal Household 166: 164: 160: 157: 152: 149: 147: 145: 144: 136: 135: 134: 133: 127: 126: 125: 124: 120: 99: 79: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7063: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6950:Windsor Castle 6935: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6858: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6793:Windsor Castle 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6768:Clarence House 6765: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6745: 6744: 6737: 6730: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6690: 6684: 6681:Windsor Castle 6678: 6675:Windsor Castle 6670: 6669:External links 6667: 6665: 6664: 6649: 6632: 6615: 6598: 6581: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6541: 6525: 6508: 6491: 6474: 6457: 6437: 6420: 6403: 6386: 6369: 6352: 6349: 6332: 6315: 6312: 6303: 6286: 6268: 6251: 6234: 6231:978-1473825604 6219: 6202: 6182: 6165: 6148: 6131: 6114: 6096: 6079: 6062: 6045: 6027: 6010: 6007: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5951: 5920: 5894: 5869: 5858:. 9 April 2021 5843: 5817: 5791: 5779: 5767: 5755: 5743: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5707: 5681: 5665: 5656: 5654:Emery, p. 192. 5647: 5638: 5626: 5617:Royal Property 5608: 5599: 5590: 5581: 5572: 5563:Windsor Castle 5554: 5539: 5527: 5508: 5499: 5490: 5481: 5467: 5458: 5449: 5440: 5431: 5422: 5410: 5401: 5392: 5380: 5371: 5362: 5353: 5333: 5324: 5312: 5303: 5294: 5285: 5276: 5267: 5258: 5249: 5240: 5226: 5224:Rowse, p. 234. 5214: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5151: 5149:Rowse, p. 221. 5142: 5130: 5128:Rowse, p. 209. 5121: 5119:Rowse, p. 207. 5112: 5103: 5094: 5085: 5073: 5064: 5055: 5046: 5037: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4976: 4967: 4958: 4949: 4937: 4928: 4919: 4907: 4895: 4886: 4877: 4868: 4854: 4845: 4833: 4824: 4812: 4803: 4801:Newman, p. 81. 4794: 4782: 4768: 4759: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4720: 4718:Dixon, p. 269. 4711: 4697: 4688: 4676: 4667: 4647: 4638: 4620: 4611: 4602: 4590: 4581: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4537: 4528: 4519: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4335: 4326: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4285: 4276: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4145: 4136: 4122: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4008: 3992: 3983: 3967: 3958: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3920:Emery, p. 193. 3898: 3889: 3880: 3868: 3859: 3837: 3828: 3819: 3793: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3607:Emery, p. 197. 3600: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3424: 3415: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3333:Emery, p. 200. 3326: 3317: 3305: 3296: 3270: 3261: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3219: 3210: 3198: 3189: 3180: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3125: 3103: 3085: 3073: 3067:Hugh Roberts, 3056: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3037: 3024: 3011: 2983: 2974: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2882:England portal 2869: 2866: 2842:Andrea Bocelli 2781:water turbines 2715:, is owned by 2696: 2693: 2652:Queen's Beasts 2650:, one of four 2636:Main article: 2633: 2630: 2577:Garter Service 2565:George VI 2557:British Empire 2545:Fort Belvedere 2504:Thomas Sopwith 2471: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2450: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2430: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2378:Henry Ponsonby 2361:Anthony Salvin 2324:British Empire 2308:Queen Victoria 2294:Queen Victoria 2284:Prince Charles 2227:, showing the 2216: 2213: 2160:George Bickham 2140:George II 2109: 2106: 2050:Royal Hospital 1987: 1986: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1894:Nicholas Stone 1886:Charles I 1847: 1844: 1806:Edward VI 1740: 1737: 1716:Chertsey Abbey 1691:Edward IV 1647:Edward IV 1635: 1632: 1558:Edward placed 1528: 1525: 1504:Henry III 1466:Henry III 1457: 1454: 1396:Alnwick Castle 1388:Arundel Castle 1360:Windsor Forest 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1299: 1298: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1231: 1228: 1158:Alfred Gilbert 1138:Henry III 1123:Edward IV 1119:Charles I 1071:Anthony Salvin 1046: 1043: 984:Anthony Salvin 953:Antonio Verrio 928:Louis XV style 862: 859: 829:victory garden 812:Charles I 786: 783: 764:Royal Archives 743: 740: 706: 705: 702: 696: 690: 684: 678: 672: 666: 660: 651: 645: 639: 633: 627: 621: 614: 606: 603: 567:Queen Victoria 555:George IV 531:Charles I 499:Henry III 491:fortifications 413:Windsor Castle 408: 407: 404: 403: 400: 399: 394: 390: 389: 376: 372: 371: 368: 364: 363: 358: 355: 354: 351: 350: 345: 341: 340: 327: 323: 322: 319: 315: 314: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 295: 291: 290: 289:Windsor Castle 287: 283: 282: 277: 274: 273: 271: 270: 265: 259: 257: 253: 252: 246: 242: 241: 238: 234: 233: 229: 228: 227:Limited access 225: 219: 218: 213: 209: 208: 199: 195: 194: 190: 189: 179: 175: 174: 142: 138: 137: 128: 123:Windsor Castle 122: 121: 114: 113: 107: 106: 105: 104: 101: 100: 94: 86: 85: 76: 75: 74:Windsor Castle 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7062: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7045:Former squats 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6881: 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76. 4606: 4600:Rowse, p. 74. 4597: 4595: 4585: 4579:Rowse, p. 69. 4576: 4574: 4567:Rowse, p. 66. 4564: 4555: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4532: 4523: 4517:Rowse, p. 64. 4514: 4512: 4505:Rowse, p. 67. 4502: 4493: 4487:Rowse, p. 60. 4484: 4475: 4469:Rowse, p. 57. 4466: 4457: 4455: 4448:Rowse, p. 56. 4445: 4436: 4430:Rowse, p. 55. 4427: 4418: 4409: 4403:Rowse, p. 61. 4400: 4391: 4385:Rowse, p. 48. 4382: 4376:Rowse, p. 47. 4373: 4367:Rowse, p. 46. 4364: 4355: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4330: 4324:Rowse, p. 43. 4321: 4319: 4317: 4307: 4301:Rowse, p. 34. 4298: 4292:Rowse, p. 39. 4289: 4283:Rowse, p. 31. 4280: 4274:Rowse, p. 30. 4271: 4269: 4267: 4257: 4248: 4242:Rowse, p. 29. 4239: 4233:Rowse, p. 28. 4230: 4228: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4161: 4155:Emery, p.196. 4152: 4150: 4140: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4045: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3987: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3962: 3956:South, p. 35. 3953: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3873: 3863: 3847: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3788: 3786: 3776: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3686: 3677: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3632: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3562:. 6 July 2019 3561: 3557: 3551: 3549: 3539: 3530: 3521: 3512: 3503: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3470:Rowse, p. 95. 3467: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3429: 3419: 3410: 3408: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3310: 3300: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3254: 3244: 3235: 3226: 3224: 3214: 3205: 3203: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3173: 3163: 3154: 3135: 3129: 3122: 3118: 3117:The Telegraph 3114: 3107: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3057: 3041: 3034: 3028: 3021: 3015: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2978: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2872: 2861: 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Retrieved 6701: 6652: 6635: 6618: 6601: 6584: 6567: 6544: 6528: 6511: 6494: 6477: 6460: 6443: 6440:Rowse, A. L. 6423: 6406: 6389: 6372: 6355: 6335: 6318: 6306: 6289: 6271: 6254: 6237: 6222: 6205: 6188: 6168: 6151: 6134: 6117: 6099: 6082: 6065: 6048: 6030: 6013: 5994: 5986:Bibliography 5972:. Retrieved 5963: 5954: 5942:. Retrieved 5933: 5923: 5911:. Retrieved 5906: 5897: 5884: 5872: 5860:. Retrieved 5855: 5846: 5834:. Retrieved 5829: 5820: 5808:. Retrieved 5803: 5794: 5782: 5770: 5758: 5746: 5737: 5728: 5719: 5710: 5698:. 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