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strike which lasted 116 days. 211 sanitation workers participated in the work stoppage, 210 of whom were
African-American. The racial makeup of the strikers increased tensions surrounding the work stoppage and impaired social race relations in the city.Strikers participated in nonviolent marches, economic boycotts, picketing, and human blockades which eventually turned violent with four nights of riots. During the four-month strike, sanitation crew chief Joe Savage led nearly 40 marches down to City Hall, and participated in nonviolent protests which resulted in mass arrests. The strike gained the attention of local and national civil rights advocates, designating this as a significant event in the city's history.
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Police
Sergeant Ray Stewart had also come to the sanitation compound along with other officers equipped with riot gear. At approximately 7:10 a.m., the first of five garbage trucks attempted to leave the compound under police escort, but was met with a human blockade of protesters barricading the exit. At the advice of attorney James Sanderlin and crew chief Joe Savage, the protesters allowed three trucks to exit. A fourth and fifth truck were eventually able to leave without further incident at 7:28 a.m. The five garbage trucks collected garbage from businesses, schools, and hospitals while most residential trash continued to go uncollected.
755:). On August 17, 1968, reports of fires and looting in the south side of St. Petersburg emerged. Nine people were injured, five were white and four were African-American. 150 policemen entered the rioting areas with orders to "shoot to kill" any looters. Damages were said to reach an estimated $ 150,000 by that point. There were a reported 335 fires set since the start of the sanitation strike on May 6 and the violence was not yet over. Riots would continue for the next four days. Given the unrest, Andrews considered imposing a curfew and banning liquor and gas sales in "troubled areas."
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the reduced 235 men needed under the new streamlined system. The savings from this new system of garbage collection was to be passed onto the sanitation workers, which according to the workers never materialized. Furthermore, older workers with seniority in the department feared termination over the newly implemented trash containers as they were heavier and more difficult to handle. Strikers explained that there was a long list of "broken promises" behind the strike as well as a need for respect within the sanitation department and the community.
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586:, represented a committee of eight sanitation workers, members of the Young Men's Progressive Club, during the labor negotiations with the city. Two days into the strike, "Andrews fired 70% of the sanitation department's workforce". Andrews hired approximately 140 temporary workers to fill the vacancies in the department. Unlike the previous strike of 1964, Andrews hired out-of-town replacements, also known as "scabs" or "
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workers as promised. As a result of these perceived failed promises, sanitation workers demanded a wage increase of 25-cents an hour before they would return to work. City
Manager Lynn Andrews, having agreed with similar demands in the two previous strikes, asked the strikers to take the day off and come back Tuesday while claiming he was in no position to grant any wage increases.
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that lasted an estimated four months. The strike of 1968 was one of three labor strikes that took place within three years by city sanitation workers, who cited grievances of pay inequality and poor working conditions. A wage dispute over a newly implemented 48-hour work week triggered the sanitation
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Andrews announced that all men who did not work that day would be fired. Andrews reportedly fired between 150-170 strikers that morning. Later that evening, Andrews also said he would be reverting to the old collection system, where sanitation employees would be returning to a six-day, 48-hour work
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In 1964, garbage man Joe Savage formed the Young Men's
Progressive Club, which served as a quasi union for the sanitation workers of St. Petersburg. There were no union dues and strictly survived off donations. In an effort to avoid violence, they formed an anti-violence committee of an estimated 25
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The sanitation workers' strike of 1968 was a response to a restructuring of hours resulting in a new system of pay for the sanitation workers. This new pay plan effectively reduced weekly wages for sanitation workers from $ 101.40 for 6 days of work (which included time and a half for
Saturday) to $
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On August 30, 1968, fired sanitation workers and City
Manager Andrews came to a public agreement and brought an end to the strike. As terms of the settlement, strikers would return as new employees, losing accumulated sick pay, vacation, and seniority. Workers would return to a six-day 48-hour work
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On Monday May 6, 1968, St. Petersburg city sanitation workers went on strike and implemented a work stoppage at the Lake
Maggiore sanitation compound. Workers expressed concern over a new pay plan implemented a month prior, that failed to produce "shared savings" that were to be passed along to the
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Aside from the wage dispute, there were other elements of grievances that contributed to the strike of 1968. A change in the way trash was collected in the city reduced the amount of sanitation workers needed to perform the work. Under the old system approximately 280 men were needed, as opposed to
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Avenues of monetary relief were arranged to meet some financial needs of strikers, such as donations. Attorney John Due, organizer for the
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO), presented a check to the Young Men's Progressive Club. A Garbage Men's Welfare Fund was
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While strikers continued to gather in protest at the Lake
Maggiore sanitation compound every morning to watch the garbage trucks leave, negotiations had reached a stalemate, and the strike entered its second week without an agreement between strikers and City Manager Andrews. However, Andrews had
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Thursday May 9, 1968, strike leaders, including sanitation crew chief Joe Savage, encouraged sanitation workers to return to work. That morning, over 100 sanitation workers reported to the sanitation department. 35 workers had come with the anticipation to work, while others showed up to protest.
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At an emergency city council meeting later that night, Andrews warned workers who did not show up for work the next day would be fired. Andrews offered an immediate increase of 5-cents per hour, falling short of the requested increase of 25-cents. The workers decided to hold out for the remaining
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Saturday May 11, 1968, only ten garbage trucks were able to leave the sanitation compound for a city of 181,000. Rotting garbage was reportedly spilling onto the streets of St. Petersburg as the strikers had yet to come to a resolution with city officials. Only 29 sanitation workers reported for
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As only five city garbage trucks were collecting trash, Andrews decided to allow citizens to dump their own garbage. Large trailers were placed at local fires stations while free dumping and incineration was offered at the
Toytown landfill. This temporary solution to the piling up of garbage was
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The "special raise" offered to sanitation workers of 5-cents an hour angered other departments, as a result, Andrews agreed to increase wages for 958 city employees by the same amount the sanitation workers would receive pending a settlement. Meanwhile, garbage continued to go uncollected.
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week, however, if a crew was able to finish their routes early they would be given the opportunity to clock out and receive a full day's pay. On October 1, 1968, sanitation workers were given an 8-cents raise per hour, while foreman received an additional 14-cents per hour.
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Tuesday May 7, 1968, fifty-two sanitation workers were fired by Andrews for refusing to go to work, as an agreement had not yet been reached by Andrews and strike leaders during negotiations. In the meantime, garbage went uncollected throughout St. Petersburg.
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Andrews labeled this work stoppage a "wildcat walkout" strike provoked by a "few dissident workers" at an afternoon press conference. Attorney James Sanderlin, representing the strikers, quickly asserted that all sanitation workers wanted an increase in pay.
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While few trucks were able to leave the sanitation compound under police escort to service the city, residential pick up remained slow. Most of the uncollected garbage remained in the predominantly African-American areas of the south side of St. Petersburg.
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By the end of May 1968, a total of 211 of the sanitation workers had been fired for refusing to return to work until their demands were met. 210 of the 211 workers were African-American, explaining the "racial overtones" behind the entire event at the time.
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There had been two other sanitation worker strikes in St. Petersburg, Florida, before that of 1968. In 1964, a labor strike was quickly settled by St. Petersburg City Manager Lynn Andrews, who promptly granted the requested raises.
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73 for 5 days of work. This new plan amounted to a 15% reduction in pay per hour and a 28% reduction in pay per week. After the walkout, strikers demanded a $ 0.25 increase in their hourly wage before they would return to work.
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Friday May 10, 1968, six garbage trucks were able to leave the sanitation compound. An informal city council meeting was held that night, but no resolution manifested. A "freedom march" to City Hall was organized by
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590:", to collect garbage during the strike. After one week, Andrews granted the wage increases. Sanitation workers would now earn a 40-hour salary larger than the 44-hour salary they were earning previously.
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735:, brother of the recently murdered Martin Luther King Jr., flew to St. Petersburg to march alongside Joe Savage and other nonviolent protesters. Marchers were met with riot police and many were arrested.
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On May 23, Ike Williams encouraged a "selective buying" campaign, advocating an economic boycott of white owned businesses. Subsequently, St. Petersburg Mayor Don Jones sided with the sanitation workers.
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Again, in November 1966, a labor strike by sanitation workers occurred as a result of a wage dispute. Approximately 250 strikers participated in the work stoppage. Local civil rights attorneys,
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James Sanderlin, the attorney who represented the sanitation strikers, became the first African-American Pinellas County Judge in 1972, and later was elected to the county circuit court.
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members responsible for preventing violence from breaking out during a strike. Members would typically meet twice a month at the Tabernacle Baptist Church.
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While returning sanitation workers did not receive the pay increase they had hoped for, there are those who suggest this strike "brought the national
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Later that Thursday night, between 10-11 p.m., fire bombings were reported at the homes of two sanitation workers who had worked earlier that day.
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702:. An estimated 75 people marched in frustration for the "jobless garbage men". Marchers chanted "We Shall Overcome" for miles to City Hall.
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Mounting tensions quickly turned to violence and destruction in the city after the beating of Joseph Waller (now known as
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to St. Petersburg" and started the conversation for cultural and economic advancements of African-Americans in the city.
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982:
Paulson, Darryl; Janet Stiff (April 1979). "An Empty Victory: The St. Petersburg Sanitation Strike, 1968".
245:
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2089:
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1973:
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828:
732:
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1968:
1939:
1217:"Struggle in the Sunshine City: The movement for racial equality in St. Petersburg, Florida, 1955-1968"
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192:
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2190:
2174:
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466:
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also formed to help alleviate the burdens for the over 200 families participating in the strike.
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publicly dismissed the strikers, indicating he would not be reopening any negotiations.
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2011:
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2017:
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became the first African American elected to St. Petersburg City Council.
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896:"Remembering our Local Heroes: Joe Savage was St. Pete's version of MLK"
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1950:
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1568:"Fires, Looting, and Violence Erupt In City's Negro Area; Nine Injured"
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535:). Similarly, other sanitation worker strikes were taking place in
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699:
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838:
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees
2295:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
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termed as "Do-It-Yourself" garbage collection and hauling.
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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Rev. Irvin Elligan, pastor of Lakeview Presbyterian Church
1619:"Two Disputes St. Petersburg: Marchers Tampa: Celebrates"
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A few months following the end of the sanitation strike,
953:"Garbage Dispute Settled Agreement Ends 116-day Impasse"
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The strike of 1968 began approximately one month after
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698:, the President of the St. Petersburg chapter of the
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Gibson v. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee
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1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity
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804:
1449:"City Manager Fires All St. Pete garbage Strikers"
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843:Greater St. Petersburg Council on Human Relations
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1380:"Lagging Service, Firings Deepen Garbage Crisis"
779:James Sanderlin, attorney for sanitation workers
1479:"$ 1,000 Check Expected for Sanitation Workers"
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1312:
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621:Film of 1968 St.Pete Sanitation Workers’ Strike
2361:Sanitation labor disputes in the United States
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1557:
1501:
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1318:"The Garbage Strike an Exercise in Escalation"
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1111:"The Making of a Garbage Strike: 1968 Version"
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785:Dave Welch, co-chairman of Community Alliance
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1021:"St. Petersburg Garbage Strike in Stalemate"
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894:Favorite, Merab-Michal (February 6, 2011).
280:Florida ex Rel. Hawkins v. Board of Control
2331:Civil rights protests in the United States
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2300:Mass racial violence in the United States
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817:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
479:Organized Labor–Professional Freedom Ride
2351:Labor-related riots in the United States
1772:St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968
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823:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
501:St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968
2326:20th century in St. Petersburg, Florida
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1269:"Out-Of-Town Crews Picking Up Garbage"
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503:(May 6, 1968 – August 30, 1968) was a
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2255:1973 Oklahoma State Penitentiary riot
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1244:"Strike Ends; Garbage Men Work Today"
1242:Caperton, Frank (November 21, 1966).
1214:
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1144:Caperton, Frank (November 21, 1966).
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846:Junta of Militant Organization (JOMO)
731:Later in the duration of the strike,
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234:
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21:1968 St. Petersburg sanitation strike
1711:Hunters Point social uprising (1966)
1611:
1002:
776:Dan Davidson, Assistant City Manager
455:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
1678:in the history of the United States
1566:Alexander, Jack (August 17, 1968).
1371:
1353:"Do-It-Yourself Garbage Collection"
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13:
2278:New Mexico State Penitentiary riot
1806:1973 Idaho State Penitentiary riot
1801:1971 Idaho State Penitentiary riot
1728:1973 San Quentin State Prison riot
791:Henry Cathirell, sanitation worker
768:Individuals involved in bargaining
14:
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1146:"The Strike: Respect Means A Lot"
788:Joe Savage, sanitation crew chief
1840:Racial unrest in Cairo, Illinois
1593:"12 Negroes Arrested in Rioting"
984:The Florida Historical Quarterly
834:Committee of Concerned Clergymen
805:Organizations involved in strike
800:Willie McGhee, sanitation worker
615:
409:St. Petersburg sanitation strike
2321:1968 labor disputes and strikes
2197:1968 Kansas City, Missouri riot
1506:Yogman, Ron (August 21, 1968).
1215:Jones, Peyton (15 April 2010).
951:Yogman, Ron (August 30, 1968).
797:Willie Jones, sanitation worker
794:Fred Winters, sanitation worker
722:
546:
2228:New Haven Black Panther trials
2030:Clifford Glover shooting riots
1477:Adams, Samuel (May 21, 1968).
1421:"No End in Site to Job Crisis"
1109:Adams, Samuel (May 10, 1968).
318:Murder of Johnnie Mae Chappell
1:
872:
758:
564:
461:Murder trial of Ruby McCollum
29:May 6, 1968 – August 30, 1968
2148:1974 Huntsville Prison siege
2095:Wooster Avenue riots of 1968
1830:1966 Chicago West Side riots
1419:Yogman, Ron (May 11, 1968).
1078:The Making of St. Petersburg
850:
55:Worsening working conditions
7:
2266:Boston busing desegregation
2207:1968 Washington, D.C. riots
1974:1970 Asbury Park race riots
1536:"9 Injured, None Seriously"
1378:Yogman, Ron (May 9, 1968).
829:Congress of Racial Equality
733:Alfred Daniel Williams King
387:Monson Motor Lodge protests
98:City of St. Petersburg gov.
10:
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1777:Escambia High School riots
773:Lynn Andrews, City Manager
594:Garbage men's organization
52:Company reduction of wages
2356:Labor disputes in Florida
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2138:
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1987:
1949:
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1716:Sunset Strip curfew riots
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533:Memphis sanitation strike
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85:
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62:
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33:
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2191:King assassination riots
2175:Long, hot summer of 1967
2170:Ghetto riots (1964–1969)
2055:1969 Greensboro uprising
1915:1966 Benton Harbor riots
1705:Compton's Cafeteria riot
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2260:Baltimore police strike
2212:Wilmington riot of 1968
2007:1968 New York City riot
2002:1967 New York City riot
1935:1970 Memorial Park riot
1757:1967 Riviera Beach riot
1623:The Evening Independent
1597:The Evening Independent
1572:The Evening Independent
1540:The Evening Independent
1512:The Evening Independent
1508:"Crisis Turns To Talks"
1425:The Evening Independent
1384:The Evening Independent
1357:The Evening Independent
1273:The Evening Independent
1075:Michaels, Will (2012).
957:The Evening Independent
513:St. Petersburg, Florida
434:Interfaith Freedom Ride
422:Tallahassee bus boycott
39:St. Petersburg, Florida
2336:Martin Luther King Jr.
2234:Student strike of 1970
1940:Livernois–Fenkell riot
1892:Baltimore riot of 1968
1887:Cambridge riot of 1967
1868:Disco Demolition Night
1762:1968 Tallahassee riots
521:Martin Luther King Jr.
403:St. Petersburg sit-ins
381:St. Augustine movement
2341:Civil rights movement
2249:Wounded Knee incident
2202:1968 Louisville riots
2125:1968 Pittsburgh riots
1969:Trenton Riots of 1968
1964:1967 Plainfield riots
1835:Waukegan riot of 1966
1824:Division Street riots
1081:. The History Press.
857:Civil Rights Movement
486:McLaughlin v. Florida
375:St. Augustine sit-ins
287:Daytona Beach sit-ins
263:Civil rights movement
2106:Kent State shootings
1483:St. Petersburg Times
1322:St. Petersburg Times
1248:St. Petersburg Times
1150:St. Petersburg Times
1115:St. Petersburg Times
1025:St. Petersburg Times
603:Course of the strike
300:Jacksonville sit-ins
2185:Orangeburg massacre
2180:1967 Milwaukee riot
2130:1969 York race riot
2090:1968 Avondale riots
2085:1967 Avondale riots
2060:Greensboro massacre
1979:Camden Riot of 1971
1275:. November 17, 1966
900:The Bradenton Times
556:Additional disputes
467:Lido Beach wade-ins
441:Adderley v. Florida
428:Tallahassee sit-ins
352:Robinson v. Florida
2100:Glenville shootout
2024:Attica Prison riot
1862:Humboldt Park riot
1846:1968 Chicago riots
1722:Chicano Moratorium
629:The first six days
529:Memphis, Tennessee
509:sanitation workers
306:Ax Handle Saturday
182:Sanitation strikes
92:Sanitation Workers
2308:
2307:
2223:1970 Augusta riot
1997:1967 Buffalo riot
1959:1967 Newark riots
1930:1968 Detroit riot
1925:1967 Saginaw riot
1920:1967 Detroit riot
1910:1966 Detroit riot
1733:White Night riots
1599:. August 17, 1968
1542:. August 17, 1968
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312:Jacksonville riot
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2288:Related articles
2272:Herman Hill riot
2036:August Rebellion
1783:1980 Miami riots
1752:1967 Tampa riots
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570:Previous strikes
449:Other localities
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2012:Stonewall riots
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1767:1968 Miami riot
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1625:. July 18, 1968
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1129:
1119:
1117:
1107:
1096:
1089:
1073:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1003:
980:
971:
961:
959:
949:
914:
904:
902:
892:
879:
875:
853:
807:
770:
761:
753:Omali Yeshitela
749:
725:
708:
691:
671:
662:
653:
636:
631:
616:
605:
596:
580:James Sanderlin
572:
567:
558:
549:
497:
492:
267:
261:
259:
229:
228:
227:
222:
184:
181:
179:
139:
138:
121:
120:
117:Mayor Don Jones
99:
94:
93:
58:
41:
12:
11:
5:
2374:
2364:
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2133:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2047:North Carolina
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1883:
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1875:
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1666:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1637:
1636:
1610:
1584:
1553:
1524:
1495:
1462:
1451:. May 14, 1968
1437:
1396:
1370:
1335:
1324:. May 10, 1968
1286:
1260:
1229:
1162:
1127:
1094:
1087:
1038:
1027:. May 13, 1968
1001:
969:
912:
876:
874:
871:
852:
849:
848:
847:
844:
841:
835:
832:
826:
820:
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802:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
769:
766:
760:
757:
748:
745:
724:
721:
707:
704:
690:
687:
670:
667:
661:
658:
652:
649:
635:
632:
630:
627:
624:
623:
612:
611:
610:Filmed footage
604:
601:
595:
592:
588:strikebreakers
584:Frank Peterman
571:
568:
566:
563:
557:
554:
548:
545:
494:
493:
491:
490:
482:
476:
470:
464:
458:
446:
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437:
431:
425:
413:
412:
406:
397:Petersburg, Fl
391:
390:
384:
378:
363:
362:
356:
348:
340:
334:
322:
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315:
309:
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291:
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272:
269:
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258:
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199:St. Petersburg
196:
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136:
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75:demonstrations
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27:
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2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:Hard Hat Riot
2016:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
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1926:
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1918:
1916:
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1911:
1908:
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1676:
1672:
1665:
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1624:
1620:
1614:
1598:
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1588:
1573:
1569:
1562:
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1541:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1484:
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1471:
1469:
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1422:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1359:. May 9, 1968
1358:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
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1299:
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1274:
1270:
1264:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
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1169:
1167:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
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1116:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1088:9781609498337
1084:
1080:
1079:
1071:
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1065:
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1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
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1026:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
976:
974:
958:
954:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
901:
897:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
877:
870:
867:
865:
860:
858:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
771:
765:
756:
754:
744:
740:
736:
734:
729:
720:
716:
712:
703:
701:
697:
686:
683:
679:
675:
666:
657:
648:
644:
640:
622:
613:
608:
600:
591:
589:
585:
581:
576:
562:
553:
544:
542:
538:
537:New York City
534:
530:
526:
525:assassination
522:
517:
514:
510:
506:
502:
488:
487:
483:
480:
477:
474:
473:Tampa sit-ins
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
451:
450:
443:
442:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
419:
418:
417:
410:
407:
404:
401:
400:
399:
398:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
372:
371:
370:
360:
357:
354:
353:
349:
346:
345:
341:
338:
337:Miami sit-ins
335:
332:
331:Miami sit-ins
329:
328:
327:
326:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
297:
296:
295:
288:
285:
282:
281:
277:
276:
275:
270:
264:
256:
251:
249:
244:
242:
237:
236:
233:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
176:
171:
169:
164:
162:
157:
156:
153:
141:
134:
133:
129:
124:
119:
118:
111:
106:
96:
89:
88:
84:
79:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
54:
51:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
2240:
2117:Pennsylvania
1856:Days of Rage
1771:
1675:civil unrest
1627:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1596:
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
1571:
1544:. Retrieved
1539:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:
1486:. Retrieved
1482:
1453:. Retrieved
1428:. Retrieved
1424:
1387:. Retrieved
1383:
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1356:
1326:. Retrieved
1321:
1277:. Retrieved
1272:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:
1220:. Retrieved
1153:. Retrieved
1149:
1118:. Retrieved
1114:
1077:
1029:. Retrieved
1024:
987:
983:
960:. Retrieved
956:
903:. Retrieved
899:
868:
861:
854:
762:
750:
741:
737:
730:
726:
723:Days forward
717:
713:
709:
696:Ike Williams
692:
684:
680:
676:
672:
663:
654:
645:
641:
637:
597:
577:
573:
559:
550:
547:Wage dispute
518:
505:labor strike
500:
498:
484:
448:
447:
439:
415:
414:
408:
393:
392:
365:
364:
350:
342:
324:
323:
294:Jacksonville
293:
292:
278:
273:
198:
115:
108:Lead figures
2268:(1974–1988)
2079:Hough riots
1842:(1967–1973)
1779:(1972–1977)
1699:Watts riots
416:Tallahassee
137:211 workers
2315:Categories
2241:Kitty Hawk
2217:Zip to Zap
1951:New Jersey
1691:California
990:(4): 421.
873:References
759:Settlement
647:20-cents.
565:Background
359:Miami riot
265:in Florida
205:Charleston
1682:1964–1980
851:Aftermath
840:(AFL-CIO)
369:Augustine
46:Caused by
1989:New York
1902:Michigan
1879:Maryland
1816:Illinois
1629:27 April
1603:26 April
1577:26 April
1546:26 April
1517:26 April
1488:27 April
1455:25 April
1430:25 April
1389:26 April
1363:25 April
1328:25 April
1279:27 April
1253:25 April
1222:25 April
1155:25 April
1120:25 April
1031:25 April
996:30151005
962:26 April
905:25 April
507:by city
34:Location
1744:Florida
813:(NAACP)
274:Daytona
217:Atlanta
211:Atlanta
193:Memphis
81:Parties
71:protest
67:Strikes
63:Methods
2280:(1980)
2274:(1979)
2262:(1974)
2251:(1973)
2245:(1972)
2230:(1970)
2219:(1969)
2193:(1968)
2187:(1968)
2163:Others
2155:(1978)
2108:(1970)
2102:(1968)
2081:(1966)
2062:(1979)
2038:(1974)
2032:(1973)
2026:(1971)
2020:(1970)
2014:(1969)
1942:(1975)
1870:(1979)
1864:(1977)
1858:(1969)
1826:(1966)
1735:(1979)
1724:(1970)
1718:(1966)
1707:(1966)
1701:(1965)
1085:
994:
831:(CORE)
825:(SCLC)
819:(SNCC)
711:work.
682:week.
126:Number
2140:Texas
1793:Idaho
1671:Riots
992:JSTOR
747:Riots
706:Day 6
700:NAACP
689:Day 5
669:Day 4
660:Day 3
651:Day 2
634:Day 1
541:Tampa
325:Miami
2243:riot
2239:USS
2071:Ohio
1673:and
1631:2013
1605:2013
1579:2013
1548:2013
1519:2013
1490:2013
1457:2013
1432:2013
1391:2013
1365:2013
1330:2013
1281:2013
1255:2013
1224:2013
1157:2013
1122:2013
1083:ISBN
1033:2013
964:2013
907:2013
582:and
539:and
499:The
489:1964
481:1961
475:1960
469:1955
463:1952
457:1951
444:1966
436:1961
430:1960
424:1956
411:1968
405:1960
389:1964
383:1963
377:1960
361:1968
355:1964
347:1963
339:1960
333:1956
320:1964
314:1964
308:1960
302:1960
289:1960
283:1956
219:2018
213:1977
207:1969
201:1968
195:1968
26:Date
527:in
523:'s
511:in
394:St.
366:St.
2317::
1621:.
1595:.
1570:.
1556:^
1538:.
1527:^
1510:.
1498:^
1481:.
1465:^
1440:^
1423:.
1399:^
1382:.
1355:.
1338:^
1320:.
1289:^
1271:.
1246:.
1232:^
1165:^
1148:.
1130:^
1113:.
1097:^
1041:^
1023:.
1004:^
988:57
986:.
972:^
955:.
915:^
898:.
880:^
543:.
73:,
69:,
1684:)
1680:(
1663:e
1656:t
1649:v
1633:.
1607:.
1581:.
1550:.
1521:.
1492:.
1459:.
1434:.
1393:.
1367:.
1332:.
1283:.
1257:.
1226:.
1159:.
1124:.
1091:.
1035:.
998:.
966:.
909:.
254:e
247:t
240:v
174:e
167:t
160:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.