784:
832:), lack of knowledge of the normative spelling, or lack of concern over spelling rules at all. Whether or not a word is misspelled may depend on context and the orthographic conventions adopted, as is the case with American/British English distinctions. Misspelling can also be a matter of opinion when variant spellings are accepted by some and not by others. For example, "miniscule" (for "minuscule") is a misspelling to many, and yet it is listed as an acceptable variant in some dictionaries.
1988:
920:– "In 1879 the first post office was built and named 'Seguin' for the surrounding area. In 1907, due to a Postal Official's error in reading an official report, the post office was titled 'Seguim' for approximately a month. With the next report, the Official read the letter 'g' as a 'q', and the post office here became known as 'Sequim.' The name change did not worry the residents enough to protest. It has been known as Sequim ever since."
58:
799:". A misspelled word can be a series of letters that represents no correctly spelled word of the same language at all (such as "leik" for "like") or a correct spelling of another word (such as writing "here" when one means "hear", or "no" when one means "know"). Misspellings of the latter type are called "
954:
English orthography has a broad degree of standardization. However, there are several ways to spell almost every sound, and most letters have several variants of pronunciation depending on their position in the word and context. Therefore, some spelling mistakes are common even among native speakers.
987:
are phonological and etymological, that is why there are several letters with identical phonemes. Beginning from the 17th century, various options for orthographic reforms were suggested that would create a one-to-one correspondence between grapheme and phoneme, but all of them were rejected. Most
955:
This is mainly due to large number of words that were borrowed from other languages with no successful attempts of complete spelling reform. Most spelling rules usually do not reflect phonetic changes that have taken place since the end of the 15th century (for example, the
909:
Referer – common misspelling of the word referrer. It is so common that it made it into the official specification of HTTP – the communication protocol of the World Wide Web – and has, therefore, become the standard industry spelling when discussing
979:
is based on etymological principle (as
English is); thus the Icelanders themselves experience difficulties in writing. The modern Icelandic alphabet is based on the standard introduced by the Danish philologist Rasmus Rask.
971:
and the emergence of numerous regional and dialect variants. In 2009 the global reform of the
Portuguese language was initiated to eliminate 98% of inconsistencies in spelling between various countries.
669:, such as France, the Netherlands, and the German-speaking areas, reforms have occasionally been introduced (not always successfully) so that spelling better matches the changing pronunciation.
874:
documentary, January 2006, the founders – noted for their poor spelling – registered Google as a trademark and web address before someone pointed out that it was not correct.
638:
and a degree of institutional support in a country. Therefore, normative spelling is a relatively recent development linked to the compiling of dictionaries (in many languages, special
646:, are compiled, showing prescribed spelling of words but not their meanings), the founding of national academies and other institutions of language maintenance, including widespread
855:– This town in north Alabama was named Arad, after its founder, Arad Thompson, but the name was misspelled on a US Post Office map as "Arab", and the misspelled name stuck.
721:
Learning proper spelling by rote is a traditional element of elementary education, and divergence from standard spelling is often perceived as an indicator of low intelligence,
618:
is usually only approximated, due to factors including changes in pronunciation over time, and the borrowing of vocabulary from other languages without adapting its spelling.
1315:
735:
are commonly used to assess a student's mastery of the words in the spelling lessons the student has received so far. They can also be an effective practice method.
1543:
998:
In
Japanese, the choice between kanji, hiragana and katakana, and the choice of katakana for the many words borrowed from English and other foreign languages,
681:
568:
1391:
1085:
705:
1115:
1360:
1669:
1884:
686:
203:
988:
modern proposals to reform spelling are limited to the removal of homophone letters that are preserved for etymological reasons.
1515:
1759:
991:
In many languages, types of mis-spelling arise from features of those languages which are not present in
English: for example,
106:
1209:
739:
are competitions to determine the best speller of a group. Prominent spelling bees are sometimes even televised, such as the
1337:
1105:
1095:
198:
1718:
1323:
1965:
1899:
839:
that are deliberate misspellings of well-known corporate names to mislead or defraud. The practice is commonly known as "
17:
1130:
1110:
700:
proposals, at least since the 16th century, but they have made little impact apart from a few spellings preferred by
676:
529:
1297:
622:
may be spelled differently on purpose in order to disambiguate words that would otherwise have identical spellings.
1824:
1161:
697:
305:
795:
While some words admit multiple spellings, some spellings are not considered standard. These are commonly called "
550:
1490:
1001:
In Welsh (and other Celtic languages), errors in the application of the mutation system for initial consonants (
283:
121:
1437:
803:", and they can easily make their way into printed material because they are not caught by simple computer
1282:
564:
560:
1975:
1889:
1412:
1051:
995:
In German, the rules for initial capitalisation, the use of Ăź, and the splitting of words at line breaks,
630:
Standardization of spelling is connected with the development of writing and the establishment of modern
603:
1752:
41:
800:
778:
761:"suggestive" rather than "merely descriptive", or to evade copyright restrictions. The pastry chains
350:
31:
499:
238:
126:
1929:
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1859:
1839:
1100:
233:
757:
Divergent spelling is a popular advertising technique, used to attract attention or to render a
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1934:
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111:
81:
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2015:
1944:
1834:
927:, a mining town in Arizona, was spelled wrongly. It should be Quartzite, after the mineral
752:
615:
611:
372:
967:
Portuguese spelling is not strictly phonematic. It is associated with an extension of the
8:
1849:
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815:(such as writing "'Murica'" instead of "America", or "helluva" instead of "hell of a").
1991:
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1190:
Coulmas, F. (1996), The
Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems, Oxford:Blackwell
808:
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880:, Scotland: the name arose from a medieval manuscript copyist's error in copying
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2004:
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1298:"Typosquatters Act May Apply to Misspelling Domain Names to Mislead Surfers"
1768:
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836:
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736:
726:
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634:. Languages with established orthography are those languages that enjoy an
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273:
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1800:
1438:"The Relationship between Spelling and Pronunciation in English Language"
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1992: Gaffe with an 'e' at the end, by Paul Mickle / The
Trentonian
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49:
807:. Deliberate misspellings that emphasize the pronunciation of a
1737:
934:
862:
858:
607:
1258:; states that this spelling is "widely regarded as an error"
1627:"The role of left perisylvian cortical regions in spelling"
1402:
Norbury, J. K. W. Word
Formation in the Noun and Adjective.
1227:
Nástroj myšlenĂ a dorozumÄ›lnĂ: hrst Ăşvah o spisovnĂ© ÄŤeštinÄ›
819:
57:
1727:"Pronunciation guide with multilingual talking dictionary"
1625:
Henry ML, Beeson PM, Stark AJ, Rapcsak SZ (January 2007).
902:, came about because someone misspelled the original name
846:
866:
824:
1491:"Then and Now: The Brazilian Portuguese Spelling Reform"
1272:
The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
835:
A well-known internet scam involves the registration of
665:
In countries or regions where there is an authoritative
1624:
941:
was misread; in Latin letters, at the time, the letter
865:. According to Google's vice president, as quoted on a
1544:"Skólamálfræði Hver er hún og hver ætti hún að vera?"
1204:, vol. 1, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 273–283,
555:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1223:
1313:
1314:Oldfield, Molly; Mitchinson, John (15 Apr 2009).
1086:American and British English spelling differences
706:American and British English spelling differences
2002:
1722:. The Stewardship Project. (Concept of spelling)
569:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
27:Set of conventions to represent words in writing
1939:
769:, for example, employ non-standard spellings.
1753:
523:
1366:. City of Sequim, Washington. Archived from
1358:
1199:
625:
1760:
1746:
945:was never dotted, so "m" looked like "ni".
530:
516:
1667:
1650:
1200:Ulrich Ammon (2004), "Standard variety",
1287:Cambridge Dictionary of American English
782:
595:, and highly standardized spelling is a
204:Directed listening and thinking activity
1316:"QI: Quite Interesting facts about 100"
847:Notable English misspellings in history
14:
2003:
818:Misspellings may be due to accidental
1741:
591:. Spelling is one of the elements of
1392:Town of Quartzsite 2003 General Plan
1122:
1106:Pronunciation respelling for English
1096:English terms with diacritical marks
559:. For the distinction between ,
329:Reading differences and disabilities
1966:International scientific vocabulary
1597:"Spanish Homophones and Homographs"
1256:Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary
1078:
587:should correspond to the sounds of
24:
1617:
1230:(in Czech), F. BorovĂ˝, p. 206
983:The fundamental principles of the
962:
861:– accidental misspelling of
25:
2027:
1710:
1670:"Remediation of written language"
1111:Commonly misspelled English words
894:, a popular bedtime drink in the
677:German orthography reform of 1996
1986:
1767:
1162:Latin spelling and pronunciation
698:English-language spelling reform
127:The active view of reading model
56:
1589:
1564:
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1458:
1430:
1405:
1396:
1385:
1352:
1330:
923:According to some, the name of
906:on the trademark documentation.
772:
551:International Phonetic Alphabet
1885:Language-for-specific-purposes
1307:
1291:
1276:
1261:
1245:
1234:
1217:
1193:
1184:
1131:List of language orthographies
822:(e.g. the transposition error
711:
689:rectifications orthographiques
654:, and often does not apply to
100:Scientific theories and models
13:
1:
1413:"Second Grade Spelling Words"
1178:
746:
696:There have occasionally been
1719:BASIC LINGUISTICS OF ENGLISH
1224:František TrávnĂÄŤek (1940),
579:is a set of conventions for
7:
1976:List of online dictionaries
1686:10.1310/D4AM-XY9Y-QDFT-YUR0
1643:10.1016/j.bandl.2006.06.011
1052:Register (sociolinguistics)
1009:
716:
10:
2032:
949:
791:on a service station sign.
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750:
682:Portuguese spelling reform
122:Scarborough's Reading Rope
29:
1984:
1958:
1814:
1775:
1516:"Baráttan gegn málvillum"
779:Commonly misspelled words
644:orthographic dictionaries
626:Standards and conventions
351:Reading for special needs
32:Spelling (disambiguation)
1116:Frequently misused words
602:Spellings originated as
239:Sustained silent reading
1495:unitedlanguagegroup.com
1101:English spelling reform
975:the orthography of the
547:phonetic transcriptions
234:Structured word inquiry
1971:List of lexicographers
1300:, Shari Claire Lewis,
1067:Spelling pronunciation
1047:Pronunciation spelling
792:
743:in the United States.
704:having contributed to
544:This article contains
157:Phonological awareness
112:Simple view of reading
82:Vocabulary development
1900:Monolingual learner's
1359:Robinson, J. (2005).
1304:, September 15, 2004,
786:
741:National Spelling Bee
640:spelling dictionaries
480:Functional illiteracy
1302:New York Law Journal
753:Sensational spelling
616:phonemic orthography
612:alphabetic principle
373:Alphabetic principle
306:Automatic assessment
30:For other uses, see
1940:Spelling dictionary
1850:Defining vocabulary
1731:.howtopronounce.com
1445:languageinindia.com
1417:primarylearning.org
1172:Spanish orthography
1167:Russian orthography
1157:Italian orthography
1091:English orthography
985:Spanish orthography
969:Portuguese language
871:The Money Programme
393:History of printing
229:Reciprocal teaching
214:Independent reading
181:Reading instruction
140:Cognitive processes
87:Vocabulary learning
18:Spelling dictionary
1992:Linguistics portal
1825:Advanced learner's
1674:Top Stroke Rehabil
1668:Beeson PM (2004).
1572:"SPANISH ALPHABET"
1466:"English language"
1152:Hangul orthography
1142:German orthography
1137:French orthography
977:Icelandic language
918:Sequim, Washington
878:Grampian Mountains
793:
660:regional languages
490:Literary criticism
346:Reading disability
152:Phonemic awareness
117:Science of reading
1998:
1997:
1211:978-3-11-014189-4
1147:Greek orthography
1042:Phonetic spelling
957:Great Vowel Shift
787:A misspelling of
632:standard dialects
610:according to the
606:of the sounds of
540:
539:
460:Critical literacy
244:Synthetic phonics
219:Literature circle
107:Dual route theory
77:Reading readiness
16:(Redirected from
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1990:
1890:Machine-readable
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1361:"Sequim History"
1356:
1350:
1349:
1344:. Archived from
1338:"Define Referer"
1334:
1328:
1327:
1326:on Jan 29, 2010.
1322:. Archived from
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1305:
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1202:Sociolinguistics
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1079:English spelling
809:regional dialect
667:language academy
581:written language
566:
562:
532:
525:
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428:Written language
316:Readability test
284:Words per minute
199:Concept-oriented
189:Analytic phonics
167:Word recognition
69:Learning to read
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1348:on Mar 3, 2010.
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1072:Spelling reform
1032:Official script
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963:Other languages
952:
937:– Arabic
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636:official status
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589:spoken language
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475:Family literacy
470:Distant reading
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383:Dolch word list
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1470:britannica.com
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1373:on Oct 3, 2008
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1342:Dictionary.com
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805:spell checkers
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763:Dunkin' Donuts
751:Main article:
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733:Spelling tests
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672:Examples are:
642:, also called
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604:transcriptions
583:regarding how
567:⟩, see
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1860:Encyclopedic
1840:Biographical
1817:dictionaries
1769:Lexicography
1730:
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1801:Phrase book
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1268:"minuscule"
1252:"minuscule"
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408:Orthography
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1875:Historical
1855:Electronic
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1179:References
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620:Homophones
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495:Literature
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418:Sight word
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1945:Sub-field
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1815:Types of
1806:Thesaurus
1776:Types of
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900:Australia
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759:trademark
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1606:June 14,
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1010:See also
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717:Learning
692:of 1990.
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652:literacy
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452:Literacy
403:Morpheme
398:Language
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1796:Lexicon
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