2025:
2770:
3866:
59:
3736:
2598:
3926:
1709:
2218:
in
Finland, in close proximity to Leningrad. No promises to the contrary managed to persuade the other. Additionally, both sides had misunderstood the others position: the Finns had assumed that the Soviets had opened up on a maximalist demand, ready to be traded down smaller. The Soviets instead had stressed the minimalist nature of their demands, and were incredulous over Finnish reluctance to agree. Finally, there was also Stalin's unwillingness or inability to accept that any territorial concessions on the part of Finland would have only been possible by a 4/5th majority in the Finnish parliament. He had mocked such a requirement, proposing that they count his and Molotov's votes, too.
3027:
397:
385:
373:
361:
349:
335:
321:
307:
1894:
181:
2474:
2251:
3464:
3326:
3008:. The Soviet troops also lacked skill in skiing, so soldiers were restricted to movement by road and were forced to move in long columns. The Red Army lacked proper winter tents, and troops had to sleep in improvised shelters. Some Soviet units incurred frostbite casualties as high as ten per cent even before crossing the Finnish border. However, the cold weather did give an advantage to Soviet tanks, as they could move over frozen terrain and bodies of water, rather than being immobilised in swamps and mud. According to Krivosheev, at least 61,506 Soviet troops were sick or
3115:, a number of Soviet tanks broke through the thin line on 19 December, but the Soviets could not benefit from the situation because of insufficient co-operation between branches of service. The Finns remained in their trenches, allowing the Soviet tanks to move freely behind the Finnish line, as the Finns had no proper anti-tank weapons. The Finns succeeded in repelling the main Soviet assault. The tanks, stranded behind enemy lines, attacked the strongpoints at random until they were eventually destroyed, 20 in all. By 22 December, the battle ended in a Finnish victory.
4225:
3448:, occurred on the first day of the war. The capital was bombed only a few times thereafter. All in all, Soviet bombings cost Finland five per cent of its total man-hour production. Nevertheless, Soviet air attacks affected thousands of civilians, killing 957. The Soviets recorded 2,075 bombing attacks in 516 localities. The city of Viipuri, a major Soviet objective close to the Karelian Isthmus front, was almost levelled by nearly 12,000 bombs. No attacks on civilian targets were mentioned in Soviet radio or newspaper reports. In January 1940, the Soviet
4368:, the 7th Soviet Army lost 1,244 tanks during the breakthrough battles of the Mannerheim Line in mid-winter. In the immediate aftermath of the war, the Finnish estimate of the number of lost Soviet tanks was 1,000 to 1,200. The Soviet Air Forces lost around 1,000 aircraft, but fewer than half of them were combat casualties. According to Carl Fredrik Geust, based on the studies of Soviet air force units, Finnish anti-aircraft units shot down 119 and Finnish fighter pilots 131 Soviet aircraft, though all Soviet aircraft losses had been more than 900.
3278:
3990:
4108:
13881:
3747:
bad terrain and harsh climate, and falsely claiming that the
Mannerheim Line was stronger than the Maginot Line, and that the Americans had sent 1,000 of their best pilots to Finland. However, the Soviets were confronted with the unavoidable reality of the poor performance of their troops against the Finns. Stalin in particular was concerned about the effects of the war on Soviet reputation. In late December, the Soviets decided to reduce their strategic objectives and focused on bringing the war to an end.
3857:
commanders wished to continue the war as their forces were starting to make progress against the Finns, whereas the
Communist Party pointed out that the war was becoming too costly and called for the signing of a peace treaty. The party believed that Finland could be taken over later by means of a revolution. The heated discussion that ensued failed to yield any clear result and the matter went to a vote, in which the party's opinion prevailed and the decision was taken to bring hostilities to an end.
4432:
3139:
2953:
2372:
territorial concessions from
Finland, and even offered land in return, which would not have made sense if full Sovietization was intended. And according to Kotkin, Stalin seemed to be genuinely interested in reaching an agreement during the negotiations: he had personally attended six of the seven meetings with the Finns, and had multiple times reduced his demands. However, mutual mistrust and misunderstandings would mar the negotiations, producing an impasse.
17733:
3902:
Army's humiliation by the Finns. The
Soviets had further demands, as their military position was strong and improving. On 9 March, the Finnish military situation on the Karelian Isthmus was dire, as troops were experiencing heavy casualties. Artillery ammunition was exhausted and weapons were wearing out. The Finnish government, realizing that the hoped-for Franco-British military expedition would not arrive in time, as Norway and Sweden had not given the
3821:(which was overestimated by Soviet intelligence in February and March 1940). With the spring thaw approaching, the Soviet forces risked becoming bogged down in the forests. Finnish Foreign Minister VÀinö Tanner arrived in Stockholm on 12 February and negotiated the peace terms with the Soviets through the Swedes. German representatives, not aware that the negotiations were underway, suggested on 17 February that Finland negotiate with the Soviet Union.
289:
277:
265:
253:
241:
227:
213:
4418:
3076:
If he refused to fight, he would be shot. If he tried to sneak through the forest, he would freeze to death. And surrender was no option for him; Soviet propaganda had told him how the Finns would torture prisoners to death." The problem however was that the Finns were mostly too weak to fully exploit their success. Some of the pockets of encircled Soviet soldiers held out for weeks and even months, binding a huge number of
Finnish forces.
157:
2056:, stating that the Soviets did not trust Germany and that war was considered possible between the two countries. The Red Army would not wait passively behind the border but would rather "advance to meet the enemy". Finnish representatives assured Yartsev that Finland was committed to a policy of neutrality and that the country would resist any armed incursion. Yartsev suggested that Finland cede or lease some islands in the
3372:, and a company of tanks, was outflanked by a Finnish battalion. The 122nd retreated, abandoning much of its heavy equipment and vehicles. Following this success, the Finns shuttled reinforcements to the defensive line in front of KemijÀrvi. The Soviets hammered the defensive line without success. The Finns counter-attacked, and the Soviets retreated to a new defensive line where they stayed for the rest of the war.
2522:, Stalin and Boris Shaposhnikov. On 28 December, when Stalin asked for volunteers to take over military command, Semyon Timoshenko offered himself on the condition that he be allowed to implement Shaposhnikov's initial plan of a focused attack on the Karelian Isthmus to break the Mannerhiem Line; it was accepted. In January 1940, the Leningrad Military District was reformed and renamed "North-Western Front".
4307:
2410:, reported, "The terrain of coming operations is split by lakes, rivers, swamps, and is almost entirely covered by forests.... The proper use of our forces will be difficult". These doubts were not reflected in Meretskov's troop deployments, and he publicly announced that the Finnish campaign would take two weeks at most. Soviet soldiers had even been warned not to cross the border mistakenly into Sweden.
2498:, with its dense well-mapped network of paved roads. Armies fighting there had recognised supply and communications centres, which could be easily targeted by armoured vehicle regiments. Finnish Army centres, in contrast, were deep inside the country. There were no paved roads, and even gravel or dirt roads were scarce. Most of the terrain consisted of trackless forests and swamps. The war correspondent
3998:
interest. Several foreign organisations sent material aid, and many countries granted credit and military materiel to
Finland. Nazi Germany allowed arms to pass through its territory to Finland, but after a Swedish newspaper made this public, Adolf Hitler initiated a policy of silence towards Finland, as part of improved GermanâSoviet relations following the signing of the MolotovâRibbentrop Pact.
2352:" and thus "achieve absolute victory". He quoted Molotov, who had commented in November 1939 on the regime change plan to a Soviet ambassador that the new government "will not be Soviet, but one of a democratic republic. Nobody is going to set up Soviets over there, but we hope it will be a government we can come to terms with as to ensure the security of Leningrad". According to Russian historian
4245:. After the end of the war, the situation of the Finnish Army on the Karelian Isthmus became a subject of debate in Finland. Orders had already been issued to prepare a retreat to the next line of defence in the Taipale sector. Estimates of how long the Red Army could have been delayed by retreat-and-stand operations varied from a few days to a few weeks, or to a couple of months at most.
2533:, comprising nine divisions, a tank corps and three tank brigades, was located on the Karelian Isthmus. Its objective was to quickly overrun the Finnish defenses on the Karelian Isthmus and conquer Viipuri. From there, the 7th Army was to continue towards Lappeenranta, then turn west towards Lahti, before the final push to the capital Helsinki. The force was later divided into the 7th and
2364:"could have done so with comparative ease". Bradley Lightbody wrote that the "entire Soviet aim had been to make the Soviet border more secure". In 2002, Russian historian A. Chubaryan stated that no documents had been found in Russian archives that support a Soviet plan to annex Finland. Rather, the objective was to gain Finnish territory and to reinforce Soviet influence in the region.
3764:. The Soviets shipped large numbers of new tanks and artillery pieces to the theatre. Troops were increased from ten divisions to 25â26 divisions with six or seven tank brigades and several independent tank platoons as support, totalling 600,000 soldiers. On 1 February, the Red Army began a large offensive, firing 300,000 shells into the Finnish line in the first 24 hours of the
4318:) met in April 1940, reviewed the lessons of the Finnish campaign and recommended reforms. The role of frontline political commissars was reduced, and old-fashioned ranks and forms of discipline were reintroduced. Clothing, equipment and tactics for winter operations were improved. Not all of the reforms had been completed when Germans initiated Operation Barbarossa 14 months later.
4155:. On 11 December, Churchill opined that the British should gain a foothold in Scandinavia with the objective to help the Finns, but without a war with the Soviet Union. Because of the heavy German reliance on Northern Sweden's iron ore, Hitler had made it clear to the Swedish government in December that any Allied troops on Swedish soil would immediately provoke a German invasion.
2198:
However, this sudden change, contrary to previous statements that Soviet demands were minimalist and thus unalterable, had surprised the
Finnish government, and lead them to believe more concession may be forthcoming. Thus, Paasikivi's idea of reaching some sort of compromise by offering the Soviets the island of Jussarö and the fort of Ino were refused by Helsinki.
3304:, which occurred during the month-long Battle of Suomussalmi, resulted in one of the largest Soviet losses in the Winter War. The Soviet 44th and parts of the 163rd Rifle Division, comprising about 14,000 troops, were almost completely destroyed by a Finnish ambush as they marched along the forest road. A small unit blocked the Soviet advance while Finnish Colonel
2118:, the Finnish envoy to Sweden, was sent to Moscow to represent the Finnish government Furthermore, the negotiations were attended by Stalin in person, signalling the seriousness of the effort. Paasikivi would later recount his surprise over the friendly atmosphere in which the delegation was received, and mentioned the pleasant manners of Stalin towards them.
3789:
soldiers. One by one, the defenders' strongholds crumbled under the Soviet attacks and the Finns were forced to retreat. On 15 February, Mannerheim authorised a general retreat of the II Corps to a fallback line of defence. On the eastern side of the isthmus, the Finns continued to resist Soviet assaults, achieving a stalemate in the battle of
Taipale.
4356:. After the Winter War, the Soviet prisoners were returned to the USSR in accordance with the Moscow Peace Treaty. Of these, 450 were released, 4,354 were sentenced to imprisonment in labour camps ranging from 3 to 10 years and 414 were exposed to be "active in traitorous activities while in captivity", with 334 criminal cases being transferred to the
2205:. This surprised the Finns, and lent credibility to Soviet claims that their demands were minimalist and thus unalterable, as it would have been impossible to reduce them without a loss of prestige after having made them public. However, the Soviet offer was eventually rejected with respect to the opinion of the public and Parliament.
2617:, had estimated seven Soviet divisions on the Karelian Isthmus and no more than five along the whole border north of Lake Ladoga. In the estimation, the manpower ratio would have favoured the attacker by three to one. The true ratio was much higher, however, since for example, 12 Soviet divisions were deployed north of Lake Ladoga.
4171:
of passage by citing a League of
Nations resolution as justification. The expedition troops would disembark at the Norwegian port of Narvik and proceed by rail toward Finland, passing through the Swedish ore fields on the way. This demand was sent to Norway and Sweden on 6 January, but it was likewise rejected six days later.
2356:, the Soviet terms encompassed the strongest fortified approaches of the Finnish defences for a reason. He claimed that Stalin had little hope for such a deal but would play for time for the ongoing mobilisation. He stated the objective as being to secure Finland from being used as a staging ground by means of regime change.
2717:, killing about 100 citizens and destroying more than 50 buildings. In response to international criticism, Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov stated that the Soviet Air Force was not bombing Finnish cities but rather dropping humanitarian aid to the starving Finnish population; the bombs were sarcastically dubbed
3781:. The Soviets also made occasional small infantry assaults with one or two companies. Because of the shortage of ammunition, Finnish artillery emplacements were under orders to fire only against directly threatening ground attacks. On 1 February, the Soviets further escalated their artillery and air bombardments.
2757:, the first settlement captured by the advancing Red Army. After the war, the puppet government was reabsorbed into the Soviet Union. From the very outset of the war, working-class Finns stood behind the legitimate government in Helsinki. Finnish national unity against the Soviet invasion was later called the
4393:
The Winter War laid bare the disorganisation and ineffectiveness of the Red Army and that of the Allies. The Anglo-French Supreme War Council was unable to formulate a workable plan, revealing its unsuitability to make effective war in either Britain or France. This failure led to the collapse of the
4281:
to Finland. Finland wished to re-enter the war mainly because of the Soviet invasion of Finland during the Winter War, which had taken place after Finland had failed by relying on the League of Nations and on Nordic neutrality. Finland aimed primarily to reverse its territorial losses from the Moscow
4174:
Stymied but not yet dissuaded from the possibility of action, the Allies formulated a final plan on 29 January. First, the Finns would make a formal request for assistance. Then, the Allies would ask Norway and Sweden for permission to move the "volunteers" across their territory. Finally, to protect
4170:
elected to send notes to Norway and Sweden on 27 December, urging the Norwegians and Swedes to help Finland and offer the Allies their support. Norway and Sweden rejected the offer on 5 January 1940. The Allies came up with a new plan, in which they would demand that Norway and Sweden give them right
3759:
The Soviet forces on the Karelian Isthmus were divided into two armies: the 7th and the 13th Army. The 7th Army, now under Kirill Meretskov, would concentrate 75 per cent of its strength against the 16 km (9.9 mi) stretch of the Mannerheim Line between Taipale and the Munasuo swamp. Tactics
2864:
forward to the Taipale front. On 14 December, the bolstered Soviet forces launched a new attack but were pushed back again. A third Soviet division entered the fight but performed poorly and panicked under shell fire. The assaults continued without success, and the Red Army suffered heavy losses. One
2625:
was massively strained because of a lack of workers. An even greater problem than lack of soldiers was the lack of materiel since foreign shipments of anti-tank weapons and aircraft were arriving only in small quantities. The ammunition situation was alarming, as stockpiles had cartridges, shells and
2620:
Finland had a large force of reservists, which was trained in regular maneuvers, some of which had experience from the recent Finnish Civil War. The soldiers were also almost universally trained in basic survival techniques, such as skiing. The Finnish Army was not able to equip all its soldiers with
2371:
also shares the position that the Soviet Union did not aim for annexation. He points out the different treatment Finland was given, compared to the Baltics: unlike the pacts of mutual assistance that the Baltics were pressured into, resulting in their total Sovietization, the Soviets demanded limited
2217:
The negotiations had failed, as neither side was willing to substantially reduce their demands, nor was either side able to fully trust the other. The Finns were fearful of an encroachment on their sovereignty, while the Soviets were (claiming to be) fearful of a springboard for international enemies
2197:
On the next meeting on 23 October, Stalin conceded to lessen his demands: a reduction in the amount of land demanded in Karelia; a reduction of the Hanko garrison from 5000 to 4000 men; and reducing the length of lease from 30 years to whatever date the ongoing (second world) war in Europe would end.
4127:
France had been one of the earliest supporters of Finland during the Winter War. The French saw an opportunity to weaken Germany's resource imports via a Finnish counteroffensive, as both Sweden and the Soviet Union were strategic trading partners to Germany. France had another motive, preferring to
4084:
in early March 1940, where they spread flyers and broadcast propaganda to encircled Soviet troops, but did not carry weapons. The men were subsequently detained by Finnish forces, who mistook them for Soviet infiltrators. After the war's end, Bazhanov was immediately asked to leave Finland, which he
3997:
World opinion largely supported the Finnish cause, and the Soviet aggression was generally deemed unjustified. World War II had not yet directly affected France, the United Kingdom or the United States; the Winter War was practically the only conflict in Europe at that time and thus held major world
3844:
opined after the war that Hitler would view a Soviet occupation of Finland as a threat to this plan. Any potential German plans for bases in Finland would also be thwarted if the Soviets occupied Finland, though Trotsky himself believed that Hitler was not interested in occupying Finland, but rather
3454:
newspaper continued to lie that no civilian targets in Finland had been struck, even accidentally. It is estimated that the Soviet air force lost about 400 aircraft because of inclement weather, lack of fuel and tools, and during transport to the front. The Soviet Air Force flew approximately 44,000
3375:
To the north was Finland's only ice-free port in the Arctic, Petsamo. The Finns lacked the manpower to defend it fully, as the main front was distant at the Karelian Isthmus. In the battle of Petsamo, the Soviet 104th Division attacked the Finnish 104th Independent Cover Company. The Finns abandoned
3224:
In the south, two Soviet divisions were united on the northern side of the Lake Ladoga coastal road. As before, these divisions were trapped as the more mobile Finnish units counterattacked from the north to flank the Soviet columns. On 19 December, the Finns temporarily ceased their assaults due to
3110:
On the eastern side of the Isthmus, the Red Army attempted to break through the Mannerheim Line at the battle of Taipale. On the western side, Soviet units faced the Finnish line at Summa, near the city of Viipuri, on 16 December. The Finns had built 41 reinforced-concrete bunkers in the Summa area,
3075:
in Finnish, originally meaning 1 m (35 cu ft) of firewood), staying alive was an ordeal comparable to combat. The men were freezing and starving and endured poor sanitary conditions. Historian William R. Trotter described these conditions as follows: "The Soviet soldier had no choice.
1630:
Hostilities ceased in March 1940 with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty in which Finland ceded 9% of its territory to the Soviet Union. Soviet losses were heavy, and the country's international reputation suffered. Their gains exceeded their pre-war demands, and the Soviets received substantial
4269:
gave the order to plan an assault on the Soviet Union and so Germany had to reassess its position regarding Finland. Until then, Germany had rejected Finnish appeals to purchase arms. However, the prospect of an invasion of the Soviet Union reversed the policy. In August, the secret sale of weapons
4248:
Immediately after the war, Helsinki officially announced 19,576 dead. According to revised estimates in 2005 by Finnish historians, 25,904 people died or went missing and 43,557 were wounded on the Finnish side during the war. Finnish and Russian researchers have estimated that there were 800â1,100
4162:
introduced his plan to the General Staff and the War Cabinet. In his plan, Daladier created linkage between the war in Finland and the iron ore in Sweden. There was a danger of Finland's possible fall under Soviet hegemony. In turn, Nazi Germany could occupy both Norway and Sweden. These two powers
4064:
The ranks of RNA were to be filled by prisoners-of-war, but it would be commanded by White émigrés instead of captured Soviet Army officers, who were deemed unreliable. Bazhanov's Finnish assistant Feodor Schulgin chose Captain Vladimir Kiseleff, Lieutenant Vladimir Lugovskoy, Anatoly Budyansky and
3901:
on 6 March, but the Soviets, wanting to keep the pressure on the Finnish government, declined the offer. The Finnish peace delegation travelled to Moscow via Stockholm and arrived on 7 March. They were disappointed to find that Stalin was not present during peace negotiations, likely due to the Red
3746:
Joseph Stalin was not pleased with the results of December 1939 in the Finnish campaign. The Red Army had been humiliated in defeats by smaller Finnish forces. By the third week of the war, Soviet propaganda was already working to explain the failures of the Soviet military to the populace: blaming
3188:
Finnish forces panicked and retreated in front of the overwhelming Red Army. The commander of the Finnish IV Army Corps Juho Heiskanen was replaced by Woldemar HĂ€gglund on 4 December. On 7 December, in the middle of the Ladoga Karelian front, Finnish units retreated near the small stream of Kollaa.
2797:
The array of Finnish defence structures that during the war started to be called the Mannerheim Line was located on the Karelian Isthmus approximately 30 to 75 km (19 to 47 mi) from the Soviet border. The Red Army soldiers on the Isthmus numbered 250,000, facing 130,000 Finns. The Finnish
2413:
Stalin's purges in the 1930s had devastated the officer corps of the Red Army; those purged included three of its five marshals, 220 of its 264 division or higher-level commanders and 36,761 officers of all ranks. Fewer than half of all the officers remained. They were commonly replaced by soldiers
2313:
The People's Government in its present composition regards itself as a provisional government. Immediately upon arrival in Helsinki, capital of the country, it will be reorganised and its composition enlarged by the inclusion of representatives of the various parties and groups participating in the
1583:'s secret protocols as evidence of this, while other sources argue against the idea of a full Soviet conquest. Finland repelled Soviet attacks for more than two months and inflicted substantial losses on the invaders in temperatures as low as â43 °C (â45 °F). The battles focused mainly on
3755:
as the commander of the Soviet forces in the war on 7 January 1940. The main focus of the Soviet attack was switched to the Karelian Isthmus. Timoshenko and Zhdanov reorganised and tightened control between different branches of service in the Red Army. They also changed tactical doctrines to meet
3506:
Finnish fighter pilots often flew their motley collection of planes into Soviet formations that outnumbered them 10 or even 20 times. Finnish fighters shot down 200 Soviet aircraft, while losing 62 of their own on all causes. Finnish anti-aircraft guns downed more than 300 enemy aircraft. Often, a
2213:
later wrote that "the eyes of our opposite numbers opened wide". Stalin had asked "You don't even offer Ino?" This would become the final meeting: the Soviets stopped responding to further Finnish letters and on 13 November, when the Finnish delegation was recalled from Moscow, no Soviet officials
4327:
in the late 1980s, Soviet historiography relied solely on Molotov's speeches on the Winter War. In his radio speech of 29 November 1939, Molotov argued that the Soviet Union had tried to negotiate guarantees of security for Leningrad for two months. The Finns had taken a hostile stance to "please
3788:
By 11 February, the Soviets had approximately 460,000 soldiers, 3,350 artillery pieces, 3,000 tanks and 1,300 aircraft deployed on the Karelian Isthmus. The Red Army was constantly receiving new recruits after the breakthrough. Opposing them, the Finns had eight divisions, totalling about 150,000
3785:
Unlike their tactics in December, Soviet tanks advanced in smaller numbers. The Finns could not easily eliminate tanks if infantry troops protected them. After 10 days of constant artillery barrage, the Soviets achieved a breakthrough on the Western Karelian Isthmus in the Second Battle of Summa.
2322:
In 1939, Soviet military leadership had formulated a realistic and comprehensive plan for the occupation of Finland. However, Joseph Stalin was not pleased with the conservative pace that the operation required and demanded new plans be drawn up. With the new plans, the key deadline for Finland's
4376:
The Winter War was a political success for the Germans. Both the Red Army and the League of Nations were humiliated, and the Anglo-French Supreme War Council had been revealed to be chaotic and powerless. The German policy of neutrality was unpopular in the homeland, and relations with Italy had
3701:
and two destroyers. When the ships were at a range of 24 km (13 nmi; 15 mi), the Finns opened fire with four 234 mm (9.2 in) coastal guns. After five minutes of firing by the coastal guns, the cruiser had been damaged by near misses and retreated. The destroyers remained
2363:
asserted that Stalin's objective was to secure Leningrad's flank from a possible German invasion through Finland. He stated that "the strongest argument" against a Soviet intention of full conquest is that it did not happen in either 1939 or during the Continuation War in 1944 even though Stalin
4187:. The operation would have required 100,000 British and 35,000 French soldiers with naval and air support. The supply convoys would sail on 12 March and the landings would begin on 20 March. The end of the war on 13 March cancelled Franco-British plans to send troops to Finland through Northern
3937:
took effect the next day at noon Leningrad time, 11 a.m. Helsinki time. With it, Finland ceded the Karelian Isthmus and most of Ladoga Karelia. The area included Viipuri (Finland's second-largest city or fourth-largest city , depending on the census data), much of Finland's industrialised
3856:
on 19 February in which he confirmed having declined Finnish pleas for support from Swedish troops. On 25 February, the Soviet peace terms were spelt out in detail. On 29 February, the Finnish Government accepted the Soviet terms in principle and was willing to enter into negotiations. Red Army
3784:
Although the Soviets refined their tactics and morale improved, the generals were still willing to accept massive losses to reach their objectives. Soviet attacks were now being screened by smoke, heavy artillery, and armour support, but the infantry charged in the open and in dense formations.
3776:
Although the Karelian Isthmus front was less active in January than in December, the Soviets increased bombardments, wearing down the defenders and softening their fortifications. During daylight hours, the Finns took shelter inside their fortifications from the bombardments and repaired damage
2385:
Before the war, Soviet leadership had expected total victory within a few weeks. The Red Army had just completed the invasion of eastern Poland at a cost of fewer than 4,000 casualties after Germany attacked Poland from the west. Stalin's expectations of a quick Soviet triumph were backed up by
3679:
Finnish coastal artillery batteries defended important harbours and naval bases. Most batteries were left over from the Imperial Russian period, with 152 mm (6.0 in) guns being the most numerous. Finland attempted to modernise its old guns and installed a number of new batteries, the
3316:
as they retreated. The Soviets suffered 7,000â9,000 casualties; the Finnish units, 400. The Finnish troops captured dozens of tanks, artillery pieces, anti-tank guns, hundreds of trucks, almost 2,000 horses, thousands of rifles, and much-needed ammunition and medical supplies. So sure of their
2236:, near the border with Finland. A Soviet border guard post had been shelled by an unknown party resulting, according to Soviet reports, in the deaths of four and injuries of nine border guards. Research conducted by several Finnish and Russian historians later concluded that the shelling was a
2063:
Negotiations continued throughout 1938 without results. The Finnish reception of Soviet entreaties was decidedly cool, as the violent collectivisation and purges in Stalin's Soviet Union resulted in a poor opinion of the country. Most of the Finnish communist elite in the Soviet Union had been
1622:
Following the initial setbacks, the Soviets reduced their strategic objectives and put an end to the puppet Finnish communist government in late January 1940, informing the Finnish government that they were willing to negotiate peace. After the Soviet military reorganized and adopted different
3292:
as a classic example of what well-led troops and innovative tactics can do against a much larger adversary. Suomussalmi was a municipality of 4,000 with long lakes, wild forests and few roads. The Finnish command believed that the Soviets would not attack there, but the Red Army committed two
2266:
Molotov claimed that the incident was a Finnish artillery attack. He demanded that Finland apologise for the incident and to move its forces beyond a line 20â25 km (12â16 mi) from the border. Finland denied responsibility for the attack, rejected the demands and called for a joint
2193:
area to the Soviet Union. That would double the distance between Leningrad and the Finnish border but was far less than the Soviets had demanded. The Finns would also cede the islands in the Gulf of Finland, but they would not agree to lease any territory to the USSR for military purposes.
2177:
had argued for an agreement, being pessimistic of the Finnish prospects in a war against the Soviet Union. But the Finnish government was reticent in reaching an agreement out of mistrust for Stalin: there was a fear of repeated follow-up demands, which would have put the future of Finnish
2293:
stated at a meeting with military historians that the Soviets had launched the Winter War to "correct mistakes" made in determining the border with Finland after 1917. Opinion on the scale of the initial Soviet invasion decision is divided. The puppet Finnish communist government and the
2005:
and the Russian Civil War almost two decades earlier. Soviet leaders believed that the old empire's extended borders provided territorial security and wanted Leningrad, only 32 km (20 mi) from the Finnish border, to enjoy a similar level of security against the rising power of
3345:, is sparsely developed, with little daylight and persistent snow-cover during winter; the Finns expected nothing more than raiding parties and reconnaissance patrols. Instead, the Soviets sent full divisions. On 11 December, the Finns rearranged the defence of Lapland and detached the
4525:
On 1 December 1939 the Finns had 114 combat aeroplanes fit for duty and seven aeroplanes for communication and observation purposes. Almost 100 aeroplanes were used for flight training purposes, unsuitable for combat or under repair. In total, the Finns had 173 aircraft and 43 reserve
4264:
During the Interim Peace, Finland aimed to improve its defensive capabilities and conducted negotiations with Sweden on a military alliance, but negotiations ended once it became clear that both Germany and the Soviet Union opposed such an alliance. On 31 July 1940, German Chancellor
4363:
Between 1,200 and 3,543 Soviet tanks were destroyed. The official figure was 611 tank casualties, but Yuri Kilin found a note received by the head of the Soviet General Staff, Boris Shaposhnikov, reporting 3,543 tank casualties and 316 tanks destroyed. According to Finnish historian
9753:
Leskinen, Jari (1999). "Suomen ja Viron salainen sotilaallinen yhteistyö Neuvostoliiton hyökkÀyksen varalta 1930-luvulla" [The Clandestine Finnish-Estonian Military Collaboration against a Possible Soviet Invasion in the 1930s]. In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (eds.).
2121:
The meetings began on 12 October, with Molotov's offer of a mutual assistance pact, which the Finns immediately refused. To the Finns' surprise, Molotov dropped the offer and instead proposed an exchange of territory. The offer stipulated that the Finnish-Soviet border on the
2111:". The Soviets had already started intensive mobilisation near the Finnish border in 1938â39. Assault troops thought to be necessary for the invasion did not begin deployment until October 1939. Operational plans made in September called for the invasion to start in November.
3084:
The terrain on the Karelian Isthmus did not allow guerrilla tactics, so the Finns were forced to resort to the more conventional Mannerheim Line, with its flanks protected by large bodies of water. Soviet propaganda claimed that it was as strong as or even stronger than the
4545:
At the beginning of the war, the Soviets had 2,514 tanks and 718 armoured cars. The main battlefield was the Karelian Isthmus where the Soviets deployed 1,450 tanks. At the end of the war the Soviets had 6,541 tanks and 1,691 armoured cars. The most common tank type was
4344:
claimed 126,875 dead and missing and total casualties of 391,783, with 188,671 wounded. In 1991, Yuri Kilin claimed 63,990 dead and total casualties of 271,528. In 2007, he revised the estimate of dead to 134,000 and in 2012, he updated the estimate to 138,533. In 2013,
2746:, with VÀinö Tanner as foreign minister because of opposition to Cajander's prewar politics. Finland brought the matter of the Soviet invasion before the League of Nations. The League expelled the Soviet Union on 14 December 1939 and exhorted its members to aid Finland.
1623:
tactics, they renewed their offensive in February 1940 and overcame the Finnish defences on the Karelian Isthmus. This left the Finnish army in the main theatre of war near the breaking point, with a retreat seeming inevitable. Consequently, Finnish commander-in-chief
3938:
territory, and significant land still held by Finland's military – all in all, nine per cent of Finnish territory. The ceded territory included 13 per cent of Finland's economic assets. 12 per cent of Finland's population, 422,000 to 450,000 Karelians,
3760:
would be basic: an armoured wedge for the initial breakthrough, followed by the main infantry and vehicle assault force. The Red Army would prepare by pinpointing the Finnish frontline fortifications. The 123rd Rifle Division then rehearsed the assault on life-size
4328:
foreign imperialists". Finland had undertaken military provocation, and the Soviet Union could no longer abide by the non-aggression pacts. According to Molotov, the Soviet Union did not want to occupy or annex Finland, but the goal was purely to secure Leningrad.
3910:
resisted the idea of giving up any territory to the Soviet Union, but eventually agreed to sign the Moscow Peace Treaty. When he signed the document, the tormented president uttered the well-known words: "Let the hand wither that signs this monstrous treaty!"
2811:. According to Trotter, the favoured Soviet armoured tactic was a simple frontal charge, the weaknesses of which could be exploited. The Finns learned that at close range, tanks could be dealt with in many ways; for example, logs and crowbars jammed into the
3709:
Coastal artillery had a greater effect on land by reinforcing defence in conjunction with army artillery. Two sets of fortress artillery made significant contributions to the early battles on the Karelian Isthmus and in Ladoga Karelia. These were located at
4331:
The official Soviet figure, with reference to the command of the Leningrad Military District, was published at a session of the Supreme Soviet on 26 March 1940, with 48,475 dead and 158,863 sick and wounded. More recent Russian estimates vary: in 1990,
3241:
tactic was not applied as a strategy, but as a Finnish adaptation to the behaviour of Soviet troops under fire. In spite of the cold and hunger, the Soviet troops did not surrender easily but fought bravely, often entrenching their tanks to be used as
2860:, Soviet infantry attacked across open ground but was repulsed with heavy casualties. From 6 to 12 December, the Red Army continued to try to engage using only a single division. Next, the Red Army strengthened its artillery and deployed tanks and the
9133:
While the exact number who died during the siege by the German and Finnish armies from 8 September 1941 to 27 January 1944 will never be known, available data point to 900,000 civilian deaths, over half a million of whom died in the winter of 1941â2
9291:
2267:
FinnishâSoviet commission to examine the incident. In turn, the Soviet Union claimed that the Finnish response was hostile, renounced the non-aggression pact and severed diplomatic relations with Finland on 28 November. In the following years,
2418:, whose approval was needed to approve and ratify military decisions, which they evaluated based on their political merits. The dual system further complicated the Soviet chain of command and annulled the independence of commanding officers.
3946:, and four islands in the Gulf of Finland. The Hanko peninsula was leased to the Soviet Union as a military base for 30 years. The region of Petsamo, captured by the Red Army during the war, was returned to Finland according to the treaty.
3093:. The Finns had built 221 strong-points along the Karelian Isthmus, mostly in the early 1920s. Many were extended in the late 1930s. Despite these defensive preparations, even the most fortified section of the Mannerheim Line had only one
4253:, of whom between 10 and 20 per cent died. The Soviet Union repatriated 847 Finns after the War. Air raids killed 957 civilians. Between 20 and 30 tanks were destroyed and 62 aircraft were lost. Also, Finland had to cede all ships of the
4236:
The 105-day war had a profound and depressing effect in Finland. Meaningful international support was minimal and arrived late, and the German blockade had prevented most armament shipments. The 15-month period between the Winter War and
3969:
in the Gulf of Finland and Rybachy Peninsula to be ceded. In exchange, the Soviet Union proposed to cede Repola and PorajÀrvi from Eastern Karelia, an area twice as large as the territories that were originally demanded from the Finns.
3816:
By mid-February, it became clear that the Finnish forces were rapidly approaching exhaustion. For the Soviets, casualties were high, the situation was a source of political embarrassment to the Soviet regime, and there was a risk of
2802:
of about 21,000 men in the area in front of the Mannerheim Line to delay and damage the Red Army before it reached the line. In combat, the most severe cause of confusion among Finnish soldiers was Soviet tanks. The Finns had few
3380:
and extreme temperatures of the Lapland winter benefited the Finns, who executed guerrilla attacks against Soviet supply lines and patrols. As a result, the Soviet movements were halted by the efforts of one-fifth as many Finns.
3317:
victory had the Soviets been that a military band, complete with instruments, banners and notes, was traveling with the 44th Division to perform in a victory parade. The Finns found their instruments among the captured materiel.
1966:
was signed between both countries, and it was reaffirmed for ten years in 1934. Foreign trade in Finland was booming, but less than 1% of it was with the Soviet Union. In 1934, the Soviet Union also joined the League of Nations.
2960:
The winter of 1939â40 was exceptionally cold with the Karelian Isthmus experiencing a record low temperature of â43 °C (â45 °F) on 16 January 1940. At the beginning of the war, only those Finnish soldiers who were in
2318:
Soviet leaflets dropped over Helsinki on the first day of the war stated: "Finnish Comrades! We come to you not as conquerors, but as liberators of the Finnish people from the oppression of the capitalists and the landlords".
4535:
550,757 soldiers on 1 January 1940 and 760,578 soldiers by the beginning of March. In the Leningrad Military District, 1,000,000 soldiers and 20 divisions one month before the war and 58 divisions two weeks before its end.
3671:. Still, only five merchant ships were lost to Soviet action. World War II, which had started before the Winter War, proved more costly for the Finnish merchant vessels, with 26 lost due to hostile action in 1939 and 1940.
2458:
were less successful during the Winter War, and it took the Soviet Union three months and over a million men to accomplish what Zhukov had managed at Khalkhin Gol in ten days (albeit in completely different circumstances).
2453:
of the Soviet Air Forces. Under this divided command structure, the lessons of the Soviet Union's "first real war on a massive scale using tanks, artillery, and aircraft" at Khalkin Gol went unheeded. As a result, Russian
16396:
3440:
were cut thousands of times but the Finns hastily repaired them and service resumed within a matter of hours. The Soviet Air Force learned from its early mistakes, and by late February instituted more effective tactics.
3111:
making the defensive line in this area stronger than anywhere else on the Karelian Isthmus. Because of a mistake in planning, the nearby Munasuo swamp had a 1-kilometre (0.62 mi)-wide gap in the line. During the
2506:
in Finland was a highly-difficult proposition, and according to Trotter, the Red Army failed to meet the level of tactical co-ordination and local initiative that would be required to execute such tactics in Finland.
2246:
and a pretext to withdraw from the non-aggression pact. Soviet war games held in March 1938 and 1939 had been based on a scenario in which border incidents taking place at the village of Mainila would spark the war.
1575:, 32 km (20 mi) from the Finnish border. When Finland refused, the Soviets invaded. Most sources conclude that the Soviet Union had intended to conquer all of Finland, and cite the establishment of the
2725:
violated three separate non-aggression pacts: the Treaty of Tartu, which was signed in 1920, the non-aggression pact between Finland and the Soviet Union, which was signed in 1932 and again in 1934; and also the
3645:
where they were used to bolster the air defence. Their anti-aircraft guns shot down one or two planes over the city, and the ships remained there for the rest of the war. At 18 January, Finnish armed icebreaker
2892:
In Central and Northern Finland, roads were few and the terrain hostile. The Finns did not expect large-scale Soviet attacks, but the Soviets sent eight divisions, heavily supported by armour and artillery. The
1913:
After Soviet involvement in the Finnish Civil War in 1918, no formal peace treaty was signed. In 1918 and 1919, Finnish volunteers conducted two unsuccessful military incursions across the Soviet border, the
2621:
proper uniforms at the outbreak of war, but its reservists were equipped with warm civilian clothing. However, the sparsely-populated highly-agrarian Finland had to draft so many of its working men that the
2064:
executed during the Great Purge, further tarnishing the Soviets' image in Finland. Meanwhile, Finland was attempting to negotiate a military co-operation plan with Sweden and hoping to jointly defend Ă
land.
15713:
3953:. Before the war, the Soviet Union demanded for the frontier with Finland on the Karelian Isthmus to be moved westward to a point 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of Viipuri to the line between Koivisto and
2208:
At the meeting on 9 November, Paasikivi announced to the attending Stalin and Molotov the Finnish refusal to accept even their reduced demands. The Soviets were visibly surprised. Finnish Foreign Minister
4142:
The British, for their part, wanted to block the flow of iron ore from Swedish mines to Germany as the Swedes supplied up to 40 per cent of Germany's iron demand. The matter was raised by British Admiral
3750:
Chief of Staff Boris Shaposhnikov was given full authority over operations in the Finnish theatre, and he ordered the suspension of frontal assaults in late December. Kliment Voroshilov was replaced with
7119:
9279:
4089:
presumes that most members of the RNA were executed after they were returned to the Soviet Union after the war. Additionally, Vladimir Bastamov was later extradited into the Soviet Union as one of the
9035:
1571:
The Soviets made several demands, including that Finland cede substantial border territories in exchange for land elsewhere, claiming security reasons – primarily the protection of
2087:
began. After the fall of Poland, Germany and the Soviet Union exchanged occupied Polish lands to establish a new border in accordance with the provisions of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Estonia,
1779:. Those attempts were aborted because of Russia's internal strife, but they ruined Russia's relationship with Finland. In addition, support increased in Finland for self-determination movements.
2753:, the Finnish Democratic Republic puppet government operated in the parts of Finnish Karelia occupied by the Soviets, and was also referred to as the "Terijoki Government", after the village of
1985:
and that the area and defences of Finland could be used to invade the Soviet Union or restrict fleet movements. Soviet propaganda then painted Finland's leadership as a "vicious and reactionary
4495:
brought their own rifles (over 114,000 rifles, total 116,800 firearms) to the war. The Finnish Army reached its maximum strength at the beginning of March 1940 with 346,000 soldiers in uniform.
3062:, the Finns isolated smaller portions of numerically superior Soviet forces. With Soviet forces divided into smaller groups, the Finns dealt with them individually and attacked from all sides.
1102:
2544:, comprising six divisions and a tank brigade, was north of Lake Ladoga. Its mission was to execute a flanking manoeuvre around the northern shore of Lake Ladoga to strike at the rear of the
8981:
The ensnaring of Leningrad between the German and Finnish armies did not end the combat in the region as the Soviets launched repeated and desperate attempts to regain contact with the city.
2642:
cartridge that was used by Soviet forces. The situation was so severe that Finnish soldiers sometimes had to maintain their ammunition supply by looting the bodies of dead Soviet soldiers.
1955:
2186:, and the Finnish intelligence in general, who mistook the demands and the Soviet military build-up as a mere bluff on the part of Stalin, and were thus disinclined to reach an agreement.
1954:
on the Arctic Ocean. Despite the signing of the treaty, relations between the two countries remained strained. The Finnish government allowed volunteers to cross the border to support the
3097:
bunker per kilometre. Overall, the line was weaker than similar lines in mainland Europe. According to the Finns, the real strength of the line was the "stubborn defenders with a lot of
17188:
1866:
The period after the Finnish Civil War to the early 1930s was a politically unstable time in Finland because of the continued rivalry between the conservatives and the socialists. The
4061:, a high-ranking ROVS member, in person in January 1940. The project was deemed top secret, and was under the auspices of the intelligence division of the Finnish army headquarters.
8853:
3229:
Contrary to Finnish expectations, the encircled Soviet divisions did not try to break through to the east but instead entrenched. They were expecting reinforcements and supplies to
1092:
16675:
2001:
of 1938, the Soviets changed their foreign policy toward Finland and began to pursue the reconquest of the provinces of Tsarist Russia that had been lost during the chaos of the
4516:
tanks during 1936â39, but without weapons. Weapons were intended to be manufactured and installed in Finland. Only 10 tanks were fit for combat at the beginning of the conflict.
2973:. The rest had to make do with their own clothing, which for many soldiers was their normal winter clothing with a semblance of insignia added. Finnish soldiers were skilled in
2240:
operation since there were no artillery units there, and it was carried out from the Soviet side of the border by an NKVD unit with the purpose of providing the Soviets with a
9148:
4005:
was formed of predominantly Swedes, as well as 1,010 Danes and 727 Norwegians. They fought on the northern front at Salla during the last days of the war. A Swedish unit of
3149:
The strength of the Red Army north of Lake Ladoga in Ladoga Karelia surprised the Finnish Headquarters. Two Finnish divisions were deployed there, the 12th Division led by
16359:
2341:
2138:) and that Finland destroy all existing fortifications on the Karelian Isthmus. Likewise, the delegation demanded the cession of islands in the Gulf of Finland as well as
1975:
17807:
16527:
16492:
16488:
12452:
3436:. Often, targets were village depots with little value. The country had few modern highways in the interior, therefore making the railways the main targets for bombers.
1376:
12197:
4163:
could divide Scandinavia between them, as they had already done with Poland. The main motivation of the French and the British was to reduce German war-making ability.
3118:
The Soviet advance was stopped at the Mannerheim Line. Red Army troops suffered from poor morale and a shortage of supplies, eventually refusing to participate in more
15708:
11805:
4346:
3130:
near Viipuri on 23 December. Ăhquist's plan was bold; however it failed. The Finns lost 1,300 men, and the Soviets were later estimated to have lost a similar number.
1981:
regarded it a disappointment that the Soviet Union could not halt the Finnish Revolution. He thought that the pro-Finland movement in Karelia posed a direct threat to
1564:
on 13 March 1940. Despite superior military strength, especially in tanks and aircraft, the Soviet Union suffered severe losses and initially made little headway. The
2514:
Kiril Meretskov initially ran the overall operation against the Finns. The command was passed on 9 December 1939 to the General Staff Supreme Command (later known as
17701:
17048:
13803:
11821:
4080:
RNA never participated in battle, despite Boris Bazhanov's later claims to the contrary in his memoirs. About 35 to 40 members of it were present during a battle in
8508:
2214:
came to see them off. The Finns had left under the expectation that the negotiations would continue. Instead, the Soviet Union ramped up its military preparations.
17289:
17247:
16690:
16426:
16365:
10163:
Turtola, Martti (1999b). "Katkera rauha ja Suomen ulkopoliittinen asema sodan jÀlkeen" [Bitter Peace and the Post-War Position of Finnish Foreign Policy].
12141:
15070:
11744:
11716:
10860:
10566:
4451:
4102:
3818:
3797:
Although the Finns attempted to re-open negotiations with Moscow by every means during the war, the Soviets did not respond. In early January, Finnish communist
3656:, received 2 bombs from a Soviet bomber with 39 Finnish troops killed in action. As well as coastal defence, the Finnish Navy protected the Ă
landish and Finnish
1505:
7116:
6730:
17428:
13782:
12461:
12148:
11282:
10154:
Turtola, Martti (1999a). "KansainvÀlinen kehitys Euroopassa ja Suomessa 1930-luvulla" [International Developments in Europe and Finland in the 1930s].
3297:
and effectively cut Finland in two. There were two roads leading to Suomussalmi from the frontier: the northern Juntusranta road and the southern Raate road.
17691:
16222:
15762:
14667:
12764:
12127:
11436:
11061:
9019:
4349:
stated that the Russian State Military Archive has a database confirming 167,976 killed or missing along with the soldiers' names, dates of birth and ranks.
2869:
front, the defending Finnish units relied on the terrain. Ladoga Karelia, a large forest wilderness, did not have road networks for the modern Red Army. The
2605:
The Finnish strategy was dictated by geography. The 1,340 km (830 mi) border with the Soviet Union was mostly impassable except along a handful of
1946:, confirming the old border between the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland and Imperial Russia proper as the new FinnishâSoviet border. Finland also received
1085:
882:
16875:
16171:
11777:
11723:
10909:
16067:
15811:
14791:
12234:
11730:
11346:
4337:
4333:
17706:
17686:
17160:
16253:
10756:
4446:
4295:
1798:
684:
3412:), was not as effective as the Soviets might have hoped. The material damage by the bomb raids was slight as Finland offered few valuable targets for
2836:
By 6 December, all of the Finnish covering forces had withdrawn to the Mannerheim Line. The Red Army began its first major attack against the Line in
17797:
17696:
16780:
16186:
16123:
16076:
12120:
11567:
11443:
4395:
2575:
1647:
to believe that an attack on the Soviet Union would be successful and confirmed negative Western opinions of the Soviet military. After 15 months of
9282:[The Repressive Policy of the Soviet State and the Fate of the Red Army Prisoners of War Participants in the Soviet-Finnish War 1939â1940].
2977:. The cold, snow, forest, and long hours of darkness were factors that the Finns could use to their advantage. The Finns dressed in layers, and the
16140:
15777:
15107:
14822:
14625:
11420:
10800:
5341:
2837:
1078:
517:
3636:
3269:
and executing surprise ambushes and raids. By the end of December, the Soviets decided to retreat and transfer resources to more critical fronts.
17711:
17268:
15896:
11857:
11169:
9807:
Manninen, Ohto (1999a). "Neuvostoliiton tavoitteet ennen talvisotaa ja sen aikana" [Soviet objectives before and during the Winter War].
4466:
2833:
alcoholic-beverage corporation and bundled with matches with which to light them. 80 Soviet tanks were destroyed in the border zone engagements.
2103:
by signing the agreement on 28 September. Latvia and Lithuania followed in October. Unlike the three Baltic countries, Finland started a gradual
1386:
1369:
1958:
in Russia in 1921, and Finnish communists in the Soviet Union continued to prepare for revenge and staged a cross-border raid into Finland, the
15974:
15641:
15333:
11676:
10978:
4385:
would be successful. In June 1941, Hitler declared, "we have only to kick in the door and the whole rotten structure will come crashing down".
13675:
9620:
Kovalyov, E. (2006). "7: ĐĐžĐŒĐœŃŃ ĐČĐŸĐčĐœĐ° балŃĐžĐčŃĐșĐžŃ
ĐżĐŸĐŽĐČĐŸĐŽĐœŃŃ
Đ»ĐŸĐŽĐŸĐș (1939â1940 гг.)" [Winter War and the Baltic Submarines (1939â1940)].
7561:
3499:. Old-fashioned and few in number, aircraft offered little support for Finnish ground troops. In spite of losses, the number of planes in the
1054:
17681:
16745:
16606:
16181:
15750:
12468:
12431:
12408:
11929:
10851:
10821:
3706:
suffered 17 dead and 30 wounded. The Soviets already knew the locations of the Finnish coastal batteries, but were surprised by their range.
3089:. Finnish historians, for their part, have belittled the line's strength, insisting that it was mostly conventional trenches and log-covered
2096:
12183:
10135:
3225:
exhaustion. It was not until the period of 6â16 January 1940 that the Finns resumed their offensive, dividing Soviet divisions into smaller
2873:
had extended a new railroad line to the border, which could double the supply capability on the front. On 12 December, the advancing Soviet
2865:
typical Soviet attack during the battle lasted just an hour but left 1,000 dead and 27 tanks strewn on the ice. North of Lake Ladoga on the
17171:
16451:
16447:
16107:
15991:
14126:
12561:
12417:
12401:
12373:
11621:
10828:
4250:
3979:
2634:. Finnish tank forces were operationally nonexistent. The ammunition situation was alleviated somewhat since Finns were largely armed with
1459:
446:
169:
9495:
7905:"VenĂ€lĂ€isemigranttien talvisota â Mannerheim hyvĂ€ksyi huippusalaisen suunnitelman bolĆĄevikkien vastaisen sotavankiarmeijan perustamisesta"
4132:
and transport them to the Finnish Arctic port of Petsamo. Another proposal was a massive air strike with Turkish co-operation against the
2271:
described the incident as Finnish provocation. Doubt on the official Soviet version was cast only in the late 1980s, during the policy of
16803:
16406:
16305:
15703:
15698:
14958:
14924:
13318:
12385:
12297:
12241:
12204:
11486:
4461:
3825:
3813:
and recognized the RytiâTanner government as the legal government of Finland, informing it that the USSR was willing to negotiate peace.
3503:
rose by over 50 per cent by the end of the war. The Finns received shipments of British, French, Italian, Swedish and American aircraft.
8303:
3684:
in front of Helsinki, originally intended to block the Gulf of Finland to Soviet ships with the help of batteries on the Estonian side.
3376:
Petsamo and concentrated on delaying actions. The area was treeless, windy, and relatively low, offering little defensible terrain. The
17229:
17053:
15619:
15019:
14308:
12290:
11022:
4282:
Peace Treaty and, depending on the success of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, possibly to expand its borders, especially into
3950:
3173:
on 13 December. The Soviets' mission was to destroy the Finnish troops in the area of Ladoga Karelia and advance into the area between
2981:
wore a lightweight white snow cape. This snow-camouflage made the ski troopers almost invisible so that they could more easily execute
2344:
had set out in 1939 that the former borders of the Tsarist Empire were to be restored, including Finland. American political scientist
1362:
836:
764:
5002:"Đ ĐĐĄĐĄĐĐŻ Đ ĐĄĐĄĐĄĐ Đ ĐĐĐĐĐĐ„ XX ĐĐĐĐ. ĐлаĐČĐ° III. ĐĐźĐĐĄĐĐĐ ĐĐĐąĐĐ Đ ĐĐ ĐĐĄĐĐĐ ĐĐ ĐĐĐ ĐĐ ĐĐ ĐĐĐŻ ĐĐ ĐĐĐĐĐĐĄĐĐĐ ĐĐĐĐĐ« Đ ĐĐĐХйРĐĐĐĐĐ ĐĐĐĐĐĐĐ ĐĐĐąĐĐ ĐĐĐĐŠĐĐ"
1816:, recognised the new Finnish government just three weeks after the declaration. Finland achieved full sovereignty in May 1918 after a
16813:
16785:
16176:
13796:
12424:
10814:
10772:
1855:. Nevertheless, Sweden carefully avoided committing itself to Finnish foreign policy. Finland's military policy included clandestine
5860:
Turtola, Martti (1999). "KansainvÀlinen kehitys Euroopassa ja Suomessa 1930-luvulla". In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (eds.).
4491:
At the beginning of the war, the Finns had 300,000 soldiers. The Finnish Army had only 250,028 rifles (total 281,594 firearms), but
2714:
17832:
17458:
17115:
16755:
16421:
16133:
15245:
13934:
13645:
11464:
11238:
11001:
10867:
10678:
9604:
9242:
2398:
advocated a narrow-front assault right on the Karelian isthmus. Additionally, Shaposhnikov argued for a fuller build-up, extensive
1883:
1856:
875:
848:
14936:
10033:
9924:
9144:
1890:. By the late 1930s, the export-oriented Finnish economy was growing and the nation's extreme political movements had diminished.
1839:
Finland joined the League of Nations in 1920 and sought security guarantees, but Finland's primary goal was co-operation with the
17028:
16977:
16339:
16060:
15100:
15085:
14545:
12540:
12337:
11374:
10874:
10786:
10722:
4456:
3491:
At the beginning of the war, Finland had a small air force, with only 114 combat planes fit for duty. Missions were limited, and
1140:
978:
9861:
3265:
and Lieksa. The Finns used effective guerrilla tactics, taking special advantage of their superior skiing skills and snow-white
2425:
against Japan, on the USSR's eastern border, Soviet High Command had divided into two factions. One side was represented by the
1330:
17206:
17073:
17032:
16685:
16611:
16522:
16416:
16145:
15851:
15782:
15075:
15009:
14854:
14297:
12743:
12255:
11105:
10643:
9220:[Casus Belli: about the Mainila incident, which served as a pretext for the beginning of the "Winter War" of 1939â40].
9172:
4065:
brothers Nikolay and Vladimir Bastamov as officers for the unit. Of the five, the Bastamovs were not Finnish citizens, but had
4014:
3630:
2559:
region. It was composed of three divisions with one more on its way. Its mission was to thrust westward to cut Finland in half.
1963:
1898:
1825:
1801:, including the right to secede and form a separate state, which gave Finland a window of opportunity. On 6 December 1917, the
1697:
677:
5965:
Leskinen, Jari (1997). "Suomenlahden sulku ja Neuvostoliitto" [Blockade of the Gulf of Finland and the Soviet Union].
3213:, dubbed "the Terror of Morocco", also became a living legend in the Battle of Kollaa. To the north, the Finns retreated from
15379:
14801:
14714:
14704:
14042:
13983:
13339:
13244:
12771:
12517:
12392:
11478:
11452:
11309:
11015:
10932:
10518:
10361:
10296:
9962:
9893:
Palokangas, Markku (1999). "Suomalaisjoukkojen aseistus ja varustus" [Armament and Equipment of the Finnish Forces].
9797:
9670:
9559:
9348:
9329:
9197:
9029:
8878:
8839:
8681:
8633:
8594:
8575:
8518:
8469:
8412:
8377:
8358:
8339:
4093:
in 1945, and was sentenced to 20 years of hard labour. He was released after Stalin's death and returned to Finland in 1956.
1943:
988:
831:
10016:
8905:
8729:
8605:
3233:. As the Finns lacked the necessary heavy artillery equipment and were short of men, they often did not directly attack the
16517:
16512:
16456:
15730:
15720:
15014:
14694:
14618:
14246:
13572:
12979:
12865:
12030:
11497:
11493:
11471:
11075:
9225:
9128:
8976:
4166:
The Military Co-ordination Committee met on 20 December in London, and two days later the French plan was put forward. The
4002:
3483:
had adopted as their symbol in 1918. Despite the similarity, it was not a Nazi design but was based on the personal owner;
3356:
In southern Lapland, near the village of Salla, the Soviet 88th and 122nd Divisions, totaling 35,000 men, advanced. In the
1682:
1531:
897:
868:
510:
9641:
7633:
5009:
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waterway. Along the Suvanto sector, the Finns had a slight advantage of elevation and dry ground to dig into. The Finnish
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15755:
14796:
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observed the landscape: "Every acre of its surface was created to be the despair of an attacking military force". Waging
2294:
MolotovâRibbentrop Pact's secret protocol is used as proof that the Soviet Union had intended to conquer all of Finland.
1805:
1034:
16658:
10558:
9436:
Juutilainen, Antti; Koskimaa, Matti (2005). "Maavoimien joukkojen perustaminen" [Establishing the Army Forces].
8606:"The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory"
4290:, supported a Greater Finland ideology. The Continuation War began in June 1941 and led to Finnish participation in the
4001:
The largest foreign contingent came from neighboring Sweden, which provided nearly 8,760 volunteers during the war. The
1221:
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10793:
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10379:
Reese, Roger R. (2008). "Lessons of the Winter War: a study in the military effectiveness of the Red Army, 1939â1940".
10334:
10315:
10227:
10172:
Vihavainen, Timo (1999). "Talvisota neuvostohistoriakirjoituksessa" [The Winter War in Soviet historiography].
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4353:
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14074:
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12694:
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12483:
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11751:
10492:
10280:
10245:
10190:
10010:
9985:
9837:
9743:
9702:
9635:
9476:
9454:
Juutilainen, Antti (1999b). "Talvisodan ulkomaalaiset vapaaehtoiset" [Foreign Volunteers in the Winter War].
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9256:
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8930:
8799:
8723:
8497:
8434:
6722:
5978:
4357:
2727:
1252:
1128:
909:
670:
10967:
1934:
into a single state. In 1920, Finnish communists based in Soviet Russia attempted to assassinate the former Finnish
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17782:
17413:
16930:
16411:
15513:
15449:
15274:
15187:
13849:
13007:
12944:
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4167:
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1464:
706:
50:
11592:
8643:
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1044:
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16843:
16559:
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were at the top of the agenda. More importantly, the very poor performance of the Red Army convinced Hitler that
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On 5 March, the Red Army advanced 10 to 15 km (6.2 to 9.3 mi) past the Mannerheim Line and entered the
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contacted the Finnish Government. She offered to contact Moscow through the Soviet Union's ambassador to Sweden,
3536:
2730:, which the Soviet Union signed in 1934. Field Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the
1994:
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956:
805:
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503:
460:
16227:
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2170:(2120 square miles), an area twice the size as that of the territory demanded from Finland (1000 square miles).
1039:
17478:
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15338:
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during the night. The situation led quickly to war exhaustion among the Finns, who lost over 3,000 soldiers in
3281:
Dead Soviet soldiers and their equipment at Raate Road, Suomussalmi, after being ambushed and encircled at the
3021:
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2519:
2327:, chairman of the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union, commissioned a celebratory piece of music from
2323:
capitulation was to be Stalin's 60th birthday on 21 December. Convinced of the invasion's forthcoming success,
1338:
1271:
968:
10102:
Silvast, Pekka (1999). "Merivoimien ensimmÀinen voitto: Russarö" [The Navy's First Victory: Russarö].
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Manninen, Ohto (1999b). "VenÀlÀiset sotavangit ja tappiot" [Russian Prisoners of War and Casualties].
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58:
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10881:
9572:(1999). "Puna-armeijan Stalinin tahdon toteuttajana" [The Red Army as an Executor of Stalin's Will].
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3939:
2925:. The Arctic port of Petsamo was attacked by the 104th Mountain Rifle Division by sea and land, supported by
2861:
2754:
2669:
2658:
2033:
1843:, mainly Sweden, and it focused on the exchange of information and on defence planning (the joint defence of
1495:
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932:
914:
10472:
17658:
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16935:
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16574:
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16274:
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15831:
15772:
15661:
15656:
15624:
15565:
15486:
15444:
15327:
14827:
14199:
13927:
13893:
13789:
13164:
13125:
12044:
11879:
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11791:
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11029:
10740:
10699:
10671:
7725:
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1449:
1000:
800:
749:
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tanks and a few lighter tanks. These were unsuitable for the war and they were subsequently used as fixed
1029:
17812:
17105:
16760:
16532:
16507:
16483:
16391:
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16001:
15984:
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15629:
15518:
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15394:
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13856:
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12190:
12169:
11690:
11353:
11259:
10749:
4200:
4034:
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within 10 days. The Soviets had a 3:1 advantage in manpower and a 5:1 advantage in artillery, as well as
2511:
2302:
2068:
2019:
1939:
1829:
1624:
1580:
1576:
1474:
1230:
983:
961:
904:
572:
193:
31:
5337:
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15004:
14944:
14662:
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13014:
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11837:
11709:
11702:
11662:
11635:
11367:
11300:
10895:
10706:
10636:
4377:
suffered. After the Moscow Peace Treaty, Germany improved its ties with Finland, and within two weeks,
4050:
3719:
3262:
1867:
1678:
1454:
927:
793:
771:
608:
7215:
Talvisota: Ilta-Sanomien erikoislehti 2019, pp. 62â66. Helsinki: Sanoma Media Finland Oy. (in Finland)
2075:, but it included a secret protocol in which Central and Eastern European countries were divided into
1879:
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have a major war in a remote part of Europe rather than on French soil. France planned to reâarm the
3472:
2610:
2084:
1556:. It began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of
810:
776:
11323:
9763:
Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (1999). "Suomen kunnian pÀivÀt" [Glory Days of Finland].
9721:
LentilÀ, Riitta; Juutilainen, Antti (1999). "Talvisodan uhrit" [Victims of the Winter War].
9415:Đ€ĐžĐœĐ»ŃĐœĐŽĐžŃ ĐœĐ° ĐżŃŃĐž Đș ĐČĐŸĐčĐœĐ”: ĐŃŃĐ»Đ”ĐŽĐŸĐČĐ°ĐœĐžĐ” ĐŸ ĐČĐŸĐ”ĐœĐœĐŸĐŒ ŃĐŸŃŃŃĐŽĐœĐžŃĐ”ŃŃĐČĐ” ĐĐ”ŃĐŒĐ°ĐœĐžĐž Đž Đ€ĐžĐœĐ»ŃĐœĐŽĐžĐž ĐČ 1940â1941 гг
4053:(ROVS) for aid. Nevertheless, Mannerheim eventually agreed to establish a small Russian detachment (
4013:
were responsible for air defence in northern Finland and the city of Turku. Volunteers arrived from
3695:. That day, the weather was fair and visibility was excellent. The Finns spotted the Soviet cruiser
3420:
was one of the most important targets because it was an important railway junction, and also housed
3205:) became a legendary motto among Finns. Further contributing to the legend of Kollaa was the sniper
1893:
17772:
17762:
17443:
17279:
17195:
17132:
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were mainly used to repel Soviet bombers. Strategic bombings doubled as opportunities for military
3043:
2758:
2563:
2534:
1772:
1612:
1524:
826:
644:
589:
11339:
11316:
4037:. In total, Finland received 12,000 volunteers, 50 of whom died during the war. The British actor
3000:
Most Soviet soldiers had proper winter clothes, but this was not the case with every unit. In the
2083:, and two days later, the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. On 17 September, the
1771:
enjoyed wide autonomy within Russia until the end of the 19th century, when Russia began attempts
30:
This article is about the 1939â1940 war between the Soviet Union and Finland. For other uses, see
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11758:
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10121:
9218:"Casus Belli: ĐŸ ĐĐ°ĐčĐœĐžĐ»ŃŃĐșĐŸĐŒ ĐžĐœŃĐžĐŽĐ”ĐœŃĐ”, ĐżĐŸŃĐ»ŃжОĐČŃĐžĐŒ ĐżĐŸĐČĐŸĐŽĐŸĐŒ, ĐŽĐ»Ń ĐœĐ°Ńала "ĐĐžĐŒĐœĐ”Đč ĐČĐŸĐčĐœŃ" 1939â40 гг"
4587:
3824:
Both Germany and Sweden were keen to see an end to the Winter War. The Germans feared losing the
3647:
3515:, a telephone set and some tents. Air-raid warnings were given by Finnish women organised by the
3421:
2870:
2713:
On 30 November 1939, Soviet forces invaded Finland with 21 divisions, totalling 450,000 men, and
2552:
2541:
2530:
2438:
2422:
2333:
2278:
1703:
1214:
1169:
1115:
863:
722:
455:
4021:
volunteered, and 210 volunteers of other nationalities arrived in Finland before the war ended.
3837:
2886:
2654:
1245:
1121:
744:
584:
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17645:
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15127:
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11600:
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11098:
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9445:
Juutilainen, Antti (1999a). "Laatokan Karjalan taistelut" [Battles in Ladoga Karelia].
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3357:
3237:
they had created; instead, they worked to eliminate only the most dangerous threats. Often the
3221:
on 5 December and then repelled a Soviet offensive in the battle of TolvajÀrvi on 11 December.
2731:
1886:, had a minor presence in national politics and never had more than 14 seats of the 200 in the
1840:
1768:
1693:
1608:
1343:
973:
892:
649:
15384:
9940:
Peltonen, Martti (1999). "Ilmasota talvisodassa" [Aerial Warfare in the Winter Wari].
3957:; for existing fortifications on the Karelian Isthmus to be demolished and for the islands of
1902:
17632:
17177:
17166:
17100:
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16285:
15926:
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led northwest. On 17 December, the Soviet northern group, comprising an infantry regiment, a
3350:
3325:
3050:. The Red Army was superior in numbers and material, but Finns used the advantages of speed,
3001:
2926:
2626:
fuel to last only 19 to 60 days. The ammunition shortage meant the Finns could seldom afford
2268:
2072:
1935:
1931:
1049:
620:
11518:
4009:
fighters, named "the Flight Regiment 19" also participated. Swedish anti-air batteries with
2993:
uniforms. Not until late January 1940 did the Soviets paint their equipment white and issue
2414:
who were less competent but more loyal to their superiors. Unit commanders were overseen by
17584:
17512:
17453:
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15132:
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14104:
14057:
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13187:
13157:
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12893:
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11798:
11275:
10953:
9877:
9307:
Elfvegren, Eero (1999). "Merisota talvisodassa" [Naval Warfare in the Winter War].
8709:
4382:
4341:
4238:
3696:
3610:
3408:, supporting the Red Army's invasion with about 2,500 aircraft (the most common type being
3301:
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and building timber dugouts. Some specialist Finnish soldiers were called in to attack the
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3059:
2985:
against Soviet columns. At the beginning of the war, Soviet tanks were painted in standard
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2947:
2874:
2735:
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by Finns. The Finnish statesman J. K. Paasikivi commented that the Soviet attack without a
2718:
2627:
2415:
2337:, intended to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army paraded through Helsinki.
2115:
1656:
1600:
1323:
1309:
1186:
1005:
625:
567:
14908:
9680:
Kurenmaa, Pekka; LentilÀ, Riitta (2005). "Sodan tappiot" [Casualties of the War].
9488:"Sotasankari Simo HĂ€yhĂ€n ennennĂ€kemĂ€tön pĂ€ivĂ€kirja löytyi â "TĂ€ssĂ€ on minun syntilistani""
9419:
Birth of the Continuation War: Research of GermanâFinnish Military Collaboration 1940â1941
4224:
2677:
2601:
Offensives of the four Soviet armies from 30 November to 22 December 1939 displayed in red
281:
8:
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The first naval battle occurred in the Gulf of Finland on 1 December, near the island of
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2684:
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that allowed the Soviets to establish military bases on their soil. Estonia accepted the
2076:
1775:
as part of a general policy to strengthen the central government and unify the Empire by
1561:
1517:
1283:
1205:
1162:
1059:
939:
102:
10559:"These 17 photos show Finland's brutally cold World War II battle with the Soviet Union"
9583:
9487:
9262:
7614:"Bad blood and humiliation: Finns' experiences of the Moscow peace negotiations in 1940"
4159:
4111:
Franco-British support was offered on the condition their forces could pass freely from
2852:
had scouted the area and made fire plans in advance, anticipating a Soviet assault. The
2597:
2114:
On 5 October 1939, the Soviets invited a Finnish delegation to Moscow for negotiations.
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9284:ĐĐ·ĐČĐ”ŃŃĐžŃ ĐĄĐ°ŃĐ°ŃĐŸĐČŃĐșĐŸĐłĐŸ ĐŁĐœĐžĐČĐ”ŃŃĐžŃĐ”ŃĐ°. ĐĐŸĐČĐ°Ń ĐĄĐ”ŃĐžŃ. ĐĄĐ”ŃĐžŃ ĐŃŃĐŸŃĐžŃ. ĐДжЎŃĐœĐ°ŃĐŸĐŽĐœŃĐ” ĐŃĐœĐŸŃĐ”ĐœĐžŃ
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8349:
Chubaryan, A. (2002). "Foreword". In Kulkov, E.; Rzheshevskii, O.; Shukman, H. (eds.).
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As the Finnish Cabinet hesitated in the face of harsh Soviet conditions, Sweden's King
3809:
and met Kollontai secretly at a hotel. On 29 January, Molotov put an end to the puppet
3622:
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2943:
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2722:
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2002:
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1735: Neutral countries with military bases established by Soviet Union in October 1939
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712:
326:
10040:
Finland's struggle for independence from 1917 to 1945, Hungarian volunteers in Finland
9912:
3906:
right of passage, had little choice but to accept the Soviet terms. Finnish President
3570:
was a coastal defence force which did not have the training, logistical structure, or
3293:
divisions to the Kainuu area with orders to cross the wilderness, capture the city of
1627:
urged a peace deal with the Soviets, while the Finns still retained bargaining power.
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9666:
9631:
9596:
9555:
9472:
9422:
9386:
9367:
9344:
9325:
9252:
9193:
9118:
9097:
9078:
9056:
9025:
9015:
9001:
8966:
8945:
8926:
8895:
8874:
8845:
8835:
8814:
8795:
8778:
8766:
8719:
8677:
8629:
8590:
8571:
8551:
8541:
8524:
8514:
8493:
8465:
8449:
8430:
8408:
8373:
8354:
8335:
7625:
7557:
7545:
7195:
5974:
4665:
4278:
4148:
4144:
4006:
3752:
3500:
3480:
3413:
3338:
3305:
3288:
The SuomussalmiâRaate engagement was a double operation which would later be used by
3210:
3119:
3090:
3066:
3051:
3047:
2982:
2853:
2824:
2808:
2445:, the chief of artillery. The other faction was led by Khalkhin Gol veterans General
2434:
2426:
2298:
2174:
2139:
1990:
1817:
1802:
1790:
1761:
1741:
1616:
1584:
1565:
1302:
1295:
944:
783:
759:
550:
340:
232:
131:
16910:
10548:
10445:
9168:
3680:
largest of which featured a 305 mm (12.0 in) gun battery on the island of
3214:
3123:
1997:, were targeted for particular scorn. When Stalin gained absolute power through the
1833:
257:
17608:
17600:
17418:
17376:
17350:
17239:
17110:
17090:
17063:
16823:
16584:
15916:
15861:
15767:
15508:
15279:
15249:
15215:
15060:
14872:
14849:
14587:
14540:
14508:
14414:
14379:
14025:
13745:
13738:
13682:
13346:
13111:
13097:
13000:
12937:
12888:
12701:
12554:
12501:
12311:
12262:
12176:
11406:
11383:
10916:
10588:
10506:
10388:
10111:
Soikkanen, Timo (1999). "Talvisodan henki" [The Spirit of the Winter War].
7537:
4572:
4564:
4204:
4090:
4026:
4018:
3829:
3735:
3524:
3492:
3468:
3433:
3405:
3313:
3308:
and his 9th Division cut off the retreat route, split the enemy force into smaller
3289:
3266:
3198:
3194:
3154:
3055:
2816:
2804:
2799:
2778:
2635:
2491:
2407:
2143:
2131:
2123:
1951:
1947:
1919:
1915:
1821:
1753:
1660:
1592:
1588:
1415:
1410:
1316:
1237:
1193:
1181:
1148:
754:
732:
596:
389:
365:
353:
119:
10925:
9902:
Paulaharju, Jyri (1999). "Pakkastalven kourissa" [In the Grip of Winter].
4074:
3989:
3907:
3590:, 52 submarines, and other miscellaneous vessels. The Soviets used naval bases in
3165:
for almost every road leading west to the Finnish border. The 8th Army was led by
2024:
245:
218:
17552:
17344:
17262:
17058:
16987:
16818:
16663:
16653:
16442:
15936:
15683:
15535:
15503:
15177:
15157:
14578:
14479:
14474:
14419:
14328:
14287:
13768:
13480:
13395:
13353:
13251:
13194:
13062:
12844:
12835:
12364:
11946:
11922:
11176:
10500:
10409:
10181:
Sokolov, Boris (2000). "ĐŃŃŃ Đș ĐŒĐžŃŃ" [Secrets of the Russo-Finnish War].
10066:
Rentola, Kimmo (2003). Holtsmark, Sven G.; Pharo, Helge Ă.; Tamnes, Rolf (eds.).
9996:
9772:
Malmi, Timo (1999). "Suomalaiset sotavangit" [Finnish Prisoners of War].
9712:
Laaksonen, Lasse (1999). "Kannaksen taistelut" [Battles in the Isthmus].
9112:
8960:
8889:
8713:
8400:
7541:
7123:
6959:
6715:
4723:
Died during the additional refresher training (diseases, accidents, suicides) 34.
4274:
4214:
4116:
4066:
4038:
3942:. Finland also ceded a part of the region of Salla, the Rybachy Peninsula in the
3894:
3865:
3798:
3657:
3401:
3360:, the Soviets proceeded easily to Salla, where the road split. Further ahead was
3209:, dubbed "the White Death" by Soviets, and credited with over 500 kills. Captain
3206:
3142:
3112:
2914:
2774:
2631:
2622:
2545:
2403:
2167:
2151:
2057:
1927:
1500:
922:
843:
632:
562:
555:
545:
401:
115:
13880:
9217:
3126:, decided to launch a counter-attack and encircle three Soviet divisions into a
2359:
Others argue against the idea of a complete Soviet conquest. American historian
1708:
17676:
17668:
17473:
17398:
17314:
17274:
16833:
16828:
16770:
16279:
16019:
15846:
15609:
15599:
14976:
14592:
14219:
14151:
14037:
13775:
13311:
13237:
11289:
11148:
9621:
9514:(2007a). "Leningradin sotilaspiirin rajakahakka". In JokisipilÀ, Markku (ed.).
7613:
5001:
4614:
4423:
4058:
3778:
3692:
3520:
3496:
3484:
3170:
3034:, Suomussalmi during a Finnish pursuit in December 1939. Nordic combined skier
2866:
2815:
would often immobilise a tank. Soon, Finns fielded a better ad hoc weapon, the
2743:
2673:
2495:
2430:
2387:
2368:
2324:
2290:
2202:
1906:
1871:
1745:
1596:
1568:
deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union from its organization.
858:
853:
377:
269:
135:
123:
10510:
9589:
Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. Social Sciences & Humanities
9192:. Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. Vol. 11. Wiley-Blackwell.
8962:
Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front: The German Infantry's War, 1941â1944
8849:
8555:
3925:
3516:
3031:
2812:
2079:. Finland fell into the Soviet sphere. On 1 September 1939, Germany began its
17751:
17568:
17528:
17324:
17217:
17212:
17068:
16991:
16957:
16720:
16715:
16601:
16348:
15979:
15816:
15454:
14535:
13586:
11511:
11360:
11199:
10597:(search service for information from Finnish archives, libraries and museums)
10463:
10356:. Translated by Mayow, Nicholas. Helsinki: Finnish War Veterans Association.
10344:
9825:
9781:
9600:
8811:
Finland's War of Choice: The Troubled German-Finnish Alliance in World War II
8528:
7629:
7549:
4669:
4513:
4365:
4242:
4176:
3579:
3571:
3463:
3365:
3346:
3342:
3258:
3182:
3166:
3150:
3026:
2882:
2841:
2446:
2442:
2349:
2183:
2155:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2029:
1978:
1875:
1836:, and some Swedish troops, in addition to the expulsion of Bolshevik troops.
1809:
1776:
1648:
1405:
312:
64:
10371:
10354:
Artillery barrage at Taipaleenjoki: Paavo Rahikainen. The battle of Sikniemi
7526:"Intelligence and Stalin's Two Crucial Decisions in the Winter War, 1939â40"
3962:
3562:
could still move. The other reason for low naval activity was the nature of
3218:
3138:
2639:
2481:. A Soviet tank on the road in the background according to the photographer.
662:
17624:
17520:
17339:
17080:
16865:
16775:
16636:
15735:
15259:
15225:
14980:
14710:
14700:
14313:
13885:
13689:
11989:
11894:
11525:
10888:
10652:
10431:
The Hundred Day Winter War: Finland's Gallant Stand against the Soviet Army
10200:
Vuorenmaa, Anssi; Juutilainen, Antti (1999). "Myytti Mannerheim-linjasta".
8989:
The Hundred Day Winter War: Finland's Gallant Stand against the Soviet Army
8829:
8770:
8563:
8444:
8327:
4399:
4283:
4266:
4175:
the supply line from German actions, the Allies would send units ashore at
4119:
Norway and Sweden instead of the difficult passage through Soviet-occupied
3869:
Situation on the Karelian Isthmus on 13 March 1940, the last day of the war
3841:
3606:
3567:
3251:
3189:
The waterway itself did not offer protection, but alongside it, there were
3086:
2820:
2696:
2688:
2592:
2478:
2406:
and the deployment of the army's best units. Zhdanov's military commander,
2399:
2210:
2104:
2007:
1813:
1799:
declared that national minorities possessed the right of self-determination
1764:
1652:
1644:
1557:
1549:
1070:
695:
396:
384:
372:
360:
348:
334:
320:
306:
293:
186:
15496:
10264:
3739:
Finnish officers inspecting Soviet skiing manuals gained as loot from the
3361:
3330:
2277:. The issue has continued to divide Russian historiography even after the
2163:
1752:
against the Kingdom of Sweden, ostensibly to protect the Russian capital,
17357:
17183:
16870:
15841:
15570:
15491:
15424:
15254:
14876:
14603:
14459:
14030:
13990:
13524:
13510:
13172:
11848:
11669:
11654:
11008:
10035:
FinnorszĂĄg fĂŒggetlensĂ©gi harca 1917â1945, Magyar önkĂ©ntesek FinnorszĂĄgban
9164:
4323:
4208:
4188:
4081:
3943:
3828:
and threatened to attack at once if the Swedes granted the Allied forces
3765:
3626:
3563:
3555:
3377:
3035:
3009:
2978:
2962:
2956:
Swedish volunteer with a Carl Gustaf M/96 rifle wearing a face wool mask.
2952:
2910:
2672:
was located north of Lake Ladoga. It was composed of two divisions under
2473:
2255:
2242:
2232:
On 26 November 1939, an incident was reported near the Soviet village of
2179:
1998:
1959:
1782:
1749:
1636:
1632:
1420:
1200:
819:
737:
473:
10458:(1st ed.). Gospolitizdat & Foreign Languages Publishing House.
10072:
Counter Currents: Olav Riste and Norwegian international historiography.
10046:(in Hungarian). Wysocki LĂ©giĂł HagyomĂĄnyĆrzĆ EgyesĂŒletnek. Archived from
9530:(2007b). "Rajakahakan hidas jÀiden lÀhtö". In JokisipilÀ, Markku (ed.).
3349:
from the North Finland Group. The group was placed under the command of
17334:
16982:
16668:
16291:
16240:
15876:
15826:
15614:
13973:
12879:
12611:
11504:
10837:
10765:
10392:
9974:
VenĂ€jĂ€n vallankumous ja Suomi 1917â1920 II: toukokuu 1918âjoulukuu 1920
9786:
Miten Suomi valloitetaan: Puna-armeijan operaatiosuunnitelmat 1939â1944
9569:
9543:
9527:
9511:
8869:
Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Toni; Birks, Chris, eds. (2015).
8647:
8422:
4509:
4505:
3934:
3711:
3681:
3664:
3575:
3547:
3476:
3437:
3409:
3161:, bringing their total strength to over 30,000. The Soviets deployed a
2986:
2739:
2606:
2487:
2353:
2345:
2305:, to govern Finland after Soviet conquest. A declaration delivered via
2237:
2178:
sovereignty in danger. There were also those, such as Foreign Minister
1757:
1639:
and enhanced its international reputation. The poor performance of the
717:
10616:
9247:[Finland's Entrance into World War II]. In Chernov, M. (ed.).
8370:
Northern European Overture to War, 1939â1941: From Memel to Barbarossa
3929:
Finland's territorial concessions to the Soviet Union displayed in red
3688:
3599:
3550:
began to freeze over by the end of December, impeding the movement of
3145:, the legendary Finnish sniper, known as "the White Death" by Soviets.
2913:
and ordered to cut Finland in half by advancing on the Raate road. In
2764:
1354:
16962:
16853:
16710:
16648:
15464:
13142:
12547:
12344:
12155:
11953:
11908:
10604:
9978:
Russian Revolution and Finland 1917â1920 II: May 1918 â December 1920
4184:
4136:
4070:
4022:
3958:
3898:
3806:
3722:
provided similar support from the southwestern coast of the Isthmus.
3618:
3583:
3559:
3369:
3174:
3005:
2849:
2692:
2579:
2100:
2092:
1982:
1794:
1572:
495:
11429:
7904:
5853:
3893:. The same day, the Red Army established a beachhead on the Western
3574:
to undertake large-scale operations. The Baltic Fleet possessed two
3197:
lasted until the end of the war. A memorable quote, "Kollaa holds" (
2201:
On 31 October, Molotov publicly announced the Soviet demands to the
16905:
16616:
16029:
15891:
14494:
14131:
13912:
11413:
11141:
9790:
How to Conquer Finland: Operational Plans of the Red Army 1939â1944
7720:
6952:
4310:
Monument devoted to the victims of the Winter War in St. Petersburg
4133:
3954:
3668:
3591:
3512:
3508:
3445:
3429:
3425:
2994:
2966:
2567:
2468:
2273:
2250:
2190:
1852:
1640:
472:
188,671â207,538 wounded or sick (including at least 61,506 sick or
14114:
2126:
be moved westward to a point only 30 km (19 mi) east of
1844:
1740:
Until the early 19th century, Finland was the eastern part of the
16641:
16466:
16461:
14136:
13943:
4551:
4229:
3933:
The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed in Moscow on 12 March 1940. A
3614:
3595:
3551:
3417:
3230:
3178:
3158:
3104:
2970:
2840: – the area between the shore of Lake Ladoga, the
2827:. Molotov cocktails were eventually mass-produced by the Finnish
2614:
2455:
2394:, but other generals were more reserved. Red Army Chief of Staff
2233:
2127:
1986:
1923:
1860:
1553:
288:
276:
264:
252:
240:
226:
212:
162:
91:
16317:
9830:
Talvisodan salatut taustat (Hidden background of the Winter War)
7715:
4672:
had personally supervised the bombardment of the Soviet village.
3663:
Soviet aircraft bombed Finnish vessels and harbours and dropped
2856:
began with a forty-hour Soviet artillery preparation. After the
2060:
along the seaward approaches to Leningrad, but Finland refused.
14968:
14449:
12023:
10621:
4306:
4277:, to defend Karelian rights and interests and to find a way to
4241:, part of which was the Continuation War, was later called the
4180:
4112:
4041:
volunteered in the war for two weeks, but did not face combat.
4030:
3761:
3523:, with 12.83 victories. He would increase his tally during the
3450:
2898:
2571:
2556:
2515:
2159:
2088:
1604:
10594:
10068:
MotstrĂžms: Olav Riste og norsk internasjonal historieskrivning
9663:
The Raate Road: Tale of Northern Heroism during the Winter War
8745:
Laemlein, Tom (October 2013). "Where Will We Bury Them All?".
8587:
Nomonhan 1939, The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II
5973:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Hakapaino Oy. pp. 406â407.
4652:
4639:
4107:
3730:
3133:
2638:
rifles dating from the Finnish Civil War, which used the same
16860:
14399:
14141:
12211:
9117:. Foreword by John Barber. John Wiley & Sons. p. 7.
8831:
The Finnish-Soviet Winter War 1939â40 Stalin's Hollow Victory
6723:"Swedish volunteer in position during the Soviet-Finnish War"
4699:
A detailed classification of dead and missing is as follows:
4044:
3653:
3642:
3277:
3190:
2990:
2922:
2906:
2708:
127:
16360:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
16075:
9917:[Red Army â the most peaceful, the most heroic...].
8715:
Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century
2221:
14146:
10502:
Finnish Military Effectiveness in the Winter War, 1939â1940
4547:
4033:
and later achieved fame as a resistance fighter during the
3771:
3546:
There was little naval activity during the Winter War. The
3294:
3099:
2829:
2306:
2041:
1942:. On 14 October 1920, Finland and Soviet Russia signed the
10238:
The White Death: The Epic of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War
9995:
Shirokorad, A. (2001). "IX: ĐĐžĐŒĐœŃŃ ĐČĐŸĐčĐœĐ° 1939â1940 гг. ".
9465:
Punaiset panssarit: Puna-armeijan panssarijoukot 1918â1945
8407:(40th Anniversary ed.). Oxford University Press, US.
4049:
Finland officially refused overtures from the anti-Soviet
3718:
on the northeastern shore of Lake Ladoga. The fortress of
3058:. Particularly on the Ladoga Karelia front and during the
2555:
was positioned to strike into Central Finland through the
9853:ĐŁĐżŃŃĐ”ĐœĐœŃĐč ŃĐ°ĐœŃ ĐĄŃĐ°Đ»ĐžĐœĐ°. ĐĄĐŸĐČĐ”ŃŃĐșĐžĐč ĐĄĐŸŃĐ· Đž Đ±ĐŸŃŃба Đ·Đ° ĐĐČŃĐŸĐżŃ
9145:"Putin: Winter War aimed at correcting border "mistakes""
9140:
7908:
5338:"The Winter War â When the Finns Humiliated the Russians"
4996:
4994:
4073:, although it is possible that some were also trained in
3444:
The largest bombing raid against the capital of Finland,
16397:
Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, PolishâSoviet War
16366:
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
10485:
A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939â1940
9951:
VenĂ€lĂ€inen talvisotakirjallisuus: Bibliografia 1939â1945
8568:
Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War
8238:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5072:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4863:
2485:
Soviet generals were impressed by the success of German
1712:
Geopolitical status in Northern Europe in November 1939
1687:
9914:ĐŃĐ°ŃĐœĐ°Ń ĐŃĐŒĐžŃ â ŃĐ°ĐŒĐ°Ń ĐŒĐžŃĐŸĐ»ŃбОĐČĐ°Ń, ŃĐ°ĐŒĐ°Ń ĐłĐ”ŃĐŸĐžŃĐ”ŃĐșĐ°Ń...
9208:
8538:
The Solution of the Karelian Refugee Problem in Finland
8202:
7879:
7684:
5304:
5302:
4452:
List of Soviet Union military equipment of World War II
4103:
Franco-British plans for intervention in the Winter War
17429:
List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin
11283:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
10613:(Winter War history from a documentary film's website)
10273:
The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939â1940
8368:
Clemmesen, Michael H.; Faulkner, Marcus, eds. (2013).
6934:
4991:
4850:
4848:
2932:
2792: Soviet division (XX), corps (XXX) or army (XXXX)
2773:
The situation on 7 December: Soviets have reached the
2154:
for 30 years and to permit the Soviets to establish a
16223:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
15763:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
10600:
10220:
Finnish Soldier vs Soviet Soldier: Winter War 1939â40
9955:
Russian Winter War Literature: Bibliography 1939â1945
8834:. Johnny Shumate. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
7792:
7790:
7763:
7406:
7404:
6789:
6787:
5948:
5946:
5757:
5755:
5674:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5069:
4860:
4592:
4273:
Karelian evacuees established an interest group, the
3042:
In battles from Ladoga Karelia to the Arctic port of
2881:, was defeated by a much smaller Finnish force under
1785:
led to the collapse of the Russian Empire during the
16876:
Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
8894:(Illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press.
8387:
Coates, William Peyton; Coates, Zelda Kahan (1940).
5299:
5029:
5027:
4413:
4096:
3949:
Finnish concessions and territorial losses exceeded
2613:, which had established its wartime headquarters at
2260:
border incident between Finland and the Soviet Union
10325:Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Toni (2015).
10324:
10310:. Translated by Dinan, Tim. Leandoer & Ekholm.
9762:
9584:"SovietâFinish War 1939â1940 and Red Army's Losses"
9188:Zeiler, Thomas W.; DuBois, Daniel M., eds. (2012).
8490:
The Winter War: The Russo-Finnish Conflict, 1939â40
8455:. Translated by Leon Dennen. Yale University Press.
7932:
7930:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7138:
7136:
7117:
JÀÀtynyt helvetti: TÀllainen on Raatteen tie tÀnÀÀn
7013:
6977:
6898:
6774:
6772:
5561:
5559:
5275:
4845:
3845:its role as a buffer between Germany and the USSR.
2765:
First battles and Soviet advance to Mannerheim Line
2734:after the Soviet attack. In a further reshuffling,
2653:was composed of six divisions under the command of
1560:, and ended three and a half months later with the
17161:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
10611:Fire and Ice: The Winter War of Finland and Russia
9582:
9532:Sodan totuudet. Yksi suomalainen vastaa 5,7 ryssÀÀ
9516:Sodan totuudet. Yksi suomalainen vastaa 5,7 ryssÀÀ
8448:
7787:
7433:
7401:
7353:
7172:
7097:
7025:
6862:
6838:
6784:
6757:
6312:
6310:
5999:
5943:
5752:
5643:
5619:
5607:
5491:
5431:
5419:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4717:Other reasons (diseases, accidents, suicides) 677;
4447:List of Finnish military equipment of World War II
3993:Norwegian volunteers somewhere in Northern Finland
3725:
1882:in 1932. The successor of the Lapua Movement, the
1870:was declared illegal in 1931, and the nationalist
1744:. From 21 February 1808 to 17 September 1809, the
27:1939â1940 war between the Soviet Union and Finland
10591:(photographs of the SovietâFinnish War 1939â1940)
10074:] (in Norwegian). Cappelen Akademisk Forlag.
9469:Red Armour: The Red Army's Tank Forces, 1918â1945
9114:Leningrad 1941â42: Morality in a City under Siege
8781:(14 December 1939). "Expulsion of the U.S.S.R.".
8190:
8095:
7902:
7257:
6828:
6826:
6570:
6568:
6496:
6494:
6426:
6424:
5885:
5883:
5368:
5024:
4967:
4965:
4884:
4882:
4504:From 1919 onwards, the Finns possessed 32 French
3079:
2518:), directly under Kliment Voroshilov (chairman),
2340:Hungarian historian IstvĂĄn Ravasz wrote that the
2173:The Soviet offer divided the Finnish government:
17749:
15778:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
15108:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
10450:
9659:Raatteen tie: Talvisodan pohjoinen sankaritarina
9222:Raboche-Krest'yanskaya Krasnaya Armiya (website)
9075:The Winter War: The RussoâFinnish War of 1939â40
9021:The Winter War: Finland against Russia 1939â1940
8250:
8035:
7927:
7891:
7857:
7855:
7840:
7416:
7389:
7160:
7133:
6811:
6799:
6769:
5556:
5093:
5091:
5059:
5057:
4981:
4979:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4899:
4897:
4668:'s memoirs, which states that Artillery Marshal
3487:had donated the first aircraft to the Air Force.
2158:there. In exchange, the Soviet Union would cede
17269:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
15897:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
15812:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944â1953)
10091:Đ ĐŸŃŃĐžĐčŃĐșĐžĐč ĐłĐŸŃŃĐŽĐ°ŃŃŃĐČĐ”ĐœĐœŃĐč ĐČĐŸĐ”ĐœĐœŃĐč Đ°ŃŃ
ĐžĐČ (Đ ĐĐĐ)
8763:Invasion in the Snow: A Study of Mechanized War
8289:
7989:
7987:
7974:
7972:
7959:
7957:
7867:
7775:
7716:"70th Anniversary of the End of the Winter War"
7223:
7221:
6989:
6922:
6910:
6411:
6409:
6307:
6199:
6187:
6175:
5265:
5263:
5261:
4928:
4738:
4708:Dead, not buried, later declared as dead 3,503;
4467:Military history of Finland during World War II
4360:; 232 of those cases ended in a death penalty.
4029:, fought in the Winter War before returning to
3475:refuelling at its air base on a frozen lake in
3193:up to 10 m (33 ft) high. The ensuing
2645:The Finnish forces were positioned as follows:
16254:GermanâSoviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk
8942:Christopher Lee: The Authorised Screen History
8925:(1st ed.). Brassey's Defence Publishers.
8274:
7493:
7445:
7245:
7194:. Vammala: HÀijÀÀ Invest (Vammaspaino), 1990.
7085:
7073:
7061:
7037:
6874:
6850:
6823:
6745:
6703:
6679:
6667:
6655:
6619:
6585:
6583:
6565:
6491:
6421:
6346:
5907:
5880:
5805:
5662:
5397:
5395:
5325:. E.P. Dutton & Company. pp. 364â365.
4962:
4879:
2494:, but they had been tailored to conditions in
2297:On 1 December 1939, the Soviet Union formed a
2036:" at the Karelian Isthmus, on 10 October 1939.
16844:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
16746:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
16607:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
16333:
16061:
15751:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
14952:
14619:
13928:
10637:
9364:The Mannerheim Line: Legend of the Winter War
7852:
7806:
7804:
7329:
7317:
7305:
7293:
6953:YLE: Marokon Kauhu nousi legendaksi Kollaalla
6447:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6439:
5783:
5781:
5742:
5740:
5713:
5691:
5689:
5595:
5544:
5443:
5248:
5246:
5088:
5054:
4976:
4945:
4909:
4894:
4833:
4809:
4785:
4580:
3479:. On the fuselage is the swastika, which the
3320:
3312:, and then proceeded to destroy the remnants
3065:For many of the encircled Soviet troops in a
2525:The Soviet forces were organised as follows:
2189:The Finns made two counteroffers to cede the
2067:The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the
1525:
1370:
1086:
692:
678:
511:
9244:ĐĐŸĐČлДŃĐ”ĐœĐžĐ” Đ€ĐžĐœĐ»ŃĐœĐŽĐžĐž ĐČĐŸ ĐŃĐŸŃŃŃ ĐĐžŃĐŸĐČŃŃ ĐČĐŸĐčĐœŃ
8665:The Nordic Way: A Path to Baltic Equilibrium
8462:White Death: Russia's War on Finland 1939â40
8351:Stalin and the Soviet-Finnish War, 1939â1940
8023:
7984:
7969:
7954:
7942:
7588:
7469:
7218:
7049:
6965:
6691:
6631:
6406:
6370:
6271:
6259:
5571:
5258:
5044:
5042:
4057:, RNA) of 200 men after being introduced to
3980:Foreign support of Finland in the Winter War
3015:
2348:stated that the Soviets "sought to impose a
1851:or on the stockpiling and the deployment of
1100:
81:(3 months, 1 week and 6 days)
16804:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi
15704:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
15699:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
14925:Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn
10407:
9730:Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (2005).
9536:Truths of War. One Finn equals 5.7 Russians
9520:Truths of War. One Finn equals 5.7 Russians
9421:] (in Russian). Petrozavodsk: Karelia.
9358:Geust, Carl-Fredrik; Uitto, Antero (2006).
9277:
8965:. Cambridge University Press. p. 190.
8244:
7816:
7660:
7611:
6886:
6727:Second World War the Military Photo Archive
6643:
6607:
6580:
6518:
6394:
6358:
6211:
6140:
5931:
5392:
4797:
4762:
4462:List of Finnish divisions in the Winter War
4194:
3731:Red Army reforms and offensive preparations
3134:Battles in Ladoga Karelia and North Karelia
3103:" â a Finnish idiom roughly translated as "
2909:. The 163rd Rifle Division was deployed at
2566:, comprising three divisions, was based in
17808:GermanyâSoviet Union relations (1918â1941)
17230:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
16340:
16326:
16068:
16054:
15020:Military history of the Russian Federation
14959:
14945:
14633:
14626:
14612:
13935:
13921:
10644:
10630:
9886:My Actions in Moscow and Finland 1939â1941
9628:Submarine Kings of the Knave of Hearts Sea
9278:Bichekhvost, Alexander Fedorovich (2012).
8998:Hitler's Central European Empire 1938â1945
8792:The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis
7801:
7751:
7001:
6436:
6223:
5895:
5868:
5841:
5829:
5817:
5793:
5778:
5737:
5725:
5701:
5686:
5508:
5455:
5320:
5243:
4314:The Soviet General Staff Supreme Command (
4045:White émigrés and Russian prisoners-of-war
2786: Finnish division (XX) or corps (XXX)
2709:Start of invasion and political operations
2661:was positioned on its right flank and the
2586:
2150:). The Finns would also have to lease the
1532:
1518:
1377:
1363:
1093:
1079:
685:
671:
518:
504:
16814:National delimitation in the Soviet Union
16786:Backwardness brings on beatings by others
15270:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652â1689)
10498:
10456:Falsifiers of History (Historical Survey)
10305:
9882:Toimintani Moskovassa ja Suomessa 1939â41
9738:] (in Finnish) (1st ed.). WSOY.
9485:
8646:. Finnish Karelian League. Archived from
8624:Jowett, Philip; Snodgrass, Brent (2006).
8604:Hough, William J.H. (10 September 2019).
8451:Soviet Russia's Foreign Policy, 1939â1942
7828:
6940:
6530:
5356:
5039:
3157:. They also had a support group of three
2462:
2222:Shelling of Mainila and Soviet intentions
2028:Finnish soldiers gather breakfast from a
17798:Eastern European theatre of World War II
16756:Great Construction Projects of Communism
16077:Nazi GermanâSoviet relations before 1941
10327:Finland at War: The Winter War 1939â1945
10217:
10123:Suomenmaan Tilastollinen Vuosikirja 1940
9623:ĐĐŸŃĐŸĐ»Đž ĐżĐŸĐŽĐżĐ»Đ°ĐČĐ° ĐČ ĐŒĐŸŃĐ” ŃĐ”ŃĐČĐŸĐœĐœŃŃ
ĐČалДŃĐŸĐČ
9435:
8871:Finland at War: The Winter War 1939â1945
8690:
8488:Engle, Eloise; Paananen, Lauri (1985) .
7341:
6069:
5964:
5631:
5407:
5380:
4756:
4750:
4305:
4223:
4106:
4019:American nationals of Finnish background
3988:
3924:
3864:
3772:Soviet offensive on the Karelian Isthmus
3734:
3462:
3324:
3276:
3137:
3025:
2951:
2889:, the first Finnish victory of the war.
2768:
2596:
2472:
2441:and Stalin's favourite general, Marshal
2402:and logistical preparations, a rational
2249:
2023:
1892:
1729: Soviet Union and annexed countries
1707:
1635:and further north. Finland retained its
17172:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech
15231:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580â1747)
15101:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
10617:National Archives of the United Kingdom
10352:Rahikainen, Paavo; Vainio, Ein (1996).
10088:
9729:
9720:
9322:Border â The Karelian Isthmus 1918â1920
9131:from the original on 27 February 2018.
9094:The Soviet Invasion of Finland, 1939â40
8979:from the original on 27 February 2018.
8662:
8535:
8506:
8487:
7781:
7769:
7690:
7523:
7154:
6559:
6486:
5859:
5637:
5335:
4888:
4774:
4457:List of Finnish corps in the Winter War
4147:on 18 September 1939, and the next day
4069:. The prisoners-of-war were trained in
3884: Soviet corps (XXX) or army (XXXX)
3254:, or "Motti-Matti" as he became known.
3004:, thousands of Soviet soldiers died of
2380:
1663:between Finland and the Soviets began.
1384:
14:
17750:
17207:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
16187:Border and Commercial Agreement (1941)
15852:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
15783:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
15642:GeorgianâOssetian conflict (1918â1920)
15620:Soviet westward offensive of 1918â1919
15334:Austro-RussianâTurkish War (1735â1739)
15010:Military history of the Russian Empire
14855:Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland
12491:
12469:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
10557:Woody, Christopher (1 December 2017).
10470:
10428:
8777:
8757:
8644:"Karjalan Liitto â Briefly in English"
7607:
7605:
7603:
6601:
6340:
4611:ĐĄĐŸĐČĐ”ÌŃŃĐșĐŸ-ŃĐžĐœĐ»ŃĐœĐŽŃĐșĐ°Ń ĐČĐŸĐčĐœĐ°Ì 1939â1940
4286:. Some right-wing groups, such as the
4158:On 19 December, French Prime Minister
3914:
3860:
2921:and 122nd Rifle Divisions attacked at
2609:. In prewar calculations, the Finnish
1989:clique". Field Marshal Mannerheim and
525:
67:machine gun crew during the Winter War
16321:
16049:
16002:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
15380:Russian colonization of North America
14940:
14823:National Defence Training Association
14607:
13916:
13340:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
12772:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
12418:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
12374:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
11479:Rape during the occupation of Germany
10625:
10569:from the original on 19 February 2023
10556:
10527:
10378:
10289:The Red Army and the Second World War
10119:
9679:
9580:
9241:Baryshnikov, N.; Salomaa, E. (2005).
9175:from the original on 30 November 2021
9151:from the original on 14 December 2017
8939:
8702:Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929â1941
8623:
8603:
8208:
7915:from the original on 17 February 2022
7885:
7861:
7810:
7746:
7612:LÀhteenmÀki, Maria (1 January 2014).
7007:
6733:from the original on 10 February 2023
6536:
5413:
5374:
5344:from the original on 19 December 2021
5321:Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil (1953).
5233:
5231:
5218:
5216:
5203:
5201:
5188:
5186:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5156:
5154:
5141:
5139:
4873:
4257:to the Soviet Union by virtue of the
3984:
3792:
3609:was a coastal defence force with two
2937:
2570:. Its objectives were to capture the
1688:Finnish-Soviet relations and politics
1506:Plans for Franco-British intervention
1358:
1074:
666:
499:
17290:22nd Congress of the Communist Party
17248:20th Congress of the Communist Party
16691:19th Congress of the Communist Party
16528:18th Congress of the Communist Party
16493:17th Congress of the Communist Party
15015:Military history of the Soviet Union
13942:
12462:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
11494:Rape during the liberation of France
10286:
10019:from the original on 7 December 2019
9864:from the original on 9 December 2020
9644:from the original on 1 November 2022
9630:] (in Russian). Tsentrpoligraf.
9542:
9360:Mannerheim-linja: Talvisodan legenda
9240:
9228:from the original on 2 December 2022
9209:Finnish, Russian and other languages
9163:
9053:Finland at Peace & War 1918â1993
8856:from the original on 7 February 2022
8732:from the original on 18 January 2023
8427:Nomonhan: Japan against Russia, 1939
7666:
6892:
6451:
6170:
5362:
5109:
4629:' catalogue (see authority control).
4563:This name is translated as follows:
4478:
4011:Bofors 40 mm (1.6 in) guns
3674:
3458:
3272:
3250:; the most famous of them was Major
2807:and insufficient training in modern
2284:
17224:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics
16448:Anti-religious campaign (1921â1928)
16108:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
15756:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
14797:Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency
10271:Engle, Eloise and Paananen, Pauri.
9994:
9846:
9607:from the original on 6 October 2022
9357:
8642:
8540:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
8510:The Little, Brown book of anecdotes
8304:"The Never-Ending Karelia Question"
8125:
7903:Jormanainen, Heli (15 March 2020).
7600:
7475:
6637:
5131:
4791:
3940:were evacuated and lost their homes
3691:, 5 km (3.1 mi) south of
3395:
3261:, Soviet forces were outmanoeuvred
2933:Operations from December to January
2823:liquids and with a simple hand-lit
2477:Dense forests of Ladoga Karelia at
2048:contacted Finnish Foreign Minister
1723: Germany and annexed countries
1577:puppet Finnish Communist government
24:
17371:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
17190:The History of the Communist Party
17009:Soviet offensive plans controversy
16974:Ideological repression in science
16518:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang
16236:Soviet offensive plans controversy
15802:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
15168:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
12688:German invasion of the Netherlands
10968:Weather events during World War II
10601:Finnish Wartime Photograph Archive
10211:
9910:
9876:
9815:
9806:
9711:
9688:
9554:] (in Finnish). Karttakeskus.
9400:Halsti, Wolfgang Hallstén (1955).
9050:
9038:from the original on 19 April 2023
8908:from the original on 19 April 2023
8789:
8783:League of Nations Official Journal
8301:
8065:
8053:
7796:
7728:from the original on 13 March 2022
7636:from the original on 6 August 2022
7564:from the original on 6 August 2022
7499:
7451:
7439:
7410:
7359:
7251:
6868:
6856:
6548:
5680:
5577:
5269:
5228:
5213:
5198:
5183:
5166:
5151:
5136:
5082:
5033:
4922:
4603:ĐĄĐŸĐČĐ”ÌŃŃĐșĐŸ-ŃĐžĐœŃĐșĐ°Ń ĐČĐŸĐčĐœĐ°Ì 1939â1940
4354:Soviet prisoners of war in Finland
4296:Finnish occupation of East Karelia
3973:
3832:. The German invasion plan, named
3826:iron ore fields in Northern Sweden
3519:. The top scoring fighter ace was
2703:
2687:was a collection of White Guards,
2375:
2071:in August 1939. It was publicly a
1964:SovietâFinnish Non-Aggression Pact
1899:SovietâFinnish Non-Aggression Pact
1806:declared the nation's independence
1760:Finland, and converted it into an
1756:. Eventually Russia conquered and
1698:SovietâFinnish Non-Aggression Pact
25:
17854:
17409:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
17140:Marxism and the National Question
16347:
15667:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
13319:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
10582:
10308:Tanks in the Winter War 1939â1940
10162:
10153:
10141:from the original on 7 March 2022
10089:Russian State Military Archive.
9971:
9927:from the original on 27 June 2022
9824:
9780:
9619:
9498:from the original on 12 June 2018
9385:(in Swedish). Föreningen Norden.
9380:
8923:Cold Will: The Defense of Finland
8744:
8718:(1st ed.). Greenhill Books.
8693:Soviet Strategic Thought, 1917-91
8478:
8399:
8332:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives
8302:Ahtiainen, Ilkka (16 July 2000).
8101:
7524:Rentola, Kimmo (1 October 2013).
6512:
6388:
6229:
6098:
6063:
5952:
5761:
5656:
5625:
5613:
5502:
5473:
5437:
5425:
5336:Massari, Ivano (18 August 2015).
5145:
5120:
4827:
4757:Juutilainen & Koskimaa (2005)
4358:Supreme Court of the Soviet Union
4097:Franco-British intervention plans
3629:. The two coastal defence ships,
3617:, seven motor torpedo boats, one
3541:
3384:
2736:Aimo Cajander's caretaker cabinet
2728:Covenant of the League of Nations
1607:, but there were also battles in
17732:
17731:
17049:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
16513:SovietâJapanese border conflicts
15721:SovietâJapanese border conflicts
15514:Russian conquest of Central Asia
15450:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
15246:PolishâMuscovite War (1605â1618)
15188:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
13879:
10651:
10553:Ch. 4. Cornell University Press.
10128:Finnish Statistics Yearbook 1940
9486:Kauppinen, Kari (18 July 2017).
9294:from the original on 8 July 2022
9091:
9069:
8813:. Newbury: Casemate Publishers.
8584:
8459:
8405:The Great Terror: A Reassessment
8326:
8280:
8262:
8256:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8214:
8184:
8178:
8166:
8154:
8142:
8130:
8119:
8107:
8083:
8071:
8059:
8047:
8041:
8029:
8017:
8011:
8005:
7999:
7993:
7978:
7963:
7948:
7936:
7846:
7834:
7822:
7740:
7708:
7702:
7696:
7678:
7672:
7654:
7648:
7618:Nordia Geographical Publications
7594:
7582:
7576:
7530:The International History Review
7517:
7505:
7487:
7481:
7463:
7457:
7427:
7395:
7377:
7365:
7287:
7281:
7275:
7269:
7239:
7233:
7227:
7205:
7184:
7166:
7148:
7142:
7109:
7055:
6971:
6946:
6880:
6832:
6817:
6805:
6778:
6709:
6697:
6685:
6673:
6661:
6649:
6613:
6595:
6589:
6574:
6553:
6542:
6524:
6506:
6500:
6480:
6475:
6469:
6457:
6430:
6415:
6382:
6376:
6364:
6352:
6334:
6328:
6322:
6295:
6283:
6277:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6217:
6164:
6152:
6146:
6128:
6116:
6104:
6092:
6081:
6075:
6057:
6051:
6045:
6033:
6022:
6011:
5937:
5719:
5601:
5589:
5550:
5538:
5526:
5514:
5476:, pp. 156â161, 237â238, 323, 454
5461:
5449:
5401:
5386:
5308:
5252:
5012:from the original on 12 May 2021
4854:
4711:Missing, declared as dead 1,712;
4693:
4684:
4675:
4664:The Soviet role is confirmed in
4430:
4416:
4398:in France and the nomination of
4168:Anglo-French Supreme War Council
4085:did. Finnish military historian
3756:the realities of the situation.
3530:
3391:Aerial warfare in the Winter War
3329:A Finnish soldier on guard near
2578:and then advance to the town of
2421:After the Soviet success at the
1970:
1878:violence, which culminated in a
1683:Treaty of Tartu (FinlandâRussia)
489:321,000â381,000 total casualties
395:
383:
371:
359:
347:
333:
319:
305:
287:
275:
263:
251:
239:
225:
211:
179:
155:
79:30 November 1939 â 13 March 1940
57:
51:European theatre of World War II
17833:Wars involving the Soviet Union
17434:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin
16570:SovietâJapanese Neutrality Pact
16560:Occupation of the Baltic states
16213:Occupation of the Baltic states
16007:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
15652:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
15593:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
10171:
9948:
9526:
9510:
9453:
9444:
9399:
9383:Karelen: ett grÀnsland i Norden
9381:Hallberg, Torsten, ed. (2006).
9318:Raja â Karjalankannas 1918â1920
9014:
8995:
8986:
8958:
8827:
8699:
8386:
8268:
8196:
8160:
8077:
7873:
7155:Leskinen and Juutilainen (1999)
7019:
6995:
6983:
6928:
6916:
6904:
6487:Leskinen and Juutilainen (1999)
6400:
6205:
6193:
6181:
6110:
6087:
6039:
6005:
5993:
5987:
5958:
5925:
5919:
5901:
5889:
5874:
5847:
5835:
5823:
5811:
5799:
5787:
5773:
5767:
5746:
5731:
5707:
5695:
5583:
5565:
5532:
5520:
5479:
5467:
5329:
5314:
5287:
5281:
5125:
5114:
5103:
4971:
4956:
4821:
4658:
4645:
4632:
4557:
4539:
4529:
4383:an invasion of the Soviet Union
4301:
4279:return ceded regions of Karelia
4255:Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment
3726:Soviet breakthrough in February
3537:Naval warfare in the Winter War
3426:Tampere Linen and Iron Industry
2107:under the guise of "additional
2013:
1995:Finnish Social Democratic Party
1847:, for example), rather than on
470:126,875â167,976 dead or missing
461:Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment
16141:Boundary and Friendship Treaty
15689:Urtatagai conflict (1925â1926)
15339:War of the Austrian Succession
14914:List of wars involving Finland
14043:History of independent Finland
13566:Vietnamese famine of 1944â1945
11276:Territorial changes of Germany
11184:Indonesian National Revolution
10433:. University Press of Kansas.
10291:. Cambridge University Press.
10199:
10180:
10134:(in Finnish). pp. 14â15.
10110:
10095:Russian State Military Archive
9901:
9771:
9656:
9568:
9462:
9338:
8868:
8708:
8676:. Cambridge University Press.
8671:
8570:. University Press of Kansas.
8562:
8389:Russia, Finland and the Baltic
8367:
8348:
7757:
7511:
7178:
7103:
7091:
7079:
7067:
7043:
7031:
6844:
6793:
6763:
6751:
6625:
6560:Russian State Military Archive
6463:
6253:
6158:
6134:
6122:
5237:
5192:
5097:
5063:
5048:
4985:
4939:
4903:
4889:LentilÀ and Juutilainen (1999)
4839:
4815:
4803:
4705:Wounded, died of wounds 3,089;
4519:
4512:. The Finns bought 32 British
4498:
4485:
4151:brought up the subject in the
3714:on the Eastern Isthmus and at
3511:consisted of a frozen lake, a
3080:Battles of the Mannerheim Line
3022:Sissi (Finnish light infantry)
2262:escalated into the Winter War.
13:
1:
17275:Gomulka thaw (Polish October)
17086:1946–1947 Soviet famine
16659:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'Ă©tat
15912:South Ossetia war (1991â1992)
15790:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
15541:Russian invasion of Manchuria
15531:Russo-Turkish War (1877â1878)
15477:Russo-Turkish War (1828â1829)
15472:Russo-Persian War (1826â1828)
15415:Russo-Turkish War (1806â1812)
15405:Russo-Persian War (1804â1813)
15370:Russo-Swedish War (1788â1790)
15365:Russo-Turkish War (1787â1792)
15355:Russo-Turkish War (1768â1774)
15345:Russo-Swedish War (1741â1743)
15323:Russo-Persian War (1722â1723)
15318:Russo-Turkish War (1710â1711)
15295:Russo-Turkish War (1686â1700)
15290:Russo-Turkish War (1676â1681)
15265:Russo-Persian War (1651â1653)
15241:Russo-Swedish War (1590â1595)
15236:Russo-Turkish War (1568â1570)
15221:Russo-Swedish War (1554â1557)
15096:List of wars involving Russia
15091:Sino-Russian border conflicts
12966:Japanese invasion of Thailand
12917:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
12681:German invasion of Luxembourg
11062:Mediterranean and Middle East
10206:(Myth of the Mannerheim Line)
9957:] (in Finnish). Docendo.
9939:
9911:Paskhover, A. (3 June 2015).
9892:
9752:
9471:] (in Finnish). PS-Elso.
9315:
9306:
9077:(5th ed.). Aurum Press.
9024:. Stanford University Press.
8991:. University Press of Kansas.
8920:
8464:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
8443:
8429:. Stanford University Press.
8421:
8089:
7862:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006)
7811:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006)
7335:
7323:
7311:
7299:
7263:
7008:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006)
6537:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006)
6316:
6301:
6289:
6265:
5913:
5668:
5485:
5414:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006)
5193:Clemmesen and Faulkner (2013)
4780:
4768:
4744:
4714:Died as a prisoner of war 20;
4472:Winter War in popular culture
3874: Finnish corps (XXX) or
3428:premises, which manufactured
3153:and the 13th Division led by
2819:, a glass bottle filled with
1666:
1643:encouraged German Chancellor
883:Mediterranean and Middle East
17424:1956 Georgian demonstrations
15867:Eritrean War of Independence
15837:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
15832:East German uprising of 1953
15773:Eastern Front (World War II)
15662:Red Army invasion of Georgia
15657:Red Army invasion of Armenia
15625:Estonian War of Independence
15566:Russian occupation of Tabriz
15487:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
15445:War of the Seventh Coalition
15328:War of the Polish Succession
15275:Russo-Polish War (1654â1667)
12873:Invasion of the Soviet Union
12562:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
11880:Independent State of Croatia
10471:Taylor, Alan (23 May 2013).
10411:The White Sniper: Simo HÀyhÀ
10251:
10101:
10065:
9697:] (in Finnish). Ajatus.
9665:] (in Finnish). Ajatus.
9412:
9366:] (in Finnish). Ajatus.
9215:
9139:
8765:. Houghton Mifflin Company.
8674:A Concise History of Finland
8290:General and cited references
8148:
7542:10.1080/07075332.2013.828637
7347:
6028:
6017:
5160:
4732:
4613:) are often used in Russian
4607:SovietâFinland War 1939â1940
4599:SovietâFinnish War 1939â1940
3122:. The Finns, led by General
2449:of the Red Army and General
1938:Commander-in-Chief, Marshal
1673:Background of the Winter War
864:Manchuria and Northern Korea
7:
17439:Stalin Monument in Budapest
17106:Night of the Murdered Poets
17024:Allegations of antisemitism
16761:Engineers of the human soul
16508:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
16484:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
16182:Commercial Agreement (1940)
16177:Commercial Agreement (1939)
15907:War in Abkhazia (1992â1993)
15857:Sino-Soviet border conflict
15726:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
15694:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
15630:Latvian War of Independence
15519:Russian conquest of Bukhara
15410:War of the Fourth Coalition
15395:War of the Second Coalition
14802:National Defence University
13857:End of World War II in Asia
13697:Western invasion of Germany
13204:Chinese famine of 1942â1943
13181:Second Battle of El Alamein
12751:Hundred Regiments Offensive
12723:Battle of the Mediterranean
12576:Italian invasion of Albania
10750:Air warfare of World War II
10408:Saarelainen, Tapio (2016).
10381:Journal of Military History
10202:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
10174:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
10165:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
10156:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
10120:Statistics Finland (1941).
10113:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
10104:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
10031:
9942:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9904:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9895:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9860:] (in Russian). Veche.
9832:(in Finnish). Kirjaneuvos.
9818:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9809:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9792:] (in Finnish). Edita.
9774:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9765:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9756:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9732:Jatkosodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9723:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9714:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9682:Jatkosodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9574:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9522:] (in Finnish). Ajatus.
9456:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9447:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9438:Jatkosodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9309:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
9190:A Companion to World War II
9187:
8887:
8790:Lightbody, Bradley (2004).
8585:Goldman, Stuart D. (2012).
8113:
7383:
7371:
5862:Talvisodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
5293:
5222:
5207:
5177:
4874:Kurenmaa and LentilÀ (2005)
4623:Finno-Russian War 1939â1940
4619:RussoâFinnish War 1939â1940
4593:
4409:
4321:Between the Winter War and
4201:Aftermath of the Winter War
4035:German occupation of Norway
3836:, was later implemented as
3819:Franco-British intervention
3641:, were moved to harbour in
3416:. For example, the city of
2989:and men dressed in regular
2676:, who was soon replaced by
2512:Leningrad Military District
2367:Another American historian
2303:Finnish Democratic Republic
2289:In 2013, Russian President
2052:and Finnish Prime Minister
1940:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
1930:ideology would combine all
1884:Patriotic People's Movement
1793:. On 15 November 1917, the
1625:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
194:Finnish Democratic Republic
32:Winter War (disambiguation)
10:
17859:
17843:Winter in the Soviet Union
17479:Stalin Bloc â For the USSR
17449:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori
16597:Soviet atomic bomb project
15902:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
15440:War of the Sixth Coalition
15430:War of the Fifth Coalition
15400:War of the Third Coalition
15005:Military history of Russia
14967:Armed conflicts involving
14850:Allotment system of Sweden
14298:Government-owned companies
13969:Finland under Swedish rule
13783:Naval bombardment of Japan
13151:First Battle of El Alamein
13070:Battle of Christmas Island
13015:Japanese invasion of Burma
12779:Italian invasion of Greece
12695:German invasion of Belgium
12667:German invasion of Denmark
12640:1939â1940 Winter Offensive
12509:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
10773:Comparative military ranks
10549:Dictators at War and Peace
10429:Sander, Gordon F. (2013).
10306:Kolomyjec, Maksim (2011).
9736:Continuation War Guidebook
9689:Laaksonen, Lasse (2005) .
9463:Kantakoski, Pekka (1998).
9408:] (in Finnish). Otava.
9249:ĐŃĐ”ŃŃĐŸĐČŃĐč ĐżĐŸŃ
ĐŸĐŽ ĐœĐ° Đ ĐŸŃŃĐžŃ
9110:
8987:Sander, Gordon F. (2013).
8808:
8294:
8172:
8136:
4690:See the following sources:
4681:See the following sources:
4655:and the following sources:
4642:and the following sources:
4371:
4270:to Finland was permitted.
4219:
4212:
4198:
4100:
4051:Russian All-Military Union
3977:
3918:
3534:
3388:
3321:Battles in Finnish Lapland
3019:
2941:
2590:
2466:
2437:; the tank expert General
2314:people's front of toilers.
2254:29 November 1939, foreign
2225:
2017:
2003:October Revolution of 1917
1868:Communist Party of Finland
1820:in which the conservative
1701:
1691:
1679:Timeline of the Winter War
1676:
1670:
463:ceded to the Soviet Union
29:
17727:
17644:
17505:
17487:
17459:Places named after Stalin
17444:Stalin Monument in Prague
17391:
17303:
17238:
17124:
16968:Repressions in Azerbaijan
16794:
16703:
16686:1950 legislative election
16612:1946 legislative election
16523:1937 legislative election
16435:
16384:
16375:
16355:
16300:
16262:
16208:Soviet invasion of Poland
16195:
16164:
16116:
16083:
16015:
15950:
15741:Soviet invasion of Poland
15551:
15435:French invasion of Russia
15303:
15201:
15120:
15046:MuscoviteâLithuanian Wars
15038:
14995:
14988:
14909:Demilitarization of Ă
land
14891:
14840:
14810:
14784:
14728:
14683:
14676:
14641:
14558:
14440:
14370:
14361:
14309:National income agreement
14278:
14269:
14180:
14171:
14065:
14056:
14001:Golden Age of Finnish Art
13954:
13872:
13704:BratislavaâBrno offensive
13644:
13635:Dutch famine of 1944â1945
13372:
13259:Allied invasion of Sicily
13213:
13119:Aleutian Islands campaign
13091:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
13038:
13029:Greek famine of 1941â1944
12924:Second Battle of Changsha
12829:German invasion of Greece
12797:
12674:Battle of ZaoyangâYichang
12649:
12587:
12482:
12363:
12089:
11999:
11847:
11550:
11541:
11299:
11124:
11016:North and Central Pacific
10977:
10739:
10732:
10659:
10511:10.1057/978-1-137-44606-0
10473:"Finland in World War II"
10452:Soviet Information Bureau
10005:] (in Russian). ACT.
9972:Polvinen, Tuomo (1987) .
9888:] (in Finnish). WSOY.
9343:(in Finnish). Readme.fi.
9339:Enkenberg, Ilkka (2020).
8959:Rutherford, Jeff (2014).
8809:Lunde, Henrik O. (2011).
8691:Kokoshin, Andrei (1998).
8663:Killham, EdwardL (1993).
8589:. Naval Institute Press.
8513:. Boston: Little, Brown.
8507:Fadiman, Clifton (1985).
7782:Engle and Paananen (1985)
7747:Statistics Finland (1940)
5638:Engle and Paananen (1985)
4610:
4602:
4581:
4396:Third Daladier Government
4388:
4336:claimed 53,522 dead, and
4055:Russkaya narodnaya armiya
4017:, Italy and Estonia. 350
3805:. Wuolijoki departed for
3016:Finnish guerrilla tactics
2135:
2097:forced to accept treaties
2085:Soviet invasion of Poland
1396:
1112:
703:
536:
435:
410:
201:
146:
71:
56:
48:
43:
17778:1940 in the Soviet Union
17768:1939 in the Soviet Union
17280:Soviet Nonconformist Art
17196:1936 Soviet Constitution
16849:Soviet famine of 1932â33
16809:1907 Tiflis bank robbery
16781:Transformation of nature
16766:1936 Soviet Constitution
16726:Socialism in One Country
16565:GermanâSoviet Axis talks
16156:GestapoâNKVD conferences
15882:South African Border War
15807:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
15709:Chechen uprising of 1932
15390:Russo-Persian War (1796)
14185:Administrative divisions
13296:Allied invasion of Italy
13273:Solomon Islands campaign
13022:Third Battle of Changsha
12619:First Battle of Changsha
12525:Second Sino-Japanese War
11465:German military brothels
11331:United States war crimes
10546:Weeks, Jessica L. 2014.
10499:Tuunainen, Pasi (2016).
10287:Hill, Alexander (2017).
10218:Campbell, David (2016).
10090:
9997:
9913:
9852:
9622:
9494:(in Finnish). Helsinki.
9414:
9413:Jokipii, Mauno (1999).
9406:The Winter War 1939â1940
9243:
9051:Tillotson, H.M. (1993).
8996:Sedlar, Jean W. (2007).
8944:. Reynolds & Hearn.
8940:Rigby, Jonathan (2003).
8700:Kotkin, Stephen (2017).
8460:Edwards, Robert (2006).
7122:3 September 2019 at the
6602:League of Nations (1939)
5971:Hushed bridge of Finland
5208:Zeiler and DuBois (2012)
5148:, pp. 37, 42, 43, 46, 49
4404:Prime Minister of France
4379:Finnish-German relations
4288:Academic Karelia Society
4251:Finnish prisoners of war
4228:Heroes' Memorial Day in
4195:Aftermath and casualties
3897:. The Finns proposed an
3652:was severely damaged at
3613:, five submarines, four
3566:forces in the area. The
3455:sorties during the war.
3404:throughout the war. The
3378:almost constant darkness
3120:suicidal frontal attacks
2901:, and further north the
2759:spirit of the Winter War
2390:and military strategist
2342:Soviet Central Committee
1976:Soviet General Secretary
1962:, in 1922. In 1932, the
1104:Nordic states, 1939â1945
869:pre-war border conflicts
426:425,000â760,000 soldiers
417:300,000â340,000 soldiers
17803:Finland in World War II
17783:20th century in Finland
17404:Iosif Stalin locomotive
17147:Foundations of Leninism
17133:Anarchism or Socialism?
17014:Hitler Youth Conspiracy
16881:NKVD prisoner massacres
16533:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
16422:Death and state funeral
16249:Northern Sea Route Raid
16129:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
15524:Khivan campaign of 1873
15375:Russo-Polish War (1792)
14668:List of senior officers
14016:Finland in World War II
14006:Independence of Finland
13718:Second Guangxi campaign
13573:Philippines (1944â1945)
13077:Battle of the Coral Sea
12980:Fall of the Philippines
12626:Battle of South Guangxi
12532:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
11938:Italian Social Republic
10032:Ravasz, IstvĂĄn (2003).
9092:Van Dyke, Carl (1997).
8479:Elliston, H.B. (1940).
8126:Finnish Karelian League
7667:Kilin and Raunio (2007)
6958:3 November 2020 at the
6893:Kilin and Raunio (2007)
6452:Kilin and Raunio (2007)
5363:Kilin and Raunio (2007)
4275:Finnish Karelian League
4153:Chamberlain War Cabinet
3432:and weapons, including
2587:Finnish order of battle
2423:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2334:Suite on Finnish Themes
2279:end of the Soviet Union
2069:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
2020:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
1824:defeated the socialist
1717: Neutral countries
1704:Independence of Finland
1581:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
466:70,000 total casualties
17828:Wars involving Finland
17612:(second father-in-law)
16866:Murder of Sergey Kirov
16741:Stalinist architecture
16627:Turkish Straits crisis
15997:Western Libya campaign
15672:East Karelian uprising
15193:Wagner Group rebellion
15128:Uprising of Bolotnikov
14635:Finnish Defence Forces
13303:Armistice of Cassibile
13105:Battle of Dutch Harbor
13056:Battle of the Java Sea
12959:Attack on Pearl Harbor
12859:SyriaâLebanon campaign
12852:Battle of South Shanxi
12822:Invasion of Yugoslavia
12605:Battle of the Atlantic
12219:Korean Liberation Army
11932:(until September 1943)
11889:(until September 1944)
11867:(until September 1944)
10532:. Aspasia Books, Inc.
10528:Tuuri, Antti (2003) .
10505:. Palgrave Macmillan.
10003:Russia's Northern Wars
9949:Petrov, Pavel (2013).
9858:Stalin's Missed Chance
9581:Kilin, Yu. M. (2012).
9546:; Raunio, Ari (2007).
9169:"Yuri Kilin interview"
9111:Yarov, Sergey (2017).
8828:Murphy, David (2021).
8626:Finland at War 1939â45
8536:Gadolin, Axel (1952).
8393:Lawrence & Wishart
5340:. War History Online.
4576:
4568:
4311:
4233:
4124:
3994:
3951:Soviet pre-war demands
3930:
3886:
3743:
3602:for their operations.
3554:; by mid-winter, only
3488:
3467:March 1940, a Finnish
3422:State Aircraft Factory
3334:
3285:
3202:
3169:, who was replaced by
3146:
3039:
2957:
2794:
2732:Finnish Defence Forces
2602:
2482:
2463:Soviet order of battle
2316:
2263:
2147:
2037:
1956:East Karelian uprising
1926:that according to the
1910:
1841:Scandinavian countries
1769:Grand Duchy of Finland
1737:
1694:East Karelian uprising
1548:was a war between the
441:25,904 dead or missing
202:Commanders and leaders
17633:William Wesley Peters
17178:Falsifiers of History
17101:Rootless cosmopolitan
16407:Rule as Soviet leader
16286:Falsifiers of History
16124:Relations before 1941
15992:Intervention in Syria
15927:Tajikistani Civil War
15635:LithuanianâSoviet War
15576:Battle of Robat Karim
15025:Post-Soviet conflicts
13467:Second Battle of Guam
13363:Bengal famine of 1943
13333:Second Battle of Kiev
13289:Battle of the Dnieper
12994:Battle of Wake Island
12866:East African campaign
12808:Battle of South Henan
12453:atrocities by Germans
12226:Korean Volunteer Army
11207:Occupation of Germany
10961:Music in World War II
10483:Trotter, William R.:
10329:. Osprey Publishing.
10222:. Osprey Publishing.
9998:ĐĄĐ”ĐČĐ”ŃĐœŃĐ” ĐČĐŸĐčĐœŃ Đ ĐŸŃŃОО
9878:Paasikivi, Juho Kusti
9695:Reality and Illusions
9691:Todellisuus ja harhat
9548:Talvisodan taisteluja
9251:(in Russian). Yauza.
8710:Krivosheyev, Grigoriy
8672:Kirby, David (2006).
6341:Langdon-Davies (1941)
4625:are used by the U.S.
4554:type was very common.
4309:
4227:
4110:
3992:
3928:
3868:
3741:Battle of Suomussalmi
3738:
3611:coastal defence ships
3471:Mk. IV bomber of the
3466:
3328:
3280:
3141:
3113:First Battle of Summa
3105:guts, fighting spirit
3029:
3002:Battle of Suomussalmi
2955:
2772:
2719:Molotov bread baskets
2600:
2476:
2311:
2269:Soviet historiography
2253:
2073:non-aggression treaty
2027:
1932:Baltic Finnic peoples
1896:
1828:with the help of the
1773:to assimilate Finland
1711:
794:Yugoslavian Partisans
436:Casualties and losses
17654:Stalin's house, Gori
17585:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili
17513:Besarion Jughashvili
17454:Batumi Stalin Museum
17365:Nineteen Eighty-Four
17116:Censorship of images
16795:Crimes, repressions,
16498:1931 Menshevik Trial
16479:First five-year plan
16270:Operation Barbarossa
16146:Population transfers
15975:Annexation of Crimea
15679:Central Asian Revolt
15588:UkrainianâSoviet War
15460:Russo-Circassian War
15143:Pugachev's Rebellion
15086:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
15030:Russian Armed Forces
15000:Early modern warfare
14818:Finnish Border Guard
14653:President of Finland
14546:World Heritage Sites
13753:Surrender of Germany
13231:Battle of West Hubei
13188:Guadalcanal campaign
13158:Battle of Stalingrad
13084:Battle of Madagascar
11858:Albania protectorate
11645:(formerly Swaziland)
11354:Wehrmacht war crimes
11170:Expulsion of Germans
10954:Art and World War II
10852:British contribution
10801:Governments in exile
10185:(in Russian). ĐĐ”ŃĐ”.
9657:Kulju, Mika (2007).
9316:Engman, Max (2007).
9167:(22 December 2019).
8921:Ries, Tomas (1988).
8888:Reiter, Dan (2009).
8759:Langdon-Davies, John
8483:. London: G. Harrap.
5967:Vaiettu Suomen silta
5284:, pp. 966, 974, 1008
4702:Dead, buried 16,766;
4342:Grigoriy Krivosheyev
4239:Operation Barbarossa
3838:Operation WeserĂŒbung
3364:, while the fork to
3337:The Finnish area of
3302:Battle of Raate Road
3283:Battle of Raate Road
3060:Battle of Raate Road
2975:cross-country skiing
2948:Cold-weather warfare
2895:155th Rifle Division
2875:139th Rifle Division
2862:150th Rifle Division
2665:, on its left flank.
2416:political commissars
2381:Soviet military plan
2258:at Mainila, where a
2116:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
2077:spheres of influence
1993:, the leader of the
1922:, to annex areas in
1857:defence co-operation
1830:Imperial German Army
1818:four-month civil war
1657:Operation Barbarossa
1284:Kirkenes and Petsamo
1272:Heavy water sabotage
17646:Stalin's residences
17593:Galina Dzhugashvili
17577:Svetlana Alliluyeva
17561:Nadezhda Alliluyeva
17488:Cultural depictions
17330:Anti-Stalinist left
17285:Shvernik Commission
17253:Pospelov Commission
17029:Population transfer
17004:1941 Red Army purge
16978:Suppressed research
16632:First Indochina War
16575:Great Patriotic War
16553:Moscow Peace Treaty
16417:Cult of personality
16091:Anti-Comintern Pact
16035:Sphere of influence
15965:Russo-Ukrainian War
15822:First Indochina War
15795:SovietâJapanese War
15731:Xinjiang War (1937)
15600:Kazakhstan Campaign
15385:KoĆciuszko Uprising
15285:Second Northern War
15163:Coup attempt (1991)
15056:Soviet-Finnish wars
14736:Ministry of Defence
14658:Minister of Defence
13843:Potsdam Declaration
13732:Italy (Spring 1945)
13495:Liberation of Paris
12952:Siege of Sevastopol
11970:(until August 1944)
11873:Wang Jingwei regime
11695:from September 1943
11655:from September 1944
11593:from September 1944
11453:Romanian war crimes
11444:Persecution of Jews
11430:Croatian war crimes
11400:Japanese war crimes
11214:Occupation of Japan
11163:First Indochina War
10875:Military production
10787:Declarations of war
10563:Business Insider UK
10259:. Victor Gollancz.
10183:йаĐčĐœŃ ŃĐžĐœŃĐșĐŸĐč ĐČĐŸĐčĐœŃ
10097:] (in Russian).
9848:Meltiukhov, Mikhail
9538:] (in Finnish).
9402:Talvisota 1939â1940
9280:"ĐŃ ŃĐŸŃĐœĐŸ ŃĐ”Đ»ĐŸĐČĐ”Đș?"
9071:Trotter, William R.
9055:. Michael Russell.
8610:DigitalCommons@NYLS
7874:Juutilainen (1999b)
7476:Geust; Uitto (2006)
7020:Juutilainen (1999a)
6996:Juutilainen (1999a)
6984:Juutilainen (1999a)
6929:Juutilainen (1999a)
6917:Juutilainen (1999a)
6905:Juutilainen (1999a)
6638:Geust; Uitto (2006)
6562:F.34980 Op.14 D.108
4627:Library of Congress
4438:Soviet Union portal
4340:, 53,500. In 1997,
4259:Moscow Peace Treaty
3921:Moscow Peace Treaty
3915:Moscow Peace Treaty
3861:End of war in March
3811:Terijoki Government
3803:Alexandra Kollontai
3702:undamaged, but the
3660:in the Baltic Sea.
3588:motor torpedo boats
3095:reinforced-concrete
2997:to their infantry.
2879:56th Rifle Division
2877:, supported by the
2798:command deployed a
2751:Otto Wille Kuusinen
2685:North Finland Group
2663:III Army Corps
2651:Army of the Isthmus
2500:John Langdon-Davies
2329:Dmitri Shostakovich
2228:Shelling of Mainila
2182:and Prime Minister
2032:during "additional
1903:Aarno Yrjö-Koskinen
1880:failed coup attempt
1797:Russian government
1562:Moscow Peace Treaty
1388:Finland (1939â1945)
138:to the Soviet Union
103:Moscow Peace Treaty
17813:History of Karelia
17617:Alexander Svanidze
17545:Konstantin Kuzakov
17537:Yakov Dzhugashvili
17496:Apocalypse: Stalin
17469:Stalin Peace Prize
17464:State Stalin Prize
17167:"Ten Blows" speech
17154:Dizzy with Success
17064:Operation "Priboi"
17044:Operation "Lentil"
16997:1937 Soviet Census
16676:Sino-Soviet Treaty
16590:Potsdam Conference
16543:Invasion of Poland
16203:Invasion of Poland
16172:Economic relations
16025:Russian Revolution
15960:Russo-Georgian War
15942:Second Chechen War
15922:Georgian Civil War
15561:Russo-Japanese War
15313:Great Northern War
15211:Russo-Crimean Wars
15183:Second Chechen War
15081:Russo-Turkish wars
15076:Russo-Swedish wars
15066:Russo-Persian Wars
15051:Russo-Crimean Wars
14883:War in Afghanistan
14828:Territorial Forces
14649:Commander-in-chief
14339:Telecommunications
13979:Great Northern War
13836:Surrender of Japan
13669:Battle of Iwo Jima
13518:Belgrade offensive
12931:Siege of Leningrad
12815:Battle of Shanggao
12744:British Somaliland
12709:Dunkirk evacuation
12660:Norwegian campaign
12598:Invasion of Poland
12425:Japanese prisoners
11393:Italian war crimes
11324:British war crimes
11239:Soviet occupations
11023:South-West Pacific
10910:Allied cooperation
10868:Military equipment
10393:10.1353/jmh.0.0004
10257:The Red Army Moves
10053:on 20 October 2017
9552:Winter War Battles
9341:Talvisota VÀreissÀ
9265:on 6 November 2008
8492:. Westview Press.
8245:Bichekhvost (2012)
7192:Talvisodan Tampere
6171:Iltasanomat (2019)
5110:Baryshnikov (2005)
4940:Krivosheyev (1997)
4804:Krivosheyev (1997)
4312:
4292:Siege of Leningrad
4234:
4130:Polish exile units
4125:
3995:
3985:Foreign volunteers
3931:
3891:suburbs of Viipuri
3887:
3793:Peace negotiations
3744:
3489:
3335:
3290:military academics
3286:
3147:
3040:
2958:
2944:Climate of Finland
2938:Weather conditions
2795:
2723:declaration of war
2670:IV Army Corps
2659:II Army Corps
2603:
2483:
2451:Grigory Kravchenko
2396:Boris Shaposhnikov
2392:Kliment Voroshilov
2361:William R. Trotter
2264:
2109:refresher training
2081:invasion of Poland
2038:
2034:refresher training
1911:
1888:Finnish Parliament
1849:military exercises
1787:Russian Revolution
1738:
1631:territories along
1496:Finnish evacuation
996:French West Africa
837:South West Pacific
745:Denmark and Norway
327:Kliment Voroshilov
170:Foreign volunteers
18:Soviet-Finnish War
17823:League of Nations
17793:Conflicts in 1940
17788:Conflicts in 1939
17745:
17744:
17702:Kholodnaya Rechka
17399:Iosif Stalin tank
17320:Lenin's Testament
17295:Era of Stagnation
17096:Mingrelian Affair
17074:Forced settlement
17059:Operation "North"
17019:Soviet war crimes
16797:and controversies
16736:Socialist realism
16699:
16698:
16681:TitoâStalin split
16580:Tehran Conference
16503:Spanish Civil War
16474:Chinese Civil War
16315:
16314:
16103:Spanish Civil War
16097:Jewish Bolshevism
16043:
16042:
15932:First Chechen War
15887:SovietâAfghan War
15872:Angolan Civil War
15647:PolishâSoviet War
15605:Finnish Civil War
15583:Russian Civil War
15482:November Uprising
15420:Anglo-Russian War
15360:Bar Confederation
15173:First Chechen War
15153:Russian Civil War
15148:Decembrist revolt
15138:Bulavin Rebellion
15133:Razin's Rebellion
15116:
15115:
15071:Russo-Polish Wars
15039:Lists by opponent
14934:
14933:
14860:Finnish Civil War
14836:
14835:
14715:list of equipment
14705:list of equipment
14691:Finnish Air Force
14601:
14600:
14554:
14553:
14357:
14356:
14265:
14264:
14247:Political parties
14200:Foreign relations
14167:
14166:
13910:
13909:
13868:
13867:
13711:Battle of Okinawa
13610:Burma (1944â1945)
13444:Mariana and Palau
13224:Tunisian campaign
13049:Fall of Singapore
12973:Fall of Hong Kong
12716:Battle of Britain
12569:Operation Himmler
12478:
12477:
12142:Dutch East Indies
11785:Southern Rhodesia
11537:
11536:
11437:Genocide of Serbs
11340:German war crimes
11317:Soviet war crimes
11310:Allied war crimes
11156:Division of Korea
11135:Chinese Civil War
10933:Strategic bombing
10845:Manhattan Project
10520:978-1-137-44606-0
10363:978-951-97557-0-0
10298:978-1-1070-2079-5
9964:978-952-5912-97-5
9920:Ukrayinska Pravda
9799:978-951-37-5278-1
9672:978-951-20-7218-7
9561:978-951-593-068-2
9350:978-952-373-053-3
9331:978-951-0-32765-4
9199:978-1-4051-9681-9
9143:(15 March 2013).
9031:978-0-8047-0482-3
8880:978-1-4728-2718-0
8841:978-1-4728-4394-4
8779:League of Nations
8747:American Rifleman
8683:978-0-521-53989-0
8650:on 20 August 2009
8635:978-1-84176-969-1
8596:978-1-59114-329-1
8577:978-0-7006-0879-9
8520:978-0-316-08472-7
8471:978-0-297-84630-7
8414:978-0-19-531700-8
8379:978-90-04-24908-0
8360:978-0-7146-5203-0
8341:978-0-679-72994-5
8334:. Vintage Books.
8211:, pp. 21â24.
8197:Vihavainen (1999)
8161:Rutherford (2014)
7888:, pp. 59â60.
7724:. 13 March 2010.
7092:Kantakoski (1998)
6794:Paulaharju (1999)
6764:Paulaharju (1999)
6752:Paulaharju (1999)
6729:. 29 April 2019.
5864:. pp. 41â43.
5132:Shirokorad (2001)
5064:Kantakoski (1998)
4840:Kantakoski (1998)
4794:: ch. 4, Table 10
4792:Meltiukhov (2000)
4769:Palokangas (1999)
4745:Palokangas (1999)
4666:Nikita Khrushchev
4591:
4479:Explanatory notes
4352:There were 5,572
4338:N. I. Baryshnikov
4334:Mikhail Semiryaga
4149:Winston Churchill
4145:Reginald Plunkett
4007:Gloster Gladiator
3753:Semyon Timoshenko
3675:Coastal artillery
3501:Finnish Air Force
3481:Finnish Air Force
3459:Finnish Air Force
3434:grenade launchers
3414:strategic bombing
3400:The USSR enjoyed
3341:, bestriding the
3333:in February 1940.
3306:Hjalmar Siilasvuo
3273:Battles in Kainuu
3211:Aarne Juutilainen
3052:manoeuvre warfare
3048:guerrilla tactics
3046:, the Finns used
3030:Soviet tracks at
2983:guerrilla attacks
2854:Battle of Taipale
2809:anti-tank tactics
2805:anti-tank weapons
2678:Woldemar HĂ€gglund
2520:Nikolai Kuznetsov
2510:Commander of the
2435:Soviet Air Forces
2429:veterans General
2427:Spanish Civil War
2299:puppet government
2285:Soviet intentions
2175:Gustaf Mannerheim
2148:Kalastajasaarento
2140:Rybachy Peninsula
1920:Aunus expeditions
1803:Senate of Finland
1791:Russian Civil War
1742:Kingdom of Sweden
1566:League of Nations
1542:
1541:
1429:
1428:
1352:
1351:
1068:
1067:
989:Strategic bombing
905:Mediterranean Sea
658:
657:
494:
493:
483:1,200â3,543 tanks
429:2,514â6,541 tanks
341:Semyon Timoshenko
282:Woldemar HĂ€gglund
233:C.G.E. Mannerheim
142:
141:
132:Rybachy Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
17850:
17818:Karelian Isthmus
17735:
17734:
17637:
17629:
17621:
17620:(brother-in-law)
17613:
17609:Sergei Alliluyev
17605:
17601:Joseph Alliluyev
17597:
17589:
17581:
17573:
17565:
17557:
17549:
17541:
17533:
17525:
17517:
17419:Pantheon, Moscow
17377:The Soviet Story
17351:Darkness at Noon
17240:De-Stalinization
17091:Leningrad Affair
16824:Decossackization
16622:1946 Iran crisis
16585:Yalta Conference
16457:Collectivization
16382:
16381:
16342:
16335:
16328:
16319:
16318:
16084:Prior antagonism
16070:
16063:
16056:
16047:
16046:
15917:Transnistria War
15862:War of Attrition
15768:Continuation War
15717:
15509:January Uprising
15350:Seven Years' War
15250:Time of Troubles
15216:Russo-Kazan Wars
15061:Russo-Kazan Wars
14993:
14992:
14961:
14954:
14947:
14938:
14937:
14873:Continuation War
14763:Plans and Policy
14695:list of aircraft
14681:
14680:
14663:Chief of Defence
14628:
14621:
14614:
14605:
14604:
14581:
14574:
14567:
14529:Independence Day
14519:National symbols
14368:
14367:
14276:
14275:
14178:
14177:
14070:Cities and towns
14063:
14062:
14048:Military history
14026:Continuation War
13937:
13930:
13923:
13914:
13913:
13903:
13896:
13889:
13886:World portal
13884:
13883:
13859:
13852:
13845:
13838:
13829:
13822:
13815:
13806:
13799:
13792:
13785:
13778:
13771:
13762:
13755:
13748:
13746:Prague offensive
13741:
13739:Battle of Berlin
13734:
13727:
13720:
13713:
13706:
13699:
13692:
13685:
13683:Vienna offensive
13678:
13671:
13664:
13662:Battle of Manila
13657:
13637:
13628:
13619:
13612:
13603:
13596:
13589:
13582:
13575:
13568:
13561:
13552:
13543:
13536:
13527:
13520:
13513:
13506:
13497:
13490:
13483:
13476:
13469:
13462:
13455:
13446:
13439:
13430:
13421:
13412:
13405:
13403:KorsunâCherkassy
13398:
13387:
13365:
13356:
13349:
13342:
13335:
13328:
13321:
13314:
13305:
13298:
13291:
13284:
13275:
13268:
13261:
13254:
13247:
13245:Bombing of Gorky
13240:
13233:
13226:
13206:
13199:
13190:
13183:
13176:
13167:
13160:
13153:
13146:
13135:
13128:
13121:
13114:
13112:Battle of Midway
13107:
13100:
13098:Battle of Gazala
13093:
13086:
13079:
13072:
13065:
13058:
13051:
13031:
13024:
13017:
13010:
13008:Battle of Borneo
13003:
13001:Malayan campaign
12996:
12989:
12982:
12975:
12968:
12961:
12954:
12947:
12945:Bombing of Gorky
12940:
12938:Battle of Moscow
12933:
12926:
12919:
12912:
12905:
12898:
12882:
12875:
12868:
12861:
12854:
12847:
12838:
12831:
12824:
12817:
12810:
12790:
12781:
12774:
12767:
12760:
12753:
12746:
12739:
12732:
12725:
12718:
12711:
12704:
12702:Battle of France
12697:
12690:
12683:
12676:
12669:
12662:
12642:
12635:
12628:
12621:
12614:
12607:
12600:
12578:
12571:
12564:
12557:
12555:Munich Agreement
12550:
12543:
12534:
12527:
12520:
12511:
12504:
12489:
12488:
12471:
12464:
12455:
12448:
12441:
12440:Soviet prisoners
12434:
12427:
12420:
12411:
12404:
12395:
12388:
12381:
12380:German prisoners
12376:
12356:
12347:
12340:
12333:
12328:
12321:
12314:
12307:
12300:
12293:
12286:
12279:
12272:
12265:
12258:
12251:
12244:
12237:
12228:
12221:
12214:
12207:
12200:
12193:
12186:
12179:
12172:
12165:
12158:
12151:
12144:
12137:
12130:
12123:
12116:
12109:
12102:
12082:
12075:
12068:
12061:
12054:
12047:
12040:
12033:
12026:
12019:
12012:
11992:
11985:
11978:
11971:
11963:
11956:
11949:
11940:
11933:
11925:
11918:
11916:French Indochina
11911:
11904:
11897:
11890:
11882:
11875:
11868:
11860:
11840:
11831:
11824:
11815:
11808:
11801:
11794:
11787:
11780:
11773:
11766:
11763:from August 1944
11754:
11747:
11740:
11733:
11726:
11719:
11712:
11705:
11698:
11686:
11679:
11672:
11665:
11658:
11646:
11638:
11631:
11624:
11617:
11610:
11603:
11596:
11584:
11577:
11570:
11563:
11548:
11547:
11528:
11521:
11514:
11507:
11500:
11489:
11474:
11467:
11460:
11455:
11446:
11439:
11432:
11423:
11416:
11409:
11407:Nanjing Massacre
11402:
11395:
11386:
11384:Nuremberg trials
11377:
11370:
11363:
11356:
11349:
11342:
11333:
11326:
11319:
11312:
11292:
11285:
11278:
11269:
11262:
11255:
11248:
11241:
11234:
11225:
11216:
11209:
11202:
11195:
11186:
11179:
11172:
11165:
11158:
11151:
11144:
11137:
11117:
11108:
11101:
11094:
11085:
11078:
11071:
11064:
11055:
11048:
11041:
11032:
11025:
11018:
11011:
11004:
10997:
10990:
10988:Asia and Pacific
10970:
10963:
10956:
10949:
10942:
10935:
10928:
10919:
10917:Mulberry harbour
10912:
10905:
10898:
10891:
10884:
10877:
10870:
10863:
10854:
10847:
10840:
10831:
10824:
10817:
10810:
10803:
10796:
10789:
10782:
10775:
10768:
10759:
10752:
10737:
10736:
10725:
10718:
10709:
10702:
10695:
10688:
10681:
10674:
10667:
10646:
10639:
10632:
10623:
10622:
10578:
10576:
10574:
10543:
10524:
10480:
10467:
10444:
10425:
10404:
10375:
10348:
10321:
10302:
10268:
10233:
10205:
10196:
10177:
10168:
10159:
10150:
10148:
10146:
10140:
10133:
10116:
10107:
10098:
10085:
10062:
10060:
10058:
10052:
10045:
10028:
10026:
10024:
9991:
9968:
9945:
9936:
9934:
9932:
9907:
9898:
9889:
9873:
9871:
9869:
9843:
9821:
9812:
9803:
9777:
9768:
9759:
9749:
9726:
9717:
9708:
9685:
9676:
9653:
9651:
9649:
9616:
9614:
9612:
9586:
9577:
9565:
9539:
9523:
9507:
9505:
9503:
9482:
9459:
9450:
9441:
9432:
9409:
9396:
9377:
9354:
9335:
9312:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9274:
9272:
9270:
9261:. Archived from
9237:
9235:
9233:
9216:Aptekar, Pavel.
9203:
9184:
9182:
9180:
9160:
9158:
9156:
9136:
9107:
9088:
9066:
9047:
9045:
9043:
9011:
8992:
8983:
8955:
8936:
8917:
8915:
8913:
8884:
8865:
8863:
8861:
8824:
8805:
8786:
8774:
8754:
8741:
8739:
8737:
8705:
8704:. Penguin Press.
8696:
8687:
8668:
8667:. Howells House.
8659:
8657:
8655:
8639:
8620:
8618:
8616:
8600:
8581:
8559:
8532:
8503:
8484:
8475:
8456:
8454:
8440:
8418:
8401:Conquest, Robert
8396:
8383:
8364:
8345:
8323:
8321:
8319:
8310:. Archived from
8284:
8278:
8272:
8266:
8260:
8254:
8248:
8242:
8236:
8230:
8224:
8218:
8212:
8206:
8200:
8194:
8188:
8182:
8176:
8170:
8164:
8158:
8152:
8146:
8140:
8134:
8128:
8123:
8117:
8111:
8105:
8099:
8093:
8087:
8081:
8075:
8069:
8066:Paasikivi (1958)
8063:
8057:
8054:Laaksonen (2005)
8051:
8045:
8039:
8033:
8027:
8021:
8015:
8009:
8003:
7997:
7991:
7982:
7976:
7967:
7961:
7952:
7946:
7940:
7934:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7900:
7889:
7883:
7877:
7871:
7865:
7859:
7850:
7844:
7838:
7832:
7826:
7820:
7814:
7808:
7799:
7797:Ahtiainen (2000)
7794:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7749:
7744:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7712:
7706:
7700:
7694:
7688:
7682:
7676:
7670:
7664:
7658:
7652:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7641:
7609:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7536:(5): 1089â1112.
7521:
7515:
7512:Enkenberg (2020)
7509:
7503:
7500:Laaksonen (1999)
7497:
7491:
7485:
7479:
7473:
7467:
7461:
7455:
7452:Laaksonen (1999)
7449:
7443:
7440:Laaksonen (1999)
7437:
7431:
7425:
7414:
7411:Laaksonen (1999)
7408:
7399:
7393:
7387:
7381:
7375:
7369:
7363:
7360:Tillotson (1993)
7357:
7351:
7345:
7339:
7333:
7327:
7324:Elfvegren (1999)
7321:
7315:
7312:Elfvegren (1999)
7309:
7303:
7300:Elfvegren (1999)
7297:
7291:
7285:
7279:
7273:
7267:
7261:
7255:
7252:Tillotson (1993)
7249:
7243:
7237:
7231:
7225:
7216:
7209:
7203:
7188:
7182:
7179:Vuorenmaa (1999)
7176:
7170:
7164:
7158:
7152:
7146:
7140:
7131:
7128:Suomen Kuvalehti
7113:
7107:
7101:
7095:
7089:
7083:
7077:
7071:
7065:
7059:
7053:
7047:
7044:Vuorenmaa (1999)
7041:
7035:
7032:Vuorenmaa (1999)
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6975:
6969:
6963:
6950:
6944:
6941:Kauppinen (2017)
6938:
6932:
6926:
6920:
6914:
6908:
6902:
6896:
6890:
6884:
6878:
6872:
6869:Laaksonen (1999)
6866:
6860:
6857:Laaksonen (1999)
6854:
6848:
6845:Vuorenmaa (1999)
6842:
6836:
6830:
6821:
6815:
6809:
6803:
6797:
6791:
6782:
6776:
6767:
6761:
6755:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6719:
6713:
6707:
6701:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6626:Soikkanen (1999)
6623:
6617:
6611:
6605:
6599:
6593:
6587:
6578:
6572:
6563:
6557:
6551:
6549:Paskhover (2015)
6546:
6540:
6534:
6528:
6522:
6516:
6510:
6504:
6498:
6489:
6484:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6449:
6434:
6428:
6419:
6413:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6305:
6299:
6293:
6287:
6281:
6275:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6233:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6209:
6203:
6197:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6144:
6138:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6108:
6102:
6096:
6090:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6015:
6009:
6003:
5997:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5962:
5956:
5950:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5923:
5917:
5911:
5905:
5899:
5893:
5887:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5857:
5851:
5845:
5839:
5833:
5827:
5821:
5815:
5809:
5803:
5797:
5791:
5785:
5776:
5771:
5765:
5759:
5750:
5744:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5684:
5681:Manninen (1999a)
5678:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5641:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5617:
5611:
5605:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5578:Lightbody (2004)
5575:
5569:
5563:
5554:
5548:
5542:
5536:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5506:
5500:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5447:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5390:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5270:Lightbody (2004)
5267:
5256:
5250:
5241:
5238:Chubaryan (2002)
5235:
5226:
5220:
5211:
5205:
5196:
5190:
5181:
5175:
5164:
5158:
5149:
5143:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5118:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5086:
5083:Manninen (1999b)
5080:
5067:
5061:
5052:
5046:
5037:
5034:Manninen (1999b)
5031:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5017:
4998:
4989:
4983:
4974:
4969:
4960:
4954:
4943:
4937:
4926:
4923:Tillotson (1993)
4920:
4907:
4901:
4892:
4886:
4877:
4871:
4858:
4852:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4726:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4673:
4662:
4656:
4653:relevant section
4649:
4643:
4640:relevant section
4636:
4630:
4612:
4604:
4596:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4561:
4555:
4543:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4502:
4496:
4489:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4205:Continuation War
4160:Ădouard Daladier
4067:Nansen passports
3883:
3873:
3854:public statement
3830:right of passage
3658:merchant vessels
3525:Continuation War
3507:Finnish forward
3493:fighter aircraft
3469:Bristol Blenheim
3406:Soviet Air Force
3396:Soviet Air Force
3267:layered clothing
3195:battle of Kollaa
3155:Hannu Hannuksela
3056:economy of force
3012:during the war.
2817:Molotov cocktail
2800:defence in depth
2791:
2785:
2779:Karelian Isthmus
2738:was replaced by
2408:Kirill Meretskov
2137:
2124:Karelian Isthmus
1952:ice-free harbour
1948:Petsamo Province
1789:of 1917 and the
1767:. The resulting
1754:Saint Petersburg
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1661:Continuation War
1651:, in June 1941,
1589:Karelian Isthmus
1534:
1527:
1520:
1432:
1431:
1416:Moscow Armistice
1411:Continuation War
1391:
1389:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1339:PetsamoâKirkenes
1182:Continuation War
1107:
1105:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1055:French Indochina
698:
687:
680:
673:
664:
663:
540:Karelian Isthmus
531:
520:
513:
506:
497:
496:
485:261â515 aircraft
456:armed icebreaker
427:
418:
400:
399:
390:Mikhail Dukhanov
388:
387:
376:
375:
366:Vladimir Grendal
364:
363:
354:Kirill Meretskov
352:
351:
338:
337:
324:
323:
310:
309:
292:
291:
280:
279:
268:
267:
256:
255:
244:
243:
230:
229:
216:
215:
185:
183:
182:
161:
159:
158:
120:Karelian Isthmus
73:
72:
61:
41:
40:
21:
17858:
17857:
17853:
17852:
17851:
17849:
17848:
17847:
17773:1940 in Finland
17763:1939 in Finland
17748:
17747:
17746:
17741:
17723:
17719:Stalin's bunker
17669:Room at Kremlin
17659:Tiflis Seminary
17640:
17635:
17627:
17619:
17611:
17603:
17596:(granddaughter)
17595:
17587:
17579:
17571:
17563:
17555:
17553:Artyom Sergeyev
17547:
17539:
17531:
17523:
17515:
17501:
17483:
17387:
17345:True Communists
17308:
17306:
17299:
17263:Khrushchev Thaw
17234:
17201:Stalin's poetry
17120:
16988:Japhetic theory
16926:Medvedev Forest
16819:Georgian Affair
16796:
16790:
16751:Five-year plans
16695:
16664:Berlin Blockade
16654:Greek Civil War
16443:August Uprising
16431:
16412:Political views
16377:
16371:
16351:
16346:
16316:
16311:
16296:
16258:
16191:
16160:
16112:
16079:
16074:
16044:
16039:
16011:
15952:
15946:
15937:War of Dagestan
15711:
15684:August Uprising
15553:
15547:
15536:Boxer Rebellion
15504:Amur Annexation
15305:
15299:
15203:
15197:
15178:War of Dagestan
15158:August Uprising
15112:
15034:
14984:
14965:
14935:
14930:
14887:
14832:
14806:
14780:
14741:Defence Command
14724:
14672:
14637:
14632:
14602:
14597:
14584:
14577:
14570:
14563:
14550:
14524:Public holidays
14436:
14353:
14261:
14225:Law enforcement
14163:
14052:
13984:The Great Wrath
13950:
13941:
13911:
13906:
13899:
13892:
13878:
13876:
13864:
13855:
13848:
13841:
13834:
13825:
13818:
13811:
13802:
13797:Atomic bombings
13795:
13788:
13781:
13774:
13767:
13758:
13751:
13744:
13737:
13730:
13723:
13716:
13709:
13702:
13695:
13688:
13681:
13674:
13667:
13660:
13653:
13640:
13633:
13622:
13615:
13608:
13599:
13592:
13585:
13578:
13571:
13564:
13555:
13546:
13539:
13530:
13523:
13516:
13509:
13500:
13493:
13488:Eastern Romania
13486:
13481:Warsaw Uprising
13479:
13474:Tannenberg Line
13472:
13465:
13460:Western Ukraine
13458:
13449:
13442:
13433:
13424:
13415:
13408:
13401:
13390:
13381:
13368:
13361:
13352:
13345:
13338:
13331:
13324:
13317:
13310:
13301:
13294:
13287:
13278:
13271:
13264:
13257:
13252:Battle of Kursk
13250:
13243:
13236:
13229:
13222:
13209:
13202:
13193:
13186:
13179:
13170:
13163:
13156:
13149:
13140:
13131:
13124:
13117:
13110:
13103:
13096:
13089:
13082:
13075:
13068:
13063:St Nazaire Raid
13061:
13054:
13047:
13034:
13027:
13020:
13013:
13006:
12999:
12992:
12985:
12978:
12971:
12964:
12957:
12950:
12943:
12936:
12929:
12922:
12915:
12908:
12901:
12887:
12878:
12871:
12864:
12857:
12850:
12845:Anglo-Iraqi War
12843:
12836:Battle of Crete
12834:
12827:
12820:
12813:
12806:
12793:
12784:
12777:
12770:
12765:Eastern Romania
12763:
12756:
12749:
12742:
12735:
12728:
12721:
12714:
12707:
12700:
12693:
12686:
12679:
12672:
12665:
12658:
12645:
12638:
12631:
12624:
12617:
12610:
12603:
12596:
12583:
12574:
12567:
12560:
12553:
12546:
12539:
12530:
12523:
12516:
12507:
12500:
12474:
12467:
12460:
12451:
12444:
12439:
12430:
12423:
12416:
12407:
12400:
12391:
12384:
12379:
12372:
12359:
12352:
12343:
12336:
12331:
12326:Western Ukraine
12324:
12317:
12310:
12303:
12296:
12289:
12282:
12275:
12270:Northeast China
12268:
12261:
12254:
12247:
12240:
12233:
12224:
12217:
12210:
12203:
12196:
12189:
12182:
12175:
12168:
12161:
12154:
12147:
12140:
12133:
12126:
12119:
12112:
12105:
12098:
12085:
12078:
12071:
12064:
12057:
12050:
12043:
12036:
12029:
12022:
12015:
12008:
11995:
11988:
11981:
11976:Slovak Republic
11974:
11966:
11959:
11952:
11947:Empire of Japan
11945:
11936:
11928:
11921:
11914:
11907:
11900:
11893:
11885:
11878:
11871:
11863:
11856:
11843:
11836:
11827:
11820:
11811:
11804:
11797:
11790:
11783:
11776:
11769:
11757:
11750:
11743:
11736:
11729:
11722:
11715:
11708:
11701:
11689:
11682:
11675:
11668:
11661:
11649:
11641:
11634:
11627:
11620:
11613:
11606:
11599:
11587:
11580:
11573:
11566:
11559:
11533:
11524:
11517:
11510:
11503:
11492:
11477:
11470:
11463:
11459:Sexual violence
11458:
11451:
11442:
11435:
11428:
11419:
11412:
11405:
11398:
11391:
11382:
11373:
11366:
11359:
11352:
11345:
11338:
11329:
11322:
11315:
11308:
11295:
11288:
11281:
11274:
11265:
11258:
11251:
11244:
11237:
11228:
11219:
11212:
11205:
11198:
11189:
11182:
11177:Greek Civil War
11175:
11168:
11161:
11154:
11147:
11140:
11133:
11120:
11113:
11104:
11097:
11090:
11081:
11074:
11067:
11060:
11051:
11044:
11037:
11028:
11021:
11014:
11007:
11002:South-East Asia
11000:
10993:
10986:
10973:
10966:
10959:
10952:
10945:
10938:
10931:
10924:
10915:
10908:
10901:
10894:
10887:
10880:
10873:
10866:
10861:Military awards
10859:
10850:
10843:
10836:
10827:
10820:
10813:
10806:
10799:
10792:
10785:
10778:
10771:
10764:
10755:
10748:
10728:
10721:
10714:
10705:
10698:
10691:
10686:
10677:
10670:
10663:
10655:
10650:
10585:
10572:
10570:
10540:
10521:
10446:(online review)
10441:
10422:
10364:
10351:
10337:
10318:
10299:
10236:Chew, Allen F.
10230:
10214:
10212:Further reading
10209:
10193:
10144:
10142:
10138:
10131:
10092:
10082:
10056:
10054:
10050:
10043:
10022:
10020:
10013:
9999:
9988:
9965:
9930:
9928:
9915:
9867:
9865:
9854:
9840:
9800:
9746:
9705:
9673:
9647:
9645:
9638:
9624:
9610:
9608:
9562:
9501:
9499:
9479:
9429:
9416:
9393:
9374:
9351:
9332:
9297:
9295:
9268:
9266:
9259:
9245:
9231:
9229:
9211:
9206:
9200:
9178:
9176:
9154:
9152:
9125:
9104:
9085:
9063:
9041:
9039:
9032:
9008:
8973:
8952:
8933:
8911:
8909:
8902:
8881:
8859:
8857:
8842:
8821:
8802:
8735:
8733:
8726:
8684:
8653:
8651:
8636:
8614:
8612:
8597:
8578:
8548:
8521:
8500:
8472:
8437:
8415:
8380:
8361:
8342:
8317:
8315:
8314:on 29 June 2011
8297:
8292:
8287:
8279:
8275:
8267:
8263:
8255:
8251:
8243:
8239:
8231:
8227:
8221:Van Dyke (1997)
8219:
8215:
8207:
8203:
8195:
8191:
8183:
8179:
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7823:Van Dyke (1997)
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7336:Leskinen (1999)
7334:
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7264:Peltonen (1999)
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7219:
7211:Jouko Juonala:
7210:
7206:
7202:|. (in Finnish)
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6064:Kokoshin (1998)
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6027:
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5474:Polvinen (1987)
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5146:Manninen (2008)
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5121:Kovalyov (2006)
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4374:
4304:
4294:as well as the
4222:
4217:
4215:Cross of Sorrow
4211:
4199:Main articles:
4197:
4105:
4099:
4091:Leino prisoners
4047:
4039:Christopher Lee
4003:Volunteer Corps
3987:
3982:
3976:
3974:Foreign support
3923:
3917:
3895:Gulf of Viipuri
3885:
3881:
3879:
3871:
3863:
3799:Hella Wuolijoki
3795:
3774:
3733:
3728:
3677:
3625:and at least 5
3544:
3539:
3533:
3473:No. 44 Squadron
3461:
3402:air superiority
3398:
3393:
3387:
3358:Battle of Salla
3323:
3275:
3136:
3082:
3024:
3018:
2950:
2940:
2935:
2915:Finnish Lapland
2871:Soviet 8th Army
2793:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2775:Mannerheim Line
2767:
2715:bombed Helsinki
2711:
2706:
2704:Soviet invasion
2632:saturation fire
2628:counter-battery
2623:Finnish economy
2611:Defence Command
2595:
2589:
2546:Mannerheim Line
2471:
2465:
2404:order of battle
2383:
2378:
2376:Opposing forces
2287:
2230:
2224:
2168:Eastern Karelia
2152:Hanko Peninsula
2058:Gulf of Finland
2040:In April 1938,
2022:
2016:
1973:
1944:Treaty of Tartu
1928:Greater Finland
1909:in Moscow 1932.
1736:
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1692:Main articles:
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1501:Mannerheim Line
1491:Popular culture
1460:Foreign support
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1425:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1353:
1348:
1144:(Faroe Islands)
1108:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1069:
1064:
951:Other campaigns
945:Southern France
854:Burma and India
849:South-East Asia
844:Franco-Thai War
699:
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402:Valerian Frolov
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116:Gulf of Finland
114:Cession of the
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17474:Stalin Society
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17315:Stalin Epigram
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17258:Rehabilitation
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16829:Dekulakization
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16771:New Soviet man
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16280:KatyĆ massacre
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16228:Naval cruiser
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16020:Russian Winter
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15847:Vlora incident
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15610:Sochi conflict
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14919:Military ranks
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14432:Welfare system
14429:
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14407:
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14392:
14387:
14385:Climate change
14382:
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14359:
14358:
14355:
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10598:
10592:
10589:ĐĐŸĐ”ĐœĐœŃĐč Đ°Đ»ŃĐ±ĐŸĐŒ
10584:
10583:External links
10581:
10580:
10579:
10554:
10544:
10538:
10530:The Winter War
10525:
10519:
10496:
10481:
10468:
10448:
10440:978-0700619108
10439:
10426:
10421:978-1612004297
10420:
10405:
10387:(3): 825â852.
10376:
10362:
10349:
10336:978-1472806314
10335:
10322:
10317:978-9197589529
10316:
10303:
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10229:978-1472813244
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9946:
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9923:(in Russian).
9908:
9899:
9890:
9874:
9844:
9838:
9826:Manninen, Ohto
9822:
9813:
9804:
9798:
9782:Manninen, Ohto
9778:
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9595:(126): 21â24.
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9392:978-9185276806
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9304:
9286:(in Russian).
9275:
9257:
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9224:(in Russian).
9212:
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9124:978-1509508020
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9048:
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9012:
9007:978-1591139102
9006:
9000:. BookLocker.
8993:
8984:
8972:978-1107055711
8971:
8956:
8951:978-1903111642
8950:
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8918:
8901:978-0691140605
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8820:978-1612000374
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8582:
8576:
8560:
8547:978-9401179645
8546:
8533:
8519:
8504:
8498:
8485:
8481:Finland Fights
8476:
8470:
8457:
8441:
8435:
8423:Coox, Alvin D.
8419:
8413:
8397:
8384:
8378:
8365:
8359:
8353:. Frank Cass.
8346:
8340:
8324:
8308:Helsinki Times
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8285:
8281:Edwards (2006)
8273:
8261:
8257:Edwards (2006)
8249:
8237:
8233:Trotter (2002)
8225:
8213:
8201:
8189:
8185:Trotter (2002)
8177:
8165:
8153:
8149:Jokipii (1999)
8141:
8129:
8118:
8106:
8094:
8082:
8070:
8058:
8046:
8042:Edwards (2006)
8034:
8030:Trotter (2002)
8022:
8018:Trotter (2002)
8010:
8006:Trotter (2002)
7998:
7994:Edwards (2006)
7983:
7979:Trotter (2002)
7968:
7964:Edwards (2006)
7953:
7949:Edwards (2006)
7941:
7937:Trotter (2002)
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7878:
7866:
7851:
7847:Trotter (2002)
7839:
7827:
7815:
7800:
7786:
7774:
7770:Gadolin (1952)
7762:
7750:
7739:
7707:
7703:Trotter (2002)
7695:
7693:, p. 320.
7691:Fadiman (1985)
7683:
7679:Trotter (2002)
7671:
7659:
7655:Trotter (2002)
7647:
7624:(1): 101â113.
7599:
7595:Edwards (2006)
7587:
7583:Trotter (2002)
7575:
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7488:Trotter (2002)
7480:
7468:
7464:Trotter (2002)
7456:
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7432:
7428:Trotter (2002)
7415:
7400:
7396:Trotter (2002)
7388:
7386:, pp. 126, 127
7376:
7364:
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7348:Silvast (1999)
7340:
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7316:
7304:
7292:
7288:Trotter (2002)
7280:
7276:Trotter (2002)
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7167:Trotter (2002)
7159:
7147:
7143:Trotter (2002)
7132:
7115:Pöntinen, P.:
7108:
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7084:
7072:
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7056:Trotter (2002)
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7000:
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6885:
6881:Trotter (2002)
6873:
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6833:Trotter (2002)
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6806:Trotter (2002)
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6702:
6698:Trotter (2002)
6690:
6686:Trotter (2002)
6678:
6674:Trotter (2002)
6666:
6662:Trotter (2002)
6654:
6650:Trotter (2002)
6642:
6630:
6618:
6614:Trotter (2002)
6606:
6604:, pp. 506, 540
6594:
6590:Trotter (2002)
6579:
6575:Trotter (2002)
6564:
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6529:
6525:Trotter (2002)
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6501:Trotter (2002)
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6476:Trotter (2002)
6468:
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6431:Trotter (2002)
6420:
6416:Trotter (2002)
6405:
6393:
6381:
6377:Edwards (2006)
6369:
6365:Edwards (2006)
6357:
6353:Trotter (2002)
6345:
6333:
6329:Goldman (2012)
6321:
6306:
6294:
6282:
6278:Edwards (2006)
6270:
6258:
6246:
6242:Bullock (1993)
6234:
6222:
6218:Trotter (2002)
6210:
6208:, pp. 981, 994
6198:
6186:
6184:, pp. 966, 974
6174:
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6151:
6147:Edwards (2006)
6139:
6127:
6115:
6103:
6091:
6080:
6076:Killham (1993)
6068:
6056:
6052:Trotter (2002)
6044:
6032:
6021:
6018:Aptekar (2009)
6010:
5998:
5986:
5979:
5957:
5942:
5938:Edwards (2006)
5930:
5918:
5906:
5894:
5892:, pp. 961, 974
5879:
5867:
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5840:
5828:
5816:
5814:, pp. 963, 971
5804:
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5594:
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5551:Edwards (2006)
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5402:Trotter (2002)
5391:
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5309:Trotter (2002)
5298:
5296:, pp. 126, 127
5286:
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5242:
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5165:
5161:Rentola (2003)
5150:
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5023:
4990:
4986:Sokolov (2000)
4975:
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4855:Trotter (2002)
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4631:
4615:historiography
4594:Zimnyaya voyna
4582:ĐĐžÌĐŒĐœŃŃ ĐČĐŸĐčĐœĐ°Ì
4556:
4538:
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4427:
4424:Finland portal
4411:
4408:
4390:
4387:
4373:
4370:
4303:
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4221:
4218:
4196:
4193:
4101:Main article:
4098:
4095:
4059:Boris Bazhanov
4046:
4043:
3986:
3983:
3978:Main article:
3975:
3972:
3919:Main article:
3916:
3913:
3880:
3878:'s coast group
3870:
3862:
3859:
3794:
3791:
3779:trench warfare
3773:
3770:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3676:
3673:
3543:
3542:Naval activity
3540:
3535:Main article:
3532:
3529:
3521:Jorma Sarvanto
3497:reconnaissance
3485:Eric von Rosen
3460:
3457:
3397:
3394:
3389:Main article:
3386:
3385:Aerial warfare
3383:
3351:Kurt Wallenius
3322:
3319:
3274:
3271:
3171:Grigory Shtern
3135:
3132:
3124:Harald Ăhquist
3081:
3078:
3017:
3014:
2963:active service
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2867:Ladoga Karelia
2788:
2782:
2766:
2763:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2681:
2674:Juho Heiskanen
2666:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2560:
2549:
2538:
2496:Central Europe
2464:
2461:
2431:Pavel Rychagov
2388:Andrei Zhdanov
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2369:Stephen Kotkin
2325:Andrei Zhdanov
2291:Vladimir Putin
2286:
2283:
2226:Main article:
2223:
2220:
2203:Supreme Soviet
2018:Main article:
2015:
2012:
1972:
1969:
1907:Maxim Litvinov
1901:was signed by
1872:Lapua Movement
1746:Russian Empire
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1689:
1686:
1671:Main article:
1668:
1665:
1597:Ladoga Karelia
1540:
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1522:
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1508:
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1485:
1484:
1483:Related topics
1480:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1465:Aerial warfare
1462:
1457:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1243:
1227:
1226:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1020:Baltic Nations
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
998:
993:
992:
991:
981:
976:
971:
966:
965:
964:
948:
947:
942:
937:
936:
935:
930:
925:
917:
912:
907:
902:
901:
900:
895:
879:
878:
873:
872:
871:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
840:
839:
829:
816:
815:
814:
813:
803:
798:
797:
796:
786:
781:
780:
779:
769:
768:
767:
762:
757:
747:
742:
741:
740:
735:
730:
720:
715:
704:
701:
700:
690:
689:
682:
675:
667:
656:
655:
653:
652:
647:
641:
640:
636:
635:
630:
629:
628:
617:
616:
612:
611:
605:
604:
600:
599:
594:
593:
592:
581:
580:
579:Ladoga Karelia
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
559:
558:
548:
542:
541:
537:
534:
533:
523:
522:
515:
508:
500:
492:
491:
468:
443:43,557 wounded
438:
437:
433:
432:
431:3,880 aircraft
423:
413:
412:
408:
407:
405:
404:
392:
380:
378:Grigori Shtern
368:
356:
344:
330:
316:
301:
299:
297:
296:
284:
272:
270:Erik Heinrichs
260:
258:Harald Ăhquist
248:
236:
222:
207:
204:
203:
199:
198:
197:
196:
174:
173:
172:
149:
148:
144:
143:
140:
139:
124:Ladoga Karelia
112:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
89:
87:
83:
82:
77:
69:
68:
54:
53:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17855:
17844:
17841:
17839:
17838:Winter events
17836:
17834:
17831:
17829:
17826:
17824:
17821:
17819:
17816:
17814:
17811:
17809:
17806:
17804:
17801:
17799:
17796:
17794:
17791:
17789:
17786:
17784:
17781:
17779:
17776:
17774:
17771:
17769:
17766:
17764:
17761:
17759:
17756:
17755:
17753:
17738:
17730:
17729:
17726:
17720:
17717:
17713:
17710:
17708:
17705:
17703:
17700:
17698:
17695:
17693:
17692:Semyonovskoye
17690:
17688:
17685:
17683:
17680:
17678:
17675:
17674:
17672:
17670:
17667:
17665:
17662:
17660:
17657:
17655:
17652:
17651:
17649:
17647:
17643:
17634:
17631:
17626:
17623:
17618:
17615:
17610:
17607:
17602:
17599:
17594:
17591:
17586:
17583:
17578:
17575:
17570:
17569:Vasily Stalin
17567:
17564:(second wife)
17562:
17559:
17556:(adopted son)
17554:
17551:
17546:
17543:
17538:
17535:
17530:
17529:Kato Svanidze
17527:
17522:
17519:
17514:
17511:
17510:
17508:
17504:
17498:
17497:
17493:
17492:
17490:
17486:
17480:
17477:
17475:
17472:
17470:
17467:
17465:
17462:
17460:
17457:
17455:
17452:
17450:
17447:
17445:
17442:
17440:
17437:
17435:
17432:
17430:
17427:
17425:
17422:
17420:
17417:
17415:
17412:
17410:
17407:
17405:
17402:
17400:
17397:
17396:
17394:
17390:
17384:
17381:
17379:
17378:
17374:
17372:
17369:
17367:
17366:
17362:
17360:
17359:
17355:
17353:
17352:
17348:
17346:
17343:
17341:
17338:
17336:
17333:
17331:
17328:
17326:
17325:Ryutin Affair
17323:
17321:
17318:
17316:
17313:
17312:
17310:
17305:Criticism and
17302:
17296:
17293:
17291:
17288:
17286:
17283:
17281:
17278:
17276:
17273:
17271:
17270:
17266:
17264:
17261:
17259:
17256:
17254:
17251:
17249:
17246:
17245:
17243:
17241:
17237:
17231:
17228:
17225:
17221:
17219:
17218:Order No. 270
17216:
17214:
17213:Order No. 227
17211:
17209:
17208:
17204:
17202:
17199:
17197:
17194:
17192:
17191:
17187:
17185:
17182:
17180:
17179:
17175:
17173:
17170:
17168:
17165:
17162:
17158:
17155:
17151:
17148:
17144:
17141:
17137:
17134:
17130:
17129:
17127:
17123:
17117:
17114:
17112:
17111:Doctors' plot
17109:
17107:
17104:
17102:
17099:
17097:
17094:
17092:
17089:
17087:
17084:
17082:
17079:
17075:
17072:
17070:
17069:Nazino affair
17067:
17065:
17062:
17060:
17057:
17055:
17052:
17050:
17047:
17045:
17042:
17041:
17040:
17037:
17034:
17033:GermanâSoviet
17030:
17027:
17025:
17022:
17020:
17017:
17015:
17012:
17010:
17007:
17005:
17002:
16998:
16995:
16993:
16992:Slavists case
16989:
16986:
16984:
16981:
16979:
16976:
16975:
16973:
16969:
16966:
16964:
16961:
16959:
16958:Moscow Trials
16956:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16944:
16942:
16939:
16937:
16934:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16917:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16907:
16904:
16902:
16899:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16883:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16873:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16855:
16852:
16851:
16850:
16847:
16845:
16842:
16840:
16837:
16835:
16832:
16830:
16827:
16825:
16822:
16820:
16817:
16815:
16812:
16810:
16807:
16805:
16802:
16801:
16799:
16793:
16787:
16784:
16782:
16779:
16777:
16774:
16772:
16769:
16767:
16764:
16762:
16759:
16757:
16754:
16752:
16749:
16747:
16744:
16742:
16739:
16737:
16734:
16732:
16729:
16727:
16724:
16722:
16721:Korenizatsiya
16719:
16717:
16716:Neo-Stalinism
16714:
16712:
16709:
16708:
16706:
16702:
16692:
16689:
16687:
16684:
16682:
16679:
16677:
16674:
16670:
16667:
16665:
16662:
16660:
16657:
16655:
16652:
16650:
16647:
16643:
16640:
16639:
16638:
16635:
16633:
16630:
16628:
16625:
16623:
16620:
16619:
16618:
16615:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16605:
16603:
16602:Ili Rebellion
16600:
16598:
16595:
16591:
16588:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16576:
16573:
16571:
16568:
16566:
16563:
16561:
16558:
16554:
16551:
16550:
16549:
16546:
16544:
16541:
16540:
16539:
16536:
16534:
16531:
16529:
16526:
16524:
16521:
16519:
16516:
16514:
16511:
16509:
16506:
16504:
16501:
16499:
16496:
16494:
16490:
16487:
16485:
16482:
16480:
16477:
16475:
16472:
16468:
16465:
16463:
16460:
16459:
16458:
16455:
16453:
16449:
16446:
16444:
16441:
16440:
16438:
16434:
16428:
16425:
16423:
16420:
16418:
16415:
16413:
16410:
16408:
16405:
16403:
16400:
16398:
16395:
16393:
16390:
16389:
16387:
16383:
16380:
16374:
16367:
16364:
16361:
16358:
16357:
16354:
16350:
16349:Joseph Stalin
16343:
16338:
16336:
16331:
16329:
16324:
16323:
16320:
16308:
16307:
16303:
16302:
16299:
16293:
16290:
16288:
16287:
16283:
16281:
16278:
16276:
16275:Eastern Front
16273:
16271:
16268:
16267:
16265:
16261:
16255:
16252:
16250:
16248:
16244:
16242:
16239:
16237:
16234:
16232:
16231:
16226:
16224:
16221:
16219:
16216:
16214:
16211:
16209:
16206:
16204:
16201:
16200:
16198:
16194:
16188:
16185:
16183:
16180:
16178:
16175:
16173:
16170:
16169:
16167:
16163:
16157:
16154:
16152:
16149:
16147:
16144:
16142:
16139:
16135:
16132:
16131:
16130:
16127:
16125:
16122:
16121:
16119:
16115:
16109:
16106:
16104:
16101:
16098:
16094:
16092:
16089:
16088:
16086:
16082:
16078:
16071:
16066:
16064:
16059:
16057:
16052:
16051:
16048:
16036:
16033:
16031:
16028:
16026:
16023:
16021:
16018:
16017:
16014:
16008:
16005:
16003:
16000:
15998:
15995:
15993:
15990:
15986:
15985:2022 invasion
15983:
15981:
15980:War in Donbas
15978:
15976:
15973:
15971:
15968:
15967:
15966:
15963:
15961:
15958:
15957:
15955:
15949:
15943:
15940:
15938:
15935:
15933:
15930:
15928:
15925:
15923:
15920:
15918:
15915:
15913:
15910:
15908:
15905:
15903:
15900:
15898:
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15883:
15880:
15878:
15875:
15873:
15870:
15868:
15865:
15863:
15860:
15858:
15855:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15818:
15817:Ili Rebellion
15815:
15813:
15810:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15800:
15796:
15793:
15791:
15788:
15784:
15781:
15780:
15779:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15766:
15764:
15761:
15757:
15754:
15753:
15752:
15749:
15747:
15744:
15742:
15739:
15738:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15729:
15727:
15724:
15722:
15719:
15715:
15710:
15707:
15705:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15673:
15670:
15668:
15665:
15663:
15660:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15650:
15648:
15645:
15643:
15640:
15636:
15633:
15631:
15628:
15626:
15623:
15622:
15621:
15618:
15616:
15613:
15611:
15608:
15606:
15603:
15601:
15598:
15594:
15591:
15590:
15589:
15586:
15585:
15584:
15581:
15577:
15574:
15573:
15572:
15569:
15567:
15564:
15562:
15559:
15558:
15556:
15550:
15542:
15539:
15538:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15525:
15522:
15520:
15517:
15516:
15515:
15512:
15510:
15507:
15505:
15502:
15498:
15495:
15494:
15493:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15475:
15473:
15470:
15466:
15463:
15461:
15458:
15457:
15456:
15455:Caucasian War
15453:
15451:
15448:
15446:
15443:
15441:
15438:
15436:
15433:
15431:
15428:
15426:
15423:
15421:
15418:
15416:
15413:
15411:
15408:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15358:
15356:
15353:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15340:
15337:
15335:
15332:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15316:
15314:
15311:
15310:
15308:
15302:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15247:
15244:
15242:
15239:
15237:
15234:
15232:
15229:
15227:
15224:
15222:
15219:
15217:
15214:
15212:
15209:
15208:
15206:
15200:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15169:
15166:
15164:
15161:
15159:
15156:
15154:
15151:
15149:
15146:
15144:
15141:
15139:
15136:
15134:
15131:
15129:
15126:
15125:
15123:
15119:
15109:
15106:
15102:
15099:
15098:
15097:
15094:
15092:
15089:
15087:
15084:
15082:
15079:
15077:
15074:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15054:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15043:
15041:
15037:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15011:
15008:
15006:
15003:
15001:
14998:
14997:
14994:
14991:
14987:
14982:
14978:
14974:
14970:
14962:
14957:
14955:
14950:
14948:
14943:
14942:
14939:
14927:
14926:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14900:
14899:Civil defence
14897:
14896:
14894:
14890:
14884:
14881:
14878:
14874:
14870:
14866:
14863:
14861:
14858:
14856:
14853:
14851:
14848:
14847:
14845:
14843:
14839:
14829:
14826:
14824:
14821:
14819:
14816:
14815:
14813:
14809:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14789:
14787:
14783:
14776:
14772:
14768:
14764:
14760:
14756:
14752:
14751:
14746:
14742:
14739:
14737:
14734:
14733:
14731:
14727:
14720:
14719:list of ships
14716:
14712:
14709:
14706:
14702:
14699:
14696:
14692:
14689:
14688:
14686:
14682:
14679:
14675:
14669:
14666:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14650:
14647:
14646:
14644:
14640:
14636:
14629:
14624:
14622:
14617:
14615:
14610:
14609:
14606:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14585:
14580:
14576:
14573:
14569:
14566:
14562:
14561:
14557:
14547:
14544:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14534:
14530:
14527:
14526:
14525:
14522:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14498:
14497:
14493:
14492:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14483:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14448:
14447:
14445:
14443:
14439:
14433:
14430:
14428:
14425:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14412:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14383:
14381:
14378:
14376:
14373:
14372:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14360:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14319:Ship-building
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14280:
14277:
14274:
14272:
14268:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14236:
14233:
14232:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14223:
14221:
14218:
14216:
14213:
14211:
14208:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14196:
14193:
14191:
14188:
14186:
14183:
14182:
14179:
14176:
14174:
14170:
14160:
14157:
14153:
14150:
14148:
14145:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14135:
14133:
14130:
14129:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14120:
14116:
14113:
14112:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14103:
14101:
14098:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14086:
14083:
14081:
14078:
14076:
14073:
14071:
14068:
14067:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14055:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14036:
14032:
14029:
14027:
14024:
14022:
14019:
14018:
14017:
14014:
14012:
14009:
14007:
14004:
14002:
13999:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13985:
13982:
13981:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13965:
13962:
13961:
13959:
13957:
13953:
13949:
13945:
13938:
13933:
13931:
13926:
13924:
13919:
13918:
13915:
13902:
13898:
13895:
13891:
13888:
13887:
13882:
13875:
13874:
13871:
13858:
13854:
13851:
13847:
13844:
13840:
13839:
13837:
13833:
13828:
13824:
13823:
13821:
13820:Kuril Islands
13817:
13814:
13810:
13805:
13801:
13800:
13798:
13794:
13791:
13787:
13784:
13780:
13777:
13773:
13770:
13766:
13761:
13757:
13756:
13754:
13750:
13747:
13743:
13740:
13736:
13733:
13729:
13726:
13722:
13719:
13715:
13712:
13708:
13705:
13701:
13698:
13694:
13691:
13687:
13684:
13680:
13677:
13673:
13670:
13666:
13663:
13659:
13656:
13652:
13651:
13649:
13647:
13643:
13636:
13632:
13627:
13626:
13621:
13620:
13618:
13614:
13611:
13607:
13602:
13598:
13597:
13595:
13591:
13588:
13587:Syrmian Front
13584:
13581:
13577:
13574:
13570:
13567:
13563:
13560:
13559:
13554:
13551:
13550:
13545:
13542:
13538:
13535:
13534:
13533:Market Garden
13529:
13526:
13522:
13519:
13515:
13512:
13508:
13505:
13504:
13499:
13496:
13492:
13489:
13485:
13482:
13478:
13475:
13471:
13468:
13464:
13461:
13457:
13454:
13453:
13448:
13445:
13441:
13438:
13437:
13432:
13429:
13428:
13423:
13420:
13419:
13414:
13411:
13407:
13404:
13400:
13397:
13393:
13392:Monte Cassino
13389:
13386:
13385:
13380:
13379:
13377:
13375:
13371:
13364:
13360:
13355:
13351:
13348:
13344:
13343:
13341:
13337:
13334:
13330:
13327:
13323:
13320:
13316:
13313:
13309:
13304:
13300:
13299:
13297:
13293:
13290:
13286:
13283:
13282:
13277:
13274:
13270:
13267:
13263:
13260:
13256:
13253:
13249:
13246:
13242:
13239:
13235:
13232:
13228:
13225:
13221:
13220:
13218:
13216:
13212:
13205:
13201:
13198:
13197:
13192:
13189:
13185:
13182:
13178:
13175:
13174:
13169:
13166:
13162:
13159:
13155:
13152:
13148:
13145:
13144:
13139:
13134:
13130:
13127:
13123:
13122:
13120:
13116:
13113:
13109:
13106:
13102:
13099:
13095:
13092:
13088:
13085:
13081:
13078:
13074:
13071:
13067:
13064:
13060:
13057:
13053:
13050:
13046:
13045:
13043:
13041:
13037:
13030:
13026:
13023:
13019:
13016:
13012:
13009:
13005:
13002:
12998:
12995:
12991:
12988:
12984:
12981:
12977:
12974:
12970:
12967:
12963:
12960:
12956:
12953:
12949:
12946:
12942:
12939:
12935:
12932:
12928:
12925:
12921:
12918:
12914:
12911:
12907:
12904:
12900:
12896:
12895:
12890:
12886:
12881:
12877:
12876:
12874:
12870:
12867:
12863:
12860:
12856:
12853:
12849:
12846:
12842:
12837:
12833:
12832:
12830:
12826:
12823:
12819:
12816:
12812:
12809:
12805:
12804:
12802:
12800:
12796:
12789:
12788:
12783:
12780:
12776:
12773:
12769:
12766:
12762:
12759:
12758:Baltic states
12755:
12752:
12748:
12745:
12741:
12738:
12734:
12731:
12727:
12724:
12720:
12717:
12713:
12710:
12706:
12703:
12699:
12696:
12692:
12689:
12685:
12682:
12678:
12675:
12671:
12668:
12664:
12661:
12657:
12656:
12654:
12652:
12648:
12641:
12637:
12634:
12630:
12627:
12623:
12620:
12616:
12613:
12609:
12606:
12602:
12599:
12595:
12594:
12592:
12590:
12586:
12577:
12573:
12570:
12566:
12563:
12559:
12556:
12552:
12549:
12545:
12544:
12542:
12538:
12533:
12529:
12526:
12522:
12521:
12519:
12515:
12510:
12506:
12505:
12503:
12499:
12498:
12496:
12494:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12481:
12470:
12466:
12463:
12459:
12454:
12450:
12447:
12443:
12442:
12438:
12433:
12429:
12428:
12426:
12422:
12419:
12415:
12410:
12406:
12403:
12402:United States
12399:
12394:
12390:
12389:
12387:
12383:
12382:
12378:
12375:
12371:
12370:
12368:
12366:
12362:
12355:
12351:
12346:
12342:
12339:
12338:Quá»c dĂąn ÄáșŁng
12335:
12334:
12330:
12327:
12323:
12320:
12316:
12313:
12309:
12306:
12302:
12299:
12295:
12292:
12288:
12285:
12281:
12278:
12274:
12271:
12267:
12264:
12260:
12257:
12253:
12250:
12246:
12243:
12239:
12236:
12232:
12227:
12223:
12220:
12216:
12215:
12213:
12209:
12206:
12202:
12199:
12195:
12192:
12188:
12185:
12181:
12178:
12174:
12171:
12167:
12164:
12160:
12157:
12153:
12150:
12146:
12143:
12139:
12136:
12132:
12129:
12125:
12122:
12118:
12115:
12111:
12108:
12104:
12101:
12097:
12096:
12094:
12092:
12088:
12081:
12077:
12074:
12070:
12067:
12063:
12060:
12056:
12053:
12049:
12046:
12042:
12039:
12038:Liechtenstein
12035:
12032:
12028:
12025:
12021:
12018:
12014:
12011:
12007:
12006:
12004:
12002:
11998:
11991:
11987:
11984:
11980:
11977:
11973:
11969:
11965:
11962:
11958:
11955:
11951:
11948:
11944:
11939:
11935:
11934:
11931:
11927:
11924:
11920:
11917:
11913:
11910:
11906:
11903:
11899:
11896:
11892:
11888:
11884:
11881:
11877:
11874:
11870:
11866:
11862:
11859:
11855:
11854:
11852:
11850:
11846:
11839:
11835:
11830:
11826:
11825:
11823:
11822:United States
11819:
11814:
11810:
11809:
11807:
11803:
11800:
11796:
11793:
11789:
11786:
11782:
11779:
11775:
11772:
11768:
11764:
11760:
11756:
11753:
11749:
11746:
11742:
11739:
11735:
11732:
11728:
11725:
11721:
11718:
11714:
11711:
11707:
11704:
11700:
11696:
11692:
11688:
11685:
11681:
11678:
11674:
11671:
11667:
11664:
11660:
11656:
11652:
11648:
11644:
11640:
11637:
11633:
11630:
11626:
11623:
11619:
11616:
11612:
11609:
11605:
11602:
11598:
11594:
11590:
11586:
11583:
11579:
11576:
11572:
11569:
11565:
11562:
11558:
11557:
11555:
11553:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11540:
11527:
11523:
11520:
11516:
11513:
11512:Comfort women
11509:
11506:
11502:
11499:
11496: /
11495:
11491:
11488:
11485: /
11484:
11481: /
11480:
11476:
11473:
11472:Camp brothels
11469:
11466:
11462:
11461:
11457:
11454:
11450:
11445:
11441:
11438:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11427:
11422:
11418:
11415:
11411:
11408:
11404:
11403:
11401:
11397:
11394:
11390:
11385:
11381:
11376:
11372:
11369:
11365:
11364:
11362:
11361:The Holocaust
11358:
11355:
11351:
11348:
11347:forced labour
11344:
11343:
11341:
11337:
11332:
11328:
11325:
11321:
11318:
11314:
11313:
11311:
11307:
11306:
11304:
11302:
11298:
11291:
11287:
11284:
11280:
11277:
11273:
11268:
11264:
11261:
11257:
11254:
11250:
11247:
11243:
11242:
11240:
11236:
11233:
11232:
11227:
11224:
11223:
11218:
11215:
11211:
11208:
11204:
11201:
11200:Marshall Plan
11197:
11194:
11193:
11188:
11185:
11181:
11178:
11174:
11171:
11167:
11164:
11160:
11157:
11153:
11150:
11146:
11143:
11139:
11136:
11132:
11131:
11129:
11127:
11123:
11116:
11112:
11107:
11103:
11102:
11100:
11096:
11093:
11089:
11084:
11080:
11077:
11073:
11070:
11066:
11065:
11063:
11059:
11054:
11053:Eastern Front
11050:
11047:
11046:Western Front
11043:
11042:
11040:
11036:
11031:
11027:
11024:
11020:
11017:
11013:
11010:
11006:
11003:
10999:
10996:
10992:
10991:
10989:
10985:
10984:
10982:
10980:
10976:
10969:
10965:
10962:
10958:
10955:
10951:
10948:
10944:
10941:
10940:Puppet states
10937:
10934:
10930:
10927:
10923:
10918:
10914:
10911:
10907:
10906:
10904:
10900:
10897:
10893:
10890:
10886:
10883:
10882:Naval history
10879:
10876:
10872:
10869:
10865:
10862:
10858:
10853:
10849:
10848:
10846:
10842:
10839:
10835:
10830:
10829:United States
10826:
10823:
10819:
10816:
10812:
10811:
10809:
10805:
10802:
10798:
10795:
10791:
10788:
10784:
10781:
10777:
10774:
10770:
10767:
10763:
10758:
10754:
10753:
10751:
10747:
10746:
10744:
10742:
10738:
10735:
10731:
10724:
10720:
10717:
10713:
10708:
10704:
10701:
10697:
10694:
10690:
10689:
10685:
10680:
10676:
10675:
10673:
10669:
10666:
10662:
10661:
10658:
10654:
10647:
10642:
10640:
10635:
10633:
10628:
10627:
10624:
10618:
10615:
10612:
10609:
10606:
10602:
10599:
10596:
10593:
10590:
10587:
10586:
10568:
10564:
10560:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10545:
10541:
10535:
10531:
10526:
10522:
10516:
10512:
10508:
10504:
10503:
10497:
10494:
10493:1-56512-249-6
10490:
10486:
10482:
10478:
10474:
10469:
10465:
10461:
10457:
10453:
10449:
10447:
10442:
10436:
10432:
10427:
10423:
10417:
10413:
10412:
10406:
10402:
10398:
10394:
10390:
10386:
10382:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10365:
10359:
10355:
10350:
10346:
10342:
10338:
10332:
10328:
10323:
10319:
10313:
10309:
10304:
10300:
10294:
10290:
10285:
10282:
10281:0-8117-2433-6
10278:
10274:
10270:
10266:
10262:
10258:
10254:
10253:Cox, Geoffrey
10250:
10247:
10246:0-87013-167-2
10243:
10239:
10235:
10231:
10225:
10221:
10216:
10215:
10204:(in Finnish).
10203:
10198:
10194:
10192:5-7838-0583-1
10188:
10184:
10179:
10176:(in Finnish).
10175:
10170:
10167:(in Finnish).
10166:
10161:
10158:(in Finnish).
10157:
10152:
10137:
10129:
10125:
10124:
10118:
10115:(in Finnish).
10114:
10109:
10106:(in Finnish).
10105:
10100:
10096:
10087:
10083:
10077:
10073:
10069:
10064:
10049:
10041:
10037:
10036:
10030:
10018:
10014:
10012:5-17-009849-9
10008:
10004:
10000:
9993:
9989:
9987:951-0-14299-9
9983:
9980:]. WSOY.
9979:
9975:
9970:
9966:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9947:
9944:(in Finnish).
9943:
9938:
9926:
9922:
9921:
9916:
9909:
9906:(in Finnish).
9905:
9900:
9897:(in Finnish).
9896:
9891:
9887:
9883:
9879:
9875:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9839:952-90-5251-0
9835:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9820:(in Finnish).
9819:
9814:
9811:(in Finnish).
9810:
9805:
9801:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9779:
9776:(in Finnish).
9775:
9770:
9767:(in Finnish).
9766:
9761:
9758:(in Finnish).
9757:
9751:
9747:
9745:951-0-28690-7
9741:
9737:
9733:
9728:
9724:
9719:
9716:(in Finnish).
9715:
9710:
9706:
9704:951-20-6911-3
9700:
9696:
9692:
9687:
9684:(in Finnish).
9683:
9678:
9674:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9655:
9643:
9639:
9637:5-9524-2324-8
9633:
9629:
9625:
9618:
9606:
9602:
9598:
9594:
9590:
9585:
9579:
9576:(in Finnish).
9575:
9571:
9567:
9563:
9557:
9553:
9549:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9484:
9480:
9478:951-98057-0-2
9474:
9470:
9466:
9461:
9458:(in Finnish).
9457:
9452:
9449:(in Finnish).
9448:
9443:
9440:(in Finnish).
9439:
9434:
9430:
9424:
9420:
9411:
9407:
9403:
9398:
9394:
9388:
9384:
9379:
9375:
9373:951-20-7042-1
9369:
9365:
9361:
9356:
9352:
9346:
9342:
9337:
9333:
9327:
9324:]. WSOY.
9323:
9319:
9314:
9311:(in Finnish).
9310:
9305:
9293:
9290:(4): 99â108.
9289:
9285:
9281:
9276:
9264:
9260:
9258:5-87849-171-0
9254:
9250:
9246:
9239:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9214:
9213:
9201:
9195:
9191:
9186:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9162:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9135:
9130:
9126:
9120:
9116:
9115:
9109:
9105:
9103:0-7146-4314-9
9099:
9096:. Routledge.
9095:
9090:
9086:
9084:1-85410-881-6
9080:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9062:0-85955-196-2
9058:
9054:
9049:
9037:
9033:
9027:
9023:
9022:
9017:
9016:Tanner, VÀinö
9013:
9009:
9003:
8999:
8994:
8990:
8985:
8982:
8978:
8974:
8968:
8964:
8963:
8957:
8953:
8947:
8943:
8938:
8934:
8932:0-08-033592-6
8928:
8924:
8919:
8907:
8903:
8897:
8893:
8892:
8886:
8882:
8876:
8872:
8867:
8855:
8851:
8847:
8843:
8837:
8833:
8832:
8826:
8822:
8816:
8812:
8807:
8803:
8801:0-415-22404-7
8797:
8794:. Routledge.
8793:
8788:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8743:
8731:
8727:
8725:1-85367-280-7
8721:
8717:
8716:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8698:
8694:
8689:
8685:
8679:
8675:
8670:
8666:
8661:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8631:
8627:
8622:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8598:
8592:
8588:
8583:
8579:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8543:
8539:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8516:
8512:
8511:
8505:
8501:
8499:0-8133-0149-1
8495:
8491:
8486:
8482:
8477:
8473:
8467:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8452:
8446:
8445:Dallin, David
8442:
8438:
8436:0-8047-1160-7
8432:
8428:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8385:
8381:
8375:
8371:
8366:
8362:
8356:
8352:
8347:
8343:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8328:Bullock, Alan
8325:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8300:
8299:
8282:
8277:
8270:
8269:Sedlar (2007)
8265:
8259:, pp. 277â279
8258:
8253:
8246:
8241:
8234:
8229:
8222:
8217:
8210:
8205:
8199:, pp. 893â896
8198:
8193:
8186:
8181:
8174:
8169:
8162:
8157:
8151:, pp. 145â146
8150:
8145:
8138:
8133:
8127:
8122:
8115:
8114:Reiter (2009)
8110:
8103:
8098:
8091:
8090:Dallin (1942)
8086:
8079:
8078:Halsti (1955)
8074:
8067:
8062:
8055:
8050:
8044:, pp. 272â273
8043:
8038:
8031:
8026:
8020:, pp. 238â239
8019:
8014:
8008:, pp. 237â238
8007:
8002:
7995:
7990:
7988:
7980:
7975:
7973:
7965:
7960:
7958:
7950:
7945:
7939:, pp. 235â236
7938:
7933:
7931:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7887:
7882:
7875:
7870:
7863:
7858:
7856:
7849:, pp. 194â202
7848:
7843:
7836:
7831:
7825:, pp. 189â190
7824:
7819:
7812:
7807:
7805:
7798:
7793:
7791:
7784:, pp. 142â143
7783:
7778:
7771:
7766:
7759:
7754:
7748:
7743:
7727:
7723:
7722:
7717:
7711:
7704:
7699:
7692:
7687:
7681:, pp. 249â251
7680:
7675:
7669:, pp. 260â295
7668:
7663:
7657:, pp. 247â248
7656:
7651:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7596:
7591:
7585:, pp. 246â247
7584:
7579:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7520:
7513:
7508:
7501:
7496:
7489:
7484:
7477:
7472:
7465:
7460:
7453:
7448:
7442:, pp. 426â427
7441:
7436:
7430:, pp. 214â215
7429:
7424:
7422:
7420:
7413:, pp. 424â425
7412:
7407:
7405:
7398:, pp. 203â204
7397:
7392:
7385:
7384:Reiter (2009)
7380:
7373:
7372:Reiter (2009)
7368:
7362:, pp. 152â153
7361:
7356:
7350:, pp. 694â696
7349:
7344:
7337:
7332:
7325:
7320:
7313:
7308:
7301:
7296:
7290:, pp. 191â192
7289:
7284:
7277:
7272:
7266:, pp. 607â608
7265:
7260:
7253:
7248:
7242:, pp. 187â188
7241:
7236:
7229:
7224:
7222:
7214:
7208:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7187:
7181:, pp. 545â549
7180:
7175:
7169:, pp. 178â180
7168:
7163:
7156:
7151:
7145:, pp. 171â174
7144:
7139:
7137:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7118:
7112:
7106:, pp. 217â218
7105:
7100:
7093:
7088:
7081:
7076:
7069:
7064:
7057:
7052:
7045:
7040:
7034:, pp. 559â561
7033:
7028:
7022:, pp. 516â517
7021:
7016:
7009:
7004:
6997:
6992:
6986:, pp. 510â511
6985:
6980:
6973:
6968:
6961:
6957:
6954:
6949:
6942:
6937:
6930:
6925:
6918:
6913:
6907:, pp. 504â505
6906:
6901:
6894:
6889:
6882:
6877:
6871:, pp. 411â412
6870:
6865:
6858:
6853:
6847:, pp. 494â495
6846:
6841:
6834:
6829:
6827:
6820:, pp. 148â149
6819:
6814:
6808:, pp. 131â132
6807:
6802:
6796:, pp. 297â298
6795:
6790:
6788:
6781:, pp. 145â146
6780:
6775:
6773:
6766:, pp. 289â290
6765:
6760:
6753:
6748:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6711:
6706:
6699:
6694:
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6446:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6432:
6427:
6425:
6417:
6412:
6410:
6402:
6401:Kotkin (2017)
6397:
6390:
6385:
6378:
6373:
6366:
6361:
6354:
6349:
6342:
6337:
6330:
6325:
6318:
6313:
6311:
6304:, pp. 994â995
6303:
6298:
6291:
6286:
6279:
6274:
6267:
6262:
6255:
6250:
6243:
6238:
6231:
6226:
6219:
6214:
6207:
6206:Kotkin (2017)
6202:
6196:, pp. 974-975
6195:
6194:Kotkin (2017)
6190:
6183:
6182:Kotkin (2017)
6178:
6172:
6167:
6160:
6155:
6148:
6143:
6136:
6131:
6124:
6119:
6112:
6111:Sander (2013)
6107:
6100:
6095:
6089:
6088:Coates (1940)
6084:
6077:
6072:
6065:
6060:
6053:
6048:
6041:
6040:Tanner (1950)
6036:
6030:
6025:
6019:
6014:
6007:
6006:Kilin (2007a)
6002:
5995:
5994:Tanner (1950)
5990:
5982:
5980:951-710-050-7
5976:
5972:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5949:
5947:
5939:
5934:
5927:
5926:Murphy (2021)
5922:
5915:
5910:
5903:
5902:Kotkin (2017)
5898:
5891:
5890:Kotkin (2017)
5886:
5884:
5876:
5875:Kotkin (2017)
5871:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5848:Kotkin (2017)
5844:
5837:
5836:Kotkin (2017)
5832:
5825:
5824:Kotkin (2017)
5820:
5813:
5812:Kotkin (2017)
5808:
5801:
5800:Kotkin (2017)
5796:
5789:
5788:Kotkin (2017)
5784:
5782:
5775:
5774:Tanner (1950)
5770:
5763:
5758:
5756:
5748:
5747:Kotkin (2017)
5743:
5741:
5733:
5732:Kotkin (2017)
5728:
5721:
5716:
5709:
5708:Kotkin (2017)
5704:
5697:
5696:Kotkin (2017)
5692:
5690:
5683:, pp. 141â148
5682:
5677:
5670:
5665:
5658:
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5651:
5649:
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5639:
5634:
5627:
5622:
5615:
5610:
5603:
5598:
5591:
5586:
5579:
5574:
5567:
5566:Murphy (2021)
5562:
5560:
5552:
5547:
5540:
5535:
5528:
5523:
5516:
5511:
5504:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5488:, pp. 452â454
5487:
5486:Engman (2007)
5482:
5475:
5470:
5463:
5458:
5451:
5446:
5439:
5434:
5427:
5422:
5415:
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5388:
5383:
5376:
5371:
5364:
5359:
5343:
5339:
5332:
5324:
5317:
5311:, pp. 234â235
5310:
5305:
5303:
5295:
5294:Reiter (2009)
5290:
5283:
5282:Kotkin (2017)
5278:
5271:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5254:
5249:
5247:
5239:
5234:
5232:
5224:
5223:Reiter (2009)
5219:
5217:
5209:
5204:
5202:
5194:
5189:
5187:
5179:
5178:Ravasz (2003)
5174:
5172:
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5147:
5142:
5140:
5133:
5128:
5122:
5117:
5111:
5106:
5099:
5094:
5092:
5085:, pp. 810â811
5084:
5079:
5077:
5075:
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5060:
5058:
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5045:
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5003:
4997:
4995:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4973:
4972:Petrov (2013)
4968:
4966:
4958:
4957:Kilin (2007b)
4953:
4951:
4949:
4941:
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4812:
4805:
4800:
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4782:
4777:
4770:
4765:
4758:
4753:
4747:, pp. 299â300
4746:
4741:
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4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
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4687:
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4670:Grigory Kulik
4667:
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4578:
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4570:
4566:
4560:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4532:
4522:
4515:
4514:Vickers 6-Ton
4511:
4507:
4501:
4494:
4488:
4484:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
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4380:
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4366:Ohto Manninen
4361:
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4285:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4243:Interim Peace
4240:
4231:
4226:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4192:
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4186:
4182:
4178:
4172:
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3999:
3991:
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3960:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3927:
3922:
3912:
3909:
3908:Kyösti Kallio
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3877:
3867:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3850:Gustav V
3846:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3790:
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3767:
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3713:
3707:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3672:
3670:
3667:into Finnish
3666:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3580:heavy cruiser
3577:
3573:
3572:landing craft
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3538:
3531:Naval warfare
3528:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3478:
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3470:
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3423:
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3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3392:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:Pelkosenniemi
3363:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:Lapland Group
3344:
3343:Arctic Circle
3340:
3332:
3327:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3259:North Karelia
3255:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3231:arrive by air
3228:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3203:Kollaa kestÀÀ
3200:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3183:air supremacy
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3167:Ivan Khabarov
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3151:Lauri Tiainen
3144:
3140:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3121:
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3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2930:
2928:
2927:naval gunfire
2924:
2920:
2917:, the Soviet
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:Paavo Talvela
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2842:Taipale river
2839:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2780:
2776:
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2760:
2756:
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2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2689:border guards
2686:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:Hugo Ăsterman
2652:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:unpaved roads
2599:
2594:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
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2536:
2532:
2528:
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2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2447:Georgy Zhukov
2444:
2443:Grigory Kulik
2440:
2439:Dmitry Pavlov
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:regime change
2347:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2184:Aimo Cajander
2181:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:military base
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:Aimo Cajander
2051:
2050:Rudolf Holsti
2047:
2046:Boris Yartsev
2043:
2035:
2031:
2030:field kitchen
2026:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:Joseph Stalin
1977:
1971:Justification
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:anticommunist
1873:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1832:, pro-German
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:Soviet Russia
1807:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1777:Russification
1774:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:Interim Peace
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
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1590:
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1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
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1535:
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1528:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:Naval warfare
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1406:Interim Peace
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1106:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
990:
987:
986:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
963:
960:
959:
958:
955:
954:
953:
952:
946:
943:
941:
938:
934:
931:
929:
928:SyriaâLebanon
926:
924:
921:
920:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
888:
887:
886:
885:
884:
877:
874:
870:
867:
866:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
838:
835:
834:
833:
832:Pacific Ocean
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
822:
821:
812:
809:
808:
807:
804:
802:
801:Eastern Front
799:
795:
792:
791:
790:
787:
785:
782:
778:
775:
774:
773:
770:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
750:Western Front
748:
746:
743:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
708:
702:
697:
694:Campaigns of
688:
683:
681:
676:
674:
669:
668:
665:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
638:
637:
634:
631:
627:
624:
623:
622:
619:
618:
614:
613:
610:
607:
606:
603:North Karelia
602:
601:
598:
595:
591:
588:
587:
586:
583:
582:
578:
577:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
557:
554:
553:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
539:
538:
535:
529:
521:
516:
514:
509:
507:
502:
501:
498:
490:
481:
475:
469:
467:
462:
457:
448:
440:
439:
434:
424:
415:
414:
409:
403:
398:
393:
391:
386:
381:
379:
374:
369:
367:
362:
357:
355:
350:
345:
343:
342:
336:
331:
329:
328:
322:
317:
315:
314:
313:Joseph Stalin
308:
303:
302:
300:
295:
290:
285:
283:
278:
273:
271:
266:
261:
259:
254:
249:
247:
246:Hugo Ăsterman
242:
237:
235:
234:
228:
223:
221:
220:
219:Kyösti Kallio
214:
209:
208:
206:
205:
200:
195:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
175:
171:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
151:
150:
145:
137:
134:and lease of
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
93:
88:
85:
84:
78:
75:
74:
70:
66:
65:Maxim M/09-21
60:
55:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
17636:(son-in-law)
17628:(son-in-law)
17625:Yuri Zhdanov
17532:(first wife)
17521:Keke Geladze
17494:
17383:Antisemitism
17375:
17363:
17356:
17349:
17340:Kremlin Plot
17267:
17205:
17189:
17176:
17081:Tax on trees
17039:Deportations
16776:Stakhanovite
16637:Eastern Bloc
16547:
16538:World War II
16491: /
16378:and politics
16304:
16284:
16246:
16229:
16217:
16134:negotiations
15745:
15736:World War II
15260:Smolensk War
15226:Livonian War
14923:
14904:Conscription
14868:
14865:World War II
14774:
14770:
14766:
14762:
14758:
14754:
14750:Intelligence
14748:
14744:
14743:(Divisions:
14711:Finnish Navy
14701:Finnish Army
14677:Organization
14579:Bibliography
14496:The Kalevala
14495:
14470:Coat of arms
14455:Architecture
14390:Demographics
14314:Nordic model
14288:Central bank
14210:Human rights
14190:Constitution
14020:
13894:Bibliography
13877:
13690:Project Hula
13655:VistulaâOder
13624:
13557:
13548:
13532:
13502:
13451:
13435:
13426:
13417:
13383:
13280:
13195:
13171:
13141:
12892:
12785:
12730:North Africa
12632:
12432:Soviet Union
12386:Soviet Union
12312:Soviet Union
12080:Vatican City
11990:Vichy France
11895:German Reich
11792:Soviet Union
11778:South Africa
11771:Sierra Leone
11724:Newfoundland
11543:Participants
11526:Marocchinate
11230:
11221:
11191:
11069:North Africa
11030:Indian Ocean
10889:Nazi plunder
10780:Cryptography
10653:World War II
10571:. Retrieved
10562:
10547:
10529:
10501:
10484:
10477:The Atlantic
10476:
10455:
10430:
10414:. Casemate.
10410:
10384:
10380:
10353:
10326:
10307:
10288:
10272:
10256:
10237:
10219:
10201:
10182:
10173:
10164:
10155:
10143:. Retrieved
10127:
10122:
10112:
10103:
10094:
10071:
10067:
10055:. Retrieved
10048:the original
10039:
10034:
10021:. Retrieved
10002:
9977:
9973:
9954:
9950:
9941:
9929:. Retrieved
9918:
9903:
9894:
9885:
9881:
9866:. Retrieved
9857:
9829:
9817:
9808:
9789:
9785:
9773:
9764:
9755:
9735:
9731:
9722:
9713:
9694:
9690:
9681:
9662:
9658:
9646:. Retrieved
9627:
9609:. Retrieved
9592:
9588:
9573:
9551:
9547:
9535:
9531:
9519:
9515:
9502:15 September
9500:. Retrieved
9491:
9468:
9464:
9455:
9446:
9437:
9418:
9405:
9401:
9382:
9363:
9359:
9340:
9321:
9317:
9308:
9296:. Retrieved
9287:
9283:
9267:. Retrieved
9263:the original
9248:
9230:. Retrieved
9221:
9189:
9177:. Retrieved
9153:. Retrieved
9132:
9113:
9093:
9074:
9052:
9040:. Retrieved
9020:
8997:
8988:
8980:
8961:
8941:
8922:
8910:. Retrieved
8891:How Wars End
8890:
8870:
8858:. Retrieved
8830:
8810:
8791:
8782:
8762:
8750:
8746:
8734:. Retrieved
8714:
8701:
8695:. MIT Press.
8692:
8673:
8664:
8652:. Retrieved
8648:the original
8625:
8615:29 September
8613:. Retrieved
8609:
8586:
8567:
8564:Glanz, David
8537:
8509:
8489:
8480:
8461:
8450:
8426:
8404:
8388:
8369:
8350:
8331:
8316:. Retrieved
8312:the original
8307:
8276:
8264:
8252:
8240:
8228:
8216:
8209:Kilin (2012)
8204:
8192:
8180:
8173:Yarov (2009)
8168:
8156:
8144:
8137:Lunde (2011)
8132:
8121:
8109:
8097:
8085:
8073:
8061:
8049:
8037:
8025:
8013:
8001:
7944:
7917:. Retrieved
7886:Rigby (2003)
7881:
7869:
7842:
7835:Trotter 2002
7830:
7818:
7777:
7772:, p. 7.
7765:
7758:Kirby (2006)
7753:
7742:
7730:. Retrieved
7719:
7710:
7698:
7686:
7674:
7662:
7650:
7638:. Retrieved
7621:
7617:
7590:
7578:
7566:. Retrieved
7533:
7529:
7519:
7507:
7495:
7483:
7471:
7459:
7447:
7435:
7391:
7379:
7367:
7355:
7343:
7331:
7319:
7307:
7295:
7283:
7271:
7259:
7247:
7235:
7213:IlmahÀlytys!
7212:
7207:
7191:
7190:Esko Lammi:
7186:
7174:
7162:
7150:
7127:
7111:
7104:Kulju (2007)
7099:
7087:
7080:Kulju (2007)
7075:
7068:Kulju (2007)
7063:
7051:
7039:
7027:
7015:
7003:
6991:
6979:
6967:
6962:(in Finnish)
6948:
6936:
6924:
6912:
6900:
6888:
6876:
6864:
6852:
6840:
6813:
6801:
6759:
6747:
6735:. Retrieved
6726:
6717:
6705:
6693:
6681:
6669:
6657:
6645:
6633:
6621:
6609:
6597:
6555:
6544:
6532:
6520:
6508:
6482:
6471:
6464:Nenye (2015)
6459:
6396:
6384:
6372:
6360:
6348:
6336:
6324:
6297:
6285:
6273:
6261:
6254:Glanz (1998)
6249:
6237:
6225:
6213:
6201:
6189:
6177:
6166:
6159:Nenye (2015)
6154:
6142:
6137:, pp. 50, 51
6135:Nenye (2015)
6130:
6123:Nenye (2015)
6118:
6113:, pp. 38, 39
6106:
6094:
6083:
6071:
6059:
6054:, pp. 58, 61
6047:
6035:
6024:
6013:
6008:, pp. 99â100
6001:
5989:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5933:
5921:
5909:
5897:
5870:
5861:
5855:
5843:
5831:
5819:
5807:
5795:
5769:
5727:
5715:
5703:
5676:
5664:
5633:
5621:
5609:
5597:
5585:
5573:
5546:
5534:
5522:
5510:
5481:
5469:
5457:
5445:
5433:
5421:
5409:
5387:Trotter 2002
5382:
5375:Hough (2019)
5370:
5358:
5346:. Retrieved
5331:
5322:
5316:
5289:
5277:
5127:
5116:
5105:
5098:Kilin (1999)
5049:Kilin (1999)
5016:11 September
5014:. Retrieved
5005:
4904:Malmi (1999)
4835:
4823:
4816:Kilin (1999)
4811:
4799:
4787:
4776:
4764:
4752:
4740:
4720:Unknown 137;
4695:
4686:
4677:
4660:
4647:
4634:
4622:
4618:
4606:
4598:
4597:. The names
4577:Vinterkriget
4559:
4541:
4531:
4521:
4500:
4493:White Guards
4487:
4400:Paul Reynaud
4392:
4375:
4362:
4351:
4347:Pavel Petrov
4330:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4302:Soviet Union
4284:East Karelia
4272:
4267:Adolf Hitler
4263:
4247:
4235:
4232:19 May 1940.
4173:
4165:
4157:
4141:
4126:
4079:
4063:
4054:
4048:
4000:
3996:
3948:
3932:
3888:
3847:
3842:Leon Trotsky
3833:
3823:
3815:
3796:
3787:
3783:
3775:
3758:
3749:
3745:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3686:
3678:
3662:
3648:
3637:
3631:
3623:minesweepers
3607:Finnish Navy
3604:
3582:, almost 20
3568:Baltic Fleet
3556:ice breakers
3545:
3505:
3490:
3449:
3443:
3399:
3374:
3355:
3336:
3309:
3299:
3287:
3263:at Ilomantsi
3256:
3252:Matti Aarnio
3247:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3223:
3187:
3148:
3127:
3117:
3109:
3098:
3087:Maginot Line
3083:
3070:
3064:
3041:
3038:is pictured.
2999:
2979:ski troopers
2959:
2905:attacked at
2897:attacked at
2891:
2835:
2828:
2813:bogie wheels
2796:
2748:
2712:
2697:Wiljo Tuompo
2695:units under
2691:and drafted
2644:
2636:MosinâNagant
2619:
2604:
2593:Finnish Army
2524:
2509:
2503:
2486:
2484:
2420:
2412:
2400:fire support
2384:
2366:
2358:
2339:
2332:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2301:, named the
2296:
2288:
2272:
2265:
2241:
2231:
2216:
2211:Vaino Tanner
2207:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2172:
2120:
2113:
2105:mobilisation
2066:
2062:
2039:
2014:Negotiations
2008:Nazi Germany
1991:VÀinö Tanner
1974:
1912:
1865:
1838:
1814:Soviet Union
1812:, later the
1781:
1765:buffer state
1739:
1645:Adolf Hitler
1629:
1621:
1570:
1558:World War II
1550:Soviet Union
1545:
1543:
1435:
1400:
1332:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1246:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1194:
1187:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1149:
1141:
1122:
1114:
1013:
1012:
1001:Indian Ocean
962:EcuadorâPeru
950:
949:
919:Middle East
893:North Africa
881:
880:
820:Asia-Pacific
818:
817:
727:
705:
696:World War II
527:
488:
465:
450:20â30 tanks
422:114 aircraft
339:
325:
311:
294:Wiljo Tuompo
231:
217:
187:Soviet Union
177:
176:
153:
152:
147:Belligerents
49:Part of the
36:
17392:Remembrance
17358:Animal Farm
17184:Stalin Note
16871:Great Purge
16839:Great Break
16731:Great Break
16452:(1928â1941)
16368:(1946â1953)
16362:(1922â1952)
15842:Vietnam War
15712: [
15571:World War I
15492:Crimean War
15425:Finnish War
15341:(1740â1748)
15330:(1733â1738)
15255:Ingrian War
14971:(including
14877:Lapland War
14785:Specialized
14283:Agriculture
14127:Urban areas
14031:Lapland War
13996:Grand Duchy
13991:Finnish War
13625:Bodenplatte
13511:Gothic Line
12737:West Africa
12284:Philippines
12263:Netherlands
12128:Czech lands
12066:Switzerland
12010:Afghanistan
11961:Philippines
11829:Puerto Rico
11745:Philippines
11731:New Zealand
11717:Netherlands
11670:Free France
11421:Prosecution
11222:Osoaviakhim
11092:West Africa
11076:East Africa
10723:Conferences
9570:Kilin, Yuri
9544:Kilin, Juri
9528:Kilin, Juri
9512:Kilin, Juri
9232:2 September
9165:Iltasanomat
9155:14 December
8860:22 December
8283:, pp. 13â14
7864:, pp. 21â22
7837:, pp. 14â16
6883:, pp. 87â89
6835:, pp. 62â63
6737:10 February
6712:, pp. 53â54
6688:, pp. 51â55
6676:, pp. 76â78
6664:, pp. 72â73
6577:, pp. 48â51
6503:, pp. 42â44
6433:, pp. 38â39
6355:, pp. 35â36
6317:Coox (1985)
6302:Coox (1985)
6290:Coox (1985)
6266:Ries (1988)
5996:, pp. 85â86
5955:, pp. 44â45
5916:, pp. 77â78
5914:Ries (1988)
5764:, pp. 41â43
5722:, pp. 14â16
5671:, pp. 55â56
5669:Ries (1988)
5659:, pp. 38â41
5628:, pp. 34â35
5616:, pp. 32â33
5604:, pp. 12â13
5553:, pp. 32â33
5529:, pp. 43â46
5505:, pp. 30â33
5452:, pp. 26â27
5440:, pp. 33â34
5428:, pp. 21â24
5348:19 December
5163:pp. 188â217
5006:rus-sky.com
4942:, pp. 77â78
4550:, but also
4402:as the new
4324:perestroika
4209:Lapland War
4189:Scandinavia
3944:Barents Sea
3834:Studie Nord
3766:bombardment
3638:VÀinÀmöinen
3627:icebreakers
3576:battleships
3564:Soviet Navy
3517:Lotta SvÀrd
3438:Rail tracks
3036:Timo Murama
3032:Kianta Lake
3010:frostbitten
2911:Suomussalmi
2744:his cabinet
2535:13th Armies
2386:politician
2256:journalists
2243:casus belli
2180:Eljas Erkko
1999:Great Purge
1960:Pork Mutiny
1950:, with its
1936:White Guard
1783:World War I
1750:Finnish War
1637:sovereignty
1633:Lake Ladoga
1421:Lapland War
1331:Attacks on
1201:Lapland War
984:Air Warfare
898:East Africa
621:Suomussalmi
474:frostbitten
452:62 aircraft
109:Territorial
17758:Winter War
17752:Categories
17707:Lake Ritsa
17687:Uspenskoye
17604:(grandson)
17588:(grandson)
17580:(daughter)
17335:Trotskyism
17307:opposition
16983:Lysenkoism
16669:Korean War
16548:Winter War
16436:Chronology
16427:Death toll
16392:Early life
16292:Baltic Way
16241:Basis Nord
16218:Winter War
16151:Axis talks
15877:Ogaden War
15827:Korean War
15746:Winter War
15615:Heimosodat
15202:Tsardom of
14869:Winter War
14767:C5 Systems
14755:Operations
14642:Leadership
14490:Literature
14405:Healthcare
14242:Parliament
14205:Government
14021:Winter War
13974:Cudgel War
13964:Prehistory
13725:West Hunan
13558:Pointblank
12894:Silver Fox
12880:Summer War
12633:Winter War
12612:Phoney War
12393:Azerbaijan
12354:Yugoslavia
12249:Luxembourg
12091:Resistance
11838:Yugoslavia
11703:Luxembourg
11505:Sook Ching
11301:War crimes
10903:Technology
10896:Opposition
10838:Lend-Lease
10815:Australian
10808:Home front
10766:Blitzkrieg
10716:Casualties
10707:Commanders
10679:Operations
10573:11 January
10539:097310533X
10081:8202218284
10057:26 January
9868:29 October
9428:5754507356
9179:3 December
8912:29 October
8873:. Osprey.
8850:1261364794
8736:12 October
8654:18 October
8628:. Osprey.
8556:9401179646
8391:. London:
8318:5 November
7200:9529017073
4609:(Russian:
4601:(Russian:
4506:Renault FT
4213:See also:
4137:oil fields
4087:Carl Geust
3963:TytÀrsaari
3935:cease-fire
3712:Kaarnajoki
3682:Kuivasaari
3584:destroyers
3560:submarines
3548:Baltic Sea
3477:Tikkakoski
3410:Tupolev SB
3219:TolvajÀrvi
3207:Simo HÀyhÀ
3143:Simo HÀyhÀ
3069:(called a
3020:See also:
2987:olive drab
2942:See also:
2887:TolvajÀrvi
2749:Headed by
2740:Risto Ryti
2640:7.62Ă54mmR
2591:See also:
2504:Blitzkrieg
2488:Blitzkrieg
2467:See also:
2354:Yuri Kilin
2346:Dan Reiter
2238:false flag
2095:were soon
1874:organised
1762:autonomous
1748:waged the
1702:See also:
1677:See also:
1667:Background
1659:, and the
1655:commenced
1601:Raate Road
1587:along the
1546:Winter War
1450:Background
1436:Winter War
1401:Winter War
1325:Zitronella
1311:Gearbox II
1247:WeserĂŒbung
1188:Silver Fox
1177:Winter War
1123:WeserĂŒbung
1025:Yugoslavia
1006:Madagascar
969:Antarctica
940:Dodecanese
760:Resistance
728:Winter War
718:Phoney War
626:Raate Road
585:TolvajÀrvi
573:Vyborg Bay
568:Honkaniemi
528:Winter War
445:800â1,100
63:A Finnish
44:Winter War
17697:New Athos
16963:Hotel Lux
16946:Vinnytsia
16901:Chortkiv
16891:Berezwecz
16886:Berezhany
16854:Holodomor
16711:Stalinism
16649:Cominform
16385:Overviews
16263:Aftermath
16117:Political
15497:Ă
land War
15465:Murid War
15304:18thâ19th
14811:Auxiliary
14759:Logistics
14745:Personnel
14514:Mythology
14410:Languages
14395:Education
14349:Transport
14252:President
14215:Judiciary
14195:Elections
14152:JyvÀskylÀ
14105:Provinces
14058:Geography
14011:Civil War
13790:Manchuria
13676:Indochina
13452:Bagration
12903:Lithuania
12548:Anschluss
12345:Viet Minh
12242:Lithuania
12184:Hong Kong
11954:Manchukuo
11909:Azad Hind
11568:Australia
11368:Aftermath
11231:Paperclip
11126:Aftermath
10926:Total war
10794:Diplomacy
10757:In Europe
10605:CC BY 4.0
10464:155723998
10401:110326295
10345:899228795
9601:1998-5053
9492:Iltalehti
9298:23 August
9073:(2002) .
9042:3 October
9018:(1957) .
8712:(1997b).
8529:759509883
8403:(2007) .
8372:. Brill.
7630:2736-9722
7558:155013785
7550:0707-5332
6515:pp. 95â99
5904:, pp. 974
5802:, pp. 965
5734:, pp. 962
5710:, pp. 963
5698:, pp. 960
5404:, pp. 4â6
5389:, pp. 3â5
4876:, p. 1152
4733:Citations
4588:romanized
4569:talvisota
4526:aircraft.
4510:pillboxes
4185:Trondheim
4071:Huittinen
4027:Norwegian
4023:Max Manus
3959:Suursaari
3899:armistice
3807:Stockholm
3632:Ilmarinen
3619:minelayer
3430:munitions
3370:battalion
3362:KemijÀrvi
3331:KemijÀrvi
3314:in detail
3244:pillboxes
3215:ĂglĂ€jĂ€rvi
3175:Sortavala
3006:frostbite
2995:snowsuits
2850:artillery
2821:flammable
2693:reservist
2580:Rovaniemi
2564:14th Army
2433:from the
2281:in 1991.
2164:PorajÀrvi
2101:ultimatum
2093:Lithuania
1983:Leningrad
1795:Bolshevik
1573:Leningrad
1475:Aftermath
1207:Tanne Ost
1142:Valentine
876:Australia
772:Alps 1940
765:1944â1945
609:Ilomantsi
590:Varolampi
563:2nd Summa
546:1st Summa
118:islands,
17737:Category
17677:Kuntsevo
17524:(mother)
17516:(father)
16951:Zolochiv
16936:Valozhyn
16906:Kurapaty
16704:Concepts
16617:Cold War
16306:Category
16196:Military
16165:Economic
16030:Cold War
15892:Gulf War
15248:and the
15121:Internal
14977:Imperial
14771:Training
14684:Branches
14588:Category
14485:Folklore
14427:Religion
14375:Abortion
14334:Taxation
14324:Startups
14304:Industry
14230:Military
14173:Politics
14159:Wildlife
14132:Helsinki
13948:articles
13901:Category
13850:document
13760:document
13617:Ardennes
13601:Budapest
13549:Crossbow
13427:Overlord
13266:Smolensk
12484:Timeline
12319:Slovakia
12305:Thailand
12156:Ethiopia
12121:Bulgaria
12045:Portugal
11983:Thailand
11865:Bulgaria
11643:Eswatini
11636:Ethiopia
11589:Bulgaria
11414:Unit 731
11375:Response
11192:Keelhaul
11142:Cold War
11115:Americas
11106:timeline
11099:Atlantic
10979:Theaters
10567:Archived
10454:(1948).
10372:41278218
10255:(1941).
10145:13 March
10136:Archived
10017:Archived
9925:Archived
9880:(1958).
9862:Archived
9850:(2000).
9828:(1994).
9784:(2008).
9642:Archived
9605:Archived
9496:Archived
9292:Archived
9226:Archived
9173:Archived
9149:Archived
9141:Yle News
9129:Archived
9036:Archived
8977:Archived
8906:Archived
8854:Archived
8761:(1941).
8730:Archived
8566:(1998).
8447:(1942).
8425:(1985).
8330:(1993).
8235:, p. 263
8223:, p. 191
8163:, p. 190
8116:, p. 132
8104:, p. 863
8092:, p. 191
8080:, p. 412
8068:. p. 177
8056:, p. 365
8032:, p. 239
7996:, p. 146
7981:, p. 237
7966:, p. 145
7951:, p. 141
7913:Archived
7876:, p. 776
7760:, p. 215
7732:13 March
7726:Archived
7721:Yle News
7705:, p. 254
7640:6 August
7634:Archived
7597:, p. 261
7568:6 August
7562:Archived
7502:, p. 452
7490:, p. 233
7466:, p. 218
7454:, p. 430
7374:, p. 126
7338:, p. 130
7326:, p. 692
7314:, p. 678
7302:, p. 681
7278:, p. 189
7254:, p. 157
7230:, p. 193
7157:, p. 164
7120:Archived
7094:, p. 283
7082:, p. 229
7070:, p. 230
7058:, p. 150
7046:, p. 550
6998:, p. 514
6974:, p. 110
6956:Archived
6931:, p. 520
6919:, p. 506
6895:, p. 113
6859:, p. 407
6754:, p. 292
6731:Archived
6700:, p. 121
6628:, p. 235
6418:, p. 204
6403:, p. 994
6379:, p. 125
6331:, p. 167
6319:, p. 997
6292:, p. 996
6280:, p. 189
6244:, p. 489
6232:, p. 450
6101:, p. 237
6042:, p. 114
5940:, p. 105
5877:, p. 975
5850:, p. 973
5838:, p. 971
5826:, p. 966
5790:, p. 964
5749:, p. 970
5342:Archived
5240:, p. xvi
5225:, p. 124
5100:, p. 381
5066:, p. 286
5036:, p. 815
5010:Archived
4988:, p. 340
4925:, p. 160
4906:, p. 792
4891:, p. 821
4857:, p. 187
4842:, p. 260
4818:, p. 383
4771:, p. 318
4651:See the
4638:See the
4410:See also
4134:Caucasus
4115:through
4082:Ruskeala
4075:LempÀÀlÀ
3967:Koivisto
3762:mock-ups
3720:Koivisto
3621:and six
3615:gunboats
3592:Paldiski
3552:warships
3513:windsock
3509:air base
3446:Helsinki
3424:and the
3163:division
3159:brigades
2967:uniforms
2844:and the
2755:Terijoki
2574:port of
2568:Murmansk
2553:9th Army
2542:8th Army
2531:7th Army
2469:Red Army
2456:BT tanks
2309:stated:
2274:glasnost
2191:Terijoki
1853:materiel
1641:Red Army
1579:and the
1455:Timeline
1442:Articles
1344:Finnmark
1290:Gauntlet
1278:Claymore
1266:Alphabet
1241:incident
1163:Bornholm
1156:Isefjord
1045:Bulgaria
974:Atlantic
957:Americas
910:Adriatic
480:captured
458:damaged
447:captured
420:32 tanks
411:Strength
90:Eastern
86:Location
17712:Sukhumi
17673:Dachas
17664:Kureika
17054:Koreans
16941:Vileyka
16642:Comecon
16467:Sovkhoz
16462:Kolkhoz
16376:History
15970:Outline
15953:century
15554:century
15306:century
14989:Related
14973:Tsarist
14842:History
14792:FINCENT
14729:Command
14565:Outline
14475:Cuisine
14442:Culture
14420:Swedish
14415:Finnish
14363:Society
14344:Tourism
14271:Economy
14137:Tampere
14110:Regions
14085:Islands
14080:Geology
13956:History
13944:Finland
13827:Shumshu
13594:Hungary
13541:Estonia
13525:Lapland
13503:Dragoon
13436:Neptune
13418:Ichi-Go
13384:Tempest
13326:Changde
13281:Cottage
13173:Jubilee
12889:Finland
12787:Compass
12493:Prelude
12446:Finland
12332:Vietnam
12298:Romania
12170:Germany
12149:Estonia
12135:Denmark
12114:Belgium
12107:Austria
12100:Albania
12031:Ireland
12017:Andorra
12001:Neutral
11968:Romania
11902:Hungary
11887:Finland
11759:Romania
11651:Finland
11629:Denmark
11575:Belgium
11561:Algeria
11267:Romania
11253:Hungary
11009:Pacific
10733:General
10687:Leaders
10672:Battles
10665:Outline
10603:(under
9931:21 June
9611:27 June
8771:1535780
8295:English
7813:, p. 10
7514:, p.215
7478:, p. 77
7130:, 2015.
7010:, p. 44
6652:, p. 69
6640:, p. 54
6616:, p. 58
6592:, p. 61
6527:, p. 47
6466:, p. 54
6454:, p. 13
6391:, p. 14
6367:, p. 93
6268:, p. 56
6256:, p. 58
6220:, p. 34
6161:, p. 51
6149:, p. 98
6125:, p. 50
6078:, p. 78
6066:, p. 93
5592:, p. 15
5580:, p. 52
5541:, p. 13
5517:, p. 31
5464:, p. 18
5365:, p. 10
5323:Memoirs
5272:, p. 55
5255:, p. 17
4959:, p. 91
4830:, p. 43
4806:, p. 63
4759:, p. 83
4573:Swedish
4565:Finnish
4372:Germany
4230:Joensuu
4220:Finland
4121:Petsamo
4117:neutral
4015:Hungary
3852:made a
3689:Russarö
3669:seaways
3600:LiepÄja
3596:Tallinn
3418:Tampere
3339:Lapland
3227:mottis.
3199:Finnish
3179:Joensuu
3091:dugouts
3044:Petsamo
2971:weapons
2858:barrage
2846:Suvanto
2838:Taipale
2777:on the
2615:Mikkeli
2576:Petsamo
2492:tactics
2234:Mainila
2144:Finnish
2132:Russian
2128:Viipuri
1987:fascist
1924:Karelia
1861:Estonia
1758:annexed
1653:Germany
1617:Lapland
1613:Petsamo
1599:and on
1585:Taipale
1554:Finland
1333:Tirpitz
1304:Gearbox
1297:Fritham
1253:Denmark
1239:Altmark
1215:Iceland
1170:Finland
1129:Denmark
1116:Denmark
1050:Hungary
1040:Romania
889:Africa
789:Balkans
784:Britain
738:Lapland
733:Karelia
723:Finland
645:Petsamo
639:Lapland
551:Taipale
530:battles
163:Finland
111:changes
92:Finland
17506:Family
16931:Sambir
16230:LĂŒtzow
15280:Deluge
15204:Russia
14983:times)
14981:Soviet
14969:Russia
14593:Portal
14465:Cinema
14450:Anthem
14302:
14293:Energy
14122:Rivers
13946:
13804:Debate
13776:Taipei
13769:Borneo
13347:Tarawa
12541:Europe
12502:Africa
12291:Poland
12277:Norway
12256:Malaya
12235:Latvia
12177:Greece
12163:France
12059:Sweden
12024:Bhutan
11752:Poland
11738:Norway
11710:Mexico
11677:Greece
11663:France
11601:Canada
11582:Brazil
11552:Allies
11498:Serbia
11487:Poland
11260:Poland
11246:Baltic
11039:Europe
10741:Topics
10693:Allied
10536:
10517:
10491:
10462:
10437:
10418:
10399:
10370:
10360:
10343:
10333:
10314:
10295:
10279:
10265:502873
10263:
10244:
10226:
10189:
10130:]
10078:
10042:]
10023:1 July
10009:
9984:
9961:
9836:
9796:
9742:
9701:
9669:
9648:1 July
9634:
9599:
9558:
9475:
9425:
9389:
9370:
9347:
9328:
9269:1 July
9255:
9196:
9134:alone.
9121:
9100:
9081:
9059:
9028:
9004:
8969:
8948:
8929:
8898:
8877:
8848:
8838:
8817:
8798:
8769:
8722:
8680:
8632:
8593:
8574:
8554:
8544:
8527:
8517:
8496:
8468:
8433:
8411:
8376:
8357:
8338:
8271:, p. 8
8187:p. 264
8175:, p. 7
8139:, p. 9
7919:8 June
7628:
7556:
7548:
7198:
6539:, p. 6
6343:, p. 7
5977:
5928:, p. 9
5640:, p. 6
5568:, p. 7
5416:, p. 3
5210:p. 210
5051:p. 381
4605:) and
4389:Allies
4316:Stavka
4207:, and
4183:, and
4181:Bergen
4177:Namsos
4113:Narvik
4031:Norway
3965:, and
3955:Lipola
3904:Allies
3882:
3872:
3716:Mantsi
3578:, one
3451:Pravda
3310:mottis
3248:mottis
3235:mottis
3191:ridges
3067:pocket
2899:Lieksa
2790:
2784:
2657:. The
2572:Arctic
2557:Kainuu
2516:Stavka
2479:Kollaa
2160:Repola
2136:Vyborg
2089:Latvia
2044:agent
1834:JĂ€gers
1822:Whites
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1605:Kainuu
1593:Kollaa
1318:Leader
1258:Norway
1231:Norway
1195:Orator
1150:Safari
1134:Norway
979:Arctic
811:Sicily
713:Poland
707:Europe
615:Kainuu
597:Kollaa
478:5,572
184:
160:
99:Result
17682:Sochi
17572:(son)
17548:(son)
17540:(son)
17125:Works
16916:Lutsk
16911:Katyn
16896:Dubno
16861:Gulag
16247:Komet
15716:]
14892:Other
14775:Legal
14572:Index
14541:Sport
14536:Sauna
14509:Music
14504:Media
14400:Finns
14380:Crime
14142:Turku
14115:Ă
land
14090:Lakes
13580:Leyte
13410:Narva
13396:Anzio
13354:Makin
13312:Burma
13196:Torch
13165:Rzhev
13126:Kiska
12212:Korea
12198:Japan
12191:Italy
12073:Tibet
12052:Spain
11930:Italy
11691:Italy
11684:India
11608:China
11483:Japan
11083:Italy
10995:China
10947:Women
10595:Finna
10397:S2CID
10139:(PDF)
10132:(PDF)
10126:[
10093:[
10070:[
10051:(PDF)
10044:(PDF)
10038:[
10001:[
9976:[
9953:[
9884:[
9856:[
9788:[
9734:[
9693:[
9661:[
9626:[
9550:[
9534:[
9518:[
9467:[
9417:[
9404:[
9362:[
9320:[
7554:S2CID
5969:[
5195:p. 76
3876:Oesch
3704:Kirov
3698:Kirov
3693:Hanko
3665:mines
3654:Kotka
3649:Tarmo
3643:Turku
3586:, 50
3239:motti
3128:motti
3072:motti
2991:khaki
2923:Salla
2907:Kuhmo
2166:from
1916:Viena
1859:with
1845:Ă
land
1609:Salla
1591:, on
1060:Japan
1035:Italy
1014:Coups
915:Malta
859:Japan
827:China
806:Italy
650:Salla
633:Kuhmo
556:Kelja
136:Hanko
128:Salla
16921:Lviv
16489:16th
16402:Rise
15951:21st
15552:20th
14979:and
14875:and
14480:Flag
14235:NATO
14147:Oulu
13646:1945
13374:1944
13215:1943
13143:Blue
13133:Attu
13040:1942
12799:1941
12651:1940
12589:1939
12518:Asia
12365:POWs
12205:Jews
11923:Iraq
11849:Axis
11799:Tuva
11615:Cuba
10700:Axis
10575:2018
10534:ISBN
10515:ISBN
10489:ISBN
10460:OCLC
10435:ISBN
10416:ISBN
10368:OCLC
10358:ISBN
10341:OCLC
10331:ISBN
10312:ISBN
10293:ISBN
10277:ISBN
10261:OCLC
10242:ISBN
10224:ISBN
10187:ISBN
10147:2022
10076:ISBN
10059:2015
10025:2008
10007:ISBN
9982:ISBN
9959:ISBN
9933:2015
9870:2010
9834:ISBN
9794:ISBN
9740:ISBN
9699:ISBN
9667:ISBN
9650:2008
9632:ISBN
9613:2018
9597:ISSN
9556:ISBN
9504:2020
9473:ISBN
9423:ISBN
9387:ISBN
9368:ISBN
9345:ISBN
9326:ISBN
9300:2020
9271:2008
9253:ISBN
9234:2009
9194:ISBN
9181:2021
9157:2017
9119:ISBN
9098:ISBN
9079:ISBN
9057:ISBN
9044:2020
9026:ISBN
9002:ISBN
8967:ISBN
8946:ISBN
8927:ISBN
8914:2010
8896:ISBN
8875:ISBN
8862:2021
8846:OCLC
8836:ISBN
8815:ISBN
8796:ISBN
8767:OCLC
8738:2015
8720:ISBN
8678:ISBN
8656:2009
8630:ISBN
8617:2020
8591:ISBN
8572:ISBN
8552:OCLC
8542:ISBN
8525:OCLC
8515:ISBN
8494:ISBN
8466:ISBN
8431:ISBN
8409:ISBN
8374:ISBN
8355:ISBN
8336:ISBN
8320:2009
7921:2022
7734:2022
7642:2022
7626:ISSN
7570:2022
7546:ISSN
7196:ISBN
6739:2023
5975:ISBN
5350:2021
5180:p. 3
5018:2018
4548:T-26
4025:, a
3635:and
3605:The
3598:and
3558:and
3300:The
3295:Oulu
3177:and
3100:sisu
3054:and
2969:and
2965:had
2946:and
2919:88th
2903:44th
2830:Alko
2825:fuse
2742:and
2683:The
2668:The
2649:The
2562:The
2551:The
2540:The
2529:The
2307:TASS
2162:and
2091:and
2042:NKVD
1918:and
1905:and
1897:The
1826:Reds
1696:and
1681:and
1611:and
1552:and
1544:The
1223:Fork
1030:Iraq
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