3405:
4185:
2405:
301:
145:
5131:
1854:
33:
5181:
5205:
5120:
1332:
259:(PIL). The presence of a filament channel is a necessary condition for the formation of a prominence, but a filament channel can exist without containing a prominence. Multiple prominences may form and erupt from within one filament channel over the channel's lifetime. The magnetic field making up the filament channel is predominantly horizontal, pointing in the same direction on both sides of the PIL (see
5157:
5108:
5193:
5169:
237:. The spectra of active region prominences is identical to that of the upper chromosphere having strong He II lines but very weak ionized metal lines. On the other hand, the spectra of quiescent prominences is identical to the spectra measured at 1,500 km (930 mi) in the chromosphere with strong H, He I, and ionized metal lines, but weak He II lines.
367:
PIL with positive magnetic polarity, dextral channels have fibrils which stream to the right and barbs which bear to the right, whereas sinistral channels have fibrils which stream to the left and barbs which bear to the left. Additionally, the overlying magnetic arcades of dextral channels are left-skewed, and those of sinistral channels are right-skewed.
394:
366:
The horizontally oriented magnetic field causes chromospheric fibrils along the filament channel to lie nearly parallel to the PIL and anti-parallel to one another on opposite sides of the PIL. The directions that these fibrils are oriented depend on the chirality of the channel. On the side of the
278:
Typical prominences have a narrow structure oriented along the filament channel known as a spine. The spine defines the upper main body of a prominence and is generally in the form of a vertical sheet that diverges towards the photosphere at both ends. Many prominences also have smaller structures
396:
401:
399:
395:
400:
254:
where they are thermally shielded from the surrounding corona and supported against gravity. These channels are found in the chromosphere and lower corona above divisions between regions of opposite photospheric magnetic polarity known as
136:. The following day, Janssen confirmed his measurements by recording the emission lines from the now unobstructed Sun, a task that had never been done before. Using his new techniques, astronomers were able to study prominences daily.
171:
There are a number of different prominence classification schemes in use today. One of the most widely used and basic schemes classifies prominences based on the magnetic environment in which they had formed. There are three classes:
300:
398:
219:, form in the weak background magnetic field far from any active regions. Unlike active region prominences, quiescent prominences are relatively stable and can have lifetimes ranging from weeks to months, hence the name
330:
which can extend from 50,000 to 70,000 km (31,000 to 43,000 mi) into the corona. Above these arcades, the closed coronal magnetic field may extend radially outward, forming what is known as a
79:
Prominences form over timescales of about a day and may persist in the corona for several weeks or months, looping hundreds of thousands of kilometers into space. Some prominences may give rise to
279:
referred to as barbs that similarly diverge from the spine towards the chromosphere and photosphere. Spines and barbs are both composed of thin threads that trace the magnetic field similar to
375:
The exact mechanism which leads to the formation of solar prominences is not currently known. Models must be able to explain the formation of the filament channel and its hemisphere-dependent
413:. These eruptions can have speeds ranging from 600 km/s to more than 1000 km/s. At least 70% of prominence eruptions are associated with an ejection of coronal material into the
363:
if it is oriented leftward. Dextral channels have been found more frequently in the Sun's northern hemisphere and sinistral channels more frequently in the southern hemisphere.
459:
When viewed against the background of space (off-limb), they are referred to as prominences; when viewed against the Sun's surface (on-disk), they are referred to as filaments.
397:
128:
were for the first time able to detect the presence of emission lines from prominences. The detection of a hydrogen line confirmed that prominences were gaseous in nature.
191:
more often than prominences belonging to the other classes. As a consequence of being located within active regions, active region prominences are usually found in low
164:, was considered a solar prominence. Today, due to a better understanding of the diversity of these phenomena, most of these are classified separately, and the word
307:
86:
A typical prominence extends over many thousands of kilometers; the largest on record was estimated at over 800,000 km (500,000 mi) long, roughly of
2354:
2319:
2334:
4184:
3404:
2404:
572:
2314:
148:
Grayscale H-alpha image of the Solar disk showing quiescent filaments (QF), intermediate filaments (IF), and active region filaments (ARF).
266:
Prominence material does not occupy the entire width of the filament channel; a tunnel-like region less dense than the corona, known as a
2349:
2344:
2339:
2329:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
2324:
1965:
725:; Ballester, J. L.; Schmieder, B.; Aulanier, G. (April 2010). "Physics of Solar Prominences: II β Magnetic Structure and Dynamics".
631:
72:. While the corona consists of extremely hot plasma, prominences contain much cooler plasma, similar in composition to that of the
1890:
2024:
117:. From these photographs, altitude, emissivity, and many other important parameters were able to be derived for the first time.
702:
667:
310:
H-alpha image of an active region filament showing a spine, two barbs, and chromospheric fibrils oriented parallel to the PIL
802:
4968:
4718:
4688:
4645:
4615:
4435:
4375:
4330:
4260:
4003:
3933:
3830:
3770:
3765:
3705:
3383:
3348:
3283:
3278:
3213:
2895:
2825:
2795:
2720:
2715:
2635:
2010:
1960:
1384:
583:
294:) where there is a steep temperature gradient. The PCTR is responsible for most of the optical emission of prominences.
229:. Additionally, quiescent prominences generally reach much greater heights in the corona than active region prominences.
4943:
4898:
4893:
4853:
4848:
4828:
4818:
4798:
4773:
4768:
4723:
4650:
4635:
4595:
4575:
4560:
4550:
4525:
4485:
4470:
4410:
4395:
4360:
4320:
4310:
4290:
4265:
4240:
4225:
4205:
4158:
4153:
4123:
4108:
4088:
4048:
4043:
3983:
3978:
3903:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3810:
3805:
3725:
3690:
3655:
3650:
3635:
3615:
3575:
3570:
3555:
3510:
3500:
3485:
3480:
3445:
3440:
3420:
3388:
3328:
3318:
3258:
3228:
3198:
3158:
3153:
3143:
3128:
3123:
3085:
3055:
3025:
3005:
2955:
2950:
2935:
2930:
2885:
2865:
2830:
2765:
2660:
2640:
2605:
2585:
2555:
2550:
2520:
2510:
2490:
1314:
5067:
4973:
4958:
4933:
4918:
4878:
4868:
4833:
4803:
4753:
4748:
4738:
4713:
4708:
4693:
4675:
4640:
4605:
4580:
4570:
4510:
4495:
4455:
4440:
4425:
4405:
4345:
4335:
4270:
4245:
4220:
4163:
4138:
4128:
4098:
4093:
4073:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4013:
3988:
3968:
3963:
3913:
3908:
3890:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3780:
3775:
3755:
3750:
3715:
3685:
3610:
3580:
3545:
3505:
3475:
3430:
3363:
3358:
3293:
3263:
3193:
3090:
3060:
3020:
2995:
2990:
2925:
2920:
2890:
2870:
2855:
2850:
2820:
2805:
2800:
2785:
2755:
2730:
2725:
2695:
2685:
2650:
2620:
2480:
2470:
1678:
1364:
1257:
17:
554:
5072:
4913:
4908:
4783:
4733:
4665:
4660:
4620:
4545:
4505:
4480:
4380:
4370:
4340:
4305:
4255:
4235:
4200:
4063:
3973:
3948:
3943:
3898:
3825:
3800:
3785:
3745:
3740:
3720:
3710:
3675:
3645:
3640:
3565:
3560:
3540:
3490:
3353:
3343:
3323:
3298:
3253:
3248:
3223:
3183:
3178:
3108:
3075:
3010:
2960:
2860:
2790:
2760:
2710:
2690:
2655:
2645:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2540:
2535:
2450:
2445:
2430:
527:
121:
4938:
4873:
4858:
4843:
4823:
4793:
4778:
4683:
4670:
4610:
4600:
4565:
4465:
4430:
4420:
4400:
4365:
4325:
4173:
4168:
4143:
4133:
4103:
4068:
4008:
3860:
3795:
3735:
3730:
3700:
3665:
3660:
3625:
3600:
3595:
3585:
3525:
3520:
3455:
3450:
3338:
3288:
3273:
3243:
3238:
3208:
3188:
3168:
3163:
3138:
3133:
3113:
3095:
3065:
3040:
3035:
2970:
2965:
2750:
2680:
2675:
2615:
2610:
2560:
2545:
2530:
2515:
2420:
351:. When observed from the side of the filament channel with positive magnetic polarity, the channel is said to be
4963:
4953:
4948:
4903:
4813:
4788:
4763:
4758:
4728:
4703:
4698:
4655:
4590:
4540:
4535:
4520:
4515:
4500:
4475:
4445:
4415:
4390:
4355:
4350:
4315:
4300:
4295:
4280:
4275:
4250:
4230:
4210:
4148:
4118:
4083:
4078:
4058:
4053:
4018:
3993:
3958:
3938:
3885:
3880:
3815:
3680:
3670:
3630:
3605:
3590:
3550:
3530:
3515:
3495:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3435:
3393:
3333:
3218:
3173:
3148:
3118:
3100:
3070:
3050:
3045:
3030:
3015:
3000:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2945:
2940:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2875:
2840:
2835:
2770:
2735:
2665:
2570:
2565:
2525:
2505:
2495:
2485:
2475:
2440:
2435:
887:"Physical Conditions in Limb Flares and Active Prominences. IV. Comparison of Active and Quiescent Prominences"
110:
4928:
4888:
4883:
4863:
4838:
4808:
4743:
4630:
4625:
4585:
4555:
4530:
4490:
4450:
4385:
4285:
4113:
4023:
3998:
3953:
3923:
3918:
3855:
3850:
3820:
3790:
3760:
3695:
3535:
3425:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3308:
3303:
3268:
3233:
3203:
3080:
2880:
2845:
2815:
2810:
2780:
2775:
2740:
2705:
2700:
2630:
2625:
2575:
2500:
2465:
2455:
1834:
4923:
4460:
4215:
3928:
3620:
3313:
2745:
2670:
2580:
2460:
2425:
1883:
1839:
1336:
103:
5147:
4994:
1637:
1249:
992:
132:
was also able to detect an emission line corresponding to an at the time unknown element now known as
64:'s surface, often in a loop shape. Prominences are anchored to the Sun's surface in the much brighter
5092:
5004:
4999:
1815:
5225:
5019:
5014:
286:
The cool prominence material that makes up spines and barbsβthe prominence coreβis surrounded by a
234:
1158:"Prominence Eruptions and Coronal Mass Ejection: A Statistical Study Using Microwave Observations"
468:
Divisions between regions of opposite photospheric magnetic polarity are variously referred to as
225:. Quiescent prominences are typically located at high latitudes around what is referred to as the
5134:
5009:
1945:
1876:
1510:
1156:
Gopalswamy, N.; Shimojo, M.; Lu, W.; Yashiro, S.; Shibasaki, K.; Howard, R. A. (March 20, 2003).
930:
4989:
1809:
1652:
1545:
1302:
504:
161:
2388:
1705:
1525:
1357:
418:
388:
192:
152:
Historically, any feature that was visible extending above the surface of the sun, including
144:
80:
5082:
2370:
1789:
1759:
1642:
1577:
1394:
1280:
1222:
1169:
1120:
1007:
945:
898:
794:
744:
684:
280:
125:
821:"Time-Latitude Prominence and the Green Corona Distribution over the Solar Activity Cycle"
8:
5209:
5124:
5087:
5050:
1609:
1284:
1226:
1173:
1124:
1011:
949:
902:
798:
748:
83:. Exact mechanism of prominence generation is an ongoing target of scientific research.
5197:
5185:
1695:
1427:
1187:
1138:
1089:
1028:
963:
760:
734:
359:
221:
2382:
2020:
1829:
1744:
1647:
1310:
1253:
1191:
1142:
1093:
1081:
1033:
967:
764:
698:
663:
1550:
886:
233:
Active region and quiescent prominences can also be differentiated by their emitted
5161:
5112:
2376:
1913:
1444:
1350:
1288:
1230:
1177:
1128:
1109:"A Magnetohydrodynamic Description of Coronal Helmet Streamers Containing a Cavity"
1071:
1023:
1015:
953:
906:
865:
832:
752:
690:
606:
99:
53:
353:
5040:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
1933:
1769:
1749:
1724:
1619:
1564:
1540:
1417:
332:
321:
782:
270:, occupies the volume between the prominence and the overlying magnetic arcade.
5062:
1928:
1739:
1719:
1714:
1502:
1407:
532:
379:, as well as the origin of the dense plasma that makes up the prominence core.
153:
129:
57:
1076:
1059:
1019:
870:
853:
837:
820:
756:
694:
5219:
5077:
5057:
5035:
1899:
1784:
1779:
1754:
1683:
1673:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1487:
1464:
1449:
1085:
430:
184:
157:
114:
41:
5173:
5045:
1918:
1857:
1764:
1734:
1729:
1690:
1520:
1515:
1492:
1474:
1454:
1037:
336:
87:
73:
69:
993:"Solar prominences: theory and models: Fleshing out the magnetic skeleton"
187:. Active region prominences have lifetimes ranging from hours to days and
1700:
1629:
1614:
1599:
1572:
1482:
1436:
958:
722:
440:
435:
206:
98:
The first detailed description of a solar prominence was in 14th-century
65:
327:
1774:
1604:
1412:
1402:
414:
36:
Solar prominence seen in true color during totality of a Solar eclipse.
32:
689:. Cham Heielberg New York Dordrecht London: Springer. pp. 33β37.
183:, form within the relatively strong magnetic fields at the centers of
1657:
1530:
376:
348:
1799:
1293:
1268:
1235:
1210:
1182:
1157:
1133:
1108:
911:
739:
1868:
1459:
1060:"Filament Channels: Essential Ingredients for Filament Formation"
409:
Some prominences are ejected from the Sun in what is known as a
1331:
133:
720:
106:. They were described as "flame-like tongues of live embers".
347:
Filament channels and their prominence, if present, exhibit
1794:
405:
A solar prominence erupting. False color ultraviolet image.
357:
if the horizontal magnetic field is oriented rightward and
5168:
1342:
1155:
168:
is primarily used to refer to larger and cooler features.
1373:
1208:
61:
818:
781:
Menzel, Donald H.; Jones, F. Shirley (December 1962).
5145:
884:
1211:"Formation of solar prominences by flux convergence"
1243:
787:
1266:
573:"1185: The first description of solar prominences"
555:"1185: The first description of solar prominences"
854:"Observations of Filament Structure and Dynamics"
819:Minarovjech, M.; RybanskΓ½, M.; RuΕ‘in, V. (1998).
326:Above filament channels lie overarching magnetic
250:Prominences form in magnetic structures known as
5217:
1301:
814:
812:
885:Zirin, Harold; Tandberg-Hanssen, Einar (1960).
604:
109:Prominences were first photographed during the
582:. UniversitΓ© de MontrΓ©al. 2008. Archived from
528:"Huge Solar Filament Stretches Across the Sun"
1884:
1358:
809:
683:Vial, Jean-Claude; Engvold, OddbjΓΈrn (2015).
658:Vial, Jean-Claude; Engvold, OddbjΓΈrn (2015).
580:Great Moments in the History of Solar Physics
924:
922:
845:
27:Structure extending off of the Sun's surface
1107:Guo, W. P.; Wu, S. T. (February 10, 1998).
1064:International Astronomical Union Colloquium
986:
984:
858:International Astronomical Union Colloquium
825:International Astronomical Union Colloquium
780:
776:
774:
716:
714:
682:
657:
605:Poitevin, Patrick; Edmonds, Joanne (2003).
1891:
1877:
1365:
1351:
1269:"The mass of a solar quiescent prominence"
1057:
559:Solar Physics Historical Timeline (0β1599)
1292:
1234:
1181:
1132:
1075:
1027:
957:
919:
910:
869:
836:
738:
598:
499:
497:
1209:Galsgaard, K.; Longbottom, A.W. (1999).
981:
771:
711:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
525:
519:
392:
143:
31:
928:
851:
676:
636:. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. p. 378.
565:
315:
14:
5218:
990:
783:"Solar Prominence Activity, 1944β1954"
629:
494:
1872:
1346:
1267:Low, B.C.; Fong, B.; Fan, Y. (2003).
1106:
640:
60:structure extending outward from the
446:
245:
288:prominence-corona transition region
273:
24:
1898:
1244:Golub, L.; Pasachoff J.M. (1997).
1202:
991:Gibson, Sarah E. (December 2018).
805:from the original on June 2, 2021.
561:. High Altitude Observatory. 2008.
526:Atkinson, Nancy (August 6, 2012).
25:
5237:
5068:Eclipses in mythology and culture
1324:
931:"Solar Prominences: Observations"
505:"About Filaments and Prominences"
339:or more above the Sun's surface.
139:
5203:
5191:
5179:
5167:
5155:
5130:
5129:
5118:
5106:
5073:List of films featuring eclipses
4183:
3403:
2403:
1853:
1852:
1330:
299:
122:solar eclipse of August 18, 1868
1307:The Nature of Solar Prominences
1149:
1100:
1051:
1000:Living Reviews in Solar Physics
938:Living Reviews in Solar Physics
878:
462:
205:, form between a weak unipolar
68:, and extend outwards into the
623:
547:
453:
335:. These streamers may reach a
260:
111:solar eclipse of July 18, 1860
13:
1:
1835:List of heliophysics missions
487:
240:
188:
48:, sometimes referred to as a
1914:Baily's beads (diamond ring)
1840:Category:Missions to the Sun
474:polarity reversal boundaries
370:
342:
104:solar eclipse of May 1, 1185
7:
1372:
507:. solar.physics.montana.edu
424:
382:
209:regions and active regions.
10:
5242:
1309:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad.
1250:Cambridge University Press
852:Engvold, OddbjΓΈrn (1998).
607:"Solar Eclipse Newsletter"
386:
319:
93:
5101:
5093:Solar eclipses in fiction
5028:
4982:
4182:
3402:
2402:
2363:
2307:
2019:
1953:
1944:
1906:
1848:
1822:
1816:G-type main-sequence star
1808:
1666:
1628:
1563:
1501:
1473:
1435:
1426:
1393:
1380:
1162:The Astrophysical Journal
1113:The Astrophysical Journal
1077:10.1017/S0252921100047709
1020:10.1007/s41116-018-0016-2
929:Parenti, Susanna (2014).
891:The Astrophysical Journal
871:10.1017/S0252921100047229
838:10.1017/S0252921100048132
757:10.1007/s11214-010-9628-0
695:10.1007/978-3-319-10416-4
177:Active region prominences
1679:In mythology and culture
470:polarity inversion lines
257:polarity inversion lines
199:Intermediate prominences
5125:Solar System portal
1303:Tandberg-Hanssen, Einar
1058:Gaizauskas, V. (1998).
630:Secchi, Angelo (1870).
181:active region filaments
1546:Supra-arcade downflows
406:
358:
352:
220:
203:intermediate filaments
193:heliographic latitudes
162:coronal mass ejections
149:
81:coronal mass ejections
37:
2409:Total/hybrid eclipses
1526:Coronal mass ejection
1273:Astrophysical Journal
1215:Astrophysical Journal
727:Space Science Reviews
419:coronal mass ejection
404:
389:Coronal mass ejection
281:chromospheric fibrils
213:Quiescent prominences
147:
35:
5113:Astronomy portal
5083:Magnitude of eclipse
1790:Standard solar model
1760:Solar radio emission
1578:List of solar cycles
1339:at Wikimedia Commons
959:10.12942/lrsp-2014-1
316:Overlying structures
5051:Eclipse photography
1610:Magnetic switchback
1285:2003ApJ...594.1060L
1227:1999ApJ...510..444G
1174:2003ApJ...586..562G
1125:1998ApJ...494..419G
1012:2018LRSP...15....7G
950:2014LRSP...11....1P
903:1960ApJ...131..717Z
799:1962JRASC..56..193M
749:2010SSRv..151..333M
411:prominence eruption
217:quiescent filaments
2389:Muhammad's eclipse
1800:Sunlight radiation
1395:Internal structure
407:
150:
38:
5143:
5142:
5088:Planetary transit
2414:next total/hybrid
2398:
2397:
2383:Eclipse of Thales
2371:Mursili's eclipse
1946:Lists of eclipses
1866:
1865:
1830:Solar observatory
1745:Solar observation
1643:Termination shock
1559:
1558:
1511:Transition region
1335:Media related to
704:978-3-319-10416-4
686:Solar prominences
669:978-3-319-10415-7
660:Solar Prominences
633:Le Soleil, Part 1
447:Explanatory notes
402:
252:filament channels
246:Filament channels
102:, describing the
18:Solar prominences
16:(Redirected from
5233:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5172:
5171:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5151:
5133:
5132:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5111:
5110:
5109:
4682:
4193:
4189:Partial eclipses
4187:
3897:
3413:
3409:Annular eclipses
3407:
3107:
2413:
2407:
2377:Assyrian eclipse
1951:
1950:
1924:Solar prominence
1893:
1886:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1856:
1855:
1445:Supergranulation
1433:
1432:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1320:
1298:
1296:
1263:
1246:The Solar Corona
1240:
1238:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1079:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1031:
997:
988:
979:
978:
976:
974:
961:
935:
926:
917:
916:
914:
882:
876:
875:
873:
849:
843:
842:
840:
816:
807:
806:
778:
769:
768:
742:
718:
709:
708:
680:
674:
673:
655:
638:
637:
627:
621:
620:
618:
616:
611:
602:
596:
595:
593:
591:
586:on April 2, 2015
577:
569:
563:
562:
551:
545:
544:
542:
540:
523:
517:
516:
514:
512:
501:
481:
466:
460:
457:
403:
303:
274:Spines and barbs
261:Β§ Chirality
100:Laurentian Codex
21:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5226:Solar phenomena
5216:
5215:
5214:
5204:
5202:
5192:
5190:
5180:
5178:
5166:
5156:
5154:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5119:
5117:
5107:
5105:
5097:
5041:Eclipse chasing
5024:
4978:
4680:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4178:
3895:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3398:
3105:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2394:
2359:
2303:
2015:
1940:
1934:helmet streamer
1902:
1897:
1867:
1862:
1844:
1818:
1804:
1770:Solar telescope
1750:Solar phenomena
1725:Solar astronomy
1662:
1624:
1620:Helioseismology
1555:
1541:Helmet streamer
1497:
1469:
1422:
1418:Convection zone
1389:
1376:
1371:
1327:
1317:
1260:
1205:
1203:Further reading
1200:
1199:
1154:
1150:
1105:
1101:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
995:
989:
982:
972:
970:
933:
927:
920:
883:
879:
850:
846:
817:
810:
779:
772:
721:Mackay, D. H.;
719:
712:
705:
681:
677:
670:
656:
641:
628:
624:
614:
612:
609:
603:
599:
589:
587:
575:
571:
570:
566:
553:
552:
548:
538:
536:
524:
520:
510:
508:
503:
502:
495:
490:
485:
484:
467:
463:
458:
454:
449:
427:
393:
391:
385:
373:
345:
333:helmet streamer
324:
322:Helmet streamer
318:
313:
312:
311:
309:
304:
276:
248:
243:
142:
96:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5239:
5229:
5228:
5213:
5212:
5200:
5188:
5176:
5164:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5127:
5115:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5063:Eclipse season
5060:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5038:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1929:Stellar corona
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1900:Solar eclipses
1896:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1810:Spectral class
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1740:Solar neutrino
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1720:Solar activity
1717:
1715:Sun in fiction
1712:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1551:AlfvΓ©n surface
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1408:Radiation zone
1405:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1326:
1325:External links
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:978-0792333746
1315:
1299:
1294:10.1086/377042
1264:
1258:
1241:
1236:10.1086/306559
1221:(1): 444β459.
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1183:10.1086/367614
1168:(1): 562β578.
1148:
1134:10.1086/305196
1119:(1): 419β429.
1099:
1050:
980:
918:
912:10.1086/146884
877:
844:
808:
770:
733:(4): 333β399.
710:
703:
675:
668:
639:
622:
597:
564:
546:
533:Universe Today
518:
492:
491:
489:
486:
483:
482:
461:
451:
450:
448:
445:
444:
443:
438:
433:
426:
423:
384:
381:
372:
369:
344:
341:
320:Main article:
317:
314:
306:
305:
298:
297:
296:
275:
272:
268:coronal cavity
247:
244:
242:
239:
231:
230:
210:
196:
185:active regions
154:solar spicules
141:
140:Classification
138:
130:Pierre Janssen
95:
92:
58:magnetic field
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5238:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5211:
5201:
5199:
5189:
5187:
5177:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5163:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5136:
5128:
5126:
5116:
5114:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5078:Lunar eclipse
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5058:Eclipse cycle
5056:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5036:Allais effect
5034:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2406:
2401:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2355:United States
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:British Isles
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:Space weather
1783:
1781:
1780:Space climate
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:Solar physics
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:Lunar eclipse
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:Current sheet
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:Solar minimum
1593:
1591:
1590:Solar maximum
1588:
1586:
1585:Active region
1583:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1465:Ellerman bomb
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1259:0-521-48535-5
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
987:
985:
969:
965:
960:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
925:
923:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
881:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:
813:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
775:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:Karpen, J. T.
717:
715:
706:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:
679:
671:
665:
661:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
635:
634:
626:
608:
601:
585:
581:
574:
568:
560:
556:
550:
535:
534:
529:
522:
506:
500:
498:
493:
479:
478:neutral lines
475:
471:
465:
456:
452:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
431:Active region
429:
428:
422:
420:
416:
412:
390:
380:
378:
368:
364:
362:
361:
356:
355:
350:
340:
338:
334:
329:
323:
308:
302:
295:
293:
289:
284:
282:
271:
269:
264:
262:
258:
253:
238:
236:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
211:
208:
204:
200:
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
174:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
158:coronal loops
155:
146:
137:
135:
131:
127:
126:spectroscopes
123:
118:
116:
115:Angelo Secchi
112:
107:
105:
101:
91:
89:
84:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:, is a large
51:
47:
43:
42:solar physics
34:
30:
19:
5210:Solar System
5046:Solar viewer
4983:Other bodies
4591:31 Jul. 2000
4194:next partial
3414:next annular
2021:Saros series
1923:
1919:Shadow bands
1765:Solar System
1735:Solar energy
1730:Solar dynamo
1691:Heliophysics
1535:
1521:Coronal loop
1516:Coronal hole
1493:Moreton wave
1475:Chromosphere
1306:
1276:
1272:
1245:
1218:
1214:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1003:
999:
971:. Retrieved
941:
937:
894:
890:
880:
861:
857:
847:
828:
824:
790:
786:
730:
726:
685:
678:
662:. Springer.
659:
632:
625:
613:. Retrieved
600:
588:. Retrieved
584:the original
579:
567:
558:
549:
537:. Retrieved
531:
521:
509:. Retrieved
477:
473:
469:
464:
455:
410:
408:
374:
365:
346:
337:solar radius
325:
291:
287:
285:
277:
267:
265:
256:
251:
249:
232:
226:
216:
212:
202:
198:
180:
176:
170:
165:
151:
119:
108:
97:
88:solar radius
85:
78:
74:chromosphere
70:solar corona
49:
45:
39:
29:
5198:Outer space
5186:Spaceflight
4586:1 Jul. 2000
2335:Philippines
1970:Modern era
1966:Middle Ages
1823:Exploration
1701:Solar deity
1648:Heliosheath
1630:Heliosphere
1600:Wolf number
1573:Solar cycle
1437:Photosphere
1337:Prominences
1279:(2): 1060.
1070:: 257β264.
1043:January 29,
973:January 29,
897:: 717β724.
831:: 484β487.
441:Solar flare
436:Hyder flare
417:known as a
227:polar crown
160:, and some
120:During the
66:photosphere
2364:Historical
2308:Visibility
1775:Solar time
1696:In culture
1653:Heliopause
1605:Solar wind
1536:Prominence
1428:Atmosphere
1413:Tachocline
539:August 11,
511:January 2,
488:References
476:(PRB), or
415:solar wind
387:See also:
241:Morphology
166:prominence
46:prominence
5162:Astronomy
4974:Oct. 2098
4969:Sep. 2098
4964:Apr. 2098
4959:Dec. 2094
4954:Jul. 2094
4949:Jun. 2094
4934:Oct. 2087
4929:Jun. 2087
4909:Aug. 2083
4904:Jul. 2083
4899:Feb. 2083
4894:Nov. 2076
4889:Jul. 2076
4884:Jun. 2076
4869:Oct. 2069
4859:Apr. 2069
4849:Dec. 2065
4844:Aug. 2065
4839:Jul. 2065
4834:Feb. 2065
4829:Sep. 2062
4824:Mar. 2062
4819:Nov. 2058
4814:Jun. 2058
4799:Sep. 2054
4794:Aug. 2054
4789:Mar. 2054
4784:Oct. 2051
4779:Apr. 2051
4769:Dec. 2047
4764:Jul. 2047
4759:Jun. 2047
4754:Jan. 2047
4749:Nov. 2040
4734:Aug. 2036
4729:Jul. 2036
4724:Feb. 2036
4709:Dec. 2029
4704:Jul. 2029
4699:Jun. 2029
4694:Jan. 2029
4689:Sep. 2025
4684:Mar. 2025
4676:Oct. 2022
4671:Apr. 2022
4666:Jan. 2019
4661:Aug. 2018
4656:Jul. 2018
4651:Feb. 2018
4646:Sep. 2015
4641:Oct. 2014
4636:Nov. 2011
4631:Jul. 2011
4626:Jun. 2011
4621:Jan. 2011
4616:Sep. 2007
4611:Mar. 2007
4606:Oct. 2004
4601:Apr. 2004
4596:Dec. 2000
4581:Feb. 2000
4576:Sep. 1997
4571:Oct. 1996
4566:Apr. 1996
4561:Nov. 1993
4551:Dec. 1992
4546:Aug. 1989
4541:Mar. 1989
4536:Apr. 1986
4526:Dec. 1982
4521:Jul. 1982
4516:Jun. 1982
4511:Jan. 1982
4506:Oct. 1978
4501:Apr. 1978
4496:Nov. 1975
4486:Dec. 1974
4481:Aug. 1971
4476:Jul. 1971
4471:Feb. 1971
4466:Mar. 1968
4456:Dec. 1964
4451:Jul. 1964
4446:Jun. 1964
4441:Jan. 1964
4436:Sep. 1960
4431:Mar. 1960
4426:Dec. 1956
4421:Aug. 1953
4416:Jul. 1953
4411:Feb. 1953
4406:Oct. 1949
4401:Apr. 1949
4396:Nov. 1946
4391:Jun. 1946
4381:Jan. 1946
4376:Sep. 1942
4371:Aug. 1942
4366:Mar. 1942
4361:Nov. 1938
4356:Jul. 1935
4351:Jun. 1935
4346:Feb. 1935
4341:Jan. 1935
4336:Oct. 1931
4331:Sep. 1931
4326:Apr. 1931
4321:Nov. 1928
4316:Jun. 1928
4311:Dec. 1927
4306:Aug. 1924
4301:Jul. 1924
4296:Mar. 1924
4291:Nov. 1920
4281:Jul. 1917
4276:Jun. 1917
4271:Jan. 1917
4266:Dec. 1916
4261:Sep. 1913
4256:Aug. 1913
4251:Apr. 1913
4246:Nov. 1910
4241:Dec. 1909
4236:Aug. 1906
4231:Jul. 1906
4226:Feb. 1906
4221:Oct. 1902
4211:Apr. 1902
4206:Nov. 1873
4201:Jan. 1639
4144:Aug. 2092
4139:Feb. 2092
4124:Dec. 2085
4119:Jun. 2085
4079:Jul. 2074
4074:Jan. 2074
4019:Jul. 2056
4014:Jan. 2056
3954:Jul. 2038
3949:Jan. 2038
3726:Dec. 1973
3721:Jan. 1973
3706:Sep. 1969
3701:Mar. 1969
3651:Dec. 1954
3646:Jan. 1954
3636:Sep. 1951
3631:Mar. 1951
3606:Jul. 1944
3561:Aug. 1933
3556:Feb. 1933
3491:Aug. 1915
3486:Feb. 1915
3229:Dec. 2057
3224:Jan. 2057
2806:Jan. 1944
2756:Oct. 1930
2751:Apr. 1930
2686:Oct. 1912
2681:Apr. 1912
2661:Dec. 1908
2656:Jan. 1908
2606:Dec. 1889
2601:Jan. 1889
2373:(1312 BC)
2315:Australia
1961:Antiquity
1658:Bow shock
1565:Variation
1531:Nanoflare
1192:119654267
1143:120452722
1094:124424544
1086:0252-9211
968:122831380
864:: 22β31.
765:118391089
740:1001.1635
615:March 30,
590:March 30,
377:chirality
371:Formation
360:sinistral
349:chirality
343:Chirality
222:quiescent
5220:Category
5135:Category
4924:May 2087
4864:May 2069
4809:May 2058
4744:May 2040
4556:May 1993
4531:May 1985
4491:May 1975
4461:May 1967
4386:May 1946
4286:May 1920
4216:May 1902
2391:(632 AD)
2385:(585 BC)
2379:(763 BC)
1907:Features
1858:Category
1305:(1995).
1038:30872983
1006:(1): 7.
944:(1): 1.
803:Archived
425:See also
383:Eruption
50:filament
5148:Portals
5029:Related
5005:Neptune
5000:Jupiter
2350:Ukraine
1674:Eclipse
1667:Related
1488:Spicule
1460:Sunspot
1455:Faculae
1450:Granule
1374:The Sun
1281:Bibcode
1223:Bibcode
1170:Bibcode
1121:Bibcode
1029:6390890
1008:Bibcode
946:Bibcode
899:Bibcode
795:Bibcode
793:: 193.
745:Bibcode
472:(PIL),
354:dextral
328:arcades
235:spectra
94:History
5020:Uranus
5015:Saturn
2345:Turkey
2340:Russia
2330:Israel
2011:Future
1954:By era
1503:Corona
1313:
1256:
1190:
1141:
1092:
1084:
1036:
1026:
966:
763:
701:
666:
134:helium
54:plasma
5174:Stars
5010:Pluto
2325:China
1615:Flare
1483:Plage
1188:S2CID
1139:S2CID
1090:S2CID
996:(PDF)
964:S2CID
934:(PDF)
761:S2CID
735:arXiv
610:(PDF)
576:(PDF)
215:, or
207:plage
201:, or
189:erupt
179:, or
113:, by
4995:Moon
4990:Mars
4944:2091
4939:2090
4919:2086
4914:2084
4879:2073
4874:2072
4854:2068
4804:2055
4774:2050
4739:2037
4719:2033
4714:2032
4174:2100
4169:2099
4164:2097
4159:2096
4154:2095
4149:2093
4134:2089
4129:2088
4114:2084
4109:2082
4104:2081
4099:2079
4094:2078
4089:2077
4084:2075
4069:2071
4064:2070
4059:2067
4054:2066
4049:2064
4044:2063
4039:2061
4034:2060
4029:2059
4024:2057
4009:2053
4004:2052
3999:2049
3994:2048
3989:2046
3984:2045
3979:2044
3974:2043
3969:2042
3964:2041
3959:2039
3944:2036
3939:2035
3934:2034
3929:2032
3924:2031
3919:2030
3914:2028
3909:2027
3904:2026
3899:2024
3891:2023
3886:2021
3881:2020
3876:2019
3871:2017
3866:2016
3861:2014
3856:2013
3851:2012
3846:2010
3841:2009
3836:2008
3831:2006
3826:2005
3821:2003
3816:2002
3811:2001
3806:1999
3801:1998
3796:1995
3791:1994
3786:1992
3781:1991
3776:1990
3771:1988
3766:1987
3761:1984
3756:1983
3751:1981
3746:1980
3741:1979
3736:1977
3731:1976
3716:1972
3711:1970
3696:1966
3691:1965
3686:1963
3681:1962
3676:1961
3671:1959
3666:1958
3661:1957
3656:1955
3641:1952
3626:1950
3621:1948
3616:1947
3611:1945
3601:1943
3596:1941
3591:1940
3586:1939
3581:1937
3576:1936
3571:1935
3566:1934
3551:1932
3546:1929
3541:1927
3536:1926
3531:1925
3526:1923
3521:1922
3516:1921
3511:1919
3506:1918
3501:1917
3496:1916
3481:1914
3476:1911
3471:1908
3466:1907
3461:1905
3456:1904
3451:1903
3446:1901
3441:1900
3436:1889
3431:1879
3426:1854
3421:1820
3394:2186
3389:2100
3384:2099
3379:2097
3374:2096
3369:2095
3364:2094
3359:2093
3354:2091
3349:2090
3344:2089
3339:2088
3334:2086
3329:2084
3324:2082
3319:2081
3314:2079
3309:2078
3304:2077
3299:2076
3294:2075
3289:2073
3284:2072
3279:2071
3274:2070
3269:2068
3264:2067
3259:2066
3254:2064
3249:2063
3244:2061
3239:2060
3234:2059
3219:2055
3214:2053
3209:2052
3204:2050
3199:2049
3194:2048
3189:2046
3184:2045
3179:2044
3174:2043
3169:2042
3164:2041
3159:2039
3154:2038
3149:2037
3144:2035
3139:2034
3134:2033
3129:2031
3124:2030
3119:2028
3114:2027
3109:2026
3101:2024
3096:2023
3091:2021
3086:2020
3081:2019
3076:2017
3071:2016
3066:2015
3061:2013
3056:2012
3051:2010
3046:2009
3041:2008
3036:2006
3031:2005
3026:2003
3021:2002
3016:2001
3011:1999
3006:1998
3001:1997
2996:1995
2991:1994
2986:1992
2981:1991
2976:1990
2971:1988
2966:1987
2961:1986
2956:1985
2951:1984
2946:1983
2941:1981
2936:1980
2931:1979
2926:1977
2921:1976
2916:1974
2911:1973
2906:1972
2901:1970
2896:1968
2891:1967
2886:1966
2881:1965
2876:1963
2871:1962
2866:1961
2861:1959
2856:1958
2851:1957
2846:1956
2841:1955
2836:1954
2831:1952
2826:1950
2821:1948
2816:1947
2811:1945
2801:1943
2796:1941
2791:1940
2786:1939
2781:1938
2776:1937
2771:1936
2766:1934
2761:1932
2746:1929
2741:1928
2736:1927
2731:1926
2726:1925
2721:1923
2716:1922
2711:1921
2706:1919
2701:1918
2696:1916
2691:1914
2676:1911
2671:1910
2666:1909
2651:1907
2646:1905
2641:1904
2636:1903
2631:1901
2626:1900
2621:1898
2616:1896
2611:1893
2596:1887
2591:1886
2586:1885
2581:1883
2576:1882
2571:1878
2566:1875
2561:1874
2556:1871
2551:1870
2546:1869
2541:1868
2536:1867
2531:1865
2526:1860
2521:1858
2516:1857
2511:1853
2506:1851
2501:1842
2496:1824
2491:1816
2486:1806
2481:1780
2476:1778
2471:1766
2466:1724
2461:1715
2456:1706
2451:1673
2446:1654
2441:1652
2436:1598
2431:1560
2426:1185
2421:1133
2025:list
2004:22nd
1999:21st
1994:20th
1989:19th
1984:18th
1979:17th
1974:16th
1795:Star
1706:List
1403:Core
1385:List
1311:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1082:ISSN
1045:2022
1034:PMID
975:2022
699:ISBN
664:ISBN
617:2015
592:2015
541:2012
513:2010
292:PCTR
56:and
44:, a
2299:162
2294:161
2289:160
2284:159
2279:158
2274:157
2269:156
2264:155
2259:154
2254:153
2249:152
2244:151
2239:150
2234:149
2229:148
2224:147
2219:146
2214:145
2209:144
2204:143
2199:142
2194:141
2189:140
2184:139
2179:138
2174:137
2169:136
2164:135
2159:134
2154:133
2149:132
2144:131
2139:130
2134:129
2129:128
2124:127
2119:126
2114:125
2109:124
2104:123
2099:122
2094:121
2089:120
2084:119
2079:118
2074:117
2069:116
2064:115
2059:114
2054:113
2049:112
2044:111
2039:110
2034:109
1289:doi
1277:594
1231:doi
1219:510
1178:doi
1166:586
1129:doi
1117:494
1072:doi
1068:167
1024:PMC
1016:doi
954:doi
907:doi
895:131
866:doi
862:167
833:doi
829:167
753:doi
731:151
691:doi
263:).
62:Sun
40:In
5222::
1287:.
1275:.
1271:.
1252:.
1248:.
1229:.
1217:.
1213:.
1186:.
1176:.
1164:.
1160:.
1137:.
1127:.
1115:.
1111:.
1088:.
1080:.
1066:.
1062:.
1032:.
1022:.
1014:.
1004:15
1002:.
998:.
983:^
962:.
952:.
942:11
940:.
936:.
921:^
905:.
893:.
889:.
860:.
856:.
827:.
823:.
811:^
801:.
791:56
789:.
785:.
773:^
759:.
751:.
743:.
729:.
713:^
697:.
642:^
578:.
557:.
530:.
496:^
421:.
283:.
156:,
124:,
90:.
76:.
5150::
4681:β
4192:β
3896:β
3412:β
3106:β
2412:β
2027:)
2023:(
1892:e
1885:t
1878:v
1366:e
1359:t
1352:v
1319:.
1297:.
1291::
1283::
1262:.
1239:.
1233::
1225::
1194:.
1180::
1172::
1145:.
1131::
1123::
1096:.
1074::
1047:.
1018::
1010::
977:.
956::
948::
915:.
909::
901::
874:.
868::
841:.
835::
797::
767:.
755::
747::
737::
707:.
693::
672:.
619:.
594:.
543:.
515:.
480:.
290:(
195:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
