1040:, whose theory was discussed through a 'realm of freedom'. Karl Marx's criticisms of capitalism, saw the structures of capital as in conflict with people truly reaching leisure. The basis of leisure is rooted in economics and politics, as those are intertwined also. In contrast to a more socialist approach, many would see leisure time as an excuse for unproductivity and as something you don't deserve. Not that it shouldn't be attained but shouldn't get in the way of economics. Therein lies our current structures that Marx's theories have not only remained relevant, but his criticisms of his time can remain true to this day. Marx's criticism of capitalism was rooted in the exploitation of the worker. As a conflict against the worker, class warfare in effect. In the Marx and Engels Reader, an overview of the writings and theories of Marxism, the ‘realm of freedom’ and ‘realm of necessity’ were heavily elaborated on as it was a new concept at the time. The realm of freedom is a true definition of leisure as it embraces doing activities out of the want, pleasure to do so. Whereas living to survive and work, eat, sleep would be in the realm of necessity.
20:
962:. Dividing activities into free and dedicated time is not easy. For example, brushing one's teeth is neither work nor leisure; scholars differ in their classifications of activities such as eating a meal, shopping, repairing a car, attending a religious ceremony, or showering (various individuals may or may not classify such activities as leisure). The relation between work and leisure can also be unclear: research indicates that some individuals find skills that they have acquired at work useful to their hobbies (and vice versa), and some individuals have used leisure activities to advance their work careers. Sociologists also disagree as to whether political or spiritual activities should be included in studies of leisure. Further, among some
1044:
55:
1166:'s late-1970s study of American leisure. Robinson found that Americans, on average, have four hours of leisure time each weekday, and more on weekends—six hours on Saturdays, almost eight on Sundays. Amount of leisure time diminishes with age, work, marriage, and children. However, the amount of free time does not significantly depend on an individual's wealth. People desire less free time if they are uncertain of their economic future, or if their job is their central interest. During the second half of the twentieth century, watching
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1139:. This has yielded fewer results than expected; income is associated with total money spent on such activities, but otherwise only determines what type of activities are affordable. Occupation has a similar effect, because most occupations heavily influence a person's income (for example, membership in a prestigious occupation and "
1147:—but so is membership in those occupations and high income, and those activities with high cost). Education is correlated with having a wide range of leisure activities, and with higher dedication to them. As Kelly noted, "Predicting a person's leisure behavior on the basis of his socioeconomic position is all but impossible."
1150:
On the other hand, type of leisure activity is substantially influenced by the individual's immediate situation—whether he has a family, whether there are recreational facilities nearby, and age. Early family influences, particularly involving the more social leisure activities, can be profound. The
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There are some unresolved questions concerning the definition of work: in particular, whether unpaid endeavors, such as volunteering or studying, are work. Non-work time should not be equated with free time, as it comprises not only free time, dedicated to leisure, but also time dedicated to certain
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Studies of leisure have determined that observable patterns in human leisure behavior cannot be explained solely by socioeconomic variables such as age, income, occupation or education. The type of leisure activity is substantially influenced by the numerous more complex factors, such as presence or
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Apart from a definition of leisure, there are other questions of theoretical concern to the sociologist of leisure. For example, quantifying the results is difficult, as time-budget studies have noted that a given amount of time (for example, an hour) may have different values, depending on when it
1158:
Within the framework of the family, leisure time has been researched to measure the effect of families during weekend work. What was found was families in which parents had to work on the weekend had a negative effect on the family, more particularly the children. It was written that many of the
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Individuals make trade-offs between pay, work and leisure. However, the timing and scale of those trade-offs varies with the occupations and incomes of individuals. They also vary over time and from society to society. In societies, substantial across the board rises in pay can increase the
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distinguished four distinct definitions of leisure, which begin broadly and gradually narrow in scope. The first and broadest defines leisure as a style of behavior that may occur even at work, the second defines it as any non-work activity; the third further excludes family and household
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became a major leisure activity, causing a substantial decrease in the time dedicated to other activities; in the early 1970s the average
American had 4 hours of leisure per day, and spent 1.5 of them watching television. Shared leisure activities increase marital satisfaction.
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There are different forms of leisure time and their benefits are not always clear, but generally, there is consensus that in moderation, they tend to have various positive effects. For example, going to the movies, alone or with friends can improve health and well-being.
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occurs—within a day, a week, or a year. Finally, as with many other fields of inquiry in the social sciences, the study of the sociology of leisure is hampered by the lack of reliable data for comparative
974:, as there was little to no standardized data-gathering on leisure throughout most of human history. The lack of longitudinal studies has been remedied in the last few decades by recurring national
921:, as each explores a different side of the work-leisure relationship. More recent studies in the field move away from this relationship, however, and focus on the relation between leisure and
1051:
Over time, emphasis in studies of leisure has shifted from the work-leisure relation, particularly in well-researched majorities, to study of minorities and the relation between leisure and
954:. Dumazedier's four definitions are not exhaustive. Incompatible definitions and measures are seen as a major factor accounting for occasionally contradictory research findings.
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and Robert
Rapoport studied the worklife balance and inequality in many countries, wrote many books in this area and help influence policy and legislation to change practices.
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938:
945:. Its definitions are numerous and often mutually contradictory, for example as a discrete portion of one's time or as a quality of experience irrespective of time.
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1823:
Craig, L., & Brown, J. E. (2014). Weekend work and leisure time with family and friends: Who misses out? Journal of
Marriage and Family, 76(4), 710–727. doi:
1025:: it saw most of its development in the second half of the 20th century. Until then, leisure had often been seen as a relatively unimportant, minor feature of
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Craig, Lyn; Brown, Judith E. (August 2014). "Weekend Work and
Leisure Time With Family and Friends: Who Misses Out?: Weekend Work and Shared Leisure Time".
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Stebbins, Robert A. "Serious
Leisure: A Perspective for Our Time." New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2007 (paperback edition with new Preface, 2015).
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working hours of male blue-collar workers with young children but reduce those of middle class women with husbands in well-paid full-time jobs.
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966:, such as police officers or miners, it is common for colleagues to be off-time friends and to share similar, work-based leisure activities.
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parents who had to work on the weekend were less educated and had lower income. This could have implications for the family and society.
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Corbalán, J.; García-Peñas, V.; Limiñana, R.; Martín-Brufau, R.; Patró, R. (April 2014). "Health and cinema. Healthy leisure profile".
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There were few sociological studies of leisure before the second half of the 20th century. One of the earliest and most celebrated was
19:
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Corbalán, J, et al. “Health and Cinema. Healthy
Leisure Profile.” Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 60, 2014, p. S58.
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noted that there are two approaches in the study of leisure: formal and historical-theoretical. The formal approach focuses on
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in the United
Kingdom (ongoing since 1971). In addition to surveys, an increasing number of studies have been focusing on
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Snape, R. and
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Review of the above book: Margaret Carlisle Duncan, "The Sociology of Leisure,"
1071:). The historical-theoretical approach studies the relation between leisure and
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questions, such as the shifting of leisure patterns over an individual's
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Specific findings in sociological studies of leisure are illustrated by
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An example of a leisure activity: American soldiers playing a card game.
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Weekend Work and Leisure Time With Family and Friends: Who Misses Out?
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Chris Rojek, "Leisure and Tourism," in Craig J. Calhoun, Chris Rojek,
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James H. Frey, David R. Dickens, "Leisure as a Primary Institution,"
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J. Kelly, "Socialization toward Leisure: a Developmental Approach,"
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Stanley Parker, "The Sociology of Leisure: Progress and Problems,"
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Bennet M. Bergero, "The Sociology of Leisure: Some Suggestions,"
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The Marx-Engels Reader. New York : Norton, 1978. Print.
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John R. Kelly, "Counterpoints in the Sociology of Leisure,"
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The Marx-Engels Reader. New York : Norton, 1978. Print.
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Peer-Reviewed Journals in Recreation & Leisure Studies
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One of the earliest theories of leisure originates from
905:. Leisure includes a broad array of activities, such as
1143:" activities such as golf or sailing are significantly
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1642:
Neil H. Cheek, Jr., "Toward a Sociology of Not-Work,"
1615:
Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society
1608:
Theories of the Labour Market and Employment: A Review
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Theories of the Labour Market and Employment: A Review
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Sociological investigations of leisure on the Internet
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Gordon Marshall, "Leisure, sociological studies of,"
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studies. The British approaches focus on input from
1637:Leisure Migration. A Sociological Study on Tourism
1266:Sheila Scraton, "Leisure," in George Ritzer, ed.,
1005:was one of the first sociologists to study leisure
917:. The sociology of leisure is closely tied to the
1845:International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure
1409:vol. 60, no. 3, 1990, pp. 264–73, ON: 1475-682X,
1013:, compared to more traditional subfields such as
941:and others have noted, it is difficult to define
1882:
1671:, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 1974,
1029:. Now, however, it is now recognized as a major
1840:ISA: Research Committee on Sociology of Leisure
1646:, vol. 14, no. 3, July 1971, pp. 245–258.
1756:, vol. 25, no. 2, June 1974, pp. 215–29.
1798:Decentring Leisure: Rethinking Leisure Theory
1622:Leisure Life: Myth, Masculinity and Modernity
1107:; the American approaches concentrate on the
875:
1652:C. Critcher, Peter Bramham, Alan Tomlinson,
1617:, vol. 1, issue 2, May 2008, pp. 31–45.
1369:, 10 (1), 1976, Oxford (0038-0385), p. 166.
16:Study of how humans organize their free time
1693:, vol. 14, issue 3, 1992, pp. 247–53.
1545:, New York, Russell Sage, 1972, pp. 17–86.
1501:
1353:, vol. 26, no. 1, March 1975, pp. 91–101.
901:is the study of how humans organize their
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53:
1850:BSA: Leisure & Recreation Study Group
1320:John Wilson, "The Sociology of Leisure,"
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1087:provided a different analysis, comparing
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1009:Sociology of leisure is a fairly recent
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1747:The Sociology of Leisure. Trend Report
1557:Personality and Individual Differences
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1243:
1375:
1365:S.R. Parker, "Sociology of Leisure,"
1334:
1277:
1696:John Robert Kelly, Geoffrey Godbey,
933:Definitions and theoretical concerns
1268:Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology
13:
1600:
1543:The Human Meaning of Social Change
1441:Pruitt, Bettye (10 January 2012).
1415:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1990.tb00144.x
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1324:, vol. 6, August 1980, pp. 21–40.
1274:. Last accessed on 20 January 2010
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14:
1907:
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1532:, New York, Praeger, 1977, pp. 89
1754:The British Journal of Sociology
1351:The British Journal of Sociology
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26:peeling maize while overlooking
1764:Leisure in Contemporary Society
1644:The Pacific Sociological Review
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1522:
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1230:The Theory of the Leisure Class
958:obligatory activities, such as
435:Peace, war, and social conflict
1783:The Sage Handbook of Sociology
1684:Towards a Sociology of Leisure
1656:, Taylor & Francis, 1995,
1654:Sociology of Leisure: A Reader
1504:Journal of Marriage and Family
1468:
1434:
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1:
1715:, vol. 25, no. 4, Fall 1993.
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7:
1867:Journal of Leisure Research
1732:The Sociology of Recreation
1713:Journal of Leisure Research
1492:, vol. 6, 1974, pp. 181–93.
1490:Journal of Leisure Research
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1912:
1749:, Sage Publications, 1998.
1727:, Allen & Unwin, 1985.
1569:10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.246
1392:, 1998, Encyclopedia.com.
1322:Annual Review of Sociology
993:
106:Human environmental impact
1443:"Rhona Rapoport obituary"
1390:A Dictionary of Sociology
1698:The Sociology of Leisure
1209:
1077:structural-functionalist
980:General Household Survey
964:occupational communities
895:The sociology of leisure
200:Structural functionalism
1734:, Nauka, Moscow, 1995,
1019:sociology of the family
220:Symbolic interactionism
115:Industrial revolutions
1891:Subfields of sociology
1700:, Venture Pub., 1992,
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1023:sociology of education
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210:Social constructionism
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1407:Sociological Inquiry.
1179:Pay, work and leisure
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1011:subfield of sociology
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913:, and the playing of
585:Conversation analysis
160:Social stratification
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1669:Sociology of Leisure
1476:"Leisure activities"
1109:social-psychological
972:longitudinal studies
1860:5 June 2019 at the
1730:Orlov Alexandr S.
1723:Stanley R. Parker,
1682:Joffre Dumazedier,
1667:Joffre Dumazedier,
1624:, Routledge, 2003,
984:qualitative methods
170:Social cycle theory
41:Part of a series on
1745:Gilles Pronovost,
1686:, Macmillan, 1967.
1516:10.1111/jomf.12127
1127:variables such as
1069:sociology of sport
1049:
1031:social institution
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856:Society portal
479:History of science
460:Race and ethnicity
140:Social environment
36:
1762:Kenneth Roberts,
1606:Abbott, Lewis F.
1589:Abbott, Lewis F.
1015:sociology of work
947:Joffre Dumazedier
919:sociology of work
899:leisure sociology
892:
891:
610:Social experiment
490:Social psychology
135:Social complexity
24:Indigenous people
1903:
1725:Leisure and Work
1691:Leisure Sciences
1635:József Böröcz, "
1620:Tony Blackshaw,
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495:Sociocybernetics
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1458:. Retrieved
1447:The Guardian
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978:such as the
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806:Bibliography
720:
648:
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634:
600:Mathematical
580:Ethnographic
560:Quantitative
399:
245:Architecture
183:Perspectives
155:Social power
32:El Panecillo
1111:tradition.
1081:neo-Marxist
939:John Wilson
811:Terminology
780:Baudrillard
656:Tocqueville
570:Comparative
565:Qualitative
535:Victimology
365:Immigration
350:Generations
265:Criminology
1885:Categories
1460:19 January
1237:References
1168:television
1153:life cycle
1145:correlated
1133:occupation
1065:life cycle
988:interviews
836:By country
590:Historical
515:Technology
455:Punishment
440:Philosophy
415:Mathematic
405:Literature
370:Industrial
360:Historical
285:Demography
205:Positivism
130:Popularity
85:Key themes
34:, Ecuador.
1577:0191-8869
1455:0261-3077
1367:Sociology
1137:education
1097:pluralism
1061:empirical
1038:Karl Marx
960:housework
903:free time
652:Martineau
595:Interview
520:Terrorism
500:Sociology
445:Political
385:Knowledge
305:Education
47:Sociology
1858:Archived
1781:, eds.,
1233:(1899).
1188:See also
1119:Findings
1105:feminism
831:Timeline
816:Journals
784:Bourdieu
776:Habermas
772:Luhmann
768:Foucault
712:Mannheim
692:Durkheim
465:Religion
425:Military
390:Language
375:Internet
330:Feminist
314:Jealousy
300:Economic
295:Disaster
290:Deviance
233:Branches
111:Identity
1896:Leisure
1563:: S58.
1093:British
1053:culture
1027:society
994:History
976:surveys
943:leisure
923:culture
911:tourism
788:Giddens
786:·
782:·
774:·
762:·
760:Goffman
756:Schoeck
742:·
734:·
710:·
708:Du Bois
706:·
698:·
694:·
686:·
680:Tönnies
678:·
664:Spencer
662:·
640:·
553:Methods
530:Utopian
475:Science
420:Medical
410:Marxist
400:Leisure
310:Emotion
275:Culture
91:Society
70:Outline
65:History
1804:
1789:
1770:
1738:
1717:Online
1704:
1675:
1660:
1628:
1575:
1453:
1394:Online
1371:Online
1326:Online
1272:Online
1204:Ikigai
1129:income
1103:, and
826:People
764:Bauman
744:Nisbet
740:Merton
732:Gehlen
728:Adorno
721:1900s:
696:Addams
688:Simmel
684:Veblen
676:Pareto
668:Le Bon
649:1800s:
642:Sieyès
635:1700s:
615:Survey
540:Visual
450:Public
355:Health
345:Gender
335:Fiscal
325:Family
1758:JSTOR
1648:JSTOR
1355:JSTOR
1330:JSTOR
1210:Notes
1113:Rhona
1021:, or
915:games
907:sport
799:Lists
748:Mills
724:Fromm
716:Elias
704:Weber
638:Comte
525:Urban
510:Sport
505:Space
470:Rural
430:Music
380:Jewry
280:Death
240:Aging
75:Index
30:from
28:Quito
1802:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1702:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1658:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1573:ISSN
1462:2020
1451:ISSN
1091:and
1079:and
752:Bell
736:Aron
700:Mead
672:Ward
660:Marx
340:Food
260:Body
1565:doi
1512:doi
1411:doi
1227:'s
1135:or
990:).
937:As
897:or
395:Law
250:Art
1887::
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1571:.
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1508:76
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1424:^
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1328:,
1279:^
1270:.
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1155:.
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1055:.
1017:,
925:.
909:,
778:·
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746:·
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690:·
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