Social network - Knowledge

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materialize due to the communal sharing values" of such organizations. However, this study only analyzed Chinese firms, which tend to have strong communal sharing values. Information and control benefits of structural holes are still valuable in firms that are not quite as inclusive and cooperative on the firm-wide level. In 2004, Ronald Burt studied 673 managers who ran the supply chain for one of America's largest electronics companies. He found that managers who often discussed issues with other groups were better paid, received more positive job evaluations and were more likely to be promoted. Thus, bridging structural holes can be beneficial to an organization, and in turn, to an individual's career.

76: 1955: 1947: 2247: 3043:, members tend to focus their activities inside their own groups, which stifles creativity and restricts opportunities. A player whose network bridges structural holes has an advantage in detecting and developing rewarding opportunities. Such a player can mobilize social capital by acting as a "broker" of information between two clusters that otherwise would not have been in contact, thus providing access to new ideas, opinions and opportunities. British philosopher and political economist 1809: 3007:

organizations. This dimension is highly connected to the relational dimension which refers to trustworthiness, norms, expectations and identifications of the bonds between partners. The relational dimension explains the nature of these ties which is mainly illustrated by the level of trust accorded to the network of organizations. The cognitive dimension analyses the extent to which organizations share common goals and objectives as a result of their ties and interactions.

7895: 941: 48: 7859: 2338: 7884: 872: 7871: 4761: 2168: 3047:, writes, "it is hardly possible to overrate the value of placing human beings in contact with persons dissimilar to themselves.... Such communication one of the primary sources of progress." Thus, a player with a network rich in structural holes can add value to an organization through new ideas and opportunities. This in turn, helps an individual's career development and advancement. 2697:, much attention has been paid to the social networks among criminal actors. For example, murders can be seen as a series of exchanges between gangs. Murders can be seen to diffuse outwards from a single source, because weaker gangs cannot afford to kill members of stronger gangs in retaliation, but must commit other violent acts to maintain their reputation for strength. 2597:. Many communication concepts describe the transfer of information from one source to another, and can thus be conceived of in terms of a network. Social network analysis has thus been successfully applied to phenomena ranging from the social diffusion of linguistic innovation to the influence of peer learner communication on study abroad second language acquisition. 2499:

of the cliques to be attracted together in the first place. However, being similar, each member of the clique would also know more or less what the other members knew. To find new information or insights, members of the clique will have to look beyond the clique to its other friends and acquaintances. This is what Granovetter called "the strength of weak ties".

2730:, the study of social networks has led to new sampling methods for estimating and reaching populations that are hard to enumerate (for example, homeless people or intravenous drug users.) For example, respondent driven sampling is a network-based sampling technique that relies on respondents to a survey recommending further respondents. 3051:

of consulting firm Eden McCallum, the founders were able to advance their careers by bridging their connections with former big three consulting firm consultants and mid-size industry firms. By bridging structural holes and mobilizing social capital, players can advance their careers by executing new opportunities between contacts.

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Information within these clusters tends to be rather homogeneous and redundant. Non-redundant information is most often obtained through contacts in different clusters. When two separate clusters possess non-redundant information, there is said to be a structural hole between them. Thus, a network that bridges

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is split into three dimensions: the structural, the relational and the cognitive dimension. The structural dimension describes how partners interact with each other and which specific partners meet in a social network. Also, the structural dimension of social capital indicates the level of ties among

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and another. This line of research seeks to explain why some become "early adopters" of ideas and innovations, and links social network structure with facilitating or impeding the spread of an innovation. A case in point is the social diffusion of linguistic innovation such as neologisms. Experiments

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Research has used network analysis to examine networks created when artists are exhibited together in museum exhibition. Such networks have been shown to affect an artist's recognition in history and historical narratives, even when controlling for individual accomplishments of the artist. Other work

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exists where people have an advantage because of their location in a network. Contacts in a network provide information, opportunities and perspectives that can be beneficial to the central player in the network. Most social structures tend to be characterized by dense clusters of strong connections.

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There has been research that both substantiates and refutes the benefits of information brokerage. A study of high tech Chinese firms by Zhixing Xiao found that the control benefits of structural holes are "dissonant to the dominant firm-wide spirit of cooperation and the information benefits cannot

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A social capital broker also reaps control benefits of being the facilitator of information flow between contacts. Full communication with exploratory mindsets and information exchange generated by dynamically alternating positions in a social network promotes creative and deep thinking. In the case

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and social "markets". Sociologists, such as Mark Granovetter, have developed core principles about the interactions of social structure, information, ability to punish or reward, and trust that frequently recur in their analyses of political, economic and other institutions. Granovetter examines how

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The basis of Heterophily Theory was the finding in one study that more numerous weak ties can be important in seeking information and innovation, as cliques have a tendency to have more homogeneous opinions as well as share many common traits. This homophilic tendency was the reason for the members

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that unravels the size distribution of social groups. Specific characteristics of scale-free networks vary with the theories and analytical tools used to create them, however, in general, scale-free networks have some common characteristics. One notable characteristic in a scale-free network is the

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relationships. Intra-organizational networks themselves often contain multiple levels of analysis, especially in larger organizations with multiple branches, franchises or semi-autonomous departments. In these cases, research is often conducted at a work group level and organization level, focusing

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as to be uninformative. Practical limitations of computing power, ethics and participant recruitment and payment also limit the scope of a social network analysis. The nuances of a local system may be lost in a large network analysis, hence the quality of information may be more important than its

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This particular cluster focuses on brand-image and promotional strategy effectiveness, taking into account the impact of customer participation on sales and brand-image. This is gauged through techniques such as sentiment analysis which rely on mathematical areas of study such as data mining and

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and the role of cooperation and confidence to achieve positive outcomes. The term refers to the value one can get from their social ties. For example, newly arrived immigrants can make use of their social ties to established migrants to acquire jobs they may otherwise have trouble getting (e.g.,

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and collaborators) have shown that cascades of desirable behaviors can be induced in social groups, in settings as diverse as Honduras villages, Indian slums, or in the lab. Still other experiments have documented the experimental induction of social contagion of voting behavior, emotions, risk

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size that falls between the micro- and macro-levels. However, meso-level may also refer to analyses that are specifically designed to reveal connections between micro- and macro-levels. Meso-level networks are low density and may exhibit causal processes distinct from interpersonal micro-level

2532:, which rests on the basis that having a broad range of contacts is most effective for job attainment. Structural holes have been widely applied in social network analysis, resulting in applications in a wide range of practical scenarios as well as machine learning-based social prediction. 2242:

configurations in the network and can be interpreted as describing the combinations of local social processes from which a given network emerges. These probability models for networks on a given set of actors allow generalization beyond the restrictive dyadic independence assumption of

4740:"Out-of-class peer interactions matter for second language acquisition during short-term overseas sojourns: The contributions of Social Network Analysis [Selected poster presentations from the American Association of Applied Linguistics conference, Denver, USA, March 2020]" 3018:

because of unfamiliarity with the local language). A positive relationship exists between social capital and the intensity of social network use. In a dynamic framework, higher activity in a network feeds into higher social capital which itself encourages more activity.

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examines how network grouping of artists can affect an individual artist's auction performance. An artist's status has been shown to increase when associated with higher status networks, though this association has diminishing returns over an artist's career.

2528:, this is beneficial to an individual's career because he is more likely to hear of job openings and opportunities if his network spans a wide range of contacts in different industries/sectors. This concept is similar to Mark Granovetter's theory of 4739: 2660:

The study of social networks is being used to examine the nature of interdependencies between actors and the ways in which these are related to outcomes of conflict and cooperation. Areas of study include cooperative behavior among participants in

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that greatly exceeds the average. The highest-degree nodes are often called "hubs", and may serve specific purposes in their networks, although this depends greatly on the social context. Another general characteristic of scale-free networks is the

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between actors. The social network perspective provides a set of methods for analyzing the structure of whole social entities as well as a variety of theories explaining the patterns observed in these structures. The study of these structures uses

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is that social phenomena should be primarily conceived and investigated through the properties of relations between and within units, instead of the properties of these units themselves. Thus, one common criticism of social network theory is that

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is an example of an unbalanced triad, likely to change to a balanced triad by a change in one of the relations. The dynamics of social friendships in society has been modeled by balancing triads. The study is carried forward with the theory of

1801:"). Durkheim gave a non-individualistic explanation of social facts, arguing that social phenomena arise when interacting individuals constitute a reality that can no longer be accounted for in terms of the properties of individual actors. 1974:, such that a globally coherent pattern appears from the local interaction of the elements that make up the system. These patterns become more apparent as network size increases. However, a global network analysis of, for example, all 2199:

on the interplay between the two structures. Experiments with networked groups online have documented ways to optimize group-level coordination through diverse interventions, including the addition of autonomous agents to the groups.

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social structures and social networks can affect economic outcomes like hiring, price, productivity and innovation and describes sociologists' contributions to analyzing the impact of social structure and networks on the economy.

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of social networks became state-of-the-art methods of social network analysis in the 1980s. This framework has the capacity to represent social-structural effects commonly observed in many human social networks, including general

1868:, often are credited with performing some of the first fieldwork from which network analyses were performed, investigating community networks in southern Africa, India and the United Kingdom. Concomitantly, British anthropologist 2609:" referred to a specific geographic location and studies of community ties had to do with who talked, associated, traded, and attended church with whom. Today, however, there are extended "online" communities developed through 2086:: The smallest unit of analysis in a social network is an individual in their social setting, i.e., an "actor" or "ego." Egonetwork analysis focuses on network characteristics, such as size, relationship strength, density, 2516:

will provide network benefits that are in some degree additive, rather than overlapping. An ideal network structure has a vine and cluster structure, providing access to many different clusters and structural holes.

1805:, writing at the turn of the twentieth century, pointed to the nature of networks and the effect of network size on interaction and examined the likelihood of interaction in loosely knit networks rather than groups. 2866:, as groups of people add and/or abandon languages to their repertoire. This may happen through the social diffusion of linguistic innovation, and through second language acquisition via communication with peers. 3080:

context, social pairs exchange different kinds of information, including sending a data file or a computer program as well as providing emotional support or arranging a meeting. With the rise of

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through networks of informal governance; the role of social networks in both intrastate conflict and interstate conflict; and social networking among politicians, constituents, and bureaucrats.

2882:, can be integrated with network theory and the relationships between different actors in the literary network, e.g. writers, critics, publishers, literary histories, etc., can be mapped using 6728: 5522: 1700:. The ties through which any given social unit connects represent the convergence of the various social contacts of that unit. This theoretical approach is, necessarily, relational. An 2928:

that link executives together, as well as associations and connections between individual employees at different organizations. Many organizational social network studies focus on

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in the 1930s to study interpersonal relationships. These approaches were mathematically formalized in the 1950s and theories and methods of social networks became pervasive in the

1938:, and others, developing and applying new models and methods to emerging data available about online social networks, as well as "digital traces" regarding face-to-face networks. 2940:

and power, density and centralization of team instrumental and expressive ties, and the role of between-team networks. Intra-organizational networks have been found to affect

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Examples of a random network and a scale-free network. Each graph has 32 nodes and 32 links. Note the "hubs" (large-degree nodes) in the scale-free diagram (on the right).

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Lee, J.; Kim, S. (2011). "Exploring the role of social networks in affective organizational commitment: Network centrality, strength of ties, and structural holes".

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has given rise to new network metrics. A key concern with networks extracted from social media is the lack of robustness of network metrics given missing data.

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scale for understanding network properties. Thus, social networks are analyzed at the scale relevant to the researcher's theoretical question. Although

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is now one of the major paradigms in contemporary sociology, and is also employed in a number of other social and formal sciences. Together with other

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benefits. The main player in a network that bridges structural holes is able to access information from diverse sources and clusters. For example, in

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levels of network research problems begin at the micro-level, but may cross over into the meso-level of analysis. Subset level research may focus on

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Wei, Wei; Joseph, Kenneth; Liu, Huan; Carley, Kathleen M. (2016). "Exploring Characteristics of Suspended Users and Network Stability on Twitter".

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Wellman, Barry (1988). "Structural analysis: From method and metaphor to theory and substance". pp. 19–61 in B. Wellman and S. D. Berkowitz (eds.)

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Major developments in the field can be seen in the 1930s by several groups in psychology, anthropology, and mathematics working independently. In

2878:, to study various aspects of how literature functions. The basic premise is that polysystem theory, which has been around since the writings of 5318:

Aral, Sinan; Walker, Dylan (2011). "Creating Social Contagion Through Viral Product Design: A Randomized Trial of Peer Influence in Networks".

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Kim, David A.; Hwong, Alison R.; Stafford, Derek; Hughes, D. Alex; O'Malley, A. James; Fowler, James H.; Christakis, Nicholas A. (2015-07-11).

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set the stage for taking a relational approach to understanding social structure. Later, drawing upon Parsons' theory, the work of sociologist

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Moreira, André A.; Demétrius R. Paula; Raimundo N. Costa Filho; José S. Andrade Jr. (2006). "Competitive cluster growth in complex networks".

9124: 2215: 2060: 2034: 5884: 5654: 1781:. Tönnies argued that social groups can exist as personal and direct social ties that either link individuals who share values and belief ( 455: 5973:

Gaudeul, Alexia; Giannetti, Caterina (2013). "The role of reciprocation in social network formation, with an application to LiveJournal".

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Jones, C.; Volpe, E.H. (2011). "Organizational identification: Extending our understanding of social identities through social networks".

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By the 1970s, a growing number of scholars worked to combine the different tracks and traditions. One group consisted of sociologist

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Wang, Hua & Barry Wellman (2010). "Social Connectivity in America: Changes in Adult Friendship Network Size from 2002 to 2007".

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Senekal, B. A. (2012). "Die Afrikaanse literêre sisteem: ŉ Eksperimentele benadering met behulp van Sosiale-netwerk-analise (SNA)".

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Beginning in the late 1990s, social network analysis experienced work by sociologists, political scientists, and physicists such as

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can be characterized by context, direction, and strength. The content of a relation refers to the resource that is exchanged. In a

1629:. Georg Simmel authored early structural theories in sociology emphasizing the dynamics of triads and "web of group affiliations". 5907:"Is There Social Capital in a Social Network Site? Facebook Use and College Students' Life Satisfaction, Trust, and Participation" 5787:

Bowler, W. M.; Brass, D. J. (2011). "Relational correlates of interpersonal citizenship behaviour: A social network perspective".

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analytics. This area of research produces vast numbers of commercial applications as the main goal of any study is to understand

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De Nooy, W (2003). "Fields and networks: Correspondence analysis and social network analysis in the framework of Field Theory".

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Anheier, H. K.; Romo, F. P. (1995). "Forms of capital and social structure of fields: examining Bourdieu's social topography".

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are useful to a broad range of research enterprises. In social science, these fields of study include, but are not limited to

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This article is about the theoretical concept as used in the social and behavioral sciences. For social networking sites, see

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or words, from one language system to another through networks of social interaction. Social networks are also important in

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and education, disease prevention, mental health diagnosis and treatment, and in the study of health care organizations and

2446:), and other features. In contrast, many of the mathematical models of networks that have been studied in the past, such as 9033: 3297:

Borgatti, Stephen P.; Mehra, Ajay; Brass, Daniel J.; Labianca, Giuseppe (2009). "Network Analysis in the Social Sciences".

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Rather than tracing interpersonal interactions, macro-level analyses generally trace the outcomes of interactions, such as

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Various theoretical frameworks have been imported for the use of social network analysis. The most prominent of these are

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began systematic recording and analysis of social interaction in small groups, especially classrooms and work groups (see

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combined with social networking software produce a new medium for social interaction. A relationship over a computerized

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In the study of literary systems, network analysis has been applied by Anheier, Gerhards and Romo, De Nooy, Senekal, and

902: 499: 6202: 7950: 7173: 6769: 6383: 6299: 4779: 3951: 2349: 1717:). Precisely because many different types of relations, singular or in combination, form these network configurations, 1447: 1176: 6098: 2190:. Network research on organizations may focus on either intra-organizational or inter-organizational ties in terms of 9283: 4246:

Cranmer, Skyler J.; Desmarais, Bruce A. (2011). "Inferential Network Analysis with Exponential Random Graph Models".

3224: 3165: 2924:. Social networks have also been used to examine how organizations interact with each other, characterizing the many 1665: 841: 831: 535: 495: 6509: 9078: 8921: 7875: 6960: 6882: 5674:

Podolny, J. M.; Baron, J. N. (1997). "Resources and relationships: Social networks and mobility in the workplace".

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as social relationships are traced, or may begin with a small group of individuals in a particular social context.

1853: 1521: 1104: 290: 6025:"The Network Concept of Creativity and Deep Thinking: Applications to Social Opinion Formation and Talent Support" 5346: 4150:"Multiple identities and work motivation: The role of perceived compatibility between nested organizational units" 3907:

Wellman, Barry (2008). "Review: The development of social network analysis: A study in the sociology of science".

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Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life

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Linked: how everything is connected to everything else and what it means for business, science, and everyday life

3077: 2976: 2206: 1417: 590: 375: 126: 38: 17: 9175: 7899: 4993:"Algorithms for seeding social networks can enhance the adoption of a public health intervention in urban India" 2386:, with patterns of complex connections between elements that are neither purely regular nor purely random (see, 9288: 9263: 9045: 7768: 7422: 7263: 3145: 1407: 3677:

The Structure of Social Action: A Study in Social Theory with Special Reference to a Group of European Writers

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Freeman, Linton C.; Wellman, Barry (1995). "A note on the ancestral Toronto home of social network analysis".

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are often considered a part of both the social sciences and the humanities, drawing heavily on fields such as

1923: 1402: 9238: 8762: 7375: 7231: 6751: 4282: 3582:. Paris: La Haye, Mouton et Co. (Translated, 1969 by J. H. Bell, J. R. von Sturmer, and R. Needham, 1969, as 2945: 2369: 2107: 1557: 1516: 1033: 856: 510: 5516:

Ernstson, Henrich (2010). "Reading list: Using social network analysis (SNA) in social-ecological studies".

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Wellman, Barry. 1988. "Structural Analysis: From Method and Metaphor to Theory and Substance". pp. 19–61 in

9144: 9134: 9018: 8581: 8400: 7716: 7626: 6822: 6736: 6681: 4083:"Mesolevel Networks and the Diffusion of Social Movements: The Case of the Swedish Social Democratic Party" 2906: 2649: 1362: 1206: 1153: 968: 175: 141: 3084:, information exchanged may also correspond to exchanges of money, goods or services in the "real" world. 2652:

explain how temporal changes in connectivity contribute to the formation of structure in social networks.

2308: 1397: 52: 9243: 7268: 6965: 6847: 4887:"Social network targeting to maximise population behaviour change: a cluster randomised controlled trial" 4860: 1975: 1689: 819: 145: 95: 2243:

micro-networks, allowing models to be built from theoretical structural foundations of social behavior.

9268: 9040: 7052: 6905: 6741: 6724: 6635: 1526: 1432: 1427: 1392: 1191: 1089: 1028: 836: 334: 6481: 4529: 1915:

are among the former students of White who elaborated and championed the analysis of social networks.

8926: 8165: 8033: 7942: 7530: 7258: 7188: 7112: 6925: 6862: 6852: 6761: 3170: 3105: 3073: 2941: 1988: 1869: 1114: 826: 395: 265: 131: 28: 5801: 5688: 4475: 3319: 662: 9233: 8315: 8038: 7993: 7863: 7711: 7701: 7498: 7224: 7137: 7122: 6120: 5247: 4944:"Induction of social contagion for diverse outcomes in structured experiments in isolated villages" 4260: 2925: 2855: 2851: 2705: 2645: 2476: 2144: 2140: 2026: 1550: 1452: 1412: 919: 385: 220: 3841:

Nagler, Jan; Anna Levina; Marc Timme (2011). "Impact of single links in competitive percolation".

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to identify local and global patterns, locate influential entities, and examine network dynamics.

1310: 9278: 9258: 8931: 8751: 8691: 8596: 8290: 7894: 7673: 7561: 7456: 7082: 7072: 6867: 6612: 5850: 5185: 3216: 3160: 3085: 2980: 2641: 2614: 2132: 2052: 1865: 1642: 1603: 1533: 1352: 1119: 1053: 1008: 895: 635: 625: 595: 475: 460: 425: 345: 340: 240: 2617:. Such devices and services require extensive and ongoing maintenance and analysis, often using 9108: 8977: 8586: 8230: 8190: 7783: 7503: 7331: 7117: 6955: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6817: 6807: 6719: 5796: 5683: 4470: 4255: 3742: 3314: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2300: 2227: 2099: 2025:

is a social relationship between two individuals. Network research on dyads may concentrate on

1931: 1885: 1746: 1437: 1422: 1337: 620: 550: 540: 520: 505: 435: 405: 325: 230: 5721:"Understanding Work Teams From a Network Perspective: A Review and Future Research Directions" 3367: 1845: 9253: 9023: 8711: 8526: 8140: 8058: 7706: 7696: 7658: 7631: 7593: 7566: 7476: 7385: 7304: 7294: 7057: 7001: 6935: 6746: 5370: 4528:

Lin, Zihang; Zhang, Yuwei; Gong, Qingyuan; Chen, Yang; Oksanen, Atte; Ding, Aaron Yi (2022).

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distribution, which decreases as the node degree increases. This distribution also follows a

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provides a strong impetus for analyzing the relational ties of social units with his work on

1730: 1538: 1357: 1327: 1216: 1171: 851: 676: 605: 580: 485: 410: 370: 330: 315: 280: 253: 180: 3488: 3458: 3359: 3208: 3207:; Faust, Katherine (1994). "Social Network Analysis in the Social and Behavioral Sciences". 8947: 8782: 8636: 8073: 7653: 7493: 7466: 7461: 7358: 7163: 7102: 7011: 6900: 6802: 6024: 5358: 5272: 5200: 5140: 5081: 5004: 4370: 4302: 4202: 3860: 3306: 3088:

methods have become essential to examining these types of computer mediated communication.

3040: 2768: 2357: 1837: 1677: 1305: 1186: 846: 648: 615: 585: 420: 390: 380: 310: 295: 90: 85: 6094:

Xiao, Zhixing; Tsui, Anne (2007). "When Brokers May Not Work: The Cultural Contingency of

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Alexander, Marcus; Forastiere, Laura; Gupta, Swati; Christakis, Nicholas A. (2022-07-26).

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Paradowski, Michał B.; Jarynowski, Andrzej; Jelińska, Magdalena; Czopek, Karolina (2021).

4191:"Locally noisy autonomous agents improve global human coordination in network experiments" 1774: 700: 8: 9186: 8982: 8893: 8837: 8807: 8716: 7833: 7827: 7753: 7668: 7613: 7488: 7353: 7299: 7132: 7127: 6975: 6920: 6877: 6857: 6544: 6488: 6080:

Gardner, Heidi; Eccles, Robert (2011). "Eden McCallum: A Network Based Consulting Firm".

5493: 3209: 3115: 3081: 2964: 2895: 2799: 2772: 2714: 2570: 2525: 2487:

Few complete theories have been produced from social network analysis. Two that have are

2435: 2423: 2411: 2286: 2266: 2191: 2048: 1903:, who focused on networks in political and community sociology and social movements, and 1872:

codified a theory of social structure that was influential in later network analysis. In

1857: 1742: 1697: 1610: 1342: 1211: 1201: 1196: 1048: 993: 983: 720: 465: 365: 203: 190: 6474: 5362: 5345:

Gile, Krista J.; Beaudry, Isabelle S.; Handcock, Mark S.; Ott, Miles Q. (7 March 2018).

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Bond, RM; Fariss, CJ; Jones, JJ; Kramer, ADI; Marlow, C; Settle, JE; Fowler, JH (2012).

5085: 5008: 4374: 4306: 4206: 3864: 3310: 1899:. Also independently active in the Harvard Social Relations department at the time were 8681: 8245: 7778: 7343: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7077: 7067: 6930: 6797: 6372: 6179: 6144: 6140: 6062: 6036: 5955: 5876: 5769: 5719:

Park, Semin; Grosser, Travis J.; Roebuck, Adam A.; Mathieu, John E. (3 February 2020).

5701: 5646: 5555: 5462: 5454: 5374: 5295: 5262: 5223: 5161: 5128: 5104: 5071: 5059: 5035: 4992: 4919: 4886: 4850: 4488: 4438: 4326: 4292: 4223: 4190: 4171: 4113: 4082: 4000: 3924: 3876: 3850: 3645: 3561: 3340: 3120: 3028: 2995: 2988: 2914: 2810:. The scientific philosophy of human ecology has a diffuse history with connections to 2803: 2743: 2742:

focuses almost entirely on networks of outcomes of social interactions. More narrowly,

2610: 2529: 2521: 2387: 2258: 1979: 1710: 1705: 1181: 1134: 1109: 998: 988: 888: 530: 525: 445: 400: 350: 320: 300: 160: 137: 32: 5586: 5422: 5405: 4902: 796: 9002: 8957: 8676: 7748: 7743: 7731: 7726: 7598: 7588: 7508: 7451: 7395: 7205: 7062: 6996: 6970: 6940: 6792: 6701: 6521: 6436: 6417: 6398: 6379: 6356: 6333: 6314: 6295: 6276: 6257: 6238: 6231: 6217: 6054: 5990: 5959: 5923: 5906: 5880: 5866: 5814: 5773: 5650: 5636: 5559: 5466: 5300: 5228: 5166: 5109: 5040: 5022: 4973: 4965: 4924: 4906: 4842: 4636: 4595: 4564:"Historic networks and commemoration: Connections created through museum exhibitions" 4388: 4318: 4228: 4175: 4166: 4149: 4061: 3947: 3928: 3831:, edited by Barry Wellman and S. D. Berkowitz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3649: 3641: 3628:

Savage, Mike (2008). "Elizabeth Bott and the formation of modern British sociology".

3494: 3466: 3371: 3360: 3332: 3277: 3252: 3220: 3204: 2991: 2921: 2807: 2791: 2787: 2662: 2637: 2578: 2379: 2365: 2331: 2327: 2214:-based structural effects commonly observed in many human social networks as well as 2160: 2012: 1984: 1971: 1963: 1861: 1750: 1714: 1662: 1614: 1478: 1144: 1094: 1003: 978: 748: 692: 672: 630: 610: 440: 430: 360: 210: 155: 6183: 6148: 6066: 5378: 5186:"Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks" 4855: 4820:"Murder by Structure: Dominance Relations and the Social Structure of Gang Homicide" 4615:"Networks Created Within Exhibition: The Curators' Effect on Historical Recognition" 4442: 4330: 4048:

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De la division du travail social: étude sur l'organisation des sociétés supérieures

3324: 3069: 3044: 2968: 2633: 2590: 2513: 2403: 2391: 2383: 2239: 2231: 2044: 2022: 1946: 1908: 1758: 1693: 1594: 1582: 1237: 1226: 1124: 1084: 1068: 800: 760: 704: 560: 515: 470: 415: 355: 270: 235: 185: 75: 5620: 4057: 3344: 2520:

Networks rich in structural holes are a form of social capital in that they offer

2230:-based activity and popularity effects, as derived from explicit hypotheses about 9093: 9068: 8972: 8423: 8013: 7773: 7540: 7535: 7348: 7183: 7036: 7026: 7021: 7006: 6587: 6102: 5986: 5862: 5632: 5526: 5500: 5437:

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At the micro-level, social network research typically begins with an individual,

1954: 1935: 1919: 1904: 1877: 1841: 1821: 1718: 1669: 1650: 1646: 1598: 1473: 1254: 1129: 1038: 973: 927: 808: 804: 788: 768: 696: 684: 573: 545: 490: 450: 215: 165: 8200: 6607: 6495: 5406:"Network Sampling: From Snowball and Multiplicity to Respondent-Driven Sampling" 2936:

network studies, research assesses, for example, the predictors and outcomes of

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The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science

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The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science

3135: 3010: 3003: 2972: 2960: 2863: 2747: 2508: 2472: 2353: 2295: 2282: 2278: 2219: 2064: 2000: 1992: 1892: 1638: 1483: 1289: 1264: 1259: 1233: 1222: 1063: 1058: 1018: 956: 876: 792: 784: 780: 776: 728: 688: 275: 121: 8852: 6175: 5810: 4756: 4720: 4703: 4548: 3455:

For a historical overview of the development of social network analysis, see:

2708:

studies focus on the spread and use of ideas from one actor to another or one

2337: 2311:

model of network evolution shown above is an example of a scale-free network.

9227: 9028: 8656: 8380: 8330: 8220: 8108: 7911: 7839: 7795: 7758: 7688: 7663: 7573: 7471: 7417: 7412: 7168: 7016: 6915: 6691: 6622: 6525: 6518:

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Self-organization of a network, based on Nagler, Levina, & Timme (2011)

1849: 1829: 1802: 1793: 1783: 1778: 1777:

foreshadowed the idea of social networks in their theories and research of

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is a term somewhat synonymous with "macro-level." It is primarily used in

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2071:

the triad is the key to social dynamics. The discord in a rivalrous

1713:

is often ignored although this may not be the case in practice (see

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Analysis of social networks is increasingly incorporated into

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in the world is not feasible and is likely to contain so much

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studies, today, also make extensive use of such methods.

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In addition, the sheer size and the volatile nature of

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Pearson Prentice Hall. 3171:Social networking service 3106:Bibliography of sociology 3074:social networking service 2942:organizational commitment 2858:and transfer of changes, 2222:, and at the node-level, 1418:Exponential random (ERGM) 1085:Informational (computing) 29:Social networking service 9284:Sociological terminology 7138:Suicide and the Internet 7123:Social media and suicide 6290:Ferguson, Niall (2018). 6051:10.1177/0016986217701832 5952:10.1177/0002764209356247 5766:10.1177/0275074010373803 5738:10.1177/0149206320901573 5483:. Boston, MA: JAI Press. 5451:10.1257/0895330053147958 4632:10.1177/0002764218800145 4050:Computational Complexity 3718:, (65)6: 545–556, (May). 3586:, Boston: Beacon Press.) 3485:See also the diagram in 3433:, New York: Free Press.) 3425:Durkheim, Emile (1893). 3272:Freeman, Linton (2004). 2852:evolutionary linguistics 2838:Language and linguistics 2701:Diffusion of innovations 2656:Conflict and Cooperation 2646:dynamic network analysis 2642:complex adaptive systems 2605:In J.A. Barnes' day, a " 2477:Social identity approach 2033:, and tendencies toward 1895:and his students at the 1769:In the late 1890s, both 1661:The social network is a 1105:Scientific collaboration 221:Structural functionalism 8932:Web 2.0 Suicide Machine 7457:international relations 7083:Friending and following 7073:Consequential strangers 6868:Social network analysis 5286:10.1073/pnas.1421883112 5214:10.1073/pnas.1320040111 5095:10.1073/pnas.0913149107 5018:10.1073/pnas.2120742119 4961:10.1126/science.adi5147 3630:The Sociological Review 3395:Scott, John P. (2000). 3329:10.1126/science.1165821 3161:Social network analysis 3086:Social network analysis 2615:social network services 2290:relative commonness of 1866:Elizabeth Bott Spillius 1643:Social network analysis 1604:social network analysis 1534:Category:Network theory 1054:Preferential attachment 241:Symbolic interactionism 136:Industrial revolutions 9249:Complex systems theory 9150:User gender difference 8978:Small-world experiment 7784:Quantum social science 7118:Social media addiction 6956:Social media analytics 6843:Social identity theory 6838:Social exchange theory 6833:Social data revolution 6818:Small-world experiment 6720:Corporate social media 6603:M.E.J. Newman datasets 6468:Peer-reviewed journals 6029:Gifted Child Quarterly 5332:10.1287/mnsc.1110.1421 3909:Contemporary Sociology 3442:Simmel, Georg (1908). 2890:Organizational studies 2489:structural role theory 2432:hierarchical structure 2428:stochastic block model 2416:clustering coefficient 2404:technological networks 2342: 2301:clustering coefficient 2251: 2172: 2059:and tendencies toward 1959: 1951: 1932:Nicholas A. Christakis 1924:Albert-László Barabási 1886:social exchange theory 1842:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown 1813: 1747:organizational studies 1423:Random geometric (RGG) 231:Social constructionism 56: 37:. For other uses, see 9289:Sociological theories 9264:Organizational theory 9140:Use in investigations 8059:Foursquare City Guide 7821:Other categorizations 7674:International studies 7659:History of technology 7594:Communication studies 7477:public administration 7058:Community recognition 7002:Collaborative finance 6936:Lateral communication 6747:Mobile social network 5725:Journal of Management 4513:Burt, Ronald (1992). 3969:Kadushin, C. (2012). 3414:Community and Society 2900:informal organization 2769:patient communication 2761:health care analytics 2648:. Mechanisms such as 2623:Community development 2555:Communication Studies 2340: 2249: 2170: 2061:reciprocity/mutuality 2035:reciprocity/mutuality 1957: 1949: 1811: 1731:communication studies 1539:Category:Graph theory 606:Conversation analysis 181:Social stratification 50: 9239:Communication theory 8948:Attention inequality 7654:Historical sociology 7164:Friendship recession 7103:Information overload 7012:Influencer marketing 6901:Account verification 6808:Interpersonal bridge 6803:Attention inequality 6393:Scott, John (1991). 5619:Lotker, Zvi (2021), 4410:. Sage Publications. 3814:Tilly, Charles, ed. 3727:Blau, Peter (1964). 3701:Blau, Peter (1956). 3487:Scott, John (2000). 2926:informal connections 2894:Research studies of 2650:Dual-phase evolution 2346:Large-scale networks 2234:among network ties. 2143:subgroups, or other 1987:are not necessarily 1838:Bronislaw Malinowski 1715:agent-based modeling 1585:made up of a set of 8983:Small-world network 8889:Software comparison 8838:Windows Live Spaces 8808:Tea Party Community 7834:Geisteswissenschaft 7828:Behavioral sciences 7754:Political sociology 7669:Information science 7614:Development studies 7133:Social network game 7128:Social invisibility 6976:Structural cohesion 6921:Collaboration graph 6878:Structural endogamy 6858:Social media mining 6313:. Empirical Press. 6271:Estrada, E (2011). 6008:Mill, John (1909). 5621:"Machine Narrative" 5505:Ecology and Society 5363:2018AnRSA...5...65G 5277:2015PNAS..112.5631M 5205:2014PNAS..111.8788K 5153:10.1038/nature11421 5145:2012Natur.489..295B 5086:2010PNAS..107.5334F 5009:2022PNAS..11920742A 4839:10.2139/ssrn.855304 4673:10.3390/arts8030081 4375:2001Natur.410..268S 4307:2006PhRvE..73f5101M 4215:10.1038/nature22332 4207:2017Natur.545..370S 3865:2011NatPh...7..265N 3801:Mullins, Nicholas. 3662:Nadel, S. F. 1957. 3493:. Sage. p. 8. 3465:. Sage. p. 1. 3311:2009Sci...323..892B 3276:. Empirical Press. 3116:Business networking 3082:electronic commerce 2715:Nicholas Christakis 2571:information science 2483:Indigenous theories 2424:community structure 2412:degree distribution 2350:Large-scale network 2287:degree distribution 2267:degree distribution 2255:Scale-free networks 1846:Claude Lévi-Strauss 1743:information science 1696:determined by such 1599:social interactions 1343:Degree distribution 994:Community structure 191:Social cycle theory 62:Part of a series on 9244:Community building 7889:Society portal 7376:auxiliary sciences 7098:Internet addiction 7093:Influence-for-hire 7088:Friendship paradox 7078:Friend of a friend 7068:Computer addiction 6931:Giant Global Graph 6798:Assortative mixing 6586:2014-10-10 at the 6101:2016-09-14 at the 5855:Social Informatics 5525:2012-04-03 at the 5519:Resilience Science 5499:2012-06-04 at the 5320:Management Science 4954:(6695): eadi5147. 4270:10.1093/pan/mpq037 4248:Political Analysis 3205:Wasserman, Stanley 3121:Collective network 3029:consumer behaviour 2996:goods and services 2915:economic sociology 2808:built environments 2744:economic sociology 2734:Economic sociology 2663:collective actions 2611:telecommunications 2493:heterophily theory 2388:complexity science 2343: 2259:scale-free network 2252: 2173: 2135:and reachability, 2117:analysis or other 2096:isolates, liaisons 2094:and roles such as 1989:mutually exclusive 1985:levels of analysis 1960: 1952: 1942:Levels of analysis 1814: 1706:social interaction 1527:Network scientists 1453:Soft configuration 877:Society portal 500:History of science 481:Race and ethnicity 161:Social environment 57: 34:The Social Network 9269:Self-organization 9221: 9220: 9003:Virtual community 8958:Cybersectarianism 7909: 7908: 7749:Political economy 7744:Political ecology 7599:Community studies 7589:Cognitive science 7552:Interdisciplinary 7452:Political science 7214: 7213: 7206:Virtual community 7063:Complex contagion 6997:Attention economy 6971:Social television 6941:Reputation system 6793:Ambient awareness 6442:978-0-521-24441-1 6423:978-0-521-38269-4 6404:978-0-7619-6338-7 6362:978-9974-99-637-3 6339:978-0-19-537946-4 6320:978-1-59457-714-7 6294:. Penguin Press. 6282:978-0-199-59175-6 6263:978-1-4129-7911-5 6244:978-0-452-28439-5 5872:978-3-030-60975-7 5836:(Claridge, 2018). 5642:978-3-030-68298-9 5261:(18): 5631–5636. 5199:(24): 8788–8790. 5139:(7415): 295–298. 5070:(12): 5334–5338. 4897:(9989): 145–153. 4744:Language Teaching 4369:(6825): 268–276. 4347:. New York: Plum. 4285:Physical Review E 4201:(7654): 370–374. 4067:978-1-4614-1800-9 3873:10.1038/nphys1860 3690:The Social System 3534:monographs, No.1. 3500:978-0-7619-6339-4 3472:978-1-84787-395-8 3377:978-0-521-19533-1 3305:(5916): 892–895. 3283:978-1-59457-714-7 3258:978-0-13-195893-7 3241:Scott, W. Richard 3070:Computer networks 3031:and drive sales. 2870:Literary networks 2792:transdisciplinary 2788:interdisciplinary 2685:Criminal networks 2638:social complexity 2579:political science 2536:Research clusters 2526:business networks 2463:Imported theories 2458:Theoretical links 2434:. In the case of 2380:social complexity 2366:computer sciences 2360:sciences, and in 2108:social psychology 1862:J. Clyde Mitchell 1854:Manchester School 1775:Ferdinand Tönnies 1751:social psychology 1719:network analytics 1711:individual agency 1680:, or even entire 1615:social psychology 1611:interdisciplinary 1575: 1574: 1495: 1494: 1403:Bianconi–Barabási 1297: 1296: 1115:Artificial neural 1090:Telecommunication 913: 912: 631:Social experiment 511:Social psychology 156:Social complexity 16:(Redirected from 9296: 9130:Privacy concerns 9094:Online petitions 9051:Social profiling 8968:1+ million users 8953:Confessions page 8858:Yahoo! Kickstart 8557:Friends Reunited 8064:Foursquare Swarm 7936: 7929: 7922: 7913: 7912: 7897: 7887: 7886: 7873: 7872: 7861: 7860: 7764:Regional science 7609:Cultural studies 7584:Business studies 7241: 7234: 7227: 7218: 7217: 7194:Social profiling 7148:Viral phenomenon 6911:Change detection 6652: 6645: 6638: 6629: 6628: 6533: 6528:. Archived from 6446: 6427: 6408: 6389: 6377: 6366: 6343: 6324: 6305: 6286: 6267: 6248: 6236: 6225: 6207: 6188: 6187: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6116: 6110: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6044: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5946:(8): 1148–1169. 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5846: 5837: 5834: 5823: 5822: 5804: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5731:(6): 1002–1028. 5716: 5710: 5709: 5691: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5602:LitNet Akademies 5597: 5591: 5590: 5581:(5–6): 305–327. 5570: 5564: 5563: 5535: 5529: 5514: 5508: 5490: 5484: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5326:(9): 1623–1639. 5315: 5309: 5308: 5298: 5288: 5270: 5252: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5226: 5216: 5190: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5164: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5107: 5097: 5079: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5038: 5020: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4963: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4922: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4865: 4859:. Archived from 4858: 4824: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4799: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4759: 4735: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4699: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4675: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4634: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4593: 4583: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4534: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4510: 4497: 4496: 4478: 4458: 4447: 4446: 4429:(6): 1360–1380. 4418: 4412: 4411: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4386: 4384:10.1038/35065725 4354: 4348: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4300: 4298:cond-mat/0603272 4280: 4274: 4273: 4263: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4226: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4169: 4145: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4126: 4087: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4018: 4009: 4008: 3991:(6): 1287–1303. 3980: 3974: 3967: 3958: 3957: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3904: 3898: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3858: 3838: 3832: 3825: 3819: 3812: 3806: 3799: 3793: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3738: 3732: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3706: 3699: 3693: 3686: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3606: 3600: 3593: 3587: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3541: 3535: 3524: 3518: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3453: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3423: 3417: 3406: 3400: 3393: 3382: 3381: 3365: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3322: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3245:Davis, Gerald F. 3237: 3231: 3230: 3214: 3201: 3045:John Stuart Mill 3015:social relations 2969:cultural capital 2856:linguistic forms 2634:Complex networks 2629:Complex networks 2591:literary studies 2514:structural holes 2503:Structural holes 2392:dynamical system 2384:network topology 2376:Complex networks 1909:Mark Granovetter 1820:, in the 1930s, 1759:sociolinguistics 1694:social structure 1647:complex networks 1597:ties, and other 1589:actors (such as 1583:social structure 1567: 1560: 1553: 1438:Stochastic block 1428:Hyperbolic (HGN) 1377: 1376: 1240: 1229: 1161: 1160: 1069:Social influence 943: 915: 914: 905: 898: 891: 875: 874: 626:Network analysis 516:Sociocybernetics 506:Social movements 236:Social darwinism 186:Social structure 78: 59: 58: 21: 9304: 9303: 9299: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9294: 9293: 9234:Social networks 9224: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9154: 9145:Use in politics 9113: 9069:Activity stream 9055: 9007: 8973:Online identity 8936: 8910: 8877: 8582:Google Currents 8463: 8424:HCL Connections 8395: 7945: 7940: 7910: 7905: 7881: 7849: 7816: 7800: 7774:Science studies 7558:Administration 7547: 7273: 7250: 7248:Social sciences 7245: 7215: 7210: 7184:Online identity 7152: 7041: 7037:Viral marketing 7027:Social commerce 7022:Sharing economy 7007:Creator economy 6980: 6893: 6887: 6785: 6779: 6756: 6708: 6665: 6659:Social networks 6656: 6623:RSiena datasets 6588:Wayback Machine 6577: 6540: 6508: 6482:Network Science 6475:Social Networks 6470: 6458: 6453: 6443: 6424: 6405: 6386: 6363: 6340: 6321: 6302: 6283: 6264: 6245: 6205: 6197: 6195:Further reading 6192: 6191: 6160: 6156: 6119:Garton, Laura; 6117: 6113: 6103:Wayback Machine 6093: 6089: 6078: 6074: 6021: 6017: 6006: 6002: 5975:Social Networks 5971: 5967: 5936: 5932: 5903: 5899: 5890: 5888: 5873: 5847: 5840: 5835: 5826: 5802:10.1.1.516.8746 5785: 5781: 5750: 5746: 5717: 5713: 5698:10.2307/2657354 5689:10.1.1.114.6822 5672: 5668: 5660: 5658: 5643: 5617: 5613: 5598: 5594: 5571: 5567: 5536: 5532: 5527:Wayback Machine 5515: 5511: 5501:Wayback Machine 5491: 5487: 5478: 5474: 5435: 5431: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5343: 5339: 5316: 5312: 5250: 5244: 5240: 5188: 5182: 5178: 5125: 5121: 5056: 5052: 4989: 4985: 4940: 4936: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4866:on 7 April 2014 4863: 4822: 4816: 4812: 4804: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4736: 4729: 4700: 4691: 4652: 4648: 4611: 4607: 4560: 4556: 4532: 4526: 4522: 4511: 4500: 4476:10.1.1.388.2251 4459: 4450: 4419: 4415: 4404: 4400: 4355: 4351: 4342: 4338: 4281: 4277: 4244: 4240: 4187: 4183: 4146: 4139: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4085: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4046: 4042: 4035:10.1002/job.694 4019: 4012: 3981: 3977: 3968: 3961: 3954: 3940: 3936: 3905: 3901: 3892: 3888: 3839: 3835: 3826: 3822: 3813: 3809: 3800: 3796: 3787: 3783: 3768: 3761: 3752: 3750: 3739: 3735: 3726: 3722: 3713: 3709: 3700: 3696: 3687: 3683: 3674: 3670: 3661: 3657: 3626: 3622: 3607: 3603: 3597:Human Relations 3594: 3590: 3577: 3573: 3558:10.2307/2844197 3542: 3538: 3525: 3521: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3454: 3450: 3441: 3437: 3424: 3420: 3407: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3378: 3356: 3352: 3320:10.1.1.536.5568 3295: 3291: 3284: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3202: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3181:Structural fold 3141:Network science 3131:Network society 3101: 3067: 3061: 3037: 3024: 2958: 2892: 2872: 2850:, particularly 2840: 2781: 2765:epidemiological 2757: 2736: 2724: 2703: 2695:urban sociology 2687: 2658: 2631: 2619:network science 2603: 2552: 2543: 2538: 2505: 2485: 2465: 2460: 2436:agency-directed 2408:complex network 2317: 2157: 2057:social equality 2031:social equality 2009: 1964:self-organizing 1944: 1936:James H. Fowler 1920:Duncan J. Watts 1905:Stanley Milgram 1878:Talcott Parsons 1822:Jacob L. Moreno 1767: 1690:differentiation 1670:social sciences 1659: 1651:network science 1571: 1509: 1474:Boolean network 1448:Maximum entropy 1398:Barabási–Albert 1315: 1232: 1221: 1009:Controllability 974:Complex network 961: 948: 947: 946: 945: 944: 928:Network science 909: 869: 862: 861: 822: 812: 811: 739: 665: 651: 649:Major theorists 641: 640: 576: 566: 565: 256: 246: 245: 216:Critical theory 211:Conflict theory 206: 196: 195: 166:Social equality 107: 45: 42: 23: 22: 18:Social networks 15: 12: 11: 5: 9302: 9292: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9279:Social systems 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9259:Network theory 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9121: 9119: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9065: 9063: 9061:User interface 9057: 9056: 9054: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9026: 9021: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8988:Social network 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8918: 8916: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8891: 8885: 8883: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8758:SixDegrees.com 8755: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8487:Avatars United 8484: 8479: 8473: 8471: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8405: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8311:The Meet Group 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7955: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7939: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7916: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7903: 7891: 7879: 7867: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7830: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7717:social science 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7649:Global studies 7646: 7644:Gender studies 7641: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7629: 7627:social science 7623:Environmental 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7322:macroeconomics 7319: 7317:microeconomics 7309: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7244: 7243: 7236: 7229: 7221: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7203: 7201:Viral messages 7198: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7160: 7158: 7157:Related topics 7154: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7032:Social sorting 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6992:Affinity fraud 6988: 6986: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6897: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6828:Social capital 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6789: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6766: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6722: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6655: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6613:Gephi datasets 6610: 6608:Pajek datasets 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6563: 6562:by S. Borgatti 6557: 6549: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6532:on 2013-07-18. 6506: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6451:External links 6449: 6448: 6447: 6441: 6428: 6422: 6409: 6403: 6390: 6385:978-0262017190 6384: 6367: 6361: 6344: 6338: 6325: 6319: 6306: 6301:978-0735222915 6300: 6287: 6281: 6268: 6262: 6249: 6243: 6226: 6216:(8): 156–160. 6196: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6154: 6125:Wellman, Barry 6111: 6087: 6072: 6035:(3): 194–201. 6015: 6000: 5981:(3): 317–330. 5965: 5930: 5917:(4): 875–901. 5897: 5871: 5838: 5824: 5779: 5760:(2): 205–223. 5744: 5711: 5682:(5): 673–693. 5666: 5641: 5611: 5592: 5565: 5552:10.1086/230603 5546:(4): 859–903. 5530: 5509: 5485: 5472: 5429: 5416:(1): 101–119. 5396: 5337: 5310: 5238: 5176: 5119: 5050: 4983: 4934: 4877: 4810: 4770: 4750:(1): 139–143. 4727: 4689: 4646: 4605: 4554: 4543:(3): 724–739. 4520: 4498: 4485:10.1086/421787 4469:(2): 349–399. 4448: 4435:10.1086/225469 4413: 4398: 4349: 4336: 4275: 4261:10.1.1.623.751 4238: 4181: 4137: 4102:10.1086/303109 4096:(1): 145–172. 4073: 4066: 4040: 4029:(3): 413–434. 4010: 3997:10.1086/226224 3975: 3959: 3953:978-0521382694 3952: 3934: 3915:(3): 221–222. 3899: 3886: 3849:(3): 265–270. 3843:Nature Physics 3833: 3820: 3816:An Urban World 3807: 3794: 3781: 3759: 3741:Bernie Hogan. 3733: 3720: 3707: 3694: 3681: 3668: 3655: 3636:(4): 579–605. 3620: 3601: 3588: 3571: 3536: 3519: 3506: 3499: 3478: 3471: 3459:"Introduction" 3448: 3435: 3418: 3401: 3383: 3376: 3350: 3289: 3282: 3264: 3257: 3232: 3225: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3136:Network theory 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3063:Main article: 3060: 3057: 3036: 3033: 3023: 3020: 3011:Social capital 3004:Social capital 2975:are marked by 2961:Social capital 2957: 2956:Social capital 2954: 2891: 2888: 2871: 2868: 2864:language shift 2839: 2836: 2830:, and natural 2780: 2777: 2763:, not only in 2756: 2753: 2748:social capital 2735: 2732: 2723: 2720: 2702: 2699: 2686: 2683: 2657: 2654: 2630: 2627: 2602: 2599: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2509:social capital 2504: 2501: 2484: 2481: 2473:Balance theory 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2316: 2313: 2283:random network 2279:network theory 2275:asymptotically 2156: 2153: 2065:balance theory 2008: 2005: 1943: 1940: 1893:Harrison White 1858:John A. Barnes 1771:Émile Durkheim 1766: 1763: 1668:useful in the 1658: 1655: 1641:by the 1980s. 1579:social network 1573: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1562: 1555: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1481: 1476: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1413:Watts–Strogatz 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1382: 1381: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1234:Incidence list 1230: 1223:Adjacency list 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1192:Data structure 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1166: 1165: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1120:Interdependent 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1064:Network effect 1061: 1059:Balance theory 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1019:Social capital 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 963: 962: 960: 959: 953: 950: 949: 938: 937: 936: 935: 934: 931: 930: 924: 923: 911: 910: 908: 907: 900: 893: 885: 882: 881: 880: 879: 864: 863: 860: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 823: 818: 817: 814: 813: 667: 666: 652: 647: 646: 643: 642: 639: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 577: 572: 571: 568: 567: 564: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 276:Astrosociology 273: 268: 263: 257: 252: 251: 248: 247: 244: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 207: 202: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 134: 129: 124: 122:Human behavior 119: 114: 108: 105: 104: 101: 100: 99: 98: 93: 88: 80: 79: 71: 70: 64: 63: 53:Barabási model 43: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9301: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9157: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9116: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9030: 9029:Online dating 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9010: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8939: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8466: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8398: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8221:Odnoklassniki 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7937: 7932: 7930: 7925: 7923: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7892: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7856: 7855: 7852: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7840:Human science 7838: 7836: 7835: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7796:Vegan studies 7794: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7759:Public health 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7693:Philosophies 7692: 7690: 7689:Media studies 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7664:Human ecology 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7574:Anthrozoology 7572: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7499:developmental 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7485: 7482: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7472:public policy 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7423:legal systems 7421: 7419: 7418:legal history 7416: 7414: 7413:jurisprudence 7411: 7410: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7242: 7237: 7235: 7230: 7228: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7169:Peer pressure 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7044: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7017:Narrowcasting 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6916:Blockmodeling 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6653: 6648: 6646: 6641: 6639: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6541: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6513: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6456:Organizations 6444: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6396: 6391: 6387: 6381: 6376: 6375: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6331: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6293: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6259: 6255: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6235: 6234: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6198: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6091: 6083: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6011: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5489: 5482: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4833:(1): 74–128. 4832: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4790:(1): 89–107. 4789: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4732: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4409: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4291:(6): 065101. 4290: 4286: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4142: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4015: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3966: 3964: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3824: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3798: 3791: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3764: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3665: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3599:, (7): 39–58. 3598: 3592: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3516: 3510: 3502: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3482: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3363: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3228: 3226:9780521387071 3222: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3198: 3193: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3111:Blockmodeling 3109: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3096: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3041:organizations 3032: 3030: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2963:is a form of 2962: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903:relationships 2901: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2884:visualization 2881: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2784:Human ecology 2779:Human ecology 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2738:The field of 2731: 2729: 2719: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2550:Communication 2547: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2455: 2453: 2452:random graphs 2449: 2445: 2444:network motif 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420:assortativity 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184:social groups 2181: 2180:organizations 2177: 2176:Organizations 2169: 2165: 2162: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2145:group actions 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2078:signed graphs 2074: 2073:love triangle 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2055:, as well as 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041:Triadic level 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1956: 1948: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928:Peter Bearman 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1913:Barry Wellman 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901:Charles Tilly 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1779:social groups 1776: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678:organizations 1675: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1458:LFR Benchmark 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1443:Blockmodeling 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1408:Fitness model 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1348:Assortativity 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1301: 1300: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1077:Network types 1076: 1075: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1024:Link analysis 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1014:Graph drawing 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 966: 965: 964: 958: 955: 954: 952: 951: 942: 933: 932: 929: 926: 925: 921: 917: 916: 906: 901: 899: 894: 892: 887: 886: 884: 883: 878: 873: 868: 867: 866: 865: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 842:Organizations 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 821: 816: 815: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 791: · 790: 787: · 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 747: · 746: 743: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 679: · 678: 674: 671: 664: 660: 657: 654: 653: 650: 645: 644: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 596:Computational 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 578: 575: 570: 569: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 501: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 341:Environmental 339: 336: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 291:Consciousness 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 255: 250: 249: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 205: 200: 199: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 171:Social equity 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 143: 139: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 117:Globalization 115: 113: 110: 109: 103: 102: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 83: 82: 81: 77: 73: 72: 69: 66: 65: 61: 60: 54: 49: 40: 36: 35: 30: 19: 9254:Hyperreality 9118:Implications 9012:Applications 8998:User profile 8987: 8773:Spotify Live 8752:Sciencescape 8439:ResearchGate 8409:Academia.edu 8401:Professional 8336:Truth Social 8131:IRC-Galleria 7898: 7874: 7862: 7832: 7639:Food studies 7579:Area studies 7332:mathematical 7327:econometrics 7285:Anthropology 7179:User profile 6951:Social graph 6784:Concepts and 6729: 6682:Professional 6663:social media 6658: 6565: 6551: 6543: 6530:the original 6517: 6511: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6432: 6413: 6394: 6373: 6352: 6348: 6329: 6310: 6291: 6272: 6253: 6232: 6213: 6209: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6132: 6128: 6114: 6106: 6090: 6081: 6075: 6032: 6028: 6018: 6009: 6003: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5889:. Retrieved 5854: 5795:(1): 70–82. 5792: 5788: 5782: 5757: 5753: 5747: 5728: 5724: 5714: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5659:, retrieved 5624: 5614: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5518: 5512: 5504: 5488: 5480: 5475: 5445:(1): 33–50. 5442: 5438: 5432: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5389:21 September 5387:. Retrieved 5357:(1): 65–93. 5354: 5350: 5340: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5258: 5254: 5241: 5196: 5192: 5179: 5136: 5132: 5122: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4868:. Retrieved 4861:the original 4830: 4826: 4813: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4747: 4743: 4714:(2): 53–64. 4711: 4707: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4625:(1): 25–43. 4622: 4618: 4608: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4540: 4536: 4523: 4514: 4466: 4462: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4407: 4401: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4344: 4339: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4254:(1): 66–86. 4251: 4247: 4241: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4157: 4153: 4129:. Retrieved 4093: 4089: 4076: 4049: 4043: 4026: 4022: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3970: 3943: 3937: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3894: 3889: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3828: 3823: 3815: 3810: 3802: 3797: 3789: 3784: 3775: 3771: 3751:. Retrieved 3736: 3728: 3723: 3715: 3710: 3702: 3697: 3689: 3684: 3676: 3671: 3663: 3658: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3596: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3514: 3509: 3489: 3481: 3462: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3396: 3361: 3353: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3273: 3267: 3248: 3235: 3210: 3156:Social graph 3093:social media 3090: 3068: 3065:Social media 3059:Social media 3053: 3049: 3038: 3025: 3009: 2973:transactions 2959: 2917:, and other 2893: 2873: 2841: 2824:anthropology 2782: 2758: 2737: 2725: 2704: 2688: 2675:public goods 2671:social norms 2659: 2632: 2613:devices and 2604: 2567:anthropology 2553: 2544: 2541:Art Networks 2519: 2506: 2497: 2486: 2469:Graph theory 2466: 2396:chaos theory 2375: 2374: 2345: 2344: 2318: 2254: 2253: 2232:dependencies 2220:transitivity 2202: 2201: 2175: 2174: 2158: 2125:Subset level 2124: 2123: 2119:genealogical 2112:ethnographic 2083: 2082: 2069:Fritz Heider 2053:transitivity 2040: 2039: 2019:Dyadic level 2018: 2017: 2010: 1961: 1917: 1890: 1856:, including 1850:Max Gluckman 1834:ethnographic 1830:anthropology 1815: 1803:Georg Simmel 1794:Gesellschaft 1792: 1784:Gemeinschaft 1782: 1768: 1723:anthropology 1698:interactions 1686:social units 1660: 1631:Jacob Moreno 1627:graph theory 1608: 1578: 1576: 1433:Hierarchical 1388:Random graph 1236: / 1225: / 1207:Neighborhood 1099: 1049:Transitivity 1029:Optimization 827:Bibliography 741: 669: 668: 655: 621:Mathematical 601:Ethnographic 581:Quantitative 266:Architecture 204:Perspectives 176:Social power 33: 9171:AT Protocol 9166:ActivityPub 9089:Like button 8993:Thirst trap 8894:White-label 8868:Yahoo! Meme 8863:Yahoo! Mash 8853:Yahoo! 360° 8813:Third Voice 8617:iTunes Ping 8577:Google Buzz 8386:Xiaohongshu 8151:LiveJournal 8104:Hive Social 8049:Draugiem.lv 7900:Wikiversity 7791:Social work 7679:Linguistics 7604:Criminology 7521:criminology 7504:personality 7462:comparative 7440:Linguistics 7433:private law 7290:archaeology 7174:Researchers 6906:Aggregation 6512:Connections 4683:1765/119341 4591:1765/127209 4110:10016/34606 3772:Sociologica 3617:(2): 15–19. 3611:Connections 3552:(1): 1–12. 3022:Advertising 3000:common good 2985:cooperation 2977:reciprocity 2848:linguistics 2842:Studies of 2755:Health care 2691:criminology 2679:communities 2585:as well as 2522:information 2440:reciprocity 2315:Macro level 2273:, at least 2216:reciprocity 2084:Actor level 2013:snowballing 2007:Micro level 2001:macro-level 1993:micro-level 1980:information 1870:S. F. 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