Sit-in - Knowledge

1581:"(..) The first man tried was Charles Taylor, the Friendship student from New Jersey. Taylor was tried, found guilty, convicted, and sentenced to $ 100 fine or 30 days hard labor on the York County Prison Farm. The protesters' attorney, an African-American lawyer from Sumter named Ernest A. Finney, then asked the judge to let Taylor's trial be used as a basis for the other nine and the judge agreed. The other nine were then tried, found guilty, and sentenced to the same punishment. Taylor was concerned about possibly losing his athletic scholarship at Friendship, so with the assistance of the NAACP, he paid his bail and was released. The NAACP offered to pay the bail for the remaining nine protesters but they refused, and on February 2, they began serving out their 30-day sentences on the county prison farm. After beginning their sentence on the county farm, the nine protesters were quickly given the appellation "Friendship Nine" by the press, and the case became famous nationwide. Motorcades of other protesters and supporters converged on the prison, and members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) came to Rock Hill and demonstrated; they too were arrested, jailed and refused bail. Over the course of the next year further demonstrations and arrests followed in Rock Hill, as well as in other cities throughout the United States. Protesters across the country adopted the "jail no bail" policy implemented by the Nashville students and the Friendship Nine, and served out their jail sentences rather than helping to subsidize a system that supported segregation and inequality. These acts of heroism by the Friendship Nine and others helped to spur even larger protests like the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 1963 and the famous march from Selma to Montgomery in March 1965. (..)" 1667:"(..) At the October 1960 SNCC strategy conference in Atlanta, some activists argue for "Jail-No-Bail" tactics. They take a Gandhian position that paying bail or fines indicates acceptance of an immoral system and validates their own arrests. And by serving their sentences, they dramatize the injustice, intensify the struggle, and gain additional media coverage. There is also a practical component to "Jail-No-Bail." The Movement has little money and most southern Blacks are poor. It is hard to scrape up bail money, and sit-in struggles are faltering — not from lack of volunteers to risk arrest — but from lack of money to bail them out. Moreover, paying fines provides the cops with financial resources that are then used to continue suppressing the freedom struggle. By refusing bail, they render meaningless the no-money-for-bail barrier and by serving time they put financial pressure on local authorities who have to pay the costs of incarcerating them. (..)" 47: 33: 1639:"(..) In previous sit-ins across the South, protestors were arrested, processed by the police, fined and then released, creating a dubious revenue stream from which many municipalities easily profited. But when the Friendship students went before the judge, they chose to serve their time behind bars. For the first time, not only did the city not collect its $ 100 per person, it actually had to pay to house and feed the men. (..) Word of their action spread like wildfire, receiving national media attention, including the New York Times. The "Jail, No Bail" strategy became the new tactic that helped galvanize the civil rights protest movement. (..)" 597:. On February 12, 1969, a faculty committee chaired by Hanna H. Gray, Associate Professor of History, concluded that no violation of normal appointment procedures had occurred, but recommended that Dixon be offered a one-year terminal reappointment since the resolution of her status had been delayed by the controversy surrounding the decision; Dixon refused. On February 15, the protestors still sitting-in voted to stop. In March 1969, at the decision of university disciplinary committees, forty-two students involved in the Administration Building sit-in were expelled, eighty-one were suspended, and three were placed on probation. 55: 580:, Mrs. Victor Baker sat on a chair over three charges of dynamite, and later moved to her car parked near the dynamite. She blocked the construction of a state highway for 17 hours to protest the failure of the county government to pay the entirety of the amount owed her and her husband for the additional right-of-way taken from her home and orchard along the construction route. The county had planned to pay a week later, after the state sent the funds. On the morning of June 2, the county highway commissioner came by with a check for an additional $ 1,500 and she ended the protest. 954: 804: 1024:

Protesters agitated not only against the citizenship issues of the CAA, National Register of Citizens (NRC) and National Population Register (NPR), but also against police brutality, unemployment, poverty and for women's safety. Mainly consisting of Muslim women, the protesters at Shaheen Bagh, since December 14, 2019, blocked a road in New Delhi using non-violent resistance for 101 days until March 24, 2020.

6170: 2198: 1677: 337:, a local high school teacher, and young local students, including Luper's eight-year-old daughter, who suggested the sit-in be held. The group quickly desegregated the Katz Drug Store lunch counters. It took several more years, but she and the students, using the tactic, integrated all of Oklahoma City's eating establishments. Today, in downtown 81:, often to promote political, social, or economic change. The protestors gather conspicuously in a space or building, refusing to move unless their demands are met. The often clearly visible demonstrations are intended to spread awareness among the public, or disrupt the goings-on of the protested organization. Lunch counter sit-ins were a 486:'s segregated campus housing policy. "We feel it is an intolerable situation, when Negro and white students of the university cannot live together in university-owned apartments," Sanders told a crowd of about 200 students. After several days of protests, Beadle met with students to form a commission to investigate discrimination. 198:, then tried to order; all were refused. The police were called, but when they arrived they told the management that no laws were being broken, so no arrests were made. The diner closed for the night but thereafter, according to periodic checks made by CORE activists, it no longer enforced its discriminatory policy. 341:, a statue depicting a waitress at a counter serving people honors this pioneering sit-in. Despite the notable attention that has historically been given to the 1960 Greensboro sit-in, the 1958 Katz Drug Store sit-in in fact employed the same strategy that would be used in Greensboro one-and-a-half years later. 424:

NAACP, reported to the Flagstaff City Council that none of the youths had been served and that there had been no violence. Watkins also stated that unless the restaurant had a change in policy, more sit ins would be staged, "but whatever methods we employ or encourage will be peaceful." Simms stated in an

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of New York City stamped applications by physically handicapped applicants with "PH", which stood for "physically handicapped". Marked as "unemployable", they were denied access to WPA-created jobs. To protest, members of the League held a sit-in at that Home Relief Bureau for nine days beginning on

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The NAACP recruited 10 high school and middle school students from Flagstaff Junior High School and Flagstaff High School to protest the refusal of the El Charro Cafe to serve a bus load of Negro tourists from New Jersey. Shirley Sims, a 14-year-old member of the NAACP Youth Corp at Flagstaff Junior

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newspaper ran a story featuring Arthur Nattans Sr., then President of Read's, who was quoted saying, "We will serve all customers throughout our entire stores, including the fountains, and this becomes effective immediately". As a result, 37 Baltimore-area lunch counters became desegregated. Despite

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On May 2, 1965, protesters staged a second sit-in at Dewey's, although this time there were no arrests. Soon after the second sit-in, Dewey's Restaurant reversed their discriminatory policy. The Dewey's sit-ins helped continue the path towards equal rights for many LGBT people in the United States.

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sit-in demonstration. Each of the youth members were given $ 5 with the instructions to go inside and sit down. If they were able to order a meal they would pay for it, if not they would sit there. Reportedly, none of the members were served. Joseph Watkins, an official of the Arizona Branch of the

303:, sat in at the Royal Ice Cream Parlor on June 23, 1957, to protest practices of segregation. The activists were arrested and charged with trespassing. Their efforts are now recognized via historical markers in Durham. They went to court three times; each case ended in their being found guilty. 1023:

was a sit-in peaceful protest, led by women, that began in response to the passage of the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) in both houses of the Parliament of India on December 11, 2019, and the ensuing police intervention against students at Jamia Millia Islamia who were opposing the Amendment.

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community in United States history. Three unidentified teenagers and approximately 150 supporters walked into the Dewey's location at 219 South 17th Street, refusing to leave in the name of civil rights. This initial sit-in was in response to Dewey's recently implemented discriminatory policy

239:(1950) verdict. Sit-ins are often recognized for illuminating the goals of the movement in a way that young people were also able to participate in. Sit-ins were an integral part of the nonviolent strategy of civil disobedience and mass protests that eventually led to passage of the 1694:

They were students at Friendship College and called themselves the Friendship Nine. The members of this group were James Wells, William "Dub" Massey, Robert McCullough, John Gaines, William "Scoop" Williamson, Willie McLeod, Thomas Gaither, Clarence Graham, Charles Taylor and Mack

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a number of sit-in protests against the country's policy of racial segregation were staged in South African embassies in the United States. In post-apartheid South Africa two notable sit-ins were the occupation of South African universities to protest high tuition during the

375:, on February 1, 1960, launched a wave of anti-segregation sit-ins across the South and opened a national awareness of the depth of segregation in the nation. Within weeks, sit-in campaigns had begun in nearly a dozen cities, primarily targeting Woolworth's and 995:

Dharna generally refers to fixing one's mind on an object. It refers to whole-heartedly pledging toward an outcome or to inculcating a directed attitude. Dharna is consciously and diligently holding a point of view with the intent of achieving a goal.

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activity has been concentrated, and groups went into the place, purchased five-cent cups of coffee, and conducted what might be described as a kind of customers' nickel sit down strike. Other patrons were unable to find seats.

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May 29, 1935, and a weekend sit-in at the WPA headquarters, also in New York City, in June 1935. These actions eventually led to the creation of 1,500 jobs for physically handicapped workers in New York City in 1936.

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town centre where members pasted posters on the post office in an attempt to be arrested and go to trial. When it became apparent that they would not be arrested for the posters, they then moved to Pont Trefechan in

552:, which was the first U.S. federal civil rights protection for people with disabilities. After an ultimatum and deadline, demonstrations took place in ten U.S. cities on April 5, 1977, including the beginning of the 1018:

More recently, there are designated places for conducting Dharna, and a permission is required for it. Often, those practicing dharna break the permission leading to clashes with law enforcement. For example, the

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claiming it would not serve “homosexuals,” “masculine women,” “feminine men,” or “persons wearing nonconformist clothing.” Philadelphia police arrested the three teenagers, which led to further grass-roots action.

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in 1961. The group gained nationwide attention because they followed the Nashville student's strategy of not bailing themselves out of jail and called it "Jail, No Bail", which lessened the huge financial burden

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sit-in lasted less than one half an hour and the students were not served. They left voluntarily and no one was arrested. After losing business from the sit-in and several local protests, two days later the

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and protest. There were also recorded instances of indigenous officials charged with recruitment quotas for the British Indian Army staging dharna as a recruitment tool in Punjab during World War I.

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also being led by students and successfully targeting segregation at a store lunch counter, the Read's Drug Store sit-in did not garner the same level of attention as the 1960 Greensboro sit-ins.

1608:"The 'Jail, No Bail' strategy became a new tactic in the fight for civil rights. Documentary produced by South Carolina ETV documenting the key moment in civil rights history." (Video and Audio) 325:, at Dockum Drugs, a store in the old Rexall chain. In early August, the drugstore became integrated, then remainder of Dockum stores in all of Kansas. A few weeks later on August 19, 1958, in 1537:

Eight Negro Demonstrators is a disciplinary cell at the York County Prison Camp accepted and ate second helpings Monday of the full meal given every third day to prisoners on bread and water.

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A group of the Democrats ultimately occupied the floor through the night, only leaving on the afternoon of June 23. None of the measures demanded by the occupying members were given a vote.

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organised dharna in Pakistan in 1993, Fazl Ur Rehman, Nawaz Sharif, Maryam Safdar awan and other political and religious leaders are now attempting to use this strategy for their purposes.

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On April 25, 1965, the first of two sit-ins occurred at the popular Dewey's Restaurant in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was one of the earliest demonstrations advocating for the

190:, an organizer for the Fellowship of Reconciliation, led a group of 27 people to protest the racially discriminatory no-service policy of the Jack Spratt Diner on 47th Street in 3553: 3042: 3625: 456:

groups were facing as the sit-in movement spread across the South. They became known as the Friendship Nine because eight of the nine men were students at Rock Hill's

5928: 4213: 3577: 2537: 3491: 3354: 3288: 3126: 386:, whose groundwork was already underway before the Greensboro events. They involved hundreds of participants, and led to the successful desegregation of Nashville 5908: 988:

as a means of obtaining compliance with a demand for justice, state response of criminal cases, or payment of a debt. The word originates from the Sanskrit word

3360: 3282: 3108: 3060: 2082:"The Regents of the University of California. 2008. "The Disability Rights and Independent Living Movement." Berkeley, CA: The University of California Berkeley" 1350: 5952: 3569: 3336: 3102: 5706: 3701: 3408: 3366: 3342: 3318: 3312: 3216: 3198: 3180: 2914:

local recruiters adopted a method of "sitting dharna" in which they would show up at a village and insist they be fed and housed until recruits were produced

1324: 3876: 3723: 3450: 3432: 3420: 3390: 3258: 3246: 3240: 3156: 3138: 194:. Each seating area at the diner was taken by groups that included at least one black person. The peaceful patrons, several from the campus of the nearby 6000: 5848: 3473: 3402: 3396: 3330: 3306: 3252: 3234: 3228: 3192: 3162: 3132: 3114: 3030: 2672: 2625: 6155: 3426: 3414: 3378: 3276: 3264: 3222: 664: 1764:; Goldberger, David (December 2000). "The League of the Physically Handicapped and the Great Depression: A Case Study in the New Disability History". 6204: 3479: 3438: 3384: 3294: 3168: 3150: 3144: 3120: 3036: 3024: 2794:

Dylan Philps. "history of the welsh language society" in The Welsh Language in the Twentieth Century. Ed. by G.H. Jenkins and M.W. Williams. Page 471

564:, lasted until May 4, 1977, a total of 25 days, with more than 150 people refusing to leave. It is the longest sit-in at a federal building to date. 36: 2444: 2128: 1281: 428:

article in 2017 that, "it wasn't scary because a lot of the people who frequented that restaurant were our teachers, and they encouraged us."

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started on August 14, 2014, and ended on December 17, 2014. It is considered to be the longest-lasting public sit-in in Pakistan's history.

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believes that forcibly taking over a building on campus is absolutely the wrong approach. That is not an example of peaceful protests."

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tells the inspiring story surrounding the 1960 Greensboro lunch counter sit-ins that helped revitalize the Civil Rights Movement

4300: 674: 214: 1550: 32: 5671: 3791: 2882: 2855: 2374: 2312: 1301: 1293: 833: 329:, a nationally recognized sit-in at the Katz Drug Store lunch counter occurred. The Oklahoma City Sit-in Movement was led by 2743: 269:(now University) students and the Baltimore chapter of CORE. Their goal was to desegregate Read's drug stores. The peaceful 6057: 4521: 4469: 4415: 3817: 3526: 500: 161: 142: 1239: 6035: 4464: 4400: 3763: 2158: 4474: 4449: 4434: 4163: 3831: 174:

for September 23, 1939, on Thursday between 75 and 100 followers showed up at the restaurant at Forty-first Street and

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during the evenings, but still barred until 3 p.m. on weekdays, while the stock exchanges operated. In February 1969,

406:, went on to lead, strategize, and direct almost every aspect of the 1960s civil rights movement. The students of the 5980: 5853: 4327: 4104: 892: 767: 165: 2898:

Yong, Tan Tai (2005). "Garrison Province at Work". In Chandra, Bipan; Mukherjee, Mridula; Mukherjee, Aditya (eds.).

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both in and out of the United States. In response to the demonstrations, the White House spokesman stated, "The

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In 1969 there was a sit-in at the University of Chicago to protest the firing of feminist sociology professor

6052: 5995: 5794: 4136: 4109: 3927: 3485: 2988: 2159:"Political Organizer for Disability Rights, 1970s-1990s, and Strategist for Section 504 Demonstrations, 1977" 1871:"Plea by Disabled Put to WPA Chief; New York Group, Camping in Washington, Will Consult Williams Again Today" 724:

and other supporters circulated approximately 1500 flyers throughout the local area over the next five days.

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office, which resulted in them getting the opportunity to produce a section of the magazine that August.

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at the San Francisco Office of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. This sit-in, led by

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held a sit-in and then picketed to protest this; the gender restriction was removed a few months later.

6025: 5893: 5863: 4847: 4602: 4491: 4421: 3892: 3521: 1039: 1032: 896: 682: 521: 372: 2103:"Disability Social History Project, article title Famous (and not-so-famous) People with Disabilities" 5691: 5522: 5492: 5427: 4912: 4551: 4531: 4501: 4410: 4344: 4317: 4283: 4026: 3807: 3585: 3018: 2937: 2573: 1626: 1214:"Divine's Followers Give Aid to Strikers: With Evangelist's Sanction They 'Sit Down' in Restaurant". 775: 457: 448: 244: 134: 1179: 920:, where around seventy members and supporters held a sit-in blocking road traffic for half an hour. 6214: 6194: 5592: 5552: 5077: 4982: 4390: 4339: 4332: 4305: 4245: 4126: 4036: 3960: 3617: 3531: 3054: 2981: 1990:"The Rehabilitation Act of 1973: Independence Bound | ACL Administration for Community Living" 1708: 1240:"Divine's Followers Give Aid to Strikers; With Evangelist's Sanction They 'Sit Down' in Restaurant" 1090: 1054: 847: 751: 312: 240: 2280:

Sisterhood is powerful: an anthology of writings from the women's liberation movement (Book, 1970)

931:, by members of the Welsh Language Society. The sit-in was calling for the BBC to use more Welsh. 5942: 5357: 5127: 4792: 4772: 4687: 4642: 4218: 4175: 4158: 3996: 3965: 3917: 3838: 2899: 2872: 2067: 2019: 1929: 1852: 1808: 1736: 855: 670: 643: 276: 266: 17: 2228: 1429: 1412: 1161:"Of Time and Sound, Requiem For A Free, Compassionate Spirit", by Ernest Galloway, published in 321:

This sit-in for the purpose of integrating segregated establishments began on July 19, 1958, in

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In 1968 a sit-in was held at the news and television studio and the newsroom department of the

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which ended legally sanctioned racial segregation in the United States and also passage of the

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as "Godmother of the restaurant 'sit-in' technique." In August 1939, African-American attorney

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proposed to use dharna politics for obtaining objectives and latter on Qazi Hussain Ahmed and

548:, U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, refused to sign meaningful regulations for 54: 5990: 5527: 5342: 4972: 4877: 4857: 4827: 4516: 4511: 4258: 4223: 4121: 4085: 3779: 2845: 2302: 1416: 1221: 1043: 859: 479: 390:. Most of the participants in the Nashville sit-ins were college students, and many, such as 262: 195: 130: 108: 86: 2633: 2574:"Philly's largest gay hangout denied service to 150 people in 1965 for simply 'looking gay'" 440:

was a group of African American men who went to jail after staging a sit-in at a segregated

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that struck down many racially motivated barriers used to deny voting rights to non-whites.

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A "Statement on the University of Chicago sit-in" was included in the feminist anthology

483: 330: 1469: 1149:"Sit-Ins." The Martin Luther King Jr., Research and Education Institute, June 27, 2020, 270: 6090: 5858: 5842: 5835: 5814: 5806: 5800: 5763: 5597: 5507: 5487: 5412: 5392: 5382: 5362: 5277: 5162: 5107: 5052: 4957: 4737: 4652: 4311: 4295: 4275: 4041: 4006: 3933: 3204: 3090: 2106: 1971: 1894: 1781: 1328: 1216: 1012: 953: 743: 702: 529: 364: 350: 170: 1809:"Pioneers in the fight for disability rights The League of the Physically Handicapped" 1378: 5958: 5873: 5868: 5828: 5701: 5472: 5457: 5422: 5202: 5122: 5067: 4852: 4016: 4011: 3883: 3869: 3862: 3823: 3174: 2901:

The Garrison State: the military, government and society in colonial Punjab 1849-1947

2878: 2851: 2778:"Dr Tedi Millward, at the first Welsh language protest, Aberystwyth, 2 February 1963" 2751: 2664: 2473: 2417: 2380: 2370: 2308: 2283: 2063: 2015: 1975: 1901: 1789: 1570: 1297: 1028: 603:

Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement

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At another early sit-in, the "Royal Seven," a group of three women and four men from

235: 3748: 2961: 2558: 1481: 1399: 1325:"Why the West Side Matters: Read's Drug Store and Baltimore's Civil Rights Heritage" 6219: 6135: 6120: 6110: 6080: 5821: 5768: 5617: 5602: 5567: 5432: 5377: 5367: 5262: 5137: 5072: 4947: 4862: 4822: 4812: 4802: 4787: 4782: 4757: 4647: 4031: 3946: 3909: 3658: 3601: 3372: 2967: 1963: 1951: 1853:"Pioneers in the fight for disability rights | International Socialist Review" 1773: 1761: 1554: 1289: 867: 202: 187: 175: 2328: 1954:(January 2000). "Disability Policy and Politics: Considering Consumer Influence". 6130: 6115: 6100: 5918: 5547: 5537: 5497: 5477: 5437: 5312: 5302: 5267: 5227: 5212: 5147: 5012: 4962: 4892: 4777: 4727: 4712: 4702: 4697: 4677: 4662: 4657: 4632: 4572: 4496: 4099: 4070: 4065: 4021: 4001: 3980: 3952: 3684: 3648: 3348: 3004: 2955: 1713: 1493: 1100: 1035: 437: 338: 322: 218: 112: 1553:. Friendship Jr. College 445 Allen St. Rock Hill, South Carolina. Archived from 1225: 89:, and often provoked heckling and violence from those opposed to their message. 6169: 6150: 5739: 5587: 5572: 5502: 5452: 5417: 5402: 5387: 5347: 5327: 5317: 5272: 5257: 5237: 5007: 4977: 4967: 4937: 4927: 4837: 4807: 4607: 4233: 4185: 4075: 2720: 2466:

Harris, Bill; Clucas, Philip; Smart, Ted; Gibbon, David; Westin Hotels (1981).

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Harris, Bill; Clucas, Philip; Smart, Ted; Gibbon, David; Westin Hotels (1981).

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began to conduct a sit-in on the university's campus, demanding the university

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Significant Others: Interpersonal and Professional Commitments in Anthropology

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Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management

2012:

Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management

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Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management

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in the city played a critical role in implementing the Nashville sit-ins.

125:(CORE) conducted sit-ins as early as the 1940s. Ernest Calloway refers to 6125: 6095: 5722: 5686: 5627: 5622: 5582: 5532: 5467: 5462: 5372: 5322: 5252: 5247: 5187: 5172: 5022: 5017: 4882: 4762: 4732: 4672: 4637: 3898: 3728: 3643: 2493:"The 'Ladies' Home Journal' Sit-In - A Brief History of Women's Protests" 2287: 1650: 1110: 1085: 1070: 962: 917: 912: 713: 610:, published in 1970); this statement refers to the Marlene Dixon sit-in. 532:

demonstrated in New York City with a sit-in protesting this veto. Led by

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in New York City was formed in May 1935 to protest discrimination by the

395: 334: 316: 2696:"White House denounces takeover of campus building as protests escalate" 874:'s sit-in was the more long-lasting sit-in, but on an individual level. 5749: 5407: 5337: 5307: 5177: 5152: 5097: 4997: 4612: 4582: 1785: 1008: 843: 561: 553: 420: 391: 82: 895:

to protest for the resettlement of refugees to third countries due to

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At the Plaza: an illustrated history of the world's most famous hotel

1351:"Read's drugstore flap brings Baltimore civil rights history to life" 1176:"America's First Sit-Down Strike: The 1939 Alexandria Library Sit-In" 883: 787: 678: 1777: 1294:

10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-445

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Historically in India, it was a popular form of protest during the

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Colleges organized the first sit-in in Texas in the rotunda of the

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In one of the earliest use of sit-ins against racism, followers of

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helped clear the way for gay premises with state liquor licenses.

681:, allowed votes on gun safety legislation in the aftermath of the 5676: 1125: 981: 928: 766:

In April of 2024, student activists at Columbia University, with

191: 78: 5744: 2952:~ History, personal stories, and photos of the Freedom Movement 2824:"Family members hold dharna under tree where girls were hanged" 2026: 1080: 1066: 984:

undertaken at the door of an offender, especially a debtor, in

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at 10th Street. This established the right of gay people to be

363:

sit-ins, the tactic of non-violent student sit-ins spread. The

980:: دهرنا) is a non-violent sit-in protest, which may include a 862:(PAT) are political, aiming at a probe of election rigging by 658: 4479: 1896:

The Disability Rights Movement: From Charity to Confrontation

985: 973: 958: 1430:"Dockum Drug Store Sit-In, May 10 2012 - Video - C-SPAN.org" 2121: 977: 811:

In 2016, eco-protesters occupied the area of the Kertem in

708: 382:

The largest and best-organized of these campaigns were the

2559:"Marc Stein: Dewey's Sit-In, Philadelphia, April 25, 1965" 2538:"House Democrats End Their Sit-In Protest Over Gun Reform" 1265:

Grossman, Ron (February 24, 2014). "Birth of the sit-in".

482:, helped lead a sit-in in protesting university president 2806:"Sit-in at BBC Welsh studios – archive, 30 November 1968" 924: 419:

High School, accepted the invitation to participate in a

77:

that involves one or more people occupying an area for a

2949: 761: 460:. They are sometimes referred to as the Rock Hill Nine. 5929:

Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

5707:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" 2721:"Pakistan crisis: Islamabad sees more violent protests" 2465: 2409: 2199:"Playing with Dynamite has asked result: $ 1,500 check" 1151:

https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/sit-ins

939:"Dharna" redirects here. For the village in Nepal, see 911:'s first public protest took place in February 1963 in 673:

declared their intention to remain on the floor of the

669:

The sit-in began on June 22, 2016, when members of the

641:

In March 1970, feminists held an 11-hour sit-in at the

463: 5953:

African American founding fathers of the United States

4306:

Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement

4171:

John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights

2225:"CWLU Chronology: A timeline for Second Wave Feminism" 1900:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 906. 85:

form of protest used to oppose segregation during the

3778: 2095: 720:, extended support to the protesters. Members of the 6001:

Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

1551:"Rock Hill, Jail No Bail & The Friendship Nine" 782:. Columbia's demonstration influenced protests and 50:

A sit-in for climate action in Melbourne, Australia

39:during a 1961 sit-in at McCrory's lunch counter in 2850:. Concept Publishing Company. 2008. pp. 38–. 1893: 1760: 665:2016 United States House of Representatives sit-in 618:By the early 1950s, women were allowed inside the 2599:"Before the Stonewall Riots There Was the Sip-In" 431: 306: 261:One of the earliest lunch counter sit-ins of the 6186: 4537:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 2744:"Apartheid Protest Takes Page from 60's History" 2416:. Secaucas, N.J.: Poplar Books. pp. 55–56. 1651:"Rock Hill SC, "Jail-No-Bail" Sit-ins (Feb-Mar)" 1419:, October 21, 2006. Accessed September 15, 2010. 1286:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History 1027:In Pakistan, the term was first used in 1958 by 344: 225:in Texas and would culminate in the reversal of 4527:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 4460:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 4351:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 2938:"Sit-In: A Tactical Analysis", By Aaron Kreider 827: 145:(CIO) labor delegates had a brief, spontaneous 6006:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 2803: 1892:Fleischer, Doris Zames; Zames, Frieda (2001). 1891: 284: 5914:List of lynching victims in the United States 4252:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 3764: 2989: 2940:– Essay based on research on student sit-ins. 2434: 2358: 2356: 2000: 1264: 550:Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 489: 221:. This sit-in directly challenged the oldest 3692:International Civil Rights Center and Museum 2472:. Secaucas, N.J.: Poplar Books. p. 56. 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 1575:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 633: 408:historically black colleges and universities 4381:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 2294: 2185:Encyclopedia of American Disability History 2179:Encyclopedia of American Disability History 746:of New York (MSNY) conducted a "Sip-In" at 659:2016 United States House of Representatives 379:and other stores of other national chains. 250: 4430:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership 3771: 3757: 2996: 2982: 2741: 2617: 2353: 568:signed the regulations on April 28, 1977. 5986:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 3537:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 2742:Gamarekian, Barbara (November 30, 1984). 2518:"How Democrats mounted their guns sit-in" 2307:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 36–. 2243: 1734: 1709:"The Radical Education of Bernie Sanders" 1280:Schmidt, Christopher W. (July 30, 2018), 691: 6205:History of African-American civil rights 6021:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 4061:University of Georgia desegregation riot 2891: 2864: 2227:. Uic.edu. April 4, 1968. Archived from 2074: 2048: 1950: 1944: 1914: 1754: 1678:"The Friendship Nine / January 31, 1961" 1596:South Carolina ETV's "Carolina Stories." 1446: 952: 815:in protest against the building plan in 802: 742:On April 21, 1966, gay activists of the 233:of postgraduate studies in Texas by the 102: 53: 45: 31: 5935:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 5672:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" 5667:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 2300: 1706: 1322: 1279: 842:The Azadi March (Freedom March) led by 798: 752:served in licensed premises in New York 613: 14: 6187: 5849:African-American women in the movement 4301:White House Conference on Civil Rights 4132:"Segregation now, segregation forever" 2877:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 1–. 2654: 2623: 2530: 2490: 2459: 2428: 2362: 2321: 675:United States House of Representatives 4290:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections 3752: 2977: 2946:– Story of the Wichita Dockum sit-ins 2775: 2675:from the original on February 7, 2024 2556: 2403: 2258:"Special Collections Research Center" 1885: 1850: 1806: 1527:. Associated Press. February 21, 1961 1348: 834:2014 Pakistan anti-government protest 762:Protests against the Israel-Hamas War 588: 539: 515: 494: 6058:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument 4522:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 4470:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 4416:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 3893:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company 3818:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 3527:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 2897: 2870: 2804:Guardian Staff (November 30, 2016). 2571: 2447:from the original on January 9, 2015 2341:from the original on August 24, 2014 1956:Journal of Disability Policy Studies 1648: 1625:. South Carolina ETV. Archived from 1549:Scoggins, Michael, Rawlinson David. 1548: 1470:First Southern Sit-in, Greensboro NC 1413:"Kansas Sit-In Gets Its Due at Last" 1178:. City of Alexandria. Archived from 1049:but its effective usage was made by 696: 653: 583: 501:League of the Physically Handicapped 464:1962 University of Chicago, Illinois 162:International Peace Mission Movement 143:Congress of Industrial Organizations 4465:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 4401:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 4071:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address 3003: 2962:Sit-ins: Greensboro, North Carolina 2391:from the original on March 31, 2021 2169: 1928:. Temple University. Archived from 1863: 1800: 1405: 1400:Royal Ice Cream Sit-in — Durham, NC 1376: 571: 24: 5909:African-American churches attacked 4475:Montgomery Improvement Association 4450:Georgia Council on Human Relations 4435:Council of Federated Organizations 4406:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 4164:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 4122:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot 3928:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 3832:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 2826:. The Indian Express. June 9, 2014 2776:Booth, Hannah (October 30, 2015). 2693: 2435:Curtis Gathje (January 16, 2005). 2301:Handler, Richard (June 15, 2004). 1741:The University of Chicago Magazine 1447:Backburn, Bob L. (July 29, 2018). 1349:Gunts, Edward (February 8, 2011). 25: 6231: 5981:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute 5854:Jews in the civil rights movement 2922: 2655:Barkan, Ross (February 7, 2024). 2491:Gibson, Megan (August 12, 2011). 2034:"Short History of the 504 Sit in" 1655:The Civil Rights Movement Archive 902: 893:Greenmarket Square refugee sit-in 768:Students for Justice in Palestine 6175:Civil rights movement portal 6168: 6016:Freedom Riders National Monument 5758:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 4270:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches 4229:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests 4116:Second Emancipation Proclamation 2572:Buck, Stephanie (May 19, 2017). 1735:Perlstein, Rick (January 2015). 1323:Pousson, Eli (January 7, 2011). 731: 528:in October 1972. Later in 1972, 97: 6043:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum 6031:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 4507:National Council of Negro Women 4445:Deacons for Defense and Justice 3498:Audubon Regional Library sit-in 2970:, Civil Rights Digital Library. 2964:, Civil Rights Digital Library. 2958:, Civil Rights Digital Library. 2838: 2816: 2797: 2788: 2769: 2735: 2713: 2687: 2648: 2624:Watson, Steve (June 17, 2008). 2591: 2565: 2550: 2510: 2484: 2272: 2217: 2191: 2151: 1982: 1844: 1826: 1766:The Journal of American History 1728: 1700: 1670: 1642: 1611: 1584: 1542: 1513: 1499: 1496:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive 1487: 1484:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive 1482:Sit-ins Spread Across the South 1475: 1472:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive 1463: 1440: 1422: 1402:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive 1393: 1370: 1342: 1329:Baltimore Heritage Organization 877: 628:National Organization for Women 3923:Mansfield school desegregation 3562:Peterson v. City of Greenville 2557:Stein, Marc (April 20, 2015). 1813:International Socialist Review 1316: 1273: 1258: 1232: 1207: 1194: 1168: 1155: 1143: 677:until its Republican Speaker, 432:1961 Rock Hill, South Carolina 307:1958 Wichita and Oklahoma City 13: 1: 6053:National Voting Rights Museum 5996:Civil Rights Movement Archive 5795:Lynching in the United States 5682:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" 4137:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 4110:University of Chicago sit-ins 3877:Davis v. Prince Edward County 3486:University of Chicago sit-ins 2968:Sit-ins: Nashville, Tennessee 2950:Civil Rights Movement Archive 2723:. BBC. BBC. September 1, 2014 2129:"EDGE - Curriculum - Biology" 2056:"Disability History Timeline" 2008:"Disability History Timeline" 1922:"Disability History Timeline" 1707:Frizell, Sam (May 26, 2015). 1137: 784:sit-ins at other universities 505:Works Progress Administration 470:University of Chicago sit-ins 345:1960 Greensboro and Nashville 6048:National Civil Rights Museum 5904:March on Washington Movement 5889:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 4358:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 1001:Indian independence movement 828:2014 anti-government protest 119:Fellowship of Reconciliation 60:Taiwanese executive assembly 7: 5692:"This Little Light of Mine" 4440:Dallas County Voters League 4386:Atlanta Negro Voters League 4149:Letter from Birmingham Jail 3856:Brown v. Board of Education 3554:Gober v. City of Birmingham 2929:Award Winning Documentary: 1060: 822: 285:1957 Durham, North Carolina 123:Congress of Racial Equality 92: 58:Human rights sit-in at the 10: 6236: 6026:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 5894:Holt Street Baptist Church 5864:16th Street Baptist Church 4848:Annie Bell Robinson Devine 4492:Nashville Student Movement 4422:An Appeal for Human Rights 3522:Nashville Student Movement 2871:Guha, Ramachandra (2013). 1968:10.1177/104420730001100111 1494:Nashville Student Movement 945: 938: 854:(Revolution March) led by 831: 793: 735: 700: 683:Orlando nightclub shooting 662: 522:Rehabilitation Act of 1973 490:Disability rights movement 467: 373:Greensboro, North Carolina 348: 310: 288: 265:was started by a group of 254: 215:Harrison County Courthouse 205:and Farmer, students from 201:With the encouragement of 164:joined with the Cafeteria 106: 6164: 6066: 5968: 5782: 5715: 5657: 5636: 5523:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 5493:Modjeska Monteith Simkins 4565: 4557:Women's Political Council 4552:Wednesdays in Mississippi 4547:United Auto Workers (UAW) 4532:Southern Regional Council 4502:Northern Student Movement 4411:Committee for Freedom Now 4371: 4318:Memphis sanitation strike 4284:Voting Rights Act of 1965 4206: 4027:Savannah Protest Movement 3989: 3847: 3808:Journey of Reconciliation 3800: 3787: 3667: 3636: 3626:Hamm v. City of Rock Hill 3586:Bouie v. City of Columbia 3545: 3514: 3507: 3466: 3083: 3019:Alexandria Library sit-in 3011: 2956:Sit-ins: Atlanta, Georgia 934: 716:, president of the local 626:and other members of the 458:Friendship Junior College 449:Rock Hill, South Carolina 245:Voting Rights Act of 1965 149:sit-in during their 1947 135:Alexandria Library sit-in 4391:Atlanta Student Movement 4340:Civil Rights Act of 1968 4265:1964–1965 Scripto strike 4246:Civil Rights Act of 1964 4144:1963 Birmingham campaign 4037:Civil Rights Act of 1960 3961:Civil Rights Act of 1957 3618:Barr v. City of Columbia 3532:Atlanta Student Movement 3055:Dockum Drug Store sit-in 3043:Read's Drug Store sit-in 2944:Almost-Forgotten History 2437:"What Would Eloise Say?" 1246:. US. September 23, 1939 946:Not to be confused with 848:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf 524:was vetoed by President 520:An early version of the 478:, then a student at the 313:Dockum Drug Store sit-in 251:1955 Baltimore, Maryland 241:Civil Rights Act of 1964 5943:Voter Education Project 5697:"We Shall Not Be Moved" 5358:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 4793:Josephine Dobbs Clement 4219:Chester school protests 4214:Twenty-fourth Amendment 4176:Detroit Walk to Freedom 3918:Tallahassee bus boycott 3839:Baton Rouge bus boycott 3578:Avent v. North Carolina 2363:Gathje, Curtis (2000). 1737:"A political education" 1381:. baltimoreheritage.org 1165:, May 12, 1966, Page 7. 856:Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri 671:House Democratic Caucus 277:Baltimore Afro-American 6156:Movement photographers 5398:Bernice Johnson Reagon 5118:Martin Luther King Sr. 5113:Martin Luther King Jr. 4683:William Holmes Borders 4455:Highlander Folk School 4345:Poor People's Campaign 4198:St. Augustine movement 4048:Gomillion v. Lightfoot 3971:Katz Drug Store sit-in 3942:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 3904:Montgomery bus boycott 3355:Corpus Christi sit-ins 3289:St. Petersburg sit-ins 3127:Elizabeth City sit-ins 3067:Katz Drug Store sit-in 3049:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 2329:"Plaza Hotel Interior" 2066:. 2002. Archived from 2018:. 2002. Archived from 1657:. Westwind Writers Inc 1525:The Spartanburg Herald 1220:. September 23, 1939. 965: 909:Welsh Language Society 808: 772:Jewish Voice for Peace 692:LGBTQ+ rights movement 578:Door County, Wisconsin 414:1963 Flagstaff Arizona 291:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 62: 51: 43: 6210:Nonviolent occupation 5991:Civil Rights Memorial 5879:Bethel Baptist Church 5528:Charles Kenzie Steele 4973:Audrey Faye Hendricks 4878:Myrlie Evers-Williams 4858:Patricia Stephens Due 4828:Abraham Lincoln Davis 4763:Colia Lafayette Clark 4517:Operation Breadbasket 4512:National Urban League 4259:Katzenbach v. McClung 4127:Atlanta's Berlin Wall 3780:Civil rights movement 3361:St. Augustine sit-ins 3283:Daytona Beach sit-ins 3109:Winston-Salem sit-ins 3061:Oklahoma City sit-ins 2133:disabilityhistory.org 2070:on December 20, 2013. 2044:on September 9, 2016. 2022:on December 20, 2013. 1417:National Public Radio 1282:"The Sit-In Movement" 1069:, peace campaigns by 956: 860:Pakistan Awami Tehrik 806: 480:University of Chicago 263:Civil Rights Movement 229:in the state and the 196:University of Chicago 131:Samuel Wilbert Tucker 109:Civil rights movement 103:Civil rights movement 87:civil rights movement 57: 49: 35: 27:Form of direct action 6036:other King memorials 6011:Freedom Rides Museum 5948:1960s counterculture 5899:Edmund Pettus Bridge 5578:Walter Francis White 5483:Alexander D. Shimkin 3997:New Year's Day March 3966:Ministers' Manifesto 3813:Executive Order 9981 3570:Lombard v. Louisiana 3337:Jacksonville sit-ins 3103:Fayetteville sit-ins 2847:Rediscovering Gandhi 2203:Door County Advocate 2109:on February 27, 2018 1932:on December 20, 2013 1629:on December 19, 2011 1557:on November 17, 2011 1096:Occupation (protest) 1021:Shaheen Bagh protest 872:Concepcion Picciotto 799:Eco-protest movement 644:Ladies' Home Journal 636:Ladies' Home Journal 614:1969 Oak Room sit-in 576:On June 1, 1955, in 267:Morgan State College 223:White Citizens Party 178:, where most of the 5774:Mary McLeod Bethune 5735:Sermon on the Mount 5702:"We Shall Overcome" 5283:William Lewis Moore 5063:Frank Minis Johnson 5038:Richie Jean Jackson 4993:Donald L. Hollowell 4798:Charles E. Cobb Jr. 4603:Gwendolyn Armstrong 4598:William G. Anderson 4578:Victoria Gray Adams 4542:The Freedom Singers 4396:Black Panther Party 4181:March on Washington 4094:Garner v. Louisiana 4055:Boynton v. Virginia 3702:Tallahassee jail-in 3610:Robinson v. Florida 3594:Griffin v. Maryland 3492:Woolworth's sit-ins 3409:Baton Rouge sit-ins 3367:Statesville sit-ins 3343:San Antonio sit-ins 3319:Little Rock sit-ins 3313:New Orleans sit-ins 3217:Chattanooga sit-ins 3199:Chapel Hill sit-ins 3181:Tallahassee sit-ins 2874:Gandhi Before India 2543:The Huffington Post 2139:on January 23, 2015 1684:. February 22, 2004 1379:"Read's Drug Store" 1204:March 17, 1947: 16) 1106:Picketing (protest) 778:in response to the 484:George Wells Beadle 331:NAACP Youth Council 139:racially segregated 6200:Civil disobedience 6091:Michael Eric Dyson 5976:In popular culture 5859:Fifth Circuit Four 5843:Loving v. Virginia 5836:Hernandez v. Texas 5815:Buchanan v. Warley 5807:Separate but equal 5801:Plessy v. Ferguson 5764:Frederick Douglass 5598:Robert F. Williams 5508:Kelly Miller Smith 5488:Fred Shuttlesworth 5413:Frederick D. Reese 5393:George Raymond Jr. 5383:A. Philip Randolph 5363:Fay Bellamy Powell 5278:Queen Mother Moore 5163:Z. Alexander Looby 5108:Coretta Scott King 5053:Barbara Rose Johns 5033:Jimmie Lee Jackson 4958:William E. Harbour 4738:Stokely Carmichael 4653:Randolph Blackwell 4323:King assassination 4312:Loving v. Virginia 4296:March Against Fear 4276:How Long, Not Long 4154:Children's Crusade 4105:Cambridge movement 4042:Ax Handle Saturday 4007:Greensboro sit-ins 3934:Give Us the Ballot 3724:Biracial committee 3451:Starkville sit-ins 3433:Darlington sit-ins 3421:Birmingham sit-ins 3391:Wilmington sit-ins 3259:Petersburg sit-ins 3247:Orangeburg sit-ins 3241:Montgomery sit-ins 3205:Charleston sit-ins 3157:Portsmouth sit-ins 3139:High Point sit-ins 3091:Greensboro sit-ins 2748:The New York Times 2661:The New York Times 2626:"Before Stonewall" 2603:The New York Times 2260:. Lib.uchicago.edu 2231:on October 5, 2014 1851:Rosenthal, Keith. 1807:Rosenthal, Keith. 1598:. The PBS NewsHour 1244:The New York Times 1217:The New York Times 1013:civil disobedience 966: 809: 776:divest from Israel 744:Mattachine Society 589:1969 Marlene Dixon 540:1977 San Francisco 530:Disabled in Action 516:1972 New York City 509:Home Relief Bureau 495:1935 New York City 365:Greensboro sit-ins 351:Greensboro sit-ins 171:The New York Times 63: 52: 44: 6182: 6181: 5959:Eyes on the Prize 5874:A.G. Gaston Motel 5869:Kelly Ingram Park 5829:Sweatt v. Painter 5513:Mary Louise Smith 5473:Cleveland Sellers 5458:Michael Schwerner 5423:Gloria Richardson 5203:Thurgood Marshall 5123:Bernard Lafayette 4853:John Wesley Dobbs 4367: 4366: 4086:Birmingham attack 4066:Rock Hill sit-ins 4017:Sibley Commission 4012:Nashville sit-ins 3884:Gebhart v. Belton 3870:Briggs v. Elliott 3863:Bolling v. Sharpe 3824:Sweatt v. Painter 3746: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3474:Rock Hill sit-ins 3403:Lynchburg sit-ins 3397:Arlington sit-ins 3331:Galveston sit-ins 3307:Knoxville sit-ins 3253:Lexington sit-ins 3235:Frankfort sit-ins 3229:Baltimore sit-ins 3193:Salisbury sit-ins 3175:Nashville sit-ins 3163:Rock Hill sit-ins 3133:Henderson sit-ins 3115:Charlotte sit-ins 3031:Baltimore sit-ins 2884:978-93-5118-322-8 2857:978-81-8069-480-6 2694:Shalal, Andreal. 2376:978-1-4668-6700-0 2314:978-0-299-19473-4 2064:Temple University 2016:Temple University 1873:. August 17, 1937 1649:Hartford, Bruce. 1303:978-0-19-932917-5 1163:Missouri Teamster 1029:Abdul Qayyum Khan 891:protests and the 697:1965 Philadelphia 654:Gun control lobby 584:Feminist movement 560:and organized by 474:In January 1962, 426:Arizona Daily Sun 400:Bernard Lafayette 384:Nashville sit-ins 355:Nashville sit-ins 257:Read's Drug Store 236:Sweatt v. Painter 16:(Redirected from 6227: 6173: 6172: 6136:Charles M. Payne 6121:Steven F. Lawson 6111:David Halberstam 6081:Clayborne Carson 5822:Hocutt v. Wilson 5769:W. E. B. Du Bois 5618:Sammy Younge Jr. 5603:Q. V. Williamson 5568:Wyatt Tee Walker 5433:Bernice Robinson 5378:Lincoln Ragsdale 5368:Rodney N. Powell 5263:Douglas E. Moore 5138:Sanford R. Leigh 5073:J. Charles Jones 4948:Fannie Lou Hamer 4863:Joseph Ellwanger 4823:Jonathan Daniels 4813:Claudette Colvin 4803:Annie Lee Cooper 4788:Kathleen Cleaver 4783:Eldridge Cleaver 4758:Shirley Chisholm 4648:Gloria Blackwell 4239:workers' murders 4186:"I Have a Dream" 4081:Anniston bombing 4032:Greenville Eight 3947:Little Rock Nine 3910:Browder v. Gayle 3798: 3797: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3659:Greenville Eight 3602:Bell v. Maryland 3512: 3511: 3427:Danville sit-ins 3415:Marshall sit-ins 3379:New Bern sit-ins 3373:Savannah sit-ins 3277:Columbia sit-ins 3265:Tuskegee sit-ins 3223:Richmond sit-ins 2998: 2991: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2632:. Archived from 2621: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2605:. April 21, 2016 2595: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2546:. June 24, 2016. 2534: 2528: 2527: 2526:. 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Tolson 188:James Farmer Jr. 176:Lexington Avenue 21: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6215:Protest tactics 6195:Sit-in movement 6185: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6167: 6160: 6141:Thomas E. Ricks 6131:Diane McWhorter 6116:Vincent Harding 6101:Adam Fairclough 6068: 6062: 5964: 5919:Freedom Schools 5778: 5711: 5659: 5653: 5644:Omaha, Nebraska 5632: 5548:Hartman Turnbow 5538:Dorothy Tillman 5498:Glenn E. Smiley 5478:Charles Sherrod 5438:Jo Ann Robinson 5313:Charles Neblett 5303:Elijah Muhammad 5268:Harriette Moore 5228:Floyd McKissick 5213:Franklin McCain 5148:Stanley Levison 5013:T. R. M. Howard 4963:Vincent Harding 4893:Walter Fauntroy 4778:Xernona Clayton 4728:John H. Calhoun 4713:Aurelia Browder 4703:Stanley Branche 4698:Raylawni Branch 4678:Joseph E. Boone 4663:Ezell Blair Jr. 4658:Unita Blackwell 4633:Harry Belafonte 4573:Ralph Abernathy 4561: 4497:Nation of Islam 4373: 4363: 4202: 4159:Birmingham riot 4100:Albany Movement 4022:Atlanta sit-ins 4002:Sit-in movement 3985: 3981:Biloxi wade-ins 3953:Cooper v. Aaron 3843: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3747: 3738: 3685:Biloxi wade-ins 3663: 3649:Friendship Nine 3632: 3541: 3503: 3480:Sewanee sit-ins 3462: 3439:Augusta sit-ins 3385:Memphis sit-ins 3349:Atlanta sit-ins 3295:Houston sit-ins 3169:Norfolk sit-ins 3151:Hampton sit-ins 3145:Raleigh sit-ins 3121:Concord sit-ins 3079: 3037:Dresden sit-ins 3025:Chicago sit-ins 3007: 3005:Sit-in movement 3002: 2925: 2920: 2907: 2905: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2636:on July 1, 2008 2622: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2570: 2566: 2555: 2551: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2489: 2485: 2464: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2433: 2429: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2377: 2369:. p. 142. 2361: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2299: 2295: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2255: 2244: 2234: 2232: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2112: 2110: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1949: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1890: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1849: 1845: 1840:. May 13, 1936. 1832: 1831: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1805: 1801: 1778:10.2307/2675276 1759: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1733: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1705: 1701: 1687: 1685: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1660: 1658: 1647: 1643: 1632: 1630: 1619:"Jail, No Bail" 1617: 1616: 1612: 1601: 1599: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1558: 1547: 1543: 1530: 1528: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1451:. The Oklahoman 1445: 1441: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1411:Eckels, Carla. 1410: 1406: 1398: 1394: 1384: 1382: 1375: 1371: 1361: 1359: 1347: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1321: 1317: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1278: 1274: 1267:Chicago Tribune 1263: 1259: 1249: 1247: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1199: 1195: 1185: 1183: 1182:on May 28, 2010 1174: 1173: 1169: 1160: 1156: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1101:Occupy movement 1063: 1055:Jamaat-e-Islami 951: 944: 937: 905: 880: 840: 832:Main articles: 830: 825: 801: 796: 764: 740: 734: 705: 703:Dewey's sit-ins 699: 694: 667: 661: 656: 647: 639: 616: 591: 586: 574: 566:Joseph Califano 546:Joseph Califano 542: 518: 497: 492: 472: 466: 438:Friendship Nine 434: 357: 349:Main articles: 347: 339:Wichita, Kansas 323:Wichita, Kansas 319: 311:Main articles: 309: 293: 287: 259: 253: 115: 113:Sit-in movement 107:Main articles: 105: 100: 95: 37:Benjamin Cowins 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6233: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6180: 6179: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6151:Akinyele Umoja 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5797: 5792: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5740:Mahatma Gandhi 5737: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5649:South Carolina 5646: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5588:Hosea Williams 5585: 5580: 5575: 5573:Hollis Watkins 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5503:A. Maceo Smith 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5453:Bernie Sanders 5450: 5445: 5443:Angela Russell 5440: 5435: 5430: 5428:David Richmond 5425: 5420: 5418:Walter Reuther 5415: 5410: 5405: 5403:Cordell Reagon 5400: 5395: 5390: 5388:George Raymond 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5348:Charles Person 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5318:Huey P. Newton 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5273:Harry T. Moore 5270: 5265: 5260: 5258:Cecil B. Moore 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5238:James Meredith 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5068:Clarence Jones 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5008:Zilphia Horton 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4978:Lola Hendricks 4975: 4970: 4968:Dorothy Height 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4938:Lawrence Guyot 4935: 4930: 4928:Jack Greenberg 4925: 4920: 4915: 4913:Andrew Goodman 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4838:Joseph DeLaine 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4808:Dorothy Cotton 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4753:J. L. Chestnut 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4688:Amelia Boynton 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4608:Arnold Aronson 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4377: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4267: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4234:Freedom Summer 4231: 4226: 4224:Bloody Tuesday 4221: 4216: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3901: 3896: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3836: 3828: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3804: 3802: 3795: 3785: 3784: 3776: 3775: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3694: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3677: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3622: 3614: 3606: 3598: 3590: 3582: 3574: 3566: 3558: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3518: 3516: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3460: 3457:Dallas sit-ins 3454: 3448: 3445:Biloxi sit-ins 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3325:Austin sit-ins 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3211:Shelby sit-ins 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3187:Sumter sit-ins 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3097:Durham sit-ins 3094: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2924: 2923:External links 2921: 2919: 2918: 2890: 2883: 2863: 2856: 2837: 2815: 2796: 2787: 2768: 2734: 2712: 2686: 2647: 2616: 2590: 2564: 2549: 2529: 2509: 2483: 2458: 2441:New York Times 2427: 2402: 2375: 2352: 2320: 2313: 2293: 2271: 2242: 2216: 2205:. June 2, 1955 2190: 2168: 2150: 2120: 2094: 2073: 2047: 2025: 1999: 1981: 1943: 1913: 1906: 1884: 1862: 1843: 1838:Newspapers.com 1825: 1799: 1772:(3): 888–922. 1753: 1727: 1699: 1669: 1641: 1610: 1583: 1541: 1512: 1498: 1486: 1474: 1462: 1439: 1421: 1404: 1392: 1377:Pousson, Eli. 1369: 1341: 1315: 1302: 1272: 1257: 1231: 1206: 1193: 1167: 1154: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1116:Sitdown strike 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1062: 1059: 1051:Naeem Siddiqui 1047:Iskander Mirza 1042:to remove his 1040:administration 1033:Prime Minister 1005:Mahatma Gandhi 936: 933: 904: 903:United Kingdom 901: 879: 876: 829: 826: 824: 821: 807:Sit-in, Kertem 800: 797: 795: 792: 763: 760: 736:Main article: 733: 730: 701:Main article: 698: 695: 693: 690: 663:Main article: 660: 657: 655: 652: 638: 632: 615: 612: 590: 587: 585: 582: 573: 570: 558:Judith Heumann 541: 538: 534:Judith Heumann 517: 514: 496: 493: 491: 488: 476:Bernie Sanders 468:Main article: 465: 462: 433: 430: 388:lunch counters 359:Following the 346: 343: 308: 305: 301:North Carolina 289:Main article: 286: 283: 252: 249: 151:Columbus, Ohio 133:organized the 127:Bernice Fisher 121:(FOR) and the 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6232: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6146:Timothy Tyson 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6076:Taylor Branch 6074: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5924:Freedom songs 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5790:Jim Crow laws 5788: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5687:"Oh, Freedom" 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5613:Whitney Young 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5593:Kale Williams 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5553:Albert Turner 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5543:A. P. Tureaud 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5448:Bayard Rustin 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5298:William Moyer 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5233:Joseph McNeil 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5218:Charles McDew 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5208:Benjamin Mays 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5193:Vivian Malone 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5168:Joseph Lowery 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5093:Clyde Kennard 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5083:Vernon Jordan 5081: 5079: 5078:Matthew Jones 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5043:T. J. Jemison 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5028:Jesse Jackson 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4918:Robert Graetz 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4908:Golden Frinks 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4868:Charles Evers 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4818:Vernon Dahmer 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4773:Septima Clark 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4693:Bruce Boynton 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4618:James Baldwin 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4588:Mathew Ahmann 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4485:Youth Council 4483: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4370: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4285: 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T. Walden 5558:C. T. Vivian 5518:Maxine Smith 5353:Homer Plessy 5333:James Orange 5288:Irene Morgan 5243:William Ming 5223:Ralph McGill 5158:Viola Liuzzo 5143:Jim Letherer 5128:James Lawson 5058:Vernon Johns 5048:Esau Jenkins 5003:Myles Horton 4953:Fred Hampton 4943:Prathia Hall 4933:Dick Gregory 4903:Marie Foster 4898:James Forman 4888:James Farmer 4873:Medgar Evers 4833:Angela Davis 4768:Ramsey Clark 4748:James Chaney 4743:Johnnie Carr 4723:Ralph Bunche 4718:H. Rap Brown 4708:Ruby Bridges 4668:Joanne Bland 4643:Claude Black 4623:Marion Barry 4593:Muhammad Ali 4420: 4356: 4349: 4310: 4288: 4257: 4250: 4092: 4053: 4046: 3976:Kissing Case 3951: 3908: 3891: 3882: 3875: 3868: 3861: 3854: 3830: 3822: 3674: 3624: 3616: 3608: 3600: 3592: 3584: 3576: 3568: 3560: 3552: 3546:Sit-in cases 2931:February One 2930: 2913: 2906:. Retrieved 2900: 2893: 2873: 2866: 2846: 2840: 2828:. Retrieved 2818: 2810:the Guardian 2809: 2799: 2790: 2782:The Guardian 2781: 2771: 2761:December 29, 2759:. 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The 396:James Bevel 377:S. H. Kress 369:Woolworth's 335:Clara Luper 317:Clara Luper 41:Tallahassee 6189:Categories 6069:historians 5750:Satyagraha 5716:Influences 5408:James Reeb 5343:James Peck 5338:Rosa Parks 5308:Diane Nash 5178:Danny Lyon 5153:John Lewis 5098:A. D. King 4998:James Hood 4613:Ella Baker 4583:Zev Aelony 3637:Defendants 3467:After 1960 2478:1036787315 2451:January 8, 2422:1036787315 2113:October 6, 2087:October 6, 1907:1439907447 1507:Dailey Sun 1434:C-SPAN.org 1186:August 24, 1138:References 1009:satyagraha 897:xenophobia 844:Imran Khan 817:Városliget 562:Kitty Cone 554:504 Sit-in 544:Initially 421:nonviolent 392:Diane Nash 255:See also: 83:nonviolent 5728:Padayatra 5677:"Kumbaya" 5637:By region 5293:Bob Moses 5198:Bob Mants 5183:Malcolm X 5103:C.B. King 4923:Fred Gray 4566:Activists 4207:1964–1968 3990:1960–1963 3848:1954–1959 3459:(Apr. 28) 3453:(Apr. 23) 3447:(Apr. 17) 3423:(Mar. 31) 3417:(Mar. 29) 3411:(Mar. 28) 3405:(Mar. 26) 3399:(Mar. 19) 3393:(Mar. 19) 3387:(Mar. 19) 3381:(Mar. 17) 3375:(Mar. 16) 3369:(Mar. 15) 3363:(Mar. 15) 3357:(Mar. 15) 3351:(Mar. 15) 3345:(Mar. 13) 3339:(Mar. 12) 3333:(Mar. 11) 3327:(Mar. 11) 3321:(Mar. 10) 3273:(Feb. 27) 3267:(Feb. 26) 3261:(Feb. 26) 3255:(Feb. 26) 3249:(Feb. 25) 3243:(Feb. 25) 3237:(Feb. 22) 3231:(Feb. 22) 3225:(Feb. 20) 3219:(Feb. 19) 3213:(Feb. 18) 3207:(Feb. 18) 3201:(Feb. 17) 3195:(Feb. 16) 3189:(Feb. 14) 3183:(Feb. 13) 3177:(Feb. 13) 3171:(Feb. 12) 3165:(Feb. 12) 3159:(Feb. 11) 3153:(Feb. 11) 3147:(Feb. 10) 2756:0362-4331 2679:April 19, 2669:0362-4331 2469:The Plaza 2413:The Plaza 2385:874906584 2163:cdlib.org 2038:dredf.org 1976:145123577 1877:April 29, 1818:April 29, 1455:April 27, 1226:103043251 1044:President 884:apartheid 788:president 679:Paul Ryan 442:McCrory's 271:impromptu 141:library. 5658:Movement 5088:Tom Kahn 4372:Activist 3792:timeline 3714:Study-in 3441:(Apr. 9) 3435:(Apr. 4) 3429:(Apr. 2) 3315:(Mar. 8) 3309:(Mar. 7) 3303:(Mar. 4) 3297:(Mar. 4) 3291:(Mar. 2) 3285:(Mar. 2) 3279:(Mar. 2) 3141:(Feb. 9) 3135:(Feb. 9) 3129:(Feb. 9) 3123:(Feb. 9) 3117:(Feb. 9) 3111:(Feb. 8) 3105:(Feb. 8) 3099:(Feb. 8) 3093:(Feb. 1) 2830:June 10, 2673:Archived 2578:Timeline 2523:Politico 2445:Archived 2389:Archived 2336:Archived 1794:17639642 1695:Workman. 1571:cite web 1362:July 14, 1334:July 14, 1309:July 29, 1250:July 20, 1222:ProQuest 1121:Teach-in 1075:Yoko Ono 1061:See also 1011:form of 976:: धरना; 823:Pakistan 813:Budapest 219:Marshall 160:and the 93:Examples 71:sit-down 6220:Sitting 5783:Related 5373:Al Raby 4328:funeral 4191:Big Six 3709:Pray-in 3697:Jail-in 3680:Wade-in 3508:Related 3063:(1958) 2908:July 9, 2700:Reuters 2640:June 5, 1994:acl.gov 1786:2675276 1509:article 1385:May 25, 1126:Work-in 1091:Lock-on 1077:in 1969 990:dharnam 929:Cardiff 882:During 794:Hungary 754:. This 333:leader 192:Chicago 79:protest 18:Sit ins 5969:Legacy 5745:Ahimsa 4374:groups 3835:(1950) 3827:(1950) 3788:Events 3675:Sit-in 3629:(1964) 3621:(1964) 3613:(1964) 3605:(1964) 3597:(1964) 3589:(1964) 3581:(1963) 3573:(1963) 3565:(1963) 3557:(1963) 3500:(1964) 3494:(1963) 3488:(1962) 3482:(1962) 3476:(1961) 3076:(1959) 3057:(1958) 3051:(1957) 3045:(1955) 3039:(1954) 3033:(1953) 3027:(1943) 3021:(1939) 2881: 2854: 2754: 2705:May 5, 2667: 2476: 2420: 2383: 2373: 2311: 2286: 2264:May 8, 2235:May 8, 1974: 1904: 1792: 1784: 1300: 1224: 1081:Die-in 1067:Bed-In 970:dharna 948:Dharma 935:Dharna 756:action 648:'s 402:, and 297:Durham 211:Bishop 180:strike 67:sit-in 6067:Noted 5660:songs 4480:NAACP 4333:riots 3668:Other 2339:(PDF) 2332:(PDF) 2288:96157 1972:S2CID 1782:JSTOR 986:India 974:Hindi 959:Virar 634:1970 367:at a 207:Wiley 2910:2022 2879:ISBN 2852:ISBN 2832:2014 2763:2019 2752:ISSN 2729:2014 2707:2024 2681:2024 2665:ISSN 2642:2019 2611:2017 2585:2020 2504:2015 2497:Time 2474:OCLC 2453:2015 2418:OCLC 2397:2020 2381:OCLC 2371:ISBN 2347:2015 2309:ISBN 2284:OCLC 2282:. . 2266:2015 2237:2015 2211:2021 2145:2015 2115:2014 2089:2014 1938:2017 1902:ISBN 1879:2018 1820:2018 1790:PMID 1748:2015 1722:2015 1714:Time 1690:2010 1663:2011 1635:2011 1604:2011 1577:link 1563:2011 1533:2010 1457:2023 1387:2023 1364:2014 1336:2014 1311:2024 1298:ISBN 1252:2010 1188:2016 1073:and 982:fast 978:Urdu 907:The 836:and 770:and 709:LGBT 499:The 436:The 353:and 315:and 209:and 117:The 111:and 1964:doi 1774:doi 1290:doi 1202:NYT 1038:'s 1007:'s 925:BBC 858:of 846:of 447:in 371:in 217:in 69:or 6191:: 2912:. 2808:. 2780:. 2750:. 2746:. 2698:. 2671:. 2663:. 2659:. 2628:. 2601:. 2576:. 2540:. 2520:. 2495:. 2443:. 2439:. 2387:. 2379:. 2355:^ 2245:^ 2201:. 2183:. 2161:. 2131:. 2062:. 2058:. 2036:. 2014:. 2010:. 1992:. 1970:. 1960:11 1958:. 1924:. 1855:. 1836:. 1811:. 1788:. 1780:. 1770:87 1768:. 1739:. 1711:. 1692:. 1680:. 1653:. 1621:. 1594:. 1573:}} 1569:{{ 1535:. 1523:. 1432:. 1415:, 1353:. 1327:. 1296:, 1288:, 1284:, 1242:. 992:. 968:A 961:, 899:. 819:. 685:. 398:, 394:, 299:, 65:A 5937:" 5933:" 4278:" 4274:" 4118:" 4114:" 3936:" 3932:" 3794:) 3790:( 3772:e 3765:t 3758:v 2997:e 2990:t 2983:v 2887:. 2860:. 2834:. 2812:. 2784:. 2765:. 2731:. 2709:. 2683:. 2644:. 2613:. 2587:. 2506:. 2480:. 2455:. 2424:. 2399:. 2349:. 2317:. 2290:. 2268:. 2239:. 2213:. 2187:. 2181:" 2165:. 2147:. 2117:. 2091:. 1996:. 1978:. 1966:: 1940:. 1910:. 1881:. 1859:. 1822:. 1796:. 1776:: 1750:. 1724:. 1665:. 1637:. 1606:. 1579:) 1565:. 1459:. 1436:. 1389:. 1366:. 1338:. 1292:: 1254:. 1228:. 1200:( 1190:. 972:( 950:. 943:. 20:)

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