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319:, and the arched elements of laminated wood. At the time, the conservatory was the largest glass building in the world. The largest sheet glass available at that time, made by Robert Chance, was 3 ft (0.91 m) long. Chance produced 4 ft (1.2 m) sheets for Paxton's benefit. The structure was heated by eight boilers using seven miles (11 km) of iron pipe and cost more than £30,000. It had a central carriageway and when the Queen was driven through, it was lit with twelve thousand lamps. It was prohibitively expensive to maintain, and was not heated during the First World War. The plants died and it was demolished in the 1920s.
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264:, a young gardener and within two months the leaves were 4.5 ft (1.4 m) in diameter, and a month later it flowered. It continued growing and it became necessary to build a much larger house, the Victoria Regia House. Inspired by the waterlily's huge leaves – 'a natural feat of engineering' – he found the structure for his conservatory which he tested by floating his daughter Annie on a leaf. The secret was in the rigidity provided by the radiating ribs connecting with flexible cross-ribs. Constant experimentation over a number of years led him to devise the glasshouse design that inspired the Crystal Palace.
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high. It required 4,500 tons of iron, 60,000 sq ft (5,600 m) of timber and needed over 293,000 panes of glass. Yet it took 2,000 men just eight months to build, and cost just £79,800. Quite unlike any other building, it was itself a demonstration of
British technology in iron and glass. In its construction, Paxton was assisted by
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coach arriving at
Chatsworth at half past four in the morning. By his own account he had explored the gardens after scaling the kitchen garden wall, set the staff to work, eaten breakfast with the housekeeper and met his future wife, Sarah Bown, the housekeeper's niece, completing his first morning's
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who was also a member of parliament. He happened to mention an idea he had for the hall, and Ellis promptly encouraged to produce some plans, provided they could be ready in nine days. Unfortunately he was committed for the next few days, but at a board meeting of the railway in Derby, it is said he
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trees and for the cultivation of exotic plants such as highly prized pineapples. At the time the use of glass houses was in its infancy and those at
Chatsworth were dilapidated. After experimentation, he designed a glass house with a ridge and furrow roof that would be at right angles to the morning
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He became affluent, not so much through his
Chatsworth employment, but by successful speculation in the railway industry. He retired from Chatsworth when the Duke died in 1858 but carried on working at various projects such as the Thames Graving Dock. Paxton died at his home at Rockhills, Sydenham,
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Its novelty was its revolutionary modular, prefabricated design, and use of glass. Glazing was carried out from special trolleys, and was fast: one man managed to fix 108 panes in a single day. The Palace was 1,848 ft (563 m) long, 408 ft (124 m) wide and 108 ft (33 m)
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With a cheap and light wooden frame, the conservatory design had a ridge-and-furrow roof to let in more light and drained rainwater away. He used hollow pillars doubling as drain pipes and designed a special rafter that acted as an internal and external gutter. All the elements were pre-fabricated
150:, Bedfordshire. Some references, incorrectly, list his birth year as 1801. This is, as he admitted in later life, a result of misinformation he provided in his teens, which enabled him to enrol at Chiswick Gardens. He became a garden boy at the age of fifteen for Sir Gregory Osborne Page-Turner at
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appointed to organise the Great
Exhibition were in a quandary. An international competition to design a building to house the Exhibition had produced 245 designs, of which only two were remotely suitable, and all would take too long to build and would be too permanent. There was an outcry by the
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He completed the plans and presented them to the
Commission, but there was opposition from some members, since another design was well into its planning stage. Paxton decided to by-pass the Commission and published the design in the
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on
Metropolitan Communications in which he envisaged the construction of an arcade, based on the structure of the Crystal Palace, in a ten-mile loop around the centre of London. It would have incorporated a roadway, an
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Between 1835 and 1839, he organised plant-hunting expeditions one of which ended in tragedy when two gardeners from
Chatsworth sent to California drowned. Tragedy also struck at home when his eldest son died.
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Although he remained the Head
Gardener at Chatsworth until 1858, he was also able to undertake outside work such as the Crystal Palace and his directorship of the Midland Railway. He worked on public parks in
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lily which had been sent to Kew from the Amazon in 1836. Although they had germinated and grown they had not flowered and in 1849 a seedling was given to Paxton to try out at
Chatsworth. He entrusted it to
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Sir Joseph Paxton (1803–65), Facsimile of the First Sketch for the Great Exhibition Building, About 1850, Pen and ink on blotting paper V&A Museum no. E.941–1983 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
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which still exists. He became skilled at moving mature trees. The largest, weighing about eight tons, was moved from Kedleston Road in Derby. Among several other large projects at Chatsworth were the
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In 1836, Paxton began construction of the Great Conservatory, or Stove, a huge glasshouse 227 ft (69 m) long and 123 ft (37 m) wide that was designed by the 6th Duke's architect
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of 1851. These techniques were made physically possible by recent technological advances in the manufacture of both glass and cast iron, and financially possible by the dropping of a tax on glass.
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A Pocket Botanical Dictionary, comprising the names, history, and culture of all plants known in Britain, with a full explanation of technical terms. By J. Paxton, assisted by Professor Lindley
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One of Paxton's first projects was to redesign the garden around the new north wing of the house and expand Chatsworth's collection of conifers into a 40-acre (160,000 m)
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174:. The duke met the young gardener as he strolled in his gardens and became impressed with his skill and enthusiasm. He offered the 20-year-old Paxton the position of
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and required the creation of a feeder lake on the hill above the gardens necessitating the excavation of 100,000 cu yd (76,000 m) of earth.
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Report from the Select Committee on Metropolitan Communications, together with the proceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence and Appendix
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390:. At the end of the meeting he held up his first sketch of the Crystal Palace, inspired by the Victoria Regia House. The sketch is now in the
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work before nine o'clock. He married Bown in 1827, and she proved capable of managing his affairs, leaving him free to pursue his ideas.
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In 1832, Paxton developed an interest in greenhouses at Chatsworth where he designed a series of buildings with "forcing frames" for
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He enjoyed a friendly relationship with his employer who recognised his diverse talents and facilitated his rise to prominence.
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for the prefabricated glass and iron structural techniques which Paxton pioneered and would employ for his masterpiece:
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and evening sun and an ingenious frame design that would admit maximum light: the forerunner of the modern greenhouse.
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leaf in the lily house; Paxton's design for the Crystal Palace took its cue from the organic structure of this plant.
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Paxton, Joseph (DNB00) in: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 44 by George Simonds Boulger
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page 41, A Thing in Disguise: The Visionary Life of Joseph Paxton, Kate Colquhoun, 2004, Fourth Estate
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thirty years after its completion, and demolished, because the Duke wanted no other mansion close to
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Paxton was honoured by being a member of the Kew Commission which was to suggest improvements for
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page 100, The Works of Sir Joseph Paxton 1803–1865, George F. Chadwick, 1961, Architectural Press
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page 31, The Works of Sir Joseph Paxton 1803–1865, George F. Chadwick, 1961, Architectural Press
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page 30, The Works of Sir Joseph Paxton 1803–1865, George F. Chadwick, 1961, Architectural Press
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near Paris to be "Another Mentmore, but twice the size". Both buildings still stand today.
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In 1860, he also designed Fairlawn, 89 Wimbledon Park Side for Sir Edwin Saunders,
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Joseph Paxton – a biography from the landscape architecture and gardens guide
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Paxton also designed another country house, a smaller version of Mentmore at
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village. The Emperor Fountain was built in 1844; it was twice the height of
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The next great building at Chatsworth was built for the first seeds of the
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832:"The imminent death of the Cavendish banana and why it affects us all"
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Although the duke was in Russia, Paxton set off for Chatsworth on the
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pages 97-99 Augustus Pugin versus Decimus Burton, by Guy Williams
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The Horticultural Society's gardens were close to the gardens of
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Paxton was born in 1803, the seventh son of a farming family, in
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appeared to be spending much of his time doodling on a sheet of
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Paxton was visiting London in his capacity as a director of the
765:"BBC - History - Historic Figures: Joseph Paxton (1803 - 1865)"
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on Sir Joseph Paxton – includes photographs and a family tree
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Joseph Paxton his early work – London Road Cemetery Coventry
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811:"A Taste for the Exotic: Pineapple Cultivation in Britain"
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where it remained until it was destroyed by fire in 1936.
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A Thing in Disguise: The Visionary Life of Joseph Paxton
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in Buckinghamshire. This was to be one of the greatest
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416:, Chairman of the Building Committee. All three were
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Heinemann, republished 1991 Cromford: Scarthin Books
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Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany
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public and in Parliament against the desecration of
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English gardener, architect and Member of Parliament
1122:"The City of Coventry Parliamentary representation"
1014:"The Late Duke of Devonshire and Sir Joseph Paxton"
974:. Vol. III. London: Bentham & Evans. 1853.
727:is used to indicate this person as the author when
708:in 1865 and was buried on the Chatsworth Estate in
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1396:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
524:In June 1855 he presented a scheme he called the
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696:On 17 March 1860, during the enthusiasm for the
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279:were cultivated by Paxton in the greenhouses of
858:Architecture:Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
702:11th (Matlock) Derbyshire Rifle Volunteer Corps
503:. Samuel Hereman (revision) (Revised ed.).
283:in 1836. They account for the vast majority of
667:in Bedfordshire. This house was bought by the
446:In 1831, Paxton published a monthly magazine,
122:(3 August 1803 – 8 June 1865) was an English
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998:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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607:In 1850, Paxton was commissioned by Baron
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1371:People from Central Bedfordshire District
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168:William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire
862:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p.
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655:- grave of Sir Joseph Paxton (1803–1865)
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623:. Following the completion of Mentmore,
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315:. The columns and beams were made of
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462:(vols. I & II) in 1850 and the
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1046:. www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk
948:by John Lindley and Joseph Paxton"
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700:, Paxton raised and commanded the
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926:"The Crystal Palace of Hyde Park"
854:Hitchcock, Henry-Russell (1977).
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1291:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1246:Dictionary of National Biography
464:Calendar of Gardening Operations
1376:19th-century English architects
1262:Joseph Paxton's work on orchids
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988:. London. 1855. pp. 78–96.
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342:The Great Conservatory was the
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901:History, Periods & Styles
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488:List of selected publications
484:and later became its editor.
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1426:Architects from Bedfordshire
1381:English landscape architects
1171:(Architectural Press, 1961)
1066:Tracing the Rifle Volunteers
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1255:Crystal Palace on ArchDaily
609:Mayer Amschel de Rothschild
456:Pocket Botanical Dictionary
450:. This was followed by the
322:In 1848 Paxton created the
235:Annie Paxton standing on a
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448:The Horticultural Register
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809:Lausen-Higgins, Johanna.
625:James Mayer de Rothschild
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1088:, retrieved 11 May 2014.
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469:The Gardeners' Chronicle
130:and for cultivating the
1281:Eddie Richardson's page
1226:John Kenworthy-Browne,
1126:British History On-Line
834:. BBC. 24 January 2016.
549:The Paxton Memorial at
478:Charles Wentworth Dilke
401:Illustrated London News
1386:19th-century gardeners
1240:"Paxton, Joseph"
1213:Works by Joseph Paxton
1203:Works by Joseph Paxton
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1044:"Fairlawn, Wandsworth"
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588:London Road Cemetery
580:The Spa, Scarborough
551:London Road Cemetery
134:, the most consumed
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745:Crystal Palace Park
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277:Cavendish bananas
273:William Cavendish
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1249:. 1885–1900.
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1217:Open Library
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1129:. Retrieved
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1048:. Retrieved
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187:Chesterfield
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148:Milton Bryan
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81:(1865-06-08)
68:Bedfordshire
29:
1366:1865 deaths
1361:1803 births
1343:Henry Eaton
944:"Review of
472:along with
440:jasminoides
410:Charles Fox
227:Greenhouses
209:rock garden
79:8 June 1865
1355:Categories
1207:Faded Page
1115:References
910:9 December
661:Battlesden
611:to design
564:Birkenhead
553:, Coventry
541:Later life
428:Publishing
383:John Ellis
305:Chatsworth
292:and, like
180:Chatsworth
162:Chatsworth
142:Early life
114:Chatsworth
95:Occupation
60:1803-08-03
994:cite book
560:Liverpool
497:(1868) .
458:in 1840,
438:Jacaranda
372:Hyde Park
317:cast iron
205:arboretum
98:Architect
70:, England
1312:Coventry
1209:(Canada)
1076:, p. 61.
1050:15 April
584:Coventry
519:Coventry
422:Sydenham
418:knighted
344:test-bed
247:espalier
124:gardener
87:Sydenham
572:Halifax
568:Glasgow
515:Liberal
350:of the
285:bananas
217:Edensor
154:, near
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1072:
1028:30 May
870:
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723:Paxton
665:Woburn
211:, the
156:Woburn
136:banana
752:Notes
663:near
574:(the
170:, at
1321:1865
1317:1854
1173:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1133:2005
1070:ISBN
1052:2013
1030:2011
1000:link
912:2007
868:ISBN
480:and
108:The
76:Died
54:Born
1215:at
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1191:at
864:177
769:BBC
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