832:'s shops the day after release. Retailers stocked the machine in large numbers in expectation of good Christmas sales. However, the machine did not sell as well as expected and, because retailers still had unsold stock, Sinclair's income from orders dipped alarmingly in January. The Spectrum+ had the same technical specifications as the original Spectrum. An enhanced model, the ZX Spectrum 128, was launched in Spain in September 1985, with development funded by the Spanish distributor Investronica. The UK launch of this was delayed until January 1986, because retailers had large unsold stocks of the previous model.
1194:
1040:
32:
1067:
698:
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138:
589:
573:
557:
541:
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493:
477:
461:
445:
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413:
397:
381:
288:. It was originally incorporated in 1973 as Westminster Mail Order Ltd, renamed Sinclair Instrument Ltd, then Science of Cambridge Ltd, then Sinclair Computers Ltd, and finally Sinclair Research Ltd. It remained dormant until 1976, when it was activated with the intention of continuing Sinclair's commercial work from his earlier company
1486:, to be launched within a year. "Technology has moved on quite a bit, there are new batteries available and I just rethought the thing. The C5 was OK, but I think we can do a better job now." The two-wheel X-1 was to have been available in July 2011 at the price of £595, but failed to reach production.
877:
and distributor Prism entering receivership. Although the collapse of the latter was not expected to have a significant effect on
Sinclair's ability to reach customers, the observation was made that "Sir Clive would not be trying to go public unless he thought he could use the cash", indicating that
824:
in May of that year. (In 1982 it had upheld complaints about delays in shipping
Spectrums.) Especially severe were allegations that Sinclair was cashing cheques months before machines were shipped. In the autumn Sinclair was still publicly predicting it would be a "million seller", and that 250,000
948:
Since 1986, the company has continued to exist, but in a completely different form. In 1993, 1994, and 1995 Sinclair made continuing losses on decreasing turnover. Investors became worried that Clive
Sinclair himself was using his own personal wealth to fund his inventions. By 1990 the company's
778:
In late 1983 Timex decided to pull out of the Timex
Sinclair venture which, due to strong competition, had failed to break into the United States market. However, Timex computers continued to be produced for several years in other countries. Timex Portugal launched improved versions, the
350:
pocket television led to financial difficulties in 1985, and a year later
Sinclair sold the rights to its computer products and brand name to Amstrad. Sinclair Research Ltd continued to exist as a one-man company, marketing Clive Sinclair's inventions until his death in September 2021.
1343:
and a new 512×192-pixel monochrome video mode. Due to the limited size of flat CRT that could be manufactured, a series of folding lenses and mirrors were necessary to magnify the screen image to a usable size. The project was cancelled after the
Amstrad take-over, but the
1133:
processor. Production was delayed by several months, due to unfinished development of hardware and software at the time of the QL's launch. Hardware reliability problems and software bugs resulted in the QL acquiring a poor reputation from which it never recovered.
624:
products, radios, calculators and scientific instruments. When it became clear that
Radionics was failing, Sinclair took steps to ensure that he would be able to continue to pursue his commercial goals. In February 1975, he changed the name of Ablesdeal Ltd (a
854:
electric vehicle on 10 January 1985, but it was a commercial disaster, selling only 17,000 units and losing
Sinclair £7,000,000. Sinclair Vehicles went into liquidation later the same year. The failure of the C5, combined with those of the QL and the
849:
Sinclair had long had an interest in electric vehicles, and during the early 1980s he worked on the design of a single-seater "personal vehicle", eventually starting a company called
Sinclair Vehicles Ltd in March 1983. He launched the
963:
In 2003, the
Sinclair "ZA20 Wheelchair Drive Unit" was introduced, designed and manufactured in conjunction with Hong Kong's Daka Designs, a partnership which also led to the SeaDoo Sea Scooter underwater propulsion unit.
975:
invented by Sinclair, which was on sale for £200. It had been originally announced two years previously. In November 2010, Sinclair Research announced the X-1 two-wheel electric vehicle, which failed to reach production.
881:
On 28 May 1985, Sinclair Research had announced it wanted to raise an extra £10m to £15m to restructure the organisation. Given the loss of confidence in the company, the money proved hard to find. In June 1985,
956:" electric bicycle was released, Sinclair's second attempt at changing people's means of transport. It had a maximum speed of 10 mph (16 km/h), and was only available by mail order. Much like the
736:(a version of the ZX81) in the United States. In March 1982 Sinclair Research Ltd made an £8.55m profit on turnover of £27.17m, including a £383,000 government grant to develop a flat screen.
746:
at 25 Willis Road, Cambridge, into the company's new headquarters. (Following Sinclair's financial troubles, the premises were sold to Cambridgeshire County Council in December 1985.)
869:
Sinclair Research had reportedly intended a public offering of shares on 12 March 1985, but this offering was postponed, ostensibly due to turmoil in the microcomputer industry, with
941:
1174:
add-ons for the ZX Spectrum. A number of QL peripherals were developed by other companies but marketed under the Sinclair brand. External storage for the Spectrum was usually on
1382:, 128 KiB of RAM, and two custom chips providing much enhanced graphics and audio capabilities. After the Amstrad buy-out in 1986, two engineers who had worked on the project,
2027:
1620:
1616:
1612:
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949:
entire staff had been reduced to just Sinclair himself, a salesman/administrator, and an R&D employee. By 1997 only Sinclair himself was working at his company.
1036:
was launched in February 1980 at £79.95 in kit form and £99.95 ready-built. In November of the same year Science of Cambridge was renamed Sinclair Computers Ltd.
896:
The future of Sinclair Research remained uncertain until 7 April 1986, when the company sold its entire computer product range, and the "Sinclair" brand name, to
2522:
2388:
960:, the "Zike" was a commercial failure, and sold only 2,000 units. In 1999 Sinclair released the world's smallest radio, in the form of the "Z1 Micro AM Radio".
3114:
629:
he had bought in September 1973 for just such an eventuality) to Westminster Mail Order Ltd. The name was changed to Sinclair Instrument Ltd in August 1975.
1110:
unlike Sinclair's previous portable televisions. The TV80 was a commercial failure selling only 15,000 units and not covering its development costs of £4m.
667:
and parts from a Sinclair calculator. Curry was impressed and encouraged Sinclair to adopt it as a product. In June 1978, Science of Cambridge launched its
3099:
3124:
3109:
3144:
916:, with shareholdings in several new "spin-off" companies formed to exploit technologies developed by the main company. These included Anamartic Ltd (
821:
3119:
835:
At the January 1985 Las Vegas Consumer Electronics Show, Sinclair re-entered the United States market, announcing the "FM Wristwatch Radio", an
3139:
3089:
3094:
2515:
3134:
825:
would be sold by the end of the year. QL production was suspended in February 1985, and the price was halved by the end of the year.
2276:
811:
went on sale. The QL was nowhere near as successful as Sinclair's earlier computers. It suffered from several design flaws, and
96:
3149:
2508:
307:
became available on the high street, introducing home computing to a generation, with more that 1.5 million sold. In 1982 the
68:
3129:
878:
the postponement of an offering whose timing would have been planned for optimal effect would be a setback for the company.
1230:
The following computer products were under development at Sinclair Research during the 1980s but never reached production:
820:
Fully working QLs were not available until late summer and complaints against Sinclair regarding delays were upheld by the
1776:
2472:
1383:
75:
3058:
1974:
49:
2187:
2094:
2454:
2439:
2424:
2361:
1637:
115:
1422:
This codename was assigned to a QL follow-on project running from 1984 to 1986. Among the features associated with
82:
1912:
828:
The ZX Spectrum+, a repackaged ZX Spectrum with a QL-like keyboard, was launched in October 1984 and appeared in
637:
1154:
and other enhancements, was launched in Spain in September 1985 and the UK in January 1986, priced at £179.95.
53:
64:
1885:
1214:
battery, had a fixed volume and was inserted in the ear. The X1 radio had three buttons, an on/off switch, a
1837:
1719:
1190:, a tape-loop cartridge system that proved unreliable. This was also the primary storage device for the QL.
1438:
661:
2110:
1222:
button to restart the scanning process. It came with a short length of aerial and a detachable ear hook.
303:
at £99.95, at that time the cheapest personal computer for sale in the United Kingdom. A year later, the
2312:
3079:
2999:
2721:
2716:
2203:
1387:
1243:
990:
753:
633:
323:
2250:
2161:
1748:
2291:
2224:
909:
1453:
1379:
1336:
917:
335:
331:
312:
42:
1162:
Sinclair created various peripherals for its computers, including memory expansion modules, the
2711:
2006:
817:
noted that it was "difficult to find a good word for Sinclair Research in the computer press".
768:
89:
2500:
1691:
1298:
programming language was originally intended for this model but was later adopted for the QL.
1063:
in the United States) was priced at £49.95 in kit form and £69.95 ready-built, by mail order.
1005:
with an LED display, measuring voltage (DC and AC), current and resistance, released in 1975.
1859:
2028:"Sinclair FTV1 (TV-80) miniature television receiver | Science Museum Group Collection"
1911:
1659:
1923:
1251:
929:
2335:
2135:
2047:
311:
was released, becoming the UK's best selling computer, and competing aggressively against
8:
3024:
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2976:
2950:
2846:
2822:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2495:
2287:
2199:
2106:
1515:
1060:
900:
for £5 million. The deal did not include the company itself, only its name and products.
784:
780:
733:
641:
339:
1588:
1193:
889:
announced a takeover of Sinclair Research, through Hollis Brothers, a subsidiary of his
2826:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2682:
2633:
1918:
1535:
1510:
1505:
1246:
and was intended to be a cheap Z80-based games console implemented in two chips, using
846:
attached. However, the watch had several problems and never went into full production.
613:
607:
289:
20:
3053:
3019:
3014:
2884:
2838:
2702:
2450:
2435:
2420:
1669:
1520:
1431:
1310:, which was described as the "SuperSpectrum" in an article in the June 1986 issue of
1179:
626:
2072:
1206:
In June 1997 Sinclair Research released the X1 radio for £9.50. This miniature mono
2870:
2628:
2279:
2191:
2098:
1951:
1811:
1560:
1391:
1325:
1255:
1247:
1107:
883:
326:
program, the company established the "MetaLab" research centre at Milton Hall near
2485:
1266:, was designed by Steve Berry. It was cancelled in November 1983 in favour of the
2842:
2643:
2612:
2607:
2574:
1403:
1356:
1207:
1070:
972:
913:
870:
717:
148:
1122:
was announced in January 1984, priced at £399. Marketed as a more sophisticated
3048:
3040:
2923:
2918:
2818:
2283:
2195:
2102:
1784:
1525:
1495:
1279:
1171:
1167:
1130:
1043:
1018:
890:
886:
874:
843:
725:
689:
In November 1979, Science of Cambridge Ltd was renamed Sinclair Computers Ltd.
664:
281:
254:
228:
183:
1946:
1806:
1482:
newspaper that he was working on a new prototype electric vehicle, called the
1452:
This name has been associated with a design concept for a "Super QL" based on
3073:
2960:
2928:
2854:
2690:
2570:
1979:
1753:
1724:
1696:
1673:
1464:
This was rumoured to be a hypothetical portable version of the QL similar to
1349:
1340:
1312:
1287:
1283:
1187:
1175:
1142:
The ZX Spectrum+ was a repackaged ZX Spectrum 48K, launched in October 1984.
1126:
1056:
1033:
953:
925:
813:
788:
743:
740:
721:
713:
657:
296:
1984:
1555:
644:
operational. The company's first product was a watch-like Wrist Calculator.
19:
Not to be confused with the earlier company also founded by Clive Sinclair,
2880:
1483:
1478:
1183:
675:
224:
219:
2890:
2467:
2365:
873:
undergoing refinancing, and other companies such as Sinclair's competitor
2894:
2764:
2580:
2566:
1500:
1427:
1411:
1407:
1363:
1329:
1267:
1119:
1083:
1039:
957:
851:
804:
792:
729:
720:
obtained a license to manufacture and market Sinclair's computers in the
701:
343:
308:
243:
239:
162:
2913:
2800:
1295:
1163:
1151:
1103:
1002:
839:
761:
749:
In January 1983 the ZX Spectrum personal computer was presented at the
682:
microprocessor. Sinclair Instrument Ltd introduced the computer as the
678:, Sinclair's chief engineer, designed a new microcomputer based on the
2486:'Pocket TVs failed before. What's changed?', BBC News Magazine article
2994:
2955:
2834:
2756:
1664:
1375:
1333:
944:
Inventors of the A-bike, Sir Clive Sinclair and Alexander Kalogroulis
808:
750:
679:
617:
327:
285:
172:
158:
2447:
Sinclair Archaeology: The Complete Photo Guide to Collectable Models
1306:(QL) had converged with it. This project is not to be confused with
656:
Around the same time, Ian Williamson showed Chris Curry a prototype
31:
3009:
2981:
2876:
2850:
2830:
2796:
2742:
2480:
1627:
as photo-archived at WorldRadioHistory.com, retrieved May 21, 2023.
1087:
322:
At the height of its success, and largely inspired by the Japanese
2359:
1066:
342:
and other advanced projects. A combination of the failures of the
2760:
2599:
940:
897:
829:
316:
2590:
1324:
This was to be a portable computer with an integral flat-screen
697:
640:
to leave Radionics, which he had worked for since 1966, and get
3004:
2768:
2750:
2530:
2310:
1291:
1211:
1123:
968:
859:, caused investors to lose confidence in Sinclair's judgement.
202:
2866:
2858:
2804:
2490:
2188:"Re: Does anyone remember the Spectrum to Spectrum+ upgrade?"
1367:
1021:
sold by Science of Cambridge, introduced in 1977 for £39.95.
621:
739:
In 1982 Clive Sinclair converted the Barker & Wadsworth
2862:
2812:
2808:
2746:
2561:
2556:
2551:
1530:
1348:
concept eventually transformed into the Cambridge Computer
1099:
1030:
1014:
856:
757:
683:
668:
612:
On 25 July 1961, Clive Sinclair founded his first company,
347:
304:
300:
137:
1556:"Sir Clive Sinclair resigns from the home computer market"
636:
became involved in Radionics in 1976, Sinclair encouraged
2136:"Loki, Janus, Pandora: The Unreleased Sinclair Computers"
1441:
1263:
1086:
was launched on 23 April 1982, priced at £125 for the 16
921:
836:
795:
system, although it was not well received by the market.
767:
In 1983 the company bought Milton Hall in the village of
1653:
1651:
692:
1362:
This project was intended to create a greatly enhanced
2045:
1712:
280:
was a British consumer electronics company founded by
1769:
1648:
1302:
was cancelled in 1982 after the specification of the
1178:, as was common in that era. Rather than an optional
1073:, an updated version of the original 1982 ZX Spectrum
807:
was announced on 12 January 1984, shortly before the
2311:
Simon Hattenstone, The Guardian (13 November 2010).
1150:
The ZX Spectrum 128, with RAM expanded to 128 kB, a
1832:
1830:
632:Finding it inconvenient to share control after the
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1983:. No. 50. May 1986. p. 7. Archived from
1106:. Launched in September 1983, it used a flattened
652:In July 1977, Sinclair Instrument Ltd was renamed
292:, and adopted the name Sinclair Research in 1981.
2153:
1740:
1685:
1683:
686:in February 1980, as both a kit and ready-built.
3105:Defunct software companies of the United Kingdom
3085:Defunct computer companies of the United Kingdom
3071:
2336:"Sir Clive Sinclair's X-1 pedal-electric hybrid"
1827:
1799:
893:. However, the deal was aborted in August 1985.
864:
16:British consumer electronics company (1973–2021)
2274:
2185:
2092:
1877:
787:; that company also developed and launched the
2248:
2159:
1680:
1660:"Micro Industry in U.K. Shows Stiff Upper Lip"
924:mobile telephony) and Cambridge Computer Ltd (
708:In March 1981, Sinclair Computers was renamed
2516:
2130:
2128:
2126:
1746:
1238:Standing for "Low Cost Colour Computer", the
993:was released by Sinclair Instrument in 1977.
3115:Electronics companies disestablished in 2021
2242:
1668:. Vol. 2, no. 19. pp. 1, 35.
1090:RAM version and £175 for the 48 KB version.
764:was launched, but was a commercial failure.
3100:Electronics companies of the United Kingdom
2532:Sinclair computers, derivatives, and clones
2496:www.1000bit.net, 1000BiT Sinclair's section
1944:
1606:
1553:
1437:application suite on ROM, and possibly the
601:
2523:
2509:
2123:
2041:
2039:
2037:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1406:, this was a project to produce an add-on
1182:, Sinclair instead opted to offer its own
647:
3125:Computer companies disestablished in 2021
3110:Electronics companies established in 1973
1046:1000, a U.S. version of the Sinclair ZX81
798:
775:research and development facility there.
732:was launched. In July Timex launched the
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
3145:British companies disestablished in 2021
2360:Sinclair Research - Sir Clive Sinclair.
2333:
1254:cartridges for storage. A multi-tasking
1192:
1065:
1038:
939:
696:
2415:Adamson, Ian; Kennedy, Richard (1986).
2277:"A little piece of Sinclair history..."
2034:
1904:
1576:
3120:Computer companies established in 1973
3072:
2449:. Portslade: Hove Books. 130 pp.
2419:. London: Penguin Books. 224 pp.
2222:
1975:"Amstrad axes QL in Sinclair sell out"
1947:"Amstrad has bought Sinclair Research"
1883:
1689:
1657:
1638:"Sinclair Instrument Wrist Calculator"
1426:were increased RAM capacity, internal
935:
3140:British companies established in 1973
2504:
2417:Sinclair and the "Sunrise" Technology
2052:Sinclair and the 'Sunrise' Technology
1225:
693:Commercial success and home computers
2386:
1852:
1642:Centre for Computing History website
908:Sinclair Research was reduced to an
295:In 1980, Clive Sinclair entered the
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
3090:Defunct computer hardware companies
2275:Rupert Goodwins (26 October 1999).
13:
3095:Defunct computer systems companies
2434:. London: Duckworth. 184 pp.
2409:
2186:Rupert Goodwins (18 August 1999).
1840:. The Center for Computing History
1692:"Sir Clive Makes The Quantum Leap"
1129:for professional users, it used a
14:
3161:
3135:Defunct companies based in London
2461:
2387:Dunn, Michael (8 December 2014).
2334:Coxworth, Ben (5 November 2010).
2095:"Re: Sinclair Loki Superspectrum"
1658:Clarke, Jerry (27 October 1980).
967:July 2006 saw the release of the
2589:
1747:Roger Munford (September 1984).
1613:Sinclair Radionics advertisement
716:was launched. In February 1982,
588:
587:
572:
571:
556:
555:
540:
539:
524:
523:
508:
507:
492:
491:
476:
475:
460:
459:
444:
443:
428:
427:
412:
411:
396:
395:
380:
379:
136:
30:
2380:
2353:
2327:
2304:
2268:
2249:Rick Dickinson (16 July 2007).
2216:
2179:
2160:Rick Dickinson (16 July 2007).
2093:Rupert Goodwins (12 May 2002).
2086:
2065:
2020:
1999:
1967:
1938:
1913:"Sinclair to Sell British Unit"
1589:"Sinclair: A Corporate History"
1476:In November 2010 Sinclair told
822:Advertising Standards Authority
41:needs additional citations for
2389:"Sir Clive Sinclair interview"
2048:"The Quantum Leap - to where?"
2046:Ian Adamson; Richard Kennedy.
1630:
1547:
358:
1:
3150:1986 mergers and acquisitions
2313:"Whose bright idea was that?"
1541:
1294:and ZX Net ports. Sinclair's
1242:was developed during 1983 by
1017:(Microcomputer Kit 14) was a
920:), Shaye Communications Ltd (
865:Amstrad acquisition of assets
3130:Companies based in Cambridge
1815:. No. 22. November 1985
903:
771:, for £2m, establishing its
756:. In September the Sinclair
662:National Semiconductor SC/MP
7:
2468:Sinclair Nostalgia Products
1489:
979:
671:microcomputer in kit form.
10:
3166:
2587:
1884:Kewney, Guy (April 1985).
1838:"Sinclair ZX Spectrum 128"
1690:Denham, Sue (March 1984).
1332:-compatible with a faster
605:
354:
18:
3033:
2969:
2937:
2903:
2730:
2699:
2681:
2642:
2621:
2598:
2538:
2445:Tedeschi, Enrico (1986).
1720:"QL News / SinclairWatch"
1374:was to have a 7 MHz
1366:, possibly rivalling the
1328:display. Initially to be
1286:, equipped with built-in
754:Consumer Electronics Show
654:Science of Cambridge Ltd.
634:National Enterprise Board
360:Profit and turnover data
324:Fifth Generation Computer
261:
249:
235:
222:, Director (1979 to 1986)
213:
197:
189:
179:
168:
154:
144:
135:
1955:. No. 28. p. 7
1945:Graham Kidd (May 1986).
1777:"Timex/Sinclair history"
1554:John Minson (May 1986).
1394:to continue their work.
1262:, with a full windowing
620:. The company developed
602:Founding and early years
2229:"ql-users" mailing list
1890:Personal Computer World
1728:. No. 5. July 1984
1454:wafer-scale integration
918:wafer-scale integration
648:Development of the ZX80
614:Sinclair Radionics Ltd.
336:wafer-scale integration
332:artificial intelligence
1619:, (further details at
1198:
1197:X1 Button Radio (1997)
1074:
1047:
945:
928:portable computer and
799:Mid-1980s developments
769:Milton, Cambridgeshire
705:
2430:Dale, Rodney (1985).
1860:"FM Wristwatch Radio"
1196:
1069:
1042:
943:
710:Sinclair Research Ltd
700:
330:, in order to pursue
278:Sinclair Research Ltd
131:Sinclair Research Ltd
2817:ZX Spectrum based:
2543:Science of Cambridge
1987:on 24 September 2006
1924:The Associated Press
1158:Computer peripherals
930:satellite television
240:Sinclair ZX Spectrum
175:, England, UK (1973)
50:improve this article
3025:Magnum Light Phaser
2990:Rotronics Wafadrive
2977:Beta Disk Interface
2541:Sinclair Research /
2362:"Sinclair Research"
1625:Practical Wireless,
1516:Sinclair Scientific
1250:and (non-volatile)
936:Return to invention
642:Sinclair Instrument
361:
340:formal verification
263:Number of employees
132:
65:"Sinclair Research"
2961:FDD3000 Disk Drive
2947:Neptun 156 Monitor
2717:ZX Spectrum clones
2683:Cambridge Computer
2491:ZX81 Online Museum
2474:The Sinclair Story
2432:The Sinclair Story
2007:"Wrist Calculator"
1919:The New York Times
1892:. pp. 101–102
1807:"Kept in the Dark"
1536:Sinclair President
1511:Sinclair Radionics
1506:Sinclair Executive
1226:Cancelled projects
1202:X1 Button FM Radio
1199:
1075:
1048:
946:
706:
608:Sinclair Radionics
359:
290:Sinclair Radionics
130:
21:Sinclair Radionics
3080:Sinclair Research
3067:
3066:
3054:Richard Altwasser
3020:Stack Light Rifle
3015:RAM Music Machine
2970:Other peripherals
2938:Timex peripherals
2905:Sinclair Research
2644:Timex Corporation
2634:ZX Spectrum Vega+
2368:on 3 October 2015
2284:comp.sys.sinclair
2196:comp.sys.sinclair
2103:comp.sys.sinclair
2073:"Planet Sinclair"
1521:Sinclair Vehicles
1278:Intended to be a
1180:floppy disk drive
718:Timex Corporation
599:
598:
346:computer and the
275:
274:
126:
125:
118:
100:
3157:
2871:ZX Spectrum Next
2827:CZ Spectrum Plus
2629:ZX Spectrum Vega
2622:Licenced systems
2593:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2364:. Archived from
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2162:"Pandora to Z88"
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2132:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2043:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1783:. Archived from
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1634:
1628:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1585:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1551:
1392:Flare Technology
1256:operating system
991:Wrist Calculator
985:Wrist Calculator
884:business magnate
744:bottling factory
591:
590:
575:
574:
559:
558:
543:
542:
527:
526:
511:
510:
495:
494:
479:
478:
463:
462:
447:
446:
431:
430:
415:
414:
399:
398:
383:
382:
362:
299:market with the
140:
133:
129:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3029:
2965:
2933:
2899:
2843:Scorpion ZS-256
2735:
2734:related systems
2733:
2726:
2705:
2695:
2677:
2638:
2617:
2594:
2585:
2575:ZX Spectrum 128
2545:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2481:Planet Sinclair
2464:
2412:
2410:Further reading
2407:
2397:
2395:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2251:"QL and Beyond"
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2140:Planet Sinclair
2134:
2133:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1864:Planet Sinclair
1858:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1787:on 17 July 2006
1775:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1688:
1681:
1656:
1649:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1593:Planet Sinclair
1587:
1586:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1492:
1404:Rupert Goodwins
1368:Commodore Amiga
1228:
1210:, powered by a
1146:ZX Spectrum 128
1071:ZX Spectrum 128
982:
973:folding bicycle
938:
914:holding company
912:business and a
906:
871:Acorn Computers
867:
809:Apple Macintosh
801:
728:. In April the
724:under the name
695:
650:
610:
604:
357:
270:
268:
264:
242:
227:
223:
216:
209:
205:
161:
149:Limited company
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3163:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3049:Rick Dickinson
3046:
3045:John Pemberton
3043:
3041:Clive Sinclair
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2956:FDD Disk Drive
2953:
2948:
2945:
2944:TS2040 Printer
2941:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2924:ZX Interface 2
2921:
2919:ZX Interface 1
2916:
2910:
2908:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2873:
2815:
2753:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:ZX80/81 clones
2708:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2613:ZX Spectrum +3
2610:
2608:ZX Spectrum +2
2604:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2470:
2463:
2462:External links
2460:
2459:
2458:
2443:
2428:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2379:
2352:
2340:www.gizmag.com
2326:
2303:
2267:
2241:
2225:"Q-Emulator 2"
2215:
2178:
2152:
2122:
2085:
2064:
2033:
2019:
1998:
1966:
1937:
1926:. 18 June 1985
1903:
1886:"Still waters"
1876:
1851:
1826:
1798:
1768:
1739:
1711:
1679:
1647:
1629:
1615:, March 1963,
1605:
1575:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1526:Timex Sinclair
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1496:Sinclair BASIC
1491:
1488:
1474:
1473:
1462:
1461:
1450:
1449:
1420:
1419:
1410:drive for the
1400:
1399:
1388:Martin Brennan
1384:John Mathieson
1360:
1359:
1322:
1321:
1276:
1275:
1244:Martin Brennan
1236:
1235:
1227:
1224:
1218:button, and a
1204:
1203:
1176:cassette tapes
1172:ZX Interface 2
1168:ZX Interface 1
1160:
1159:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1131:Motorola 68008
1116:
1115:
1096:
1095:
1080:
1079:
1059:(known as the
1053:
1052:
1044:Timex Sinclair
1027:
1026:
1011:
1010:
999:
998:
997:Multimeter DM2
987:
986:
981:
978:
952:In 1992, the "
937:
934:
905:
902:
891:Pergamon Press
887:Robert Maxwell
866:
863:
800:
797:
726:Timex Sinclair
694:
691:
665:microprocessor
649:
646:
603:
600:
597:
596:
593:
585:
581:
580:
577:
569:
565:
564:
561:
553:
549:
548:
545:
537:
533:
532:
529:
521:
517:
516:
513:
505:
501:
500:
497:
489:
485:
484:
481:
473:
469:
468:
465:
457:
453:
452:
449:
441:
437:
436:
433:
425:
421:
420:
417:
409:
405:
404:
401:
393:
389:
388:
385:
377:
373:
372:
369:
366:
356:
353:
282:Clive Sinclair
273:
272:
265:
262:
259:
258:
251:
247:
246:
237:
233:
232:
229:Rick Dickinson
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
201:
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
184:Clive Sinclair
181:
177:
176:
170:
166:
165:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
124:
123:
106:September 2020
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3162:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3060:
3059:Steve Vickers
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2929:ZX Microdrive
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2855:Komputer 2086
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:ZX81 based:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2732:Compatible or
2729:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2456:
2455:0-9527883-0-6
2452:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2440:0-7156-1901-2
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:0-14-008774-5
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2314:
2307:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2271:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2074:
2068:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2023:
2008:
2002:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1980:Sinclair User
1976:
1970:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1756:
1755:
1754:Your Spectrum
1750:
1743:
1727:
1726:
1725:Your Spectrum
1721:
1715:
1699:
1698:
1697:Your Spectrum
1693:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1402:According to
1397:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1341:ZX Microdrive
1339:, a built-in
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1313:Sinclair User
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:SuperSpectrum
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:ZX Microdrive
1285:
1284:home computer
1281:
1274:SuperSpectrum
1273:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1188:ZX Microdrive
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1127:microcomputer
1125:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1102:was a pocket
1101:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1034:home computer
1032:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1004:
996:
995:
994:
992:
984:
983:
977:
974:
970:
965:
961:
959:
955:
950:
942:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
901:
899:
894:
892:
888:
885:
879:
876:
872:
862:
860:
858:
853:
847:
845:
841:
838:
833:
831:
826:
823:
818:
816:
815:
814:Your Sinclair
810:
806:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
776:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
752:
747:
745:
742:
741:mineral water
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
714:Sinclair ZX81
711:
703:
699:
690:
687:
685:
681:
677:
674:In May 1979,
672:
670:
666:
663:
659:
658:microcomputer
655:
645:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
627:shelf company
623:
619:
615:
609:
594:
586:
584:1995 to 1996
583:
582:
578:
570:
568:1994 to 1995
567:
566:
562:
554:
552:1993 to 1994
551:
550:
546:
538:
536:1992 to 1993
535:
534:
530:
522:
520:1991 to 1992
519:
518:
514:
506:
504:1990 to 1991
503:
502:
498:
490:
488:1989 to 1990
487:
486:
482:
474:
472:1988 to 1989
471:
470:
466:
458:
455:
454:
450:
442:
439:
438:
434:
426:
423:
422:
418:
410:
407:
406:
402:
394:
391:
390:
386:
378:
375:
374:
370:
367:
364:
363:
352:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:home computer
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
266:
260:
256:
253:£102 million
252:
248:
245:
241:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
218:
212:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164:
160:
157:
153:
150:
147:
143:
139:
134:
128:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2951:TS2050 Modem
2904:
2881:One Per Desk
2789:CZ 1500 Plus
2785:CZ 1000 Plus
2741:ZX80 based:
2571:ZX Spectrum+
2540:
2531:
2476:book extract
2473:
2446:
2431:
2416:
2396:. Retrieved
2392:
2382:
2370:. Retrieved
2366:the original
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2339:
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2254:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2228:
2223:Tony Tebby.
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2165:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:
2113:. Retrieved
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2051:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:the original
1978:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1950:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1917:
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1889:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1817:. Retrieved
1810:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1785:the original
1780:
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1759:. Retrieved
1757:. No. 7
1752:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1723:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1700:. No. 2
1695:
1663:
1641:
1632:
1624:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:
1566:. Retrieved
1559:
1549:
1479:The Guardian
1477:
1475:
1472:Sinclair X-1
1465:
1463:
1456:technology.
1451:
1434:
1430:drives, the
1423:
1421:
1401:
1371:
1361:
1345:
1323:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1290:, joystick,
1277:
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1239:
1237:
1229:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1186:system, the
1184:mass storage
1161:
1149:
1141:
1138:ZX Spectrum+
1117:
1097:
1081:
1054:
1028:
1019:computer kit
1012:
1000:
988:
966:
962:
951:
947:
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907:
895:
880:
868:
861:
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827:
819:
812:
802:
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772:
766:
748:
738:
709:
707:
688:
676:Jim Westwood
673:
653:
651:
631:
611:
321:
294:
277:
276:
257: (1985)
225:Jim Westwood
220:Nigel Searle
198:Headquarters
145:Company type
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2907:peripherals
2895:Jupiter Ace
2801:Ringo R-470
2793:CZ Spectrum
2765:Lambda 8300
2567:ZX Spectrum
2319:13 November
2234:15 December
2208:23 November
2145:15 December
2115:23 November
2057:15 December
1819:15 December
1791:15 December
1761:15 December
1732:15 December
1598:15 December
1568:12 November
1501:Sinclair C5
1428:floppy disk
1412:ZX Spectrum
1408:floppy disk
1364:ZX Spectrum
1330:ZX Spectrum
1120:Sinclair QL
1114:Sinclair QL
1084:ZX Spectrum
1078:ZX Spectrum
852:Sinclair C5
805:Sinclair QL
793:floppy disk
730:ZX Spectrum
702:ZX Spectrum
660:based on a
638:Chris Curry
344:Sinclair QL
309:ZX Spectrum
267:140 (1980s)
244:Sinclair QL
163:Electronics
3074:Categories
2914:ZX Printer
2875:QL based:
2398:5 February
2372:13 October
2345:5 February
2012:13 October
1930:4 December
1896:22 October
1869:9 December
1844:4 December
1542:References
1398:Bob/Florin
1390:, founded
1316:magazine.
1296:SuperBASIC
1166:, and the
1164:ZX Printer
1152:sound chip
1104:television
1003:multimeter
1001:A digital
840:wristwatch
762:television
606:See also:
231:, Designer
215:Key people
76:newspapers
2995:Multiface
2891:SAM Coupé
2835:Dubna 48K
2757:Apply 300
2722:QL clones
2701:Lists of
2664:(TC 2068)
2280:Newsgroup
2192:Newsgroup
2099:Newsgroup
1991:19 August
1959:19 August
1781:ZQAOnline
1674:0199-6649
1665:InfoWorld
904:Spin-offs
751:Las Vegas
680:Zilog Z80
618:Cambridge
371:Turnover
328:Cambridge
313:Commodore
286:Cambridge
173:Cambridge
159:Computing
3010:SpecDrum
3000:Kempston
2982:DISCiPLE
2877:CST Thor
2851:Kay 1024
2847:Sprinter
2831:Didaktik
2823:Pentagon
2797:NE-Z8000
2743:MicroAce
2662:T/S 2068
2657:T/S 1500
2652:T/S 1000
2315:. London
2260:21 April
2171:21 April
2078:12 April
1704:19 April
1621:page 877
1617:page 876
1490:See also
1258:for the
1208:FM radio
980:Products
712:and the
451:£77.69m
448:£14.28m
435:£54.53m
419:£27.17m
271:1 (1997)
269:3 (1990)
236:Products
155:Industry
2889:Other:
2885:Q40/Q60
2781:CZ 1500
2777:CZ 1000
2773:CZ 2000
2761:AS-1000
2673:TC 3256
2668:TC 2048
2600:Amstrad
2288:Usenet:
2282::
2200:Usenet:
2194::
2107:Usenet:
2101::
1749:"Circe"
1466:Pandora
1460:Proteus
1435:Xchange
1346:Pandora
1320:Pandora
1282:-based
1061:TS 1000
910:R&D
898:Amstrad
842:with a
830:WHSmith
789:FDD3000
781:TS 2048
773:MetaLab
760:pocket
734:TS 1000
592:−£123K
576:−£304K
560:−£195K
544:−£169K
528:−£593K
512:−£272K
480:−£183K
432:£13.8m
416:£8.55m
368:Profit
365:Period
355:History
317:Amstrad
250:Revenue
190:Defunct
180:Founder
169:Founded
90:scholar
3034:People
3005:Currah
2839:Hobbit
2769:CP-200
2751:NE-Z80
2703:clones
2453:
2438:
2423:
2290:
2255:Flickr
2202:
2166:Flickr
2109:
1672:
1292:RS-232
1212:CR2032
1124:32-bit
969:A-bike
704:(1982)
595:£256K
579:£436K
563:£511K
547:£380K
496:£618K
467:£102m
464:−£18m
403:£4.6m
400:£818K
387:£640K
384:£131K
203:London
92:
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78:
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2867:Robik
2859:TK90X
2805:TK82C
2296:4 May
1952:CRASH
1812:CRASH
1561:CRASH
1448:Janus
1432:Psion
1424:Tyche
1418:Tyche
1280:68008
1220:Reset
844:radio
622:hi-fi
456:1985
440:1984
424:1983
408:1982
392:1981
376:1980
97:JSTOR
83:books
2986:MB02
2863:TK95
2813:TK85
2809:TK83
2747:TK80
2562:ZX81
2557:ZX80
2552:MK14
2451:ISBN
2436:ISBN
2421:ISBN
2400:2017
2374:2015
2347:2017
2321:2010
2298:2009
2262:2008
2236:2006
2210:2006
2173:2008
2147:2006
2117:2006
2080:2011
2059:2006
2014:2015
1993:2006
1961:2006
1932:2009
1898:2021
1871:2009
1846:2009
1821:2006
1793:2006
1763:2006
1734:2006
1706:2006
1670:ISSN
1600:2006
1570:2006
1564:(28)
1531:TV80
1386:and
1372:Loki
1357:Loki
1308:Loki
1304:ZX83
1216:Scan
1170:and
1118:The
1100:TV80
1098:The
1094:TV80
1082:The
1057:ZX81
1055:The
1051:ZX81
1031:ZX80
1029:The
1025:ZX80
1015:MK14
1013:The
1009:MK14
989:The
971:, a
954:Zike
875:Oric
857:TV80
803:The
791:, a
785:2068
783:and
758:TV80
684:ZX80
669:MK14
531:£1K
515:£5K
499:£5K
483:£8K
348:TV80
315:and
305:ZX81
301:ZX80
193:2021
69:news
2819:ATM
2691:Z88
2393:EDN
1484:X-1
1442:GUI
1439:GEM
1380:CPU
1376:Z80
1350:Z88
1337:CPU
1334:Z80
1326:CRT
1264:GUI
1260:LC3
1252:RAM
1248:ROM
1240:LC3
1234:LC3
1108:CRT
926:Z88
922:CT2
837:LCD
722:USA
616:in
284:in
255:GBP
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2883:,
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