24:
258:
after the 1874 flood. Over the next 50 years he and his sons would maintain relations between the
American silk industry and its counterparts in Japan, and by 1911, the Skinner Mill complex contained the world's largest silk mill under one roof: Skinner Fabrics had become the largest manufacturer of
221:
The circular spinning machines (also known as 'throwing machines'), were the most significant innovation of the factory. Together with the single source of power (water), and the large size and organisation of the workforce for the period (200-400, according to contemporary sources), the total
77:
The cocoons were harvested and placed in troughs of hot water to dissolve the gum and allowed the single thread to be wound into a skein. The skeins were placed into bales and taken to the mill for processing. Three sorts of yarn could be produced:
192:"The original Italian works of five storeys high housed 26 Italian winding engines that spun the raw silk on each of the upper three floors whilst the lower two storeys contained eight spinning mills producing basic thread and four twist mills."
152:
to build it and fit it with the new machines. Lombe's Mill was the first successful silk throwing mill in
England and probably the first fully mechanised factory in the world. Between 1717 and 1721 George built the mill, beside the
196:
The throwing machines were two storeys high and pierced the first floor. The winding machines were situated on the top three floors. All the machines were powered by
Sorocold's seven-metre diameter, two-metre wide external
217:
took their power from the shaft. The mill was heated to process the silk, and this was explained in the 1718 patent: It was reported that Lombe used a fire engine (steam engine) to pump hot air round the mill .
538:
America to Japan: A Symposium of Papers by
Representative Citizens of the United States on the Relations between Japan and America and on the Common Interests of the Two Countries
251:
352:
222:
process of production from raw silk to fine quality thread has led the Lombes' silk mill to be described as the first successful use of the factory system in
Britain.
132:
in 1716, an early example of industrial espionage. He returned to Derby with the necessary knowledge, with details of the
Italian silk throwing machines â the
66:
leaves grown in Italy. Silk fibres from the Bombyx mori silkworm have a triangular cross section with rounded corners, 5â10 Ξm wide. The silk is a protein,
230:
The history of industrial silk in the United States is largely tied to several smaller urban centres in the
Northeast region. Beginning in the 1830s,
901:
269:
interrupted the Asian silk trade, and silk prices increased dramatically. U.S. industry began to look for substitutes, which led to the use of
488:
331:(also known as Franklin Silk Mill and Leinhardt Brothers Furniture Warehouse), a historic silk mill located at West York, York County
128:. Thomas Cotchett's mill, was built in Derby in 1704, and was a failure. John Lombe had visited the successful silk throwing mill in
322:
394:
58:
Silk is a naturally produced fibre obtained from many species of the silk moth. In 1700 the favoured silk was produced by a moth (
388:
98:
is the industrial process where silk that has been wound into skeins, is cleaned, receives a twist and is wound onto bobbins.
782:
475:
436:
812:
318:
328:
580:
763:
349:(also known as York Silk Manufacturing Company), a historic silk mill located at Springettsbury Township, York County
235:
28:
50:. Traditionally, silk mills were concentrated in Japan, England, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Italy and Switzerland.
977:
509:
317:, founded in 1905 by Edward Rubin (died 1939), a Russian-born furrier residing in New York City at 22 E. 93rd St.
176:
reacted badly to the commercial challenge, placing an embargo on the export of raw silk. John's elder brother,
259:
silk satins internationally. Other efforts later in the 19th century would also bring the new silk industry to
173:
702:
Calladine, Anthony; Fricker, Jean (Spring 1988). "Pickford Street: A Study of
Macclesfield Textile Mills".
242:
craze of that decade, other smaller producers began raising silkworms: this economy gained traction around
382:
302:
247:
655:
116:. Colloquially silk throwing can be used to refer to the whole process: reeling, throwing and doubling.
553:
370:
243:
987:
656:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Ashley and Bailey Company Silk Mill"
298:
154:
499:
Lombe's Mill: An
Exercise in Reconstruction, Industrial Archaeology Review, Anthony Calladine (1993)
263:, with several firms hiring European-born textile workers and granting it the nickname "Silk City".
1034:
805:
358:
231:
32:
1039:
982:
605:
533:
For discussion on W. Skinner II's relations with
Japanese ministers and merchant-traders, see
23:
536:
334:
314:
260:
172:
John Lombe was given a 14-year patent to protect the design of the throwing machines. The
8:
1029:
1008:
798:
340:
642:"National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania"
598:
541:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons; The Knickerbocker Press; The Japan Society. p. 66.
367:, Bradford, England, built in 1871, known for being the largest silk mill in the world.
778:
759:
742:
576:
346:
180:, took over the business. When the patents lapsed in 1732, other mills were built in
641:
157:
to the south of Cotchett's failed Mill to house machines for "doubling" or twisting
931:
711:
177:
124:
Italians were the first to build mills that contained anything more than a set of
835:
376:
270:
149:
17:
896:
715:
125:
144:â and some Italian craftsmen. He designed the mill, and with his half-brother
1023:
941:
921:
860:
746:
239:
47:
906:
379:, Derby, the first successful silk throwing mill in England, built in 1721.
364:
266:
185:
145:
733:
Calladine, Anthony (1993). "Lombe's Mill: An Exercise in reconstruction".
161:
into thread. The machines required large buildings and a power source. An
104:
is the process where the thread from the bobbins is twisted again to form
956:
936:
881:
845:
407:
297:
In New Jersey, disputes between silk mill workers and owners lead to the
286:
162:
59:
891:
886:
865:
653:
202:
961:
951:
855:
840:
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became the first to raise silkworms on an industrial scale. With the
198:
181:
946:
926:
916:
911:
129:
112:. The yarn is twisted together into threads, in a process known as
63:
285:
fibre, and are often difficult to distinguish from real silk (see
278:
255:
86:
that had received a slight twist making it easier to handle, and
71:
70:, that was cemented in place by the use of gum, another protein,
67:
16:
This article is about silk-making factories. For the museum, see
758:. London: Royal Commission on Historical Monuments of England.
62:), that spun a cocoon to protect the larvae. The larvae fed on
355:, a historic silk mill located at Lansdale, Montgomery County
274:
1003:
821:
250:, where a number of small firms and cooperatives emerged.
234:
emerged as the early centre of the silk industry, when the
166:
158:
90:
which had a greater twist and was suitable for use as warp.
43:
647:. CRGIS: Cultural Resources Geographic Information System.
353:
Lansdale Silk Hosiery Compy-Interstate Hosiery Mills, Inc.
790:
701:
618:
Gitlow, "The Passaic Textile Workers Strike," pg. 347.
777:, Dept of Extra Mural Studies Manchester University,
654:
Laura L. Hamberger and Bryan Van Sweden (June 1990).
629:
Philosopher at Large: An Intellectual Autobiography
489:
Bygones: From Industrial Revolution to prized museum
573:
American Women During World War II: An Encyclopedia
597:
604:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p.
1021:
753:
689:
534:
254:, relocated from there to the then-new city of
600:The Fragile Bridge: Paterson Silk Strike, 1913
806:
554:"William Skinner & Holyoke's Water Power"
212:
206:
139:
133:
474:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDarley2003 (
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
435:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRayner1903 (
570:
277:. Synthetic silks have also been made from
813:
799:
754:Calladine, Anthony; Fricker, Jean (1993).
545:
514:National Historic Landmark summary listing
732:
695:
551:
458:
443:
671:
552:Thibodeau, Kate Navarra (June 8, 2009).
463:
323:Auburn Button Works and Logan Silk Mills
53:
22:
775:The industrial archaeology of Stockport
772:
677:
397:, Macclesfield, England, built in 1744
1022:
683:
469:
431:
794:
595:
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502:
425:
205:that ran the length of the mill. The
634:
391:, Congleton, England, built in 1753
373:, Stockport, England, built in 1732
292:
46:for garments using a process called
631:(New York: Macmillan, 1977), p. 53.
510:"Cheney Brothers Historic District"
361:, Fountain Hill, Northampton County
329:Ashley and Bailey Company Silk Mill
325:, Auburn in Cayuga County, New York
13:
14:
1051:
29:Cheney Brothers Historic District
225:
978:Silk in the Indian subcontinent
621:
612:
343:, Bethlehem, Northampton County
564:
527:
493:
482:
385:, Nazareth, Northampton County
289:for more on synthetic silks).
1:
735:Industrial Archaeology Review
704:Industrial Archaeology Review
535:Lindsay Russell, ed. (1915).
413:
82:which was suitable for weft,
690:Calladine & Fricker 1993
7:
756:East Cheshire Textile Mills
401:
383:McCollum and Post Silk Mill
307:
303:1926 Passaic Textile Strike
27:A 1920 illustration of the
10:
1056:
716:10.1179/030907288786472324
244:Northampton, Massachusetts
119:
15:
996:
988:Silk industry of Cheshire
970:
874:
828:
575:. Routledge. p. 97.
299:1913 Paterson silk strike
820:
359:Lehigh Valley Silk Mills
42:is a factory that makes
741:(1). Maney Publishing.
571:Weatherford, D (2009).
516:. National Park Service
232:Manchester, Connecticut
148:(born 1685) instructed
33:Manchester, Connecticut
983:Silk industry in China
773:Ashmore, Owen (1975),
337:, Hawley, Wayne County
213:
207:
140:
134:
35:
645:(Searchable database)
596:Golin, Steve (1988).
395:The Royal Button Mill
313:American Silk Mills,
163:undershot water wheel
54:Silk throwing process
26:
560:. Northampton, Mass.
335:Bellemonte Silk Mill
315:Paterson, New Jersey
261:Paterson, New Jersey
199:undershot waterwheel
169:served the purpose.
1009:Tenun Pahang Diraja
627:Mortimer J. Adler,
341:Bethlehem Silk Mill
165:turned by the mill
710:(2). Manley: 164.
36:
1017:
1016:
784:978-0-902637-17-7
347:Diamond Silk Mill
293:Industrial unrest
1047:
932:Murshidabad silk
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174:King of Sardinia
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1035:Silk production
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836:History of silk
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558:Valley Advocate
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252:William Skinner
236:Cheney Brothers
228:
201:. That drove a
150:George Sorocold
126:spinning wheels
122:
56:
21:
18:Derby Silk Mill
12:
11:
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897:Byzantine silk
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652:This includes
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582:978-0415994750
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459:Calladine 1993
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1040:Textile mills
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942:Rajshahi silk
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922:Japanese silk
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861:Silk throwing
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240:mulberry tree
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226:United States
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155:River Derwent
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102:Silk throwing
99:
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51:
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48:silk throwing
45:
41:
34:
31:silk mill in
30:
25:
19:
907:Chinese silk
902:Burmese silk
850:
774:
755:
738:
734:
727:Bibliography
707:
703:
697:
692:, p. 84
685:
678:Ashmore 1975
673:
662:. Retrieved
649:
636:
628:
623:
614:
599:
591:
572:
566:
557:
547:
537:
529:
518:. Retrieved
513:
504:
495:
484:
465:
427:
377:Lombe's Mill
371:Logwood Mill
365:Lister Mills
296:
281:, a type of
267:World War II
265:
248:Williamsburg
229:
220:
195:
186:Macclesfield
171:
146:Thomas Lombe
123:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:
95:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
57:
39:
37:
957:Tussar silk
937:Mysore silk
882:Ahimsa silk
846:Sericulture
680:, p. 9
470:Darley 2003
432:Rayner 1903
408:Cotton mill
287:spider silk
60:Bombyx mori
1030:Silk mills
1024:Categories
971:Industries
892:Atlas silk
887:Assam silk
866:Silk waste
664:2011-12-18
520:2007-10-03
414:References
271:synthetics
208:torcitoios
203:line shaft
962:Wild silk
952:Thai silk
856:Silk Road
851:Silk mill
841:Magnanery
747:0309-0728
283:cellulose
214:filatoios
182:Stockport
141:torcitoio
110:organzine
88:organzine
40:silk mill
997:Products
947:Sea silk
927:Lao silk
917:Pat silk
912:Eri silk
402:See also
389:Old Mill
308:Examples
301:and the
273:such as
138:and the
135:filatoio
130:Piedmont
114:doubling
80:no-twist
64:mulberry
829:General
279:lyocell
256:Holyoke
120:History
108:and or
96:Reeling
72:sericin
68:fibroin
781:
762:
745:
579:
875:Types
659:(PDF)
650:Note:
419:Notes
275:nylon
167:fleam
1004:Sari
822:Silk
779:ISBN
760:ISBN
743:ISSN
577:ISBN
476:help
437:help
246:and
211:and
184:and
159:silk
106:tram
84:tram
44:silk
739:XVI
712:doi
74:.
1026::
737:.
708:10
706:.
556:.
512:.
445:^
188:.
38:A
814:e
807:t
800:v
768:.
749:.
718:.
714::
667:.
608:.
606:6
585:.
523:.
478:)
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20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
