Sikh Empire - Knowledge

2817: 3969: 3824: 4505: 2624: 4022: 2552: 2441: 3778: 786: 2962: 2117: 2480:, whom was the "drum of the Khalsa". In-theory, the Sikh court was based on the Khalsa ideals propounded by Guru Gobind Singh yet the court was secular in-practice. As an example of this secularism, members of the court came from various religious background, including Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, and Christians. Furthermore, the members also came from various ethnic, regional, and caste backgrounds, such as Dogras, Rajputs, Brahmins, Jats, and Europeans. Whilst Ranjit Singh himself preferred to dress modestly, the Sikh court was filled with elaborately garbed and decorated members. Only three individuals were permitted to be seated on chairs within the durbar, them namely being heir-apparent Kharak Singh, 2354: 4579: 2491:, with Ranjit Singh preferring to sit cross-legged on it. The member of the court allowed to be seated behind the maharaja was Raja Dhian Singh. The rest of the members of the court were seated as per their rank and status. The colours of the Sikh court were yellow and green. Thus, most of its members donned yellow-coloured dressings made from Kashmiri silk or woollens. However, there existed no strict categorization scheme of the rankings of the constituent members of the Lahore Darbar, thus the rankings of its members was determined by the level of trust the maharaja held in them. The court also granted awards upon its members, with most of these essentially being 2655:. Vaisakhi was considered an especially auspicious celebration within the Sikh court, with it giving and distributing gifts of money, gold, silver, cows, horses, elephants, gold-bangles, and food to Brahmins and the poor. During Basant celebrations, the military troops of the empire were paraded donning yellow uniforms, with members of the Sikh court and nobiles also wearing yellow clothing on the day. During Basant, the officials bore gifts for the sovereign ruler, with the ruler in-turn bestowing robe-of-honours to the officials based on their rank and status. During celebrations of Dussehra, the Sikh court assembled itself at Amritsar and the 3325: 3732: 85: 2399:, opening with a gun-duel in which the Sikhs "had the better of the British artillery". As the British made advances, Europeans in their army were specially targeted, as the Sikhs believed if the army "became demoralized, the backbone of the enemy's position would be broken". The fighting continued throughout the night. The British position "grew graver as the night wore on", and "suffered terrible casualties with every single member of the Governor General's staff either killed or wounded". Nevertheless, the British army took and held Ferozeshah. British General Sir 2045: 2976:, who would serve in the positions of foreign minister of the empire and translator for the maharaja, and played important roles in such important events as the negotiations with the British, during which he convinced Ranjit Singh to maintain diplomatic ties with the British and not to go to war with them in 1808, as British troops were moved along the Sutlej in pursuance of the British policy of confining Ranjit Singh to the north of the river, and setting the Sutlej as the dividing boundary between the Sikh and British empires; negotiating with 3923: 4531: 2564:

their temporary residence, which was based upon the status of the visitor. The state government paid for the expenses regarding the visitor's entertainment. There exists accounts of visitors being gifted by the state, with presents such as fruit, sweets, wines, and also money. Full displays of the empire's regalia and military forces were displayed during important ceremonial functions, such as the marriages of important nobles or when receiving high-level foreign diplomatic dignatories.

134: 2362: 4486: 71: 3003:(local elder councils), as well as banning forcible possession of others' land or of inhabited houses to be demolished. There were special courts for Muslims which ruled in accordance to Muslim law in personal matters, and common courts preceded over by judicial officers which administered justice under the customary law of the districts and socio-ethnic groups, and were open to all who wanted to be governed by customary religious law, whether Hindu, Sikh, or Muslim. 3133:(the Islamic call to prayer), the seizure of mosques as property of the state, and imposed ruinous taxes on Kashmiri Muslims causing a famine in 1832. In addition, begar (forced labour) was imposed by the Sikh administration to facilitate the supply of materials to the imperial army, a policy that was augmented by the successive Dogra rulers. These policies led the Kashmiri Muslim population to emigrate en masse to more lenient neighboring regions, particularly 3619: 10319: 3548: 3877: 2668: 10311: 13016: 13008: 12682: 12671: 4593: 3137:. As a symbolic assertion of power, the Sikhs regularly desecrated Muslim places of worship, including closing of the Jamia Masjid in Srinagar and the conversion of the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore to an ammunition store and horse stable, but the empire still maintained Persian administrative institutions and court etiquette; the Sikh silver rupees were minted on the Mughal standard with Persian legends. 3110:, the Austrian botanist and explorer, yet the Sikhs were described as harsh. In this regard, Masson's explanation is perhaps the most pertinent: "Though compared to the Afghans, the Sikhs were mild and exerted a protecting influence, yet no advantages could compensate to their Mohammedan subjects, the idea of subjection to infidels, and the prohibition to slay 2984:, and ensuring the succession of the throne during the Maharaja's last days in addition to caretaking after a stroke, as well as occasional military assignments throughout his career. The Fakir brothers were introduced to the Maharaja when their father, Ghulam Muhiuddin, a physician, was summoned by him to treat an eye ailment soon after his capture of Lahore. 2603:

under strict regulation. These foreign Western members of the court were persuaded by the state to integrate themselves by marrying a local woman, settling down within the empire, and adopt the cultural customs of the locals, such as growing out a beard or wearing a turban. The Western members of the court were also banned from publicly

2530:(robes) or monetary gifts. When the maharaja was travelling, the court ceased to be static and was held at whatever location the ruler's retinue decided to hold-up at, often under a tree or whilst moving on horseback. The ruler would dictate orders to provincial governors whilst inspecting their troops or even in the midst of battle. 5822: 2990:

Every year, while at Amritsar, Ranjit Singh visited shrines of holy people of other faiths, including several Muslim saints, which did not offend even the most religious Sikhs of his administration. As relayed by Fakir Nuruddin, orders were issued to treat people of all faith groups, occupations, and

3073:

The appointment of key posts in public offices was based on merit and loyalty, regardless of the social group or religion of the appointees, both in and around the court, and in higher as well as lower posts. Key posts in the civil and military administration were held by members of communities from

2340:

in 1809 (in which the empire forfeited the claim to the Cis-Sutlej States, and the British were not to interfere north of the Sutlej or in the empire's existing territory south of the Sutlej), following attempts by Ranjit Singh to wrest control of these states from the British between 1806 and 1809

2807:

in an offensive, though the Sikhs successfully held their position at their Jamrud fort. Ranjit Singh sent his General Sirdar Bahadur Gulab Singh Powind thereafter as reinforcement and he crushed the Pashtun rebellion harshly. In 1838, Ranjit Singh with his troops marched into Kabul to take part in

2614:

The Sikh Empire did enact a simple border policy where it did not allow uninvited foreigners into the state. The purpose of this border policy was to dissuade potential foreign spies from entering the country. An example of the policy in-action is the case of Captain Arnold Mathews, whom snuck into

2602:

Western/European officers from various backgrounds, including Britishers, Frenchmen, Germans, Italians, Spaniards, Americans, and Russians, also rose to high levels within the Sikh court in many instances. However, the Sikh court was wary of the Westerners within the court, and kept them therefore

2563:

Foreign visitors to the Sikh court were treated with respect and hospitality, with many contemporary accounts of foreign visitors to the court noting the good-treatment afforded to them by the state. When a foreign visitor arrived, they would be greeted by a protocol officer, who would arrange for

2407:

The reasons for the withdrawal of the Sikhs from Ferozeshah are contentious. Some believe that it was treachery of the non-Sikh high command of their own army which led to them marching away from a British force in a precarious and battered state. Others believe that a tactical withdrawal was the

6007:

In AD 1834, the Sikh empire invaded and annexed Ladakh-a culturally Tibetan region that was an independent kingdom at the time. Seven years later, a Sikh army invaded western Tibet from Ladakh, starting the Sino-Sikh War. A Qing-Tibetan army repelled the invaders but was in turn defeated when it

6008:

chased the Sikhs into Ladakh. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Chushul between the Chinese and Sikh empires (Rubin 1960). As the Qing dynasty declined, its influence on Tibet weakened gradually. By the late nineteenth cen tury, Qing's authority over Tibet had become more symbolic.

3006:

One of Ranjit Singh's first acts after the 1799 capture of Lahore was to revive the offices of the hereditary Qazis and Muftis which had been prevalent in Mughal times. Kazi Nizamuddin was appointed to decide marital issues among Muslims, while Muftis Mohammad Shahpuri and Sadulla Chishti were

3089:

Muslims in prominent positions included the Fakir brothers, Kazi Nizamuddin, and Mufti Muhammad Shah, among others. Among the top-ranking Muslim officers there were two ministers, one governor and several district officers; there were 41 high-ranking Muslim officers in the army, including two

2344:

The Sikh crossing of the Sutlej, following British militarization of the border with Punjab (from 2,500 men and six guns in 1838 to 17,612 men and 66 guns in 1844, and 40,523 men and 94 guns in 1845), and plans on using the newly conquered territory of Sindh as a springboard to advance on the

4504: 1864:. During the rebellion, Banda Singh Bahadur made a point of destroying the cities in which Mughals had been cruel to the supporters of Guru Gobind Singh. He executed Wazir Khan in revenge for the deaths of Guru Gobind Singh's sons and Pir Budhu Shah after the Sikh victory at 1841:. A short time before his death, Guru Gobind Singh ordered him to reconquer Punjab region and gave him a letter that commanded all Sikhs to join him. After two years of gaining supporters, Banda Singh Bahadur initiated an agrarian uprising by breaking up the large estates of 2512:("hall of audience"), with the court being attended by important members of the court, including princes, ministers, nobles, and civil and military officers. Some matters discussed in the court include high-level civil and military appointments, reports from the provincial 1595:

at Lahore of the empire's ruling government. However, the term "Lahore Darbar" only gained currency around the time of Ranjit Singh's death, with it not being found in British sources until then. The empire's own Persian chronicles refers to its ruling government as the

3090:

generals and several colonels, and 92 Muslims were senior officers in the police, judiciary, legal department and supply and store departments. In artillery, Muslims represented over 50% of the numbers while the cavalry had some 10% Muslims from among the troopers.

2059:

The formal start of the Sikh Empire began with the unification of the Misls by 1801, creating a unified political state. All the Misl leaders, who were affiliated with the army, were the nobility with usually long and prestigious family backgrounds in Sikh history.

4874:

By 1839, the year of his death, the Sikh kingdom extended from Tibet and Kashmir to Sind and from the Khyber Pass to the Himalayas in the east. It spanned 600 miles from east to west and 350 miles from north to south, comprising an area of just over 200,000 square

6236: 6188: 6076: 6037: 2486:

Sher Singh, and Raja Hira Singh. Three sides of the hall of the durbar were covered with golden-pillars, with shawl carpets that were embroidered with golden and silver, and inset with precious stones, decorating the floor. The maharaja was seated on a

1932:

The period from 1716 to 1799 was a highly turbulent time politically and militarily in the Punjab region. This was caused by the overall decline of the Mughal empire that left a power vacuum in the region that was eventually filled by the Sikhs of the

1575:. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the empire was weakened by the British East India Company stoking internal divisions and political mismanagement. Finally, in 1849, the state was dissolved after the defeat in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. 2551: 5915:

under the Hindu Dogra Maharajas (1846–1947) and even in Pakistan until 1972. ... As has been stated above, there are no reliable indicators for the extent to which Twelver Shi'ism had spread in Baltistan at the time of the Sikh conquest

7106: 6584: 3279:, and in the areas of their greatest concentration formed about one third of the population in the 1830s; half of the Sikh population of this core region was in the area covered by the later districts of Lahore and Amritsar. 1728:, but released him after a number of years when he no longer felt threatened. The Sikh community did not have any further issues with the Mughal Empire until the death of Jahangir in 1627. The succeeding son of Jahangir, 3246:

gave different numbers by retrospectively projecting the 1881 census, putting Muslims at 51%, Hindus at 40% and Sikhs at around 8%, the remaining 1% being Europeans. The population was 3.5 million in 1831, according to

2675:

The Sikh Empire spanned a total of over 200,000 sq mi (520,000 km) at its zenith. Another more conservative estimate puts its total surface area during its zenith at 100,436 sq mi (260,124 km sq).

5704: 5947:

By the 18th century, fighting among the Maqpon princes led to a decline in Skardu's importance. The Sikhs, who inherited much of the Moghul empire, annexed Baltistan in 1840 and the Balti kingdoms' sovereignty

6557: 2403:

recorded: "Truly the night was one of gloom and forbidding and perhaps never in the annals of warfare has a British Army on such a large scale been nearer to a defeat which would have involved annihilation."

7586:

The history of Jews in Rawalpindi dates back to 1839 when many Jewish families from Mashhad fled to save themselves from the persecutions and settled in various parts of subcontinent including Peshawar and

5601: 6678: 5745:

When Ranjit Singh realised that Ahmad Khan Sial of Jhang had concluded a secret treaty with Nawab Muzaffar Khan of Multan, he annexed Jhang in 1807 and gave Ahmad Khan a jagir at Mirowal near Amritsar.

3074:

all over the empire and beyond, including Sikhs, Muslims, Khatris, Brahmins, Dogras, Rajputs, Pashtuns, Europeans, and Americans, among others, and worked their way up the hierarchy to attain merit.

7418: 4780: 2816: 2208:

of Baltistan, based in Skardu, under the rule of Ahmad Shah Maqpon, was conquered in 1839–40 and its local ruler was deposed. The Dogras at this time were under the suzerainty of the Sikh Empire.

2987:

The other Fakir brothers were Imamuddin, one of his principal administration officers, and Nuruddin, who served as home minister and personal physician, were also granted jagirs by the Maharaja.

4530: 2329:

occupied Faridkot State in 1807. However, control was restored to Gulab Singh of Faridkot in 1809 due to the signing of a treaty between the Lahore Darbar and the British East India Company.

1805:

The establishment of the Khalsa united the Sikh community against various Mughal-backed claimants to the guruship. In 1701, a combined army of the Sivalik Hill rajas and the Mughals under

3823: 3093:

Thus, the government was run by an elite corps drawn from many communities, giving the empire the character of a secular system of government, even when built on theocratic foundations.

2197:

paid regular annual tribute to the Sikh Empire starting 1819 until 1834. The tribute was paid to the local Sikh governors of Kashmir. The Namgyal kingdom would later be conquered by the

3968: 5556: 7305:

In addition to the masjid's use as a site for military storage, stables for the cavalry horses, and barracks for soldiers, parts of it were also used as storage for powder magazines.

6580: 5347: 2567:

In order to keep tabs and updated on the happenings of surrounding regions, including remote parts of its territory and foreign countries, the Sikh court received reports from the

6631: 3096:

A ban on cow slaughter, which can be related to Hindu sentiments, was universally imposed in the empire. Ranjit Singh also donated large amounts of gold for the plating of the

1743:, maintained the guruship in these hills by defeating local attempts to seize Sikh land and playing a neutral role in the power struggle between two of the sons of Shah Jahan, 6450: 5911:

Thus Baltistan remained under local Rajas who paid only nominal allegiance to subsequent rulers of Kashmir until subdued by a Sikh army in 1840, and who stayed in office as

3448:

Land revenue was the main source of income, accounting for about 70% of the state's income. Besides this, the other sources of income were customs, excises and monopolies.

1392: 2623: 7088: 2501:(estate grant). Laziness was heavily looked-down upon with the court, with the ruling maharaja often sending out the court's members on military or diplomatic missions. 6706: 2476:

rather than "Khalsa Darbar", owing to the large role Muslims played in Ranjit Singh's court. The ruling court was diverse and under the ultimate command of the ruling

723: 706: 681: 667: 653: 639: 625: 611: 6662: 6500: 7849: 2579:(agents) of foreign countries were associated with the Sikh court on a reciprocal basis. The Sikh court had news-writers located in Afghanistan and also had its own 7698:

Jews first arrived in Rawalpindi's Babu Mohallah neighbourhood from Mashhad, Persia in 1839, in order to flee from anti-Jewish laws instituted by the Qajar dynasty.

7253: 4861: 3011:, or neighborhood subdivision, placed under the charge of one of its members. The office of Kotwal, or prefect of police, was conferred upon a Muslim, Imam Bakhsh. 2539:

structures and donned expensive clothing and accessories (such as jewelry). The Sikh princes, and also Raja Dhian Singh, were permitted to hold their own miniature

1771:

and was arrested by Aurangzeb. When offered a choice between conversion to Islam and death, he chose to die rather than compromise his principles and was executed.

6379:

The Sikh kingdom expanded from Tibet in the east to Kashmir in the west and from Sind in the south to the Khyber Pass in the north, an area of 200,000 square miles

3587: 10658: 9510: 13045: 3304:

refugees from Mashhad, escaping persecution back home in Qajar Persia, settled in the Sikh Empire around the year 1839. Most of the Jewish families settled in

4021: 7793: 7573: 8287: 2223:. However, this control was short-lived and the military of the empire was forced to retreat to Ladakh due to a counterattack by the Chinese and Tibetans. 13040: 2380:

After Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the

6319: 4919: 8098: 6157: 1387: 1377: 3007:

entrusted with powers to draw up title-deeds relating to transfers of immovable property. The old mohalladari system was reintroduced with each

6135: 5774: 1678:

got a favourable impression of Sikhism. As a result of his visit, he donated land to the langar and the Mughals did not have any conflict with

11517: 5551: 1337: 8295: 1786:. There he built a large fort to protect the city and garrisoned an army to protect it. The growing power of the Sikh community alarmed the 6726: 84: 6220: 6172: 6060: 6021: 4793:

We see such acquaintance clearly within the Sikh court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, for example, the principal language of which was Persian.

2615:

the Sikh Empire in circa 1808 to spy under the guise of being a tourist headed towards Kashmir but was intercepted and brought to Lahore.

12766: 7542: 7460: 1639:. Each of these component armies controlled different areas and cities. However, in the period from 1762 to 1799, Sikh commanders of the 133: 7292: 7175: 6408: 4706: 12776: 7914: 7818: 6366: 1440: 7655: 5448: 10662: 9514: 4958: 1397: 6434: 2522:. When matters of the court were read-out, royal decrees made orally were transferred into writing for final approval. Tributes and 2036:

of the Kanhaiya Misl rose in the vacuum and destroyed the power of the Bhangis. She later gave her throne to Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

13070: 13055: 12771: 3777: 3242:

The religious demography of the empire is estimated to have been just over 10% to 12% Sikh, 80% Muslim, and just under 10% Hindu.

2440: 13075: 12761: 12660: 8141:. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. II.3 (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–127. 5623: 1533: 4822: 13065: 8898: 8314: 3262:

An estimated 90% of the Sikh population at the time, and more than half of the total population, was concentrated in the upper

1732:, took offence at Guru Hargobind's "sovereignty" and after a series of assaults on Amritsar forced the Sikhs to retreat to the 1567:, and the unification of the separate Sikh misls. Ranjit Singh rose to power in a very short period, from a leader of a single 7132: 13050: 12470: 11852: 10353: 9205: 8274: 8088: 8070: 8026: 8016: 8006: 7988: 7721: 7610: 7510: 7286: 7247: 7045: 6944: 6752: 6672: 6641: 4855: 1571:

to finally becoming the Maharaja of Punjab. He began to modernise his army, using the latest training as well as weapons and

8056: 7764: 6704: 5666: 5522: 5036: 4997: 4738: 3082:

and Suchet Singh served in the high-ranking administrative and military posts, respectively. Brahmins like finance minister

11067: 9919: 8036: 6496: 12376: 9042: 9005: 7735: 7624: 2587:

and also in territory under the British East India Company's rule. Other vakil emissaries of the Sikh court were sent to

1283: 785: 7342: 5331: 4536:

Sikh warrior helmet with butted mail neckguard, 1820–1840, iron overlaid with gold with mail neckguard of iron and brass

2972:

The Fakir brothers were trusted personal advisors and assistants as well as close friends to Ranjit Singh, particularly

12751: 12522: 11522: 8463: 8146: 8108: 7940: 7454: 7412: 7169: 7142: 7100: 6551: 6444: 6402: 6360: 6000: 5972: 5940: 5768: 5738: 5698: 5688: 5660: 5595: 5506: 5290: 5067: 5030: 4952: 4913: 4816: 4774: 2116: 713: 11166: 8341: 8260: 8240: 8226: 8212: 8198: 8184: 8170: 8046: 7966: 7843: 7328: 6997: 6230: 6182: 6110: 6070: 6031: 5341: 5170: 5127: 4991: 4732: 2961: 2559:

to Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Ranjit Singh is addressed as “Rendjit Sing Bahador – Padichah du Pendjab”. 27 October 1835

2488: 8309: 8304: 6541: 12736: 10119: 5581: 2504:

The business of the ruling government was carried out in Lahore, specifically the Musamman Burj located within the

7786: 7565: 12148: 10627: 9479: 9160: 8699: 699: 11310: 6986:

A Personal Narrative of a Visit to Ghuzni, Kabul, and Afghanistan, and a Residence at the Court of Dost Mohammed

3129:, Sikh governors adopted policies that alienated the Muslim population such as the ban on cow slaughter and the 12716: 12711: 10218: 10213: 7062:

Travels in Kashmir and the Panjab, containing a Particular Account of the Government and Character of the Sikhs

5568: 2353: 2109:

in 1807. The basis for this annexation was that the local ruler of Jhang, Ahmad Khan Sial, was conspiring with

1433: 5402: 5097: 2969:

The Sikh Empire allowed men from religions other than their own to rise to commanding positions of authority.

1895:

and Guru Gobind Singh. In 1716, his army was defeated by the Mughals after he attempted to defend his fort at

70: 12746: 12731: 12586: 10876: 9728: 9010: 7369: 7685: 6747:

Kartar Singh Duggal (2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. pp. 125–126.

12581: 12465: 10089: 9037: 8888: 8841: 6327: 1635:

in the west. This led to a growth of the army which split into different confederacies or semi-independent

1532:

from 1799 to 1849. Religiously diverse, with an estimated population of 4.5 million in 1831 (making it the

1412: 1276: 1075: 4764: 3140:

Christian missionaries had been active in the Punjab even prior to the dissolution of the empire in 1849.

12653: 12591: 11628: 11047: 9899: 9030: 7402: 5161:

Murphy, Anne (29 November 2020). "13: The Territorialisation of Sikh Pasts". In Jacobsen, Knut A. (ed.).

4893: 2357:

Two late 19th century drawings of Sikh troops in action against British forces during the Anglo-Sikh Wars

17: 3481:

1716–1738: Turbulence, no real ruler; Mughals take back the control for two decades but Sikhs engage in

2627:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh holding court outside near the Golden Temple in Amritsar with everyone dressed in

12817: 10841: 10508: 9693: 9360: 8940: 2274: 1317: 851: 821: 795: 5444: 4485: 12741: 12549: 11697: 11261: 11133: 11113: 11062: 10921: 10746: 10654: 10561: 10458: 10453: 10346: 9985: 9965: 9914: 9773: 9598: 9506: 9413: 9310: 9305: 9198: 3019: 2604: 2337: 2194: 1559:, conducted the coronation. The formation of the empire was followed by the progressive expulsion of 1426: 1402: 1332: 1327: 873: 765: 686: 6127: 3324: 2808:

the victory parade along with the British after restoring Shah Shoja to the Afghan throne at Kabul.

2799:, Pakistan) was the westernmost limit of the Sikh Empire. The westward expansion was stopped in the 12912: 12842: 12507: 12482: 12332: 11991: 11986: 11118: 11097: 10448: 10094: 9970: 9949: 9300: 8724: 8553: 7913:

Miniature painting from the photo album of princely families in the Sikh and Rajput territories by

2270: 1624: 1264: 1049: 11042: 9894: 7367:

Puri, Harish K. (June–July 2003). "Scheduled Castes in Sikh Community: A Historical Perspective".

2178:

on behalf of the Sikh empire to facilitate revenue collection. His frontier policy of holding the

12990: 12706: 12574: 12455: 11996: 11949: 11892: 11591: 11535: 11283: 11006: 10518: 10493: 10283: 10260: 9858: 9370: 9345: 8980: 8783: 8608: 8583: 8490: 8468: 8292: 7010: 4520: 3497: 3097: 2608: 2366: 1896: 1759:

and travelled extensively to visit and preach in defiance of Aurangzeb, who attempted to install

1407: 1322: 1110: 899: 11027: 9879: 7020: 6722: 5120:

The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition

3014:

Generals were also drawn from a variety of communities, along with prominent Sikh generals like

1945:

party". In the late 18th century, after defeating several invasions by the Afghan rulers of the

1782:

assumed the guruship in 1675 and to avoid battles with Sivalik Hill rajas moved the guruship to

13060: 12892: 12797: 12646: 12596: 12497: 12492: 12180: 12128: 12048: 11981: 11885: 11870: 11763: 11530: 11484: 11325: 11212: 10961: 10946: 10936: 10916: 10911: 10716: 10622: 10523: 10498: 10114: 9813: 9798: 9788: 9768: 9763: 9568: 9474: 9375: 9350: 8995: 8985: 8945: 8811: 7449:. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. II.3. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. 5587: 4766:

The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire

3524: 3067: 2526:

were also exchanged or bestowed within the court. Supplicants to the court were dismissed with

2423:. Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the 2420: 2336:, they did not become part of the Sikh Empire. There was a mutual ban on warfare following the 2333: 1981:, the Sikh Misls became divided and fought each other. A sort of 'Cold War' broke out with the 1958: 1934: 1916: 1139: 7833: 7534: 7444: 12917: 12882: 12872: 12862: 12756: 12527: 12487: 12300: 12175: 11239: 11229: 11188: 11159: 11032: 10901: 10871: 10650: 10609: 10298: 10238: 10151: 9884: 9753: 9723: 9502: 9461: 8826: 8773: 8694: 8334: 7276: 7237: 7159: 7035: 6392: 5731:

State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab

4845: 4080: 4065: 3688: 3059: 3043: 2412: 1978: 1481: 1367: 1352: 1342: 1231: 526: 472: 233: 12415: 8719: 8709: 6581:"Frontier: The Making of the Northern and Eastern Border in Ladakh From 1834 to the Present" 6350: 4700: 3731: 2575:). The reports were dispatched to the Lahore Darbar at regular intervals. Furtheremore, the 13035: 12968: 12938: 12887: 12822: 12620: 12450: 12420: 12295: 12226: 12197: 12116: 11450: 11288: 11278: 11037: 10931: 10736: 10589: 10576: 10533: 10339: 10228: 10186: 10171: 10109: 10079: 9889: 9783: 9588: 9441: 9428: 9385: 9191: 9148: 9126: 8975: 8905: 8816: 8743: 8473: 7647: 3682: 3631: 3607: 3039: 2939: 2755: 2392: 2385: 1806: 1702: 1551:. Ranjit Singh was proclaimed as Maharaja of the Punjab on 12 April 1801 (to coincide with 12400: 8714: 3487:

1733–1735: The Khalsa accepts, only to reject, the confederal status given by the Mughals.

2044: 1701:. When the Guru refused, Jahangir ordered him to be put to death by torture. Guru Arjan's 8: 12963: 12953: 12897: 12877: 12852: 12837: 12832: 12812: 12701: 12312: 12192: 12158: 12060: 11880: 11875: 11687: 11406: 11342: 11217: 11202: 10926: 10861: 10851: 10288: 10223: 10181: 10141: 10136: 10099: 9778: 9713: 9703: 9020: 9000: 8960: 8930: 8359: 4611: 3305: 3063: 2592: 2533:

Noble members of the court, including relatives of the royal family, resided in palatial

2190:. At the time of his death, the western boundary of the Sikh Empire was the Khyber Pass. 2110: 1838: 1462: 1172: 1092: 1081: 955: 943: 500: 278: 106: 12028: 12018: 4690: 4688: 4686: 2025:

also allied but did not engage in warfare with the others and continued the Dal Khalsa.

12985: 12980: 12958: 12425: 12405: 12388: 12339: 12204: 12013: 11964: 11897: 11815: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11702: 11672: 11564: 11462: 11330: 11305: 11001: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10866: 10741: 10721: 10646: 10617: 10556: 10488: 10433: 10314: 10293: 10124: 10049: 9853: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9718: 9593: 9573: 9498: 9469: 9408: 9340: 9285: 9015: 8873: 8863: 8853: 8831: 8821: 8798: 8763: 8666: 8458: 8453: 8363: 7896: 7888: 7713:

Violent belongings : partition, gender, and national culture in postcolonial India

7378: 7218: 7014: 5895: 5853: 5845: 4561: 3639: 3581: 3531: 3491: 3313: 3122: 3027: 2977: 2770: 2381: 2163: 2131: 1837:. There he met a Bairāgī recluse, Madho Das, who converted to Sikhism, rechristened as 1795: 1548: 1477: 1028: 879: 7134:

Crusade and Jihad: The Thousand-year War Between the Muslim World and the Global North

12995: 12792: 12534: 12430: 12366: 12361: 12290: 12187: 11902: 11830: 11825: 11667: 11596: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11369: 11320: 11123: 10966: 10951: 10831: 10599: 10551: 10503: 10473: 10468: 10176: 10009: 9975: 9818: 9803: 9683: 9451: 9403: 9355: 9325: 9320: 8990: 8970: 8965: 8955: 8878: 8868: 8836: 8788: 8704: 8676: 8646: 8616: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8270: 8256: 8236: 8222: 8208: 8194: 8180: 8166: 8142: 8104: 8084: 8066: 8042: 8022: 8002: 7984: 7977: 7962: 7936: 7900: 7839: 7812: 7727: 7717: 7616: 7606: 7506: 7450: 7408: 7334: 7324: 7282: 7243: 7210: 7165: 7138: 7096: 7041: 6993: 6940: 6748: 6668: 6637: 6547: 6440: 6398: 6356: 6226: 6178: 6151: 6106: 6066: 6027: 5996: 5968: 5936: 5857: 5764: 5734: 5694: 5656: 5591: 5564: 5502: 5337: 5286: 5166: 5123: 5063: 5026: 4987: 4948: 4942: 4909: 4851: 4812: 4806: 4770: 4728: 4683: 4606: 4512: 4071: 3883: 3614: 3552: 3482: 3309: 3075: 3055: 2893: 2706: 2644: 2584: 2238: 2232: 2049: 2006: 1814: 1810: 1791: 1779: 1752: 1628: 1547:

The formation of the empire began with the capture of Lahore from its Durrani ruler,

1362: 1357: 1289: 1237: 1087: 1017: 810: 223: 33: 8136: 7871:

Singh, Bawa Satinder (1971). "Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War".

5876:"The Nurbakhshis of Baltistan: Crisis and Revival of a Five Centuries Old Community" 3259:

estimated the total population of the empire to be around 5.35 million during 1838.

12907: 12726: 12721: 12383: 12170: 12165: 12121: 12108: 12038: 12006: 12001: 11865: 11860: 11842: 11803: 11736: 11719: 11660: 11650: 11645: 11586: 11542: 11512: 11472: 11455: 11438: 11401: 11152: 11128: 10896: 10856: 10846: 10836: 10751: 10726: 10680: 10632: 10594: 10566: 10546: 10541: 10483: 10478: 10443: 10438: 10425: 10322: 10248: 10208: 10041: 9980: 9748: 9708: 9698: 9688: 9603: 9578: 9532: 9484: 9446: 9418: 9398: 9393: 9335: 9330: 9295: 9290: 9277: 9064: 9025: 8935: 8925: 8920: 8883: 8848: 8758: 8733: 8523: 8414: 8327: 7880: 6288: 5887: 5837: 4905: 4901: 4631: 4621: 4616: 4546: 3922: 3645: 3623: 3603: 3596: 3572: 3517: 3051: 3035: 3023: 3015: 2991:

social levels equally and in accordance with the doctrines of their faith, per the

2925: 2804: 2800: 2711: 2697: 2693: 2596: 2556: 2400: 2310: 2135: 2127: 2018: 2002: 1998: 1809:

attacked Anandpur. The Khalsa retreated but regrouped to defeat the Mughals at the

1764: 1724:

Jahangir attempted to assert authority over the Sikhs by jailing Guru Hargobind at

1671: 1564: 1382: 1178: 1063: 1057: 949: 774: 644: 360: 268: 202: 197: 7760:

A History of the Sikhs, from the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej

6222:

Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World

6174:

Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World

6062:

Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World

6023:

Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World

5285:. Vol. 2: E–L (3rd ed.). Patiala: Punjabi University. pp. 547–549. 12827: 12601: 12569: 12442: 12410: 12393: 12349: 12344: 12322: 12317: 12275: 12268: 12243: 12103: 12098: 11939: 11820: 11714: 11709: 11677: 11502: 11492: 11386: 11379: 11374: 11359: 11315: 11197: 11183: 11092: 11052: 10996: 10906: 10826: 10584: 10513: 10463: 10386: 10252: 10191: 9944: 9904: 9848: 9758: 9678: 9436: 9365: 9315: 9238: 8950: 8915: 8910: 8858: 8778: 8480: 8448: 8440: 8299: 7930: 7758: 7128: 6710: 6647: 6606: 5758: 5650: 5560: 5526: 5101: 5082: 5020: 4981: 4722: 4441: 3817: 3248: 3126: 3047: 2973: 2921: 2874: 2855: 2679:

The following modern-day political divisions made up the historical Sikh Empire:

2416: 2374: 2216: 2022: 1990: 1667: 1615:

The foundation of the Sikh Empire can be traced to as early as 1707, the year of

1149: 1133: 1104: 984: 293: 288: 263: 218: 208: 12023: 7016:

The Sacred City of the Hindus: An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times

12943: 12922: 12857: 12544: 12539: 12502: 12477: 12460: 12371: 12356: 12327: 12285: 12133: 12093: 12088: 12043: 11969: 11929: 11919: 11909: 11724: 11603: 11497: 11364: 11246: 11011: 10762: 10711: 10198: 10001: 9863: 9614: 9563: 9143: 9104: 9074: 8661: 8626: 8503: 8404: 7482:

Hans, Surjit (April 2006). "Why are we sentimental about Ranjit Singh ?".

6633:

History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Lion of Lahore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839

5823:"Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh" 4727:. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. 4598: 3083: 2739: 2717: 2445: 2322: 2266: 2258: 2014: 1994: 1946: 1818: 1756: 1706: 1690: 1632: 1592: 1560: 1541: 1537: 1372: 1225: 1166: 1154: 1144: 1125: 1069: 997: 926: 672: 630: 319: 283: 273: 248: 243: 213: 122: 7884: 6125: 2345:

Sikh-held region of Multan, eventually resulted in conflict with the British.

1957:, and hostile local Muslims siding with other Muslim forces. The Sikhs of the 1852:

Banda Singh Bahadur started his rebellion with the defeat of Mughal armies at

1842: 904: 13029: 12973: 12625: 12512: 12307: 12280: 12253: 12231: 12209: 11976: 11959: 11944: 11788: 11741: 11729: 11655: 11547: 11421: 11416: 11391: 11273: 11057: 10788: 10706: 10131: 9909: 9640: 9558: 9133: 8806: 8753: 8689: 8548: 8538: 8389: 7731: 7620: 7214: 5891: 4695: 4626: 4584: 3670: 3289: 3227:'s rule was estimated to be around 12 million people. There were 8.4 million 3106:

The Sikhs attempted not to offend the prejudices of Muslims, noted Baron von

2796: 2702: 2683: 2640: 2424: 2286: 2212: 2198: 2171: 2064: 2029: 2010: 1954: 1853: 1787: 1733: 1694: 1675: 1663: 1620: 1211: 1199: 1022: 1009: 1003: 969: 238: 12053: 12033: 8543: 7338: 2659:

troops of the empire's military were paraded and inspected by the maharaja.

2361: 2273:

of 1803–1805, after which the Marathas lost control of the territory to the

12948: 12902: 12847: 12807: 12802: 12696: 12517: 12258: 12248: 12214: 12143: 12138: 12065: 11855: 11837: 11798: 11793: 11773: 11768: 11640: 11633: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11507: 11445: 11426: 11411: 11347: 10991: 10798: 10731: 10406: 10381: 10376: 10054: 10014: 9843: 9650: 9583: 9258: 9233: 9228: 9121: 8893: 8748: 8621: 8588: 8409: 8394: 8132: 6583:. SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 920. 4327: 4313: 4214: 3962: 3771: 3725: 3676: 3651: 3561: 3513: 3301: 3297: 3224: 3031: 2820:

Map of the Multan Province of the Sikh Empire, Herbert B. Edwardes, 1848–49

2449: 2326: 2250: 2242: 2220: 2120: 2102: 2095: 2083: 1876: 1872: 1783: 1740: 1725: 1469: 1217: 1159: 1034: 961: 916: 893: 887: 658: 616: 513: 399: 386: 342: 146: 90: 76: 12638: 7711: 7600: 6621:

The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion, (Docherty, pp. 185–187)

4650:

Buddhism was mostly confined to Ladakh. Christianity and Judaism includes

3577:

12 April 1801 (coronation) – 27 June 1839: reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

12221: 12070: 11783: 11692: 11682: 11608: 11256: 11251: 11087: 10941: 10891: 10821: 10793: 10783: 10778: 10685: 9939: 9793: 9743: 9673: 9645: 9635: 9630: 9537: 9155: 9084: 8641: 8573: 8568: 8533: 7318: 4231: 4092: 3503: 3271: 3243: 3079: 2505: 2492: 2469: 2396: 2302: 2290: 2187: 2186:. Nalwa was responsible for expanding the frontier of Sikh empire to the 2183: 2179: 2175: 2068: 1982: 1903:, where they were all tortured and executed after refusing to convert to 1748: 1710: 1655: 1555:), creating a unified political state. Sahib Singh Bedi, a descendant of 1505: 1501: 1270: 1097: 485: 298: 7222: 7198: 7075:

Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab

7037:

Resurrecting Banaras: Urban Space, Architecture and Religious Boundaries

4710:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 892. 3618: 2170:

diamond for Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He served as governor of Kashmir and

12867: 12263: 12080: 11954: 11914: 11847: 10956: 10690: 10396: 10391: 10278: 10270: 10203: 10104: 10084: 10064: 10024: 9808: 9542: 9248: 9243: 9099: 8768: 8738: 8651: 8636: 8558: 8528: 8508: 8399: 8384: 8379: 8371: 7502: 7382: 6936: 5899: 5849: 4516: 4355: 4341: 4200: 4035: 4028: 3916: 3862: 3738: 3657: 3538: 2783: 2667: 2294: 2262: 2091: 1986: 1892: 1729: 1714: 1698: 1679: 1623:. With the Mughals significantly weakened, the Sikh army, known as the 1556: 1347: 1205: 839: 430: 253: 170: 7892: 6280: 5875: 3876: 3599:, the Sikh Empire's first significant victory over the Durrani Empire. 3547: 3263: 12153: 11924: 11808: 11778: 11559: 11433: 11224: 10886: 10881: 10401: 10146: 9738: 9733: 9253: 9094: 8563: 8062: 8058:

Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy

6539: 6463:..into existence a kingdom of the Punjab of over 200,000 square miles 6421:…the Sikh state encompassed over 200,000 square miles (518,000 sq km) 6257:

Ranjit Singh: administration and British policy, (Prakash, pp. 31–33)

5690:

World and Its Peoples: Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa

4179: 4086: 4007: 2745: 2687: 2588: 2246: 2167: 2033: 1961:

eventually formed their own independent Sikh administrative regions,

1880: 1744: 1616: 1572: 911: 442: 7161:

Modern Ladakh: Anthropological Perspectives on Continuity and Change

7064:, tr. Major T. B. Jervis. rpt, Delhi: Low Price Publications, p. 151 5841: 12677: 11554: 11337: 11295: 11234: 10243: 10074: 10069: 10059: 10031: 9109: 9079: 8684: 5410: 5094: 4699: 3284: 3008: 2992: 2981: 2948: 2902: 2776: 2636: 2318: 2306: 2298: 2241:

were a group of Sikh states in the Punjab region lying between the

2159: 1857: 1718: 1686: 1552: 1525: 1466: 921: 845: 827: 749: 367: 338: 332: 8513: 8041:, University of Wisconsin–Madison Center for South Asian Studies, 6701:

Marriage Among Muslims: Preference and Choice in Northern Pakistan

6292: 6269:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last to lay arms, (Duggal, pp. 136–137)

6265: 6263: 5803:. Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. p. 130. 5145:

Catalogue of the Historical Maps of the Survey of India, 1700-1900

4986:. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. 3107: 2965:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh seeking the sanctuary of Guru Nanak, ca.1830

2803:, in which the Afghans managed to kill the prominent Sikh general 1969:. These Misls were united in large part by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. 11467: 11396: 11352: 11207: 8631: 8593: 8350: 8018:

Holy people of the world: a cross-cultural encyclopedia, Volume 3

7677: 6103:

History of Pepsu: Patiala and East Punjab States Union, 1948-1956

3666:

18 January 1841 – 15 September 1843: Reign of Maharaja Sher Singh

3471: 3293: 3228: 2935: 2912: 2733: 2725: 2453: 2282: 2151: 2143: 1884: 1865: 1861: 1760: 1651: 1529: 992: 938: 815: 346: 315: 13015: 13007: 12681: 12670: 11268: 2395:

in 1845 marked many turning points, the British encountered the

2138:

from 1825 to 1837. He is known for his role in the conquests of

1965:, derived from a Perso-Arabic term meaning 'similar', headed by 11300: 11175: 10756: 10233: 10166: 10161: 9608: 9089: 9069: 8656: 8598: 8578: 8518: 8498: 7278:

The Friday Mosque in the City: Liminality, Ritual, and Politics

6260: 4983:

The Sikhs of the Punjab, Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)

4724:

The Sikhs of the Punjab, Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)

4652: 4013: 3975: 3936: 3929: 3890: 3868: 3837: 3830: 3791: 3784: 3745: 3661: 3475: 3464: 3232: 3134: 3111: 2883: 2864: 2792: 2761: 2751: 2652: 2535: 2514: 2482: 2370: 2314: 2278: 2205: 2155: 2147: 2087: 2053: 1950: 1942: 1938: 1834: 1799: 1521: 1517: 1509: 1493: 1485: 1473: 1458: 453: 411: 258: 178: 157: 10331: 9183: 6992:; by Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, published by Punjabi University, 5760:

War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849

3086:, Sahib Dyal, and others also served in financial capacities. 2495:

in the form of honourifics, however some members were granted

1536:), it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to 11934: 10156: 10019: 9138: 9114: 8165:, By Hari Ram Gupta. (Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 1999, 7323:. Georg Sieberer. Delhi: Chanakya Publications. p. 100. 7320:

The Sikh struggle : origin, evolution, and present phase

5991:

Guo, Rongxing (2015). "Chapter 1: A Brief History of Tibet".

5546: 5544: 5367: 5365: 4751:

The continuance of Persian as the language of administration.

3982: 3267: 3236: 3130: 2996: 2826: 2721: 2497: 2254: 2139: 2106: 2076: 2072: 1904: 1900: 1768: 1659: 1497: 1295: 833: 744: 326: 228: 6914: 6912: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6775: 6773: 4887: 4885: 4883: 2460:

The empire's ruling court based out of Lahore is termed the

2094:, where it had been established in 1763 by his grandfather, 1492:. At its peak in the 19th century, the empire extended from 12674: 9054: 3565: 3542: 3506: 3275: 2648: 2063:

The main geographical footprint of the empire was from the

1927: 1888: 1846: 1822: 1513: 1489: 582: 11144: 8319: 5541: 5362: 5085:'s The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar 3030:, his son, and his grandson; and Muslim generals included 2113:

of Multan and had signed a secret treaty with the latter.

9165: 8269:, By V. Nalwa. (Hari Singh Nalwa Foundation Trust. 2022, 6953: 6909: 6890: 6869: 6857: 6845: 6833: 6809: 6797: 6785: 6770: 6758: 6611:. National Book Foundation ; Lahore. 4 January 2024. 5468: 5466: 4880: 2508:. A public court was held from morning until noon in the 1802:, a collective army of baptised Sikhs, on 30 March 1699. 8235:, By Jean-Marie Lafont. (Oxford University Press. 2002, 6821: 6608:

Frontier Facets: Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province

6352:

Bayonet to Barrage Weaponry on the Victorian Battlefield

3592:

1 June 1813: Ranjit Singh is given the Kohinoor Diamond.

3038:, was a Nepalese Gurkha, and European generals included 2824:

The empire was divided into various provinces (known as

2714:, India, only the territories northwest of Sutlej river. 2411:

The Sikh empire was finally dissolved at the end of the

1899:. He was captured along with 700 of his men and sent to 7499:

The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar

7396: 7394: 7392: 7239:

Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints Beyond the Oxus and Indus

7009: 6933:

The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar

5756: 3253:

The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar

7983:, Religions of the World, Chelsea House Publications, 7716:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 129. 5463: 3312:. Most of these Jews would leave for India during the 3308:(specifically in the Babu Mohallah neighbourhood) and 3022:, and Fateh Singh Kalianwala; Hindu generals included 1693:, who had been arrested for supporting the rebellious 1563:

from Punjab by capitalizing off Afghan decline in the

8255:, By Bhagat Singh. (Sehgal Publishers Service. 1990, 8163:

Volume 2: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1708–1769)

3675:

15 September 1843 – 31 March 1849: Reign of Maharaja

3223:

The population of the Sikh empire during the time of

2786:, Ranjit Singh made no attempt to conquer Waziristan. 1670:, supported religious freedom and after visiting the 1643:

appeared to be coming into their own as independent.

1476:, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered by the 8219:

The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls

7602:

Islam, race, and pluralism in the Pakistani diaspora

7389: 6126:

Lt. Gen. Kirpal Singh Randhawa, PVSM, AVSM (Retd.).

5333:

Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History

4574: 2736:, from 5 July 1819 to 15 March 1846, India/Pakistan 1949:

and their allies, remnants of the Mughals and their

1751:, for control of the Mughal Empire. The ninth Guru, 7400: 5523:"Sikh Period – National Fund for Cultural Heritage" 5437: 5147:. New Delhi: National Archives of India. p. 7. 3496:1761–1767: Recapture of Punjab region by Afghan in 2105:, a local Muslim-ruled chieftaincy, after invading 7976: 6975:. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 145 3650:27 June 1839 – 5 November 1840: Reign of Maharaja 3078:, the prime minister, was a Dogra, whose brothers 2571:(news-writers) located in the empire's provinces ( 1689:, saw the Sikhs as a political threat. He ordered 7566:"The lost Jewish history of Rawalpindi, Pakistan" 7362: 7360: 6661:Beattie, Hugh; Beattie, Hugh (16 December 2013). 6218: 6170: 6058: 6019: 5965:In the Wonderland of Asia, Gilgit & Baltistan 5525:. Heritage.gov.pk. 14 August 1947. Archived from 3018:, Fateh Singh Dullewalia, Nihal Singh Atariwala, 1587:, such as in contemporary British maps. The term 13027: 7438: 7436: 7377:(26). Economic and Political Weekly: 2693–2701. 6664:Imperial Frontier: Tribe and State in Waziristan 6540:Pandey, Hemant Kumar; Singh, Manish Raj (2017). 6320:"The Maharaja, the Spy & the Temple of Gold" 4107:Family tree of the Maharajas of the Sikh Empire 3502:1763–1774: Charat Singh Sukerchakia, Misldar of 1817:accepted an invitation by Aurangzeb's successor 7678:"Rawalpindi – Rawalpindi Development Authority" 6530:Britain and Tibet 1765–1947, (Marshall, p. 116) 5648: 5018: 2999:, as well as local authorities like judges and 2332:While these Sikh states had been set up by the 1627:, a rearrangement of the Khalsa inaugurated by 8233:Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lord of the Five Rivers 8103:. Patiala, Punjab, India: Punjabi University. 7357: 6660: 5930: 2215:of 1841, the forces of the empire invaded the 1860:and the rebellion culminated in the defeat of 1798:. He moved on to Anandpur and established the 1619:'s death and the start of the downfall of the 13046:States and territories disestablished in 1849 12654: 11160: 10347: 9199: 8335: 7682:Rawalpindi Development Authority (rda.gop.pk) 7433: 7033: 5579: 4769:. Oxford University Press (US). p. 239. 1434: 12617:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 7442: 7027: 6543:India's Major Military and Rescue Operations 6156:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5409:. Punjabi University Patiala. Archived from 5281:Hasrat, B. J. (2011). Singh, Harbans (ed.). 1953:, the Mughal-allied Hindu hill-rajas of the 29:Empire on the Indian subcontinent, 1799–1849 12767:Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee 12668: 8096: 8083:, Oxford University Press, US, p. 61, 7838:. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. 7535:"When Jews Found Refuge in the Sikh Empire" 7404:Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Last to Lay Arms 7274: 7086: 6959: 6918: 6903: 6884: 6863: 6851: 6839: 6827: 6815: 6803: 6791: 6779: 6764: 6281:"Fieldwork in Punjab, Pakistan, March 2018" 5935:. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 302. 5163:Routledge Handbook of South Asian Religions 5143:Prasad, Sri Nandan, ed. (1975). "F.5/24.". 5122:. University of Chicago Press. p. 87. 4940: 4804: 2811: 2779:, Pakistan (taken in 1818, retaken in 1834) 2430: 1697:, to change the passage about Islam in the 13041:States and territories established in 1799 12777:Haryana Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee 12661: 12647: 11167: 11153: 10354: 10340: 9206: 9192: 8342: 8328: 8191:The Heritage of the Sikhs By Harbans Singh 7756: 7199:"The History of Muslims in Central Ladakh" 6636:. Munshiram Manoharlal. 1978. p. 80. 6390: 6278: 5820: 5501:. Institute of Sikh Studies. p. 415. 5076: 3622:The charge of the British 16th Lancers at 3530:1773: Ahmad Shah Durrani dies and his son 2980:during his unsuccessful attempt to retake 2219:, which was then under the control of the 1833:In August 1708, Guru Gobind Singh visited 1774: 1717:and the establishment of a fort to defend 1484:. It was forged on the foundations of the 1441: 1427: 10663:List of battles involving the Sikh Empire 9515:List of battles involving the Sikh Empire 7996: 7928: 7598: 5967:. Sang-e-Meel Publications. p. 127. 5933:Trekking in the Karakoram & Hindukush 5693:. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. p. 411. 5396: 5394: 5392: 5317: 5062:. Oxford University Press. p. viii. 2635:The Sikh court observed the festivals of 2261:to the west. These states fell under the 2201:, under the leadership of Zorawar Singh. 2032:was excommunicated from the confederacy. 550:520,000 km (200,000 sq mi) 12772:Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee 7242:. Harvard University Press. p. 45. 6723:"Encyclopædia Britannica – Ranjit Singh" 6318:Madra, Amandeep Singh (8 January 2012). 4714: 4694: 3617: 3546: 3323: 2960: 2815: 2666: 2622: 2550: 2439: 2360: 2352: 2115: 2043: 1790:, who attempted to attack the city, but 1646: 12762:Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee 12441: 8177:The Sikh Army (1799–1849) (Men-at-arms) 8078: 8014: 7533:Miller, Yvette Alt (3 September 2023). 7196: 6521:The Masters Revealed, (Johnson, p. 128) 6432: 6348: 6177:. Pearson Education. pp. 379–380. 5563:pp 70 Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007 5499:Sri Gur Panth Prakash: Episodes 1 to 81 5484: 5431: 5400: 5371: 4665:Alternatively spelt as 'Lahore Durbar'. 3534:launches several invasions into Punjab. 2555:A letter sent from the King of France, 2048:The expanding Sikh Empire in 1809. The 1821:to meet him. The meeting took place at 1631:, led expeditions against them and the 138:The Sikh Empire at its greatest extent 14: 13028: 8131: 7831: 7817:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 7532: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7137:. Yale University Press. p. 263. 6497:"Punjab Current Affairs Yearbook 2020" 6479: 6439:. Asia Publishing House. p. 251. 6436:British power in the Punjab, 1839–1858 6313: 6311: 6309: 6096: 6094: 5993:China's Regional Development and Tibet 5962: 5931:Mock, John; O'Neil, Kimberley (2002). 5801:The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D 5798: 5750: 5389: 5329: 5280: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5160: 5156: 5154: 5142: 5117: 5000:from the original on 27 September 2023 4979: 4944:Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign 4808:Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign 4762: 4741:from the original on 27 September 2023 4720: 3525:Sikh capture of Delhi and the Red Fort 2071:in the west, to Kashmir in the north, 1845:and distributing the land to the poor 1828: 1583:The empire is also referred to as the 1534:19th most populous country at the time 1516:. It was divided into four provinces: 12642: 11148: 10335: 9187: 8323: 8054: 8034: 7974: 7956: 7870: 7709: 7576:from the original on 27 February 2023 7563: 7496: 7316: 7077:, 3 v. London: Richard Bentley (1) 37 6930: 6587:from the original on 18 December 2022 6475: 6473: 6471: 6397:. Yale University Press. p. 89. 6317: 6138:from the original on 24 February 2021 6100: 5986: 5984: 5958: 5956: 5926: 5924: 5873: 5869: 5867: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5794: 5792: 5763:. Taylor & Francis. p. 147. 5728: 5724: 5722: 5496: 5472: 5451:from the original on 25 December 2018 5383: 5305: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5057: 5025:. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 201. 4973: 4961:from the original on 26 December 2018 4891: 4843: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4353: 4351: 4339: 4325: 4323: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4230: 4212: 4199: 4177: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4119: 4117: 4115: 2162:. Nalwa led the Sikh army in freeing 1763:as new guru. Guru Tegh Bahadur aided 8205:Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire 7999:A history of modern India, 1480–1950 7645: 7481: 7407:. Abhinav Publications. p. 55. 7366: 7235: 7157: 7127: 6681:from the original on 17 January 2024 6578: 6503:from the original on 17 January 2024 3509:, establishes himself in Gujranwala. 3282:In 1839, a major pogrom, called the 2226: 1910: 8288:Article on Coins of the Sikh Empire 8253:Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his Times 7852:from the original on 5 October 2023 7799:from the original on 14 August 2024 7767:from the original on 14 August 2024 7658:from the original on 14 August 2024 7545:from the original on 14 August 2024 7519: 7345:from the original on 14 August 2024 7295:from the original on 14 August 2024 7281:. Intellect Books. pp. 91–94. 7256:from the original on 17 August 2024 6988:, London: Whittaker and Co. p. 246 6560:from the original on 14 August 2024 6306: 6279:Chatterjee, Nandini (22 May 2018). 6239:from the original on 14 August 2024 6209:Sangat Singh, the Sikhs in History. 6191:from the original on 14 August 2024 6091: 6079:from the original on 14 August 2024 6040:from the original on 14 August 2024 5990: 5777:from the original on 14 August 2024 5707:from the original on 14 August 2024 5604:from the original on 14 August 2024 5350:from the original on 14 August 2024 5151: 5118:Oberoi, Harjot (15 December 1994). 4864:from the original on 14 August 2024 4783:from the original on 14 August 2024 3656:5 November 1840 – 18 January 1841: 3564:becomes Misldar of the Sukerchakia 3541:becomes Misldar of the Sukerchakia 3470:1710–1716: Banda Singh defeats the 3328:Nanakshahi coins of the Sikh Empire 2956: 2373:, Pakistan, adjacent to the iconic 2325:, among others. The Sikh Empire of 1921: 1871:He ruled the territory between the 24: 12752:All India Sikh Students Federation 8125: 8081:Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction 7935:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. 7763:. London: J. Murray. p. 424. 7738:from the original on 6 August 2024 7627:from the original on 6 August 2024 7421:from the original on 6 August 2024 6468: 6411:from the original on 26 March 2023 6369:from the original on 26 March 2023 6225:. Pearson Education. p. 381. 6065:. Pearson Education. p. 379. 6026:. Pearson Education. p. 379. 5981: 5953: 5921: 5864: 5807: 5789: 5757:Roy, K.; Roy, L. D. H. K. (2011). 5719: 5624:"Sikhs' Relation with Hill States" 5179: 5106:Sāhib Siṅgh Bedī, Bābā (1756–1834) 5012: 3153:Religions in Khalsa Empire (1800s) 3034:and Mian Ghaus Khan; one general, 2546: 1972: 1457:was a regional power based in the 1398:List of Inventions and Discoveries 784: 25: 13087: 8281: 8249:, By L. M. Joshi and Fauja Singh 7915:Colonel James Skinner (1778–1841) 7757:Cunningham, Joseph Davey (1849). 7688:from the original on 6 March 2023 7646:Khan, Naveed Aman (12 May 2018). 7178:from the original on 5 April 2023 7109:from the original on 5 April 2023 6729:from the original on 7 April 2015 6494: 6453:from the original on 5 April 2023 6355:. Pen & Sword Books Limited. 5669:from the original on 28 June 2024 5039:from the original on 28 June 2024 4922:from the original on 16 June 2021 4825:from the original on 17 June 2008 4083:(14 May 1845 – 21 September 1845) 3694: 2277:. The Cis-Sutlej states included 1520:, which became the Sikh capital; 13014: 13006: 12737:Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic) 12680: 12669: 10318: 10317: 10309: 10120:Sikhs in the British Indian Army 8097:Waheeduddin, Fakir Syed (1981). 7907: 7864: 7825: 7779: 7750: 7703: 7670: 7639: 7592: 7557: 7490: 7475: 7463:from the original on 16 May 2023 6105:. Konark Publishers. p. 8. 4591: 4577: 4529: 4503: 4484: 4020: 3967: 3921: 3875: 3822: 3776: 3730: 3050:. other notable generals of the 2728:, India and Pakistan (1808–1846) 2671:The Indian subcontinent in 1805. 1488:from a collection of autonomous 917:Spread of Jainism – Parshvanatha 721: 704: 679: 665: 651: 637: 623: 609: 132: 83: 69: 13071:Former monarchies of South Asia 13056:1849 disestablishments in India 12818:Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 10361: 10310: 9213: 9161:Contemporary Sant Mat movements 8267:Ranjit Singh – monarch mystique 7310: 7268: 7229: 7190: 7151: 7121: 7080: 7067: 7054: 7003: 6978: 6965: 6924: 6741: 6715: 6693: 6654: 6624: 6615: 6599: 6572: 6533: 6524: 6515: 6488: 6426: 6384: 6342: 6272: 6251: 6212: 6203: 6164: 6119: 6052: 6013: 5681: 5642: 5616: 5573: 5515: 5490: 5478: 5425: 5403:"Gobind Singh Guru (1666–1708)" 5377: 5323: 5311: 5299: 5136: 5111: 5088: 5051: 4850:. Amberley Publishing Limited. 4805:K.S. Duggal (1 February 2009). 4659: 3520:, imposes taxes on the Mughals. 1879:, established a capital in the 700:Punjab Province (British India) 13076:Former countries in South Asia 12717:Shiromani Akali Dal (Longowal) 12712:Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) 10214:Sikhism and sexual orientation 8035:Johar, Surinder Singh (1975), 6394:Heroic Failure and the British 6391:Barczewski, Stephanie (2016). 5963:Baloch, Sikandar Khan (2004). 5821:Huttenback, Robert A. (1961). 4934: 4906:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe314 4837: 4798: 4756: 4644: 4099: 3490:1748–1757: Afghan invasion of 1755:, moved the Sikh community to 1578: 1393:Science and Technology History 13: 1: 13066:Empires and kingdoms of India 12747:Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt) 12732:Shiromani Akali Dal (Panthic) 7370:Economic and Political Weekly 7275:Chida-Razvi, Mehreen (2020). 6546:. Horizon Books. p. 57. 4672: 4492: 3551:Contemporary painting of the 3143: 2758:, Pakistan, from 1842 to 1846 2435: 2166:from Kashmir and secured the 1794:'s forces routed them at the 1654:began during the conquest of 1610: 1465:. It existed from 1799, when 139: 127:"Victory to Charity and Arms" 13051:1799 establishments in India 8310:Sikh Kingdom of Ranjit Singh 8015:Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004), 7564:Tahir, Saif (3 March 2016). 7484:The Panjab, Past and Present 7401:Kartar Singh Duggal (2001). 7087:Chitralekha, Zutshi (2019). 7019:. Trübner & co. p. 5830:The Journal of Asian Studies 5095:The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism 4677: 4077:Hira Singh Dogra (1843–1845) 4047:5 years, 195 days 3994:5 years, 195 days 3948:2 years, 240 days 3757:38 years, 76 days 2844:Estimated population (1838) 2662: 2599:on complimentary missions. 922:Spread of Jainism – Mahavira 512:• Capture of Lahore by 7: 11174: 8349: 7317:Kumar, Ram Narayan (1991). 7095:. Oxford University Press. 5733:. Sage Publications India. 5628:www.thesikhencyclopedia.com 5447:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 5283:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 4570: 4095:(31 January – 9 March 1846) 3457: 3118:, or 'summons to prayer'." 2618: 2257:district to the south, and 1323:Dynasties in Indian History 10: 13092: 10722:British East India Company 9574:British East India Company 7997:Markovits, Claude (2004), 7975:Kalsi, Sewa Singh (2005), 7961:, Osprey Publishing (UK), 7922: 7060:Hügel, Baron (1845) 2000. 6973:Sacred Cows, Sacred Places 6579:Deng, Jonathan M. (2010). 6219:Jayanta Kumar Ray (2007). 6171:Jayanta Kumar Ray (2007). 6059:Jayanta Kumar Ray (2007). 6020:Jayanta Kumar Ray (2007). 5553:The History of Afghanistan 5336:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1163. 5330:Melton, J. Gordon (2014). 5165:. Routledge. p. 212. 4898:The Encyclopedia of Empire 4511:Ranjit Singh listening to 4477: 4059: 3849:1 year, 29 days 3580:March 1809 – August 1809: 3332: 3319: 2448:(royal court) of Maharaja 2382:British East India Company 2348: 2275:British East India Company 2230: 1925: 1914: 1767:in avoiding conversion to 1605: 1504:in the south and from the 1478:British East India Company 1318:Timeline of Indian History 31: 13004: 12931: 12785: 12742:Shiromani Akali Dal Delhi 12689: 12610: 12562: 12079: 11483: 11182: 11134:Treaty of Amritsar (1846) 11114:Treaty of Amritsar (1809) 11106: 11080: 11063:Johann Martin Honigberger 11020: 10922:Chattar Singh Attariwalla 10814: 10807: 10771: 10699: 10673: 10641: 10608: 10575: 10532: 10424: 10415: 10369: 10307: 10269: 10040: 10000: 9986:Treaty of Amritsar (1846) 9966:Treaty of Amritsar (1809) 9958: 9932: 9915:Johann Martin Honigberger 9872: 9774:Chattar Singh Attariwalla 9666: 9659: 9623: 9551: 9525: 9493: 9460: 9427: 9384: 9276: 9267: 9221: 9176: 9053: 8797: 8675: 8607: 8489: 8439: 8370: 8357: 8173:, 383 pages, illustrated) 8079:Nesbitt, Eleanor (2005), 7929:Chaurasia, R. S. (2004). 7885:10.1017/s0026749x00002845 7599:Considine, Craig (2017). 7497:Singh, Amarinder (2010). 7197:Dollfus, Pascale (1995). 6931:Singh, Amarinder (2010). 6349:Manning, Stephen (2020). 6101:Singh, Gursharan (1991). 5058:Singh, Khushwant (2004). 4763:Fenech, Louis E. (2013). 4558: 4551: 4543: 4397: 4395: 4337: 4293: 4291: 4275: 4273: 4265: 4263: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4210: 4204: 4197: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4135: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3345: 3300:had occurred. A group of 3214: 3206: 3201: 3193: 3188: 3180: 3175: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3028:Dewan Mokham Chand Nayyar 3020:Chattar Singh Attariwalla 2742:, India from 1819 to 1846 2468:. Faqir Saifuddin of the 2195:Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh 2101:Ranjit Singh annexed the 2052:are visible south of the 2039: 1682:until his death in 1605. 874:Indus Valley Civilization 737: 588: 577: 573: 563: 559: 554: 546: 541: 537: 523: 510: 506: 496: 492: 479: 466: 462: 452: 448: 436: 424: 420: 410: 406: 393: 380: 376: 366: 356: 307: 190: 163: 153: 131: 115: 99: 65: 59: 43: 12843:Harcharan Singh Longowal 11124:Treaty of Chushul (1842) 11119:Tripartite Treaty (1838) 9976:Treaty of Chushul (1842) 9971:Tripartite Treaty (1838) 8001:, London: Anthem Press, 7648:"Pakistani Jews and PTI" 5892:10.1163/1570060952597761 5799:Petech, Luciano (1977). 5655:. Munshiram Manoharlal. 5649:Gupta, Hari Ram (1991). 5407:Encyclopaedia of Sikhism 5019:Gupta, Hari Ram (1991). 4892:Singh, Pashaura (2016). 4847:The First Anglo-Sikh War 4637: 3818:Maharaja Nau Nihal Singh 3669:May 1841 – August 1842: 3606:, the 2nd battle in the 3338:Revenue in Rupees, 1844 2847:Major population centre 2812:Administrative divisions 2472:prefers to use the term 2431:Administration and state 2271:Second Anglo-Maratha War 1031:, c. 228 BCE – c. 224 CE 905:Rise of Śramaṇa movement 880:Post Indus Valley Period 824:, c. 7600 – c. 1000 BCE 32:Not to be confused with 12991:Operation Black Thunder 12707:Haryana State Akali Dal 11129:Treaty of Lahore (1846) 11007:Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana 9981:Treaty of Lahore (1846) 9859:Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana 8784:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 8179:, By Ian Heath. (2005, 8138:The Sikhs of the Punjab 7959:The Sikh Army 1799–1849 7932:History of the Marathas 7835:The Sikhs of the Punjab 7570:blogs.timesofisrael.com 7446:The Sikhs of the Punjab 7073:Masson, Charles. 1842. 7011:Matthew Atmore Sherring 6433:Khilani, N. M. (1972). 6132:www.sikh-heritage.co.uk 5886:(2). Hamburg: 159–188. 5874:Rieck, Andreas (1995). 5497:Singh, Kulwant (2006). 4844:Singh, Amarpal (2010). 4707:Encyclopædia Britannica 4656:soldiers and officials. 4521:Golden Temple, Amritsar 4515:being recited near the 3571:1799, formation of the 3498:Third Battle of Panipat 3463:1699: Formation of the 3098:Kashi Vishwanath Temple 2367:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 1775:Formation of the Khalsa 1713:in the creation of the 1705:led to the sixth Guru, 1066:, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE 890:, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE 884:, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE 876:, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE 205:(court, administration) 12949:Punjab State Agitation 12893:Prem Singh Chandumajra 12798:Sardul Singh Caveeshar 10962:Ajit Singh Sandhawalia 10947:Mangal Singh Ramgarhia 10937:Ranjodh Singh Majithia 10917:Sher Singh Attariwalla 10912:Sham Singh Attariwalla 10808:Officials and warriors 10717:Emirate of Afghanistan 10623:Battle of Chillianwala 9814:Ajit Singh Sandhawalia 9799:Mangal Singh Ramgarhia 9789:Ranjodh Singh Majithia 9769:Sher Singh Attariwalla 9764:Sham Singh Attariwalla 9660:Officials and warriors 9569:Emirate of Afghanistan 9475:Battle of Chillianwala 8700:Darbar Sahib Kartarpur 8449:Beliefs and principles 8055:Singh, Pritam (2008), 7710:Daiya, Kavita (2008). 7034:Madhuri Desai (2007). 6482:The Coins of the Sikhs 5588:Crown Publishing Group 5580:Patwant Singh (2007). 4980:Grewal, J. S. (1990). 4947:. Exoticindiaart.com. 4811:. Exoticindiaart.com. 4721:Grewal, J. S. (1990). 3634: 3588:Siege of Multan (1810) 3556: 3329: 3257:The Coins of the Sikhs 3068:Zorawar Singh Kahluria 2966: 2830:), them namely being: 2821: 2672: 2632: 2560: 2457: 2415:in 1849 into separate 2377: 2358: 2269:after 1785 before the 2182:was later used by the 2124: 2056: 1917:Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army) 1512:in the east as far as 1388:Paper Currency History 1246:, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE 1240:, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE 1234:, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE 1228:, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE 1220:, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE 896:, c. 1200 – c. 500 BCE 852:South Indian Neolithic 789: 12918:Rajinder Kaur Bhattal 12883:Gurcharan Singh Tohra 12873:Sundar Singh Majithia 12863:Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa 12757:Rashtriya Sikh Sangat 12587:Medieval great powers 11043:François Henri Mouton 11033:Jean-Baptiste Ventura 10872:Khushal Singh Jamadar 10659:Panchayati Revolution 10655:Hill States–Sikh Wars 10610:Second Anglo-Sikh War 10152:Fariduddin Ganjshakar 9895:François Henri Mouton 9885:Jean-Baptiste Ventura 9724:Khushal Singh Jamadar 9511:Panchayati Revolution 9507:Hill States–Sikh Wars 9462:Second Anglo-Sikh War 8774:Qila Mubarak, Patiala 8305:Confederacy of Punjab 8298:1 August 2018 at the 8221:. (2001, revised ed. 8100:The Real Ranjit Singh 7832:Grewal, J.S. (1990). 7605:. Milton: Routledge. 7443:J. S. Grewal (1998). 7236:Ziad, Waleed (2021). 7164:. Brill. p. 48. 6990:The Real Ranjit Singh 6971:Lodrick, D. O. 1981. 6480:Herrli, Hans (1993). 5729:Singh, Rishi (2014). 5445:"Banda Singh Bahadur" 4941:K.S. Duggal (2015) . 4081:Jawahar Singh (wazir) 4066:Khushal Singh Jamadar 4050:Wife of Ranjit Singh 3963:Maharaja Duleep Singh 3905:Wife of Kharak Singh 3772:Maharaja Kharak Singh 3760:The first Sikh ruler 3726:Maharaja Ranjit Singh 3689:Second Anglo-Sikh War 3621: 3602:March – 2 June 1818: 3550: 3467:by Guru Gobind Singh. 3327: 3060:Sham Singh Attariwala 3044:Jean-Baptiste Ventura 2964: 2819: 2670: 2626: 2554: 2443: 2413:Second Anglo-Sikh War 2364: 2356: 2123:holding court in 1838 2119: 2086:moved the capital to 2047: 1979:Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 1849:who farmed the land. 1662:, the founder of the 1647:Mughal rule of Punjab 1482:Second Anglo-Sikh War 1363:Philosophical History 1343:Architectural History 1277:Independence Movement 1113:, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE 1107:, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE 1084:, c. 760 – c. 973 CE 788: 527:Second Anglo-Sikh War 473:Khushal Singh Jamadar 12969:1984 anti-Sikh riots 12939:Singh Sabha movement 12888:Simranjit Singh Mann 12823:Surjit Singh Barnala 12597:European colonialism 12582:Ancient great powers 11081:Influential families 11038:Claude Auguste Court 11028:Jean-François Allard 10942:Surat Singh Majithia 10932:Lehna Singh Majithia 10737:Hill States Alliance 10590:Battle of Ferozeshah 10577:First Anglo-Sikh War 9933:Influential families 9890:Claude Auguste Court 9880:Jean-François Allard 9794:Surat Singh Majithia 9784:Lehna Singh Majithia 9589:Hill States Alliance 9442:Battle of Ferozeshah 9429:First Anglo-Sikh War 9149:Akhand Kirtani Jatha 9127:Piara Singh Bhaniara 9006:United Arab Emirates 8744:Hazuri Bagh Baradari 8474:Cannabis and Sikhism 7873:Modern Asian Studies 7486:. XXXVII–Part 1: 47. 6984:Vigne, G. T., 1840. 6709:5 April 2023 at the 6703:, (Brill, 1997), 41. 5652:History of the Sikhs 5559:3 April 2023 at the 5529:on 14 September 2010 5060:History of the Sikhs 5022:History of the Sikhs 4701:"Ranjit Singh" 3997:Son of Ranjit Singh 3951:Son of Ranjit Singh 3852:Son of Kharak Singh 3806:Son of Ranjit Singh 3683:First Anglo-Sikh War 3632:First Anglo-Sikh War 3114:, and to repeat the 3040:Jean-Francois Allard 2393:Battle of Ferozeshah 2386:First Anglo-Sikh War 1500:in the north to the 1413:Wars involving India 1286:, 1947 CE – present 1111:2nd Chalukya Dynasty 1072:, c. 724 – c. 760 CE 1037:, c. 240 – c. 550 CE 946:1700 – 682 BCE 882:(Cemetery H Culture) 91:Seal of Ranjit Singh 12964:Operation Blue Star 12954:Anandpur Resolution 12898:Partap Singh Kairon 12878:Gian Singh Rarewala 12853:Lachhman Singh Gill 12838:Parkash Singh Badal 12833:Sukhbir Singh Badal 12813:Jagjit Singh Chohan 12702:Shiromani Akali Dal 12592:Modern great powers 10927:Amar Singh Majithia 10862:Mahan Singh Mirpuri 10653:, Katoch–Sikh War, 10224:Idolatry in Sikhism 10142:Nanakshahi calendar 10137:Sikh Light Infantry 9779:Amar Singh Majithia 9714:Mahan Singh Mirpuri 9505:, Katoch–Sikh War, 7957:Heath, Ian (2005), 7158:Bray, John (2008). 5909:– via JSTOR. 5880:Die Welt des Islams 5550:Meredith L. Runion 4612:History of Pakistan 3935:15 September 1843 ( 3917:Maharaja Sher Singh 3863:Maharani Chand Kaur 3339: 3064:Mahan Singh Mirpuri 2834: 2748:, from 1840 onwards 2111:Nawab Muzaffar Khan 1977:After the reign of 1839:Banda Singh Bahadur 1829:Banda Singh Bahadur 1508:in the west to the 1463:Indian subcontinent 1368:History of Religion 1333:Demographic History 1298:, 1950 CE – present 1265:The Great Rebellion 1208:, 1538/40 – 1556 CE 1082:Tripartite Struggle 1025:, c. 30 – c. 375 CE 956:Shaishunaga Dynasty 944:Brihadratha Dynasty 501:Early modern period 119: ਦੇਗ ਤੇਗ ਫ਼ਤਿਹ 12986:Operation Woodrose 12981:Khalistan movement 12959:Dharam Yudh Morcha 11088:Sandhawalia family 11002:Sultan Mahmud Khan 10987:Jarnail Ghaus Khan 10972:Sangat Singh Saini 10867:Dewan Mokham Chand 10742:Kingdom of Mankera 10618:Battle of Ramnagar 10562:Battle of Peshawar 10557:Battle of Nowshera 10434:Battle of Bhangani 10125:11th Sikh Regiment 9940:Sandhawalia family 9854:Sultan Mahmud Khan 9839:Jarnail Ghaus Khan 9824:Sangat Singh Saini 9719:Dewan Mokham Chand 9594:Kingdom of Mankera 9470:Battle of Ramnagar 9414:Battle of Peshawar 9409:Battle of Nowshera 9286:Battle of Bhangani 8764:Nanak Shahi bricks 8667:Tav-Prasad Savaiye 8459:Sikh Rehat Maryada 8454:Guru Maneyo Granth 8065:, pp. 25–26, 6650:on 14 August 2024. 6330:on 30 January 2012 6324:Golden Temple 1588 5630:. 19 December 2000 5434:, pp. 312–313 5386:, pp. 192–210 5374:, pp. 345–346 5308:, pp. 106–107 5100:8 May 2014 at the 4562:East India Company 4041:15 September 1843 4008:Maharani Jind Kaur 3988:15 September 1843 3974:6 September 1838 ( 3945:15 September 1843 3829:11 February 1820 ( 3783:22 February 1801 ( 3737:13 November 1780 ( 3640:Battle of Nowshera 3635: 3586:20 February 1810: 3557: 3492:Ahmad Shah Durrani 3349:Revenue in Rupees 3337: 3330: 3123:Chitralekha Zutshi 3056:Veer Singh Dhillon 2978:Dost Muhammad Khan 2967: 2833: 2822: 2771:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 2673: 2633: 2583:emissaries in the 2561: 2470:Fakir Khana Museum 2458: 2421:province of Punjab 2378: 2359: 2338:treaty of Amritsar 2245:to the north, the 2204:The domain of the 2174:and established a 2132:Commander-in-Chief 2125: 2075:in the south, and 2057: 1796:Battle of Bhangani 1788:Sivalik Hill rajas 1549:Zaman Shah Durrani 1338:Linguistic History 1093:Rastrakuta Dynasty 1029:Satavahana Dynasty 993:Kingdom of Magadha 972:, c. 600 – 345 BCE 939:Kingdom of Magadha 912:Later Vedic Period 900:Early Vedic period 888:Vedic civilization 790: 714:Jammu and Kashmir 111:"With God's Grace" 13023: 13022: 12996:Punjab insurgency 12793:Master Tara Singh 12636: 12635: 12558: 12557: 12523:Polish–Lithuanian 11698:Gurjara-Pratihara 11142: 11141: 11076: 11075: 11048:Alexander Gardner 10967:Kahan Singh Nakai 10952:Akali Phula Singh 10832:Diwan Bhawani Das 10669: 10668: 10600:Battle of Sobraon 10552:Battle of Shopian 10329: 10328: 10010:Bandi Chhor Divas 9994: 9993: 9928: 9927: 9900:Alexander Gardner 9819:Kahan Singh Nakai 9804:Akali Phula Singh 9684:Diwan Bhawani Das 9521: 9520: 9452:Battle of Sobraon 9404:Battle of Shopian 8889:Jammu and Kashmir 8789:Well of Dina Nath 8617:Guru Granth Sahib 8430:Guru Granth Sahib 8425:Guru Gobind Singh 8420:Guru Tegh Bahadur 8275:978-81-910526-1-9 8247:History of Panjab 8207:. (2000, 2nd ed. 8090:978-0-19-280601-7 8072:978-0-415-45666-1 8038:Guru Tegh Bahadur 8028:978-1-57607-355-1 8008:978-1-84331-152-2 7990:978-0-7910-8098-6 7723:978-1-59213-745-9 7612:978-1-315-46276-9 7512:978-81-7436-779-2 7288:978-1-78938-304-1 7249:978-0-674-24881-6 7203:The Tibet Journal 7129:Polk, William Roe 7089:"Kashmir as Mulk" 7047:978-0-549-52839-5 6946:978-81-7436-779-2 6753:978-81-7017-410-3 6699:Hastings Donnan, 6674:978-1-136-83957-3 6643:978-81-215-0515-4 4857:978-1-4456-2038-1 4607:History of Punjab 4568: 4567: 4559:Succeeded by 4513:Guru Granth Sahib 4475: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4449: 4363: 4349: 4335: 4321: 4222: 4193: 4072:Dhian Singh Dogra 4057: 4056: 3981:22 October 1893 ( 3928:4 December 1807 ( 3884:Fatehgarh Churian 3836:6 November 1840 ( 3790:5 November 1840 ( 3630:1846, during the 3615:Battle of Shopian 3553:Battle of Sobraon 3483:guerrilla warfare 3446: 3445: 3371:Tributary States 3314:partition of 1947 3255:. Hans Herrli in 3219: 3218: 2954: 2953: 2764:, India 1834–1846 2707:Cis-Sutlej states 2585:Cis-Sutlej States 2249:to the east, the 2239:Cis-Sutlej states 2233:Cis-Sutlej states 2227:Cis-Sutlej states 2050:Cis-Sutlej states 1911:Dal Khalsa period 1843:Zamindar families 1825:on 23 July 1707. 1815:Guru Gobind Singh 1811:Battle of Muktsar 1792:Guru Gobind Singh 1780:Guru Gobind Singh 1753:Guru Tegh Bahadur 1709:, declaring Sikh 1629:Guru Gobind Singh 1451: 1450: 1378:Education History 1296:Republic of India 1290:Dominion of India 1284:Independent India 1273:, 1858 – 1947 CE 1238:Kingdom of Mysore 1214:, 1556 – 1857 CE 1136:, 1206 – 1526 CE 1088:Pratihara dynasty 811:Madrasian culture 758: 757: 733: 732: 729: 728: 692: 691: 468:• 1799–1818 438:• 1843–1846 426:• 1840–1841 395:• 1843–1849 382:• 1801–1839 34:Kingdom of Sikkim 16:(Redirected from 13083: 13018: 13010: 12908:Giani Zail Singh 12727:United Akali Dal 12722:Akali Dal (1920) 12684: 12673: 12663: 12656: 12649: 12640: 12639: 12439: 12438: 12104:Austro-Hungarian 11804:Chagatai Khanate 11169: 11162: 11155: 11146: 11145: 10897:Balbhadra Kunwar 10857:Hari Singh Nalwa 10847:Misr Diwan Chand 10837:Diwan Buta Singh 10812: 10811: 10752:Barakzai dynasty 10727:Kingdom of Nepal 10681:Sikh Khalsa Army 10633:Battle of Gujrat 10595:Battle of Aliwal 10567:Battle of Jamrud 10547:Battle of Multan 10542:Battle of Attock 10534:Afghan–Sikh wars 10426:Mughal-Sikh Wars 10422: 10421: 10356: 10349: 10342: 10333: 10332: 10321: 10320: 10313: 10312: 10249:Punjabi language 10209:Women in Sikhism 9749:Balbhadra Kunwar 9709:Hari Singh Nalwa 9699:Misr Diwan Chand 9689:Diwan Buta Singh 9664: 9663: 9604:Barakzai dynasty 9579:Kingdom of Nepal 9533:Sikh Khalsa Army 9485:Battle of Gujrat 9447:Battle of Aliwal 9419:Battle of Jamrud 9399:Battle of Multan 9394:Battle of Attock 9386:Afghan–Sikh wars 9278:Mughal-Sikh Wars 9274: 9273: 9208: 9201: 9194: 9185: 9184: 9065:Sects of Sikhism 9031:Northern Ireland 8759:Moti Bagh Palace 8734:Bahadurgarh Fort 8432:(Sikh holy book) 8415:Guru Har Krishan 8344: 8337: 8330: 8321: 8320: 8315:Battle of Jamrud 8293:Sikh Confederacy 8159: 8157: 8155: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8093: 8075: 8051: 8031: 8011: 7993: 7982: 7971: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7904: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7816: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7798: 7791: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7693: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7583: 7581: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7530: 7517: 7516: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7440: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7398: 7387: 7386: 7364: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7300: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7084: 7078: 7071: 7065: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7007: 7001: 6982: 6976: 6969: 6963: 6960:Waheeduddin 1981 6957: 6951: 6950: 6928: 6922: 6919:Waheeduddin 1981 6916: 6907: 6904:Waheeduddin 1981 6901: 6888: 6885:Waheeduddin 1981 6882: 6867: 6864:Waheeduddin 1981 6861: 6855: 6852:Waheeduddin 1981 6849: 6843: 6840:Waheeduddin 1981 6837: 6831: 6828:Waheeduddin 1981 6825: 6819: 6816:Waheeduddin 1981 6813: 6807: 6804:Waheeduddin 1981 6801: 6795: 6792:Waheeduddin 1981 6789: 6783: 6780:Waheeduddin 1981 6777: 6768: 6765:Waheeduddin 1981 6762: 6756: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6719: 6713: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6646:. Archived from 6628: 6622: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6537: 6531: 6528: 6522: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6477: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6458: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6416: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6374: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6326:. Archived from 6315: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6276: 6270: 6267: 6258: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6155: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6098: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6017: 6011: 6010: 5988: 5979: 5978: 5960: 5951: 5950: 5928: 5919: 5918: 5908: 5906: 5871: 5862: 5861: 5827: 5818: 5805: 5804: 5796: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5726: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5577: 5571: 5548: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5475:, pp. 25–26 5470: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5398: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5278: 5177: 5176: 5158: 5149: 5148: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5115: 5109: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4900:. pp. 1–6. 4889: 4878: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4788: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4746: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4703: 4692: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4648: 4632:Sikh Khalsa Army 4622:Kapurthala State 4617:History of India 4601: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4547:Sukerchakia Misl 4544:Preceded by 4541: 4540: 4533: 4523:, Punjab, India. 4507: 4497: 4494: 4488: 4447: 4361: 4347: 4333: 4319: 4220: 4185: 4113: 4112: 4104: 4103: 4024: 4017: 3971: 3942:18 January 1841 3925: 3899:18 January 1841 3896:6 November 1840 3879: 3872: 3846:6 November 1840 3826: 3780: 3734: 3711:Birth and death 3699: 3698: 3646:Battle of Jamrud 3629: 3608:Afghan–Sikh wars 3604:Battle of Multan 3597:Battle of Attock 3573:Sikh Khalsa Army 3527:from the Mughals 3518:Singh Krora Misl 3512:1764–1783: Baba 3340: 3336: 3288:, targeting the 3150: 3149: 3127:William Roe Polk 3070:, among others. 3052:Sikh Khalsa Army 3036:Balbhadra Kunwar 3024:Misr Diwan Chand 3016:Hari Singh Nalwa 2957:Religious policy 2926:Dera Ismail Khan 2835: 2832: 2805:Hari Singh Nalwa 2801:Battle of Jamrud 2756:Gilgit–Baltistan 2712:Himachal Pradesh 2705:, excluding the 2698:Bahawalpur State 2694:Punjab, Pakistan 2419:and the British 2401:James Hope Grant 2311:Kapurthala State 2136:Sikh Khalsa Army 2128:Hari Singh Nalwa 1922:Sikh Confederacy 1891:in the names of 1765:Kashmiri Pandits 1666:. His grandson, 1565:Afghan-Sikh Wars 1502:deserts of Sindh 1443: 1436: 1429: 1403:Military History 1358:Literary History 1328:Economic History 1312:Related articles 1292:, 1947 – 1950 CE 1267:, 1857 – 1858 CE 1202:, 1526 – 1540 CE 1181:, 1342 – 1576 CE 1179:Bengal Sultanate 1175:, 1336 – 1646 CE 1169:, 1251 – 1618 CE 1070:Karakota Dynasty 1064:Harsha's Dynasty 1058:Chalukya Dynasty 950:Haryanka Dynasty 927:Rise of Buddhism 818:, c. 500,000 BCE 778: 760: 759: 725: 724: 717: 716:(princely state) 708: 707: 696: 695: 683: 682: 669: 668: 655: 654: 645:Sikh Confederacy 641: 640: 627: 626: 613: 612: 606: 605: 590: 589: 361:Federal monarchy 191:Common languages 183: 175: 144: 141: 136: 87: 73: 41: 40: 21: 13091: 13090: 13086: 13085: 13084: 13082: 13081: 13080: 13026: 13025: 13024: 13019: 13000: 12927: 12828:Amarinder Singh 12781: 12685: 12667: 12637: 12632: 12621:American Empire 12606: 12602:African empires 12554: 12437: 12129:Central African 12075: 11893:Romano-Germanic 11479: 11213:Middle Assyrian 11186: 11178: 11173: 11143: 11138: 11102: 11093:Majithia family 11072: 11053:Paolo Avitabile 11016: 10997:Fakir Azizuddin 10907:Mehta Basti Ram 10827:Diwan Dina Nath 10803: 10767: 10747:Namgyal dynasty 10695: 10674:Military forces 10665: 10637: 10628:Siege of Multan 10604: 10585:Battle of Mudki 10571: 10528: 10417: 10411: 10387:Nau Nihal Singh 10365: 10360: 10330: 10325: 10303: 10265: 10036: 9996: 9995: 9990: 9954: 9945:Majithia family 9924: 9905:Paolo Avitabile 9868: 9849:Fakir Azizuddin 9759:Mehta Basti Ram 9679:Diwan Dina Nath 9655: 9619: 9599:Namgyal dynasty 9547: 9526:Military forces 9517: 9489: 9480:Siege of Multan 9456: 9437:Battle of Mudki 9423: 9380: 9269: 9263: 9239:Nau Nihal Singh 9217: 9212: 9172: 9057:and communities 9056: 9049: 8793: 8779:Ramgarhia Bunga 8690:Harmandir Sahib 8671: 8603: 8485: 8481:Diet in Sikhism 8435: 8366: 8353: 8348: 8300:Wayback Machine 8284: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8128: 8126:Further reading 8115: 8113: 8111: 8091: 8073: 8049: 8029: 8009: 7991: 7969: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7925: 7920: 7912: 7908: 7869: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7846: 7830: 7826: 7810: 7809: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7789: 7787:"Archived copy" 7785: 7784: 7780: 7770: 7768: 7755: 7751: 7741: 7739: 7724: 7708: 7704: 7691: 7689: 7676: 7675: 7671: 7661: 7659: 7644: 7640: 7630: 7628: 7613: 7597: 7593: 7579: 7577: 7562: 7558: 7548: 7546: 7531: 7520: 7513: 7495: 7491: 7480: 7476: 7466: 7464: 7457: 7441: 7434: 7424: 7422: 7415: 7399: 7390: 7365: 7358: 7348: 7346: 7331: 7315: 7311: 7298: 7296: 7289: 7273: 7269: 7259: 7257: 7250: 7234: 7230: 7195: 7191: 7181: 7179: 7172: 7156: 7152: 7145: 7126: 7122: 7112: 7110: 7103: 7085: 7081: 7072: 7068: 7059: 7055: 7048: 7032: 7028: 7008: 7004: 7000:, 2001, 2nd ed. 6983: 6979: 6970: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6929: 6925: 6917: 6910: 6902: 6891: 6883: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6778: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6711:Wayback Machine 6698: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6675: 6659: 6655: 6644: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6616: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6590: 6588: 6577: 6573: 6563: 6561: 6554: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6525: 6520: 6516: 6506: 6504: 6493: 6489: 6478: 6469: 6456: 6454: 6447: 6431: 6427: 6414: 6412: 6405: 6389: 6385: 6372: 6370: 6363: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6331: 6316: 6307: 6297: 6295: 6277: 6273: 6268: 6261: 6256: 6252: 6242: 6240: 6233: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6194: 6192: 6185: 6169: 6165: 6149: 6148: 6141: 6139: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6099: 6092: 6082: 6080: 6073: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6034: 6018: 6014: 6003: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5961: 5954: 5943: 5929: 5922: 5904: 5902: 5872: 5865: 5842:10.2307/2049956 5825: 5819: 5808: 5797: 5790: 5780: 5778: 5771: 5755: 5751: 5741: 5727: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5701: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5663: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5631: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5598: 5590:. p. 270. 5578: 5574: 5561:Wayback Machine 5549: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5495: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5471: 5464: 5454: 5452: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5399: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5363: 5353: 5351: 5344: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5279: 5180: 5173: 5159: 5152: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5116: 5112: 5102:Wayback Machine 5093: 5089: 5083:Amarinder Singh 5081: 5077: 5070: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5033: 5017: 5013: 5003: 5001: 4994: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4955: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4916: 4890: 4881: 4867: 4865: 4858: 4842: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4819: 4803: 4799: 4786: 4784: 4777: 4761: 4757: 4744: 4742: 4735: 4719: 4715: 4693: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4564: 4555: 4549: 4537: 4534: 4525: 4524: 4508: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4480: 4446: 4445: 4442:Nau Nihal Singh 4360: 4359: 4346: 4345: 4332: 4331: 4318: 4317: 4219: 4218: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4102: 4062: 4034:1 August 1863 ( 4011: 4010: 3866: 3865: 3843:8 October 1839 3800:8 October 1839 3697: 3644:30 April 1837: 3638:14 March 1823: 3627: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3335: 3322: 3249:Amarinder Singh 3231:, 2.88 million 3221: 3220: 3212: 3199: 3186: 3173: 3146: 3103: 3048:Paolo Avitabile 2974:Fakir Azizuddin 2959: 2922:Dera Ghazi Khan 2814: 2665: 2621: 2549: 2547:Foreign affairs 2493:bestowed titles 2438: 2433: 2417:princely states 2375:Badshahi Mosque 2351: 2235: 2229: 2217:Tibetan Plateau 2042: 1975: 1973:Intra-Misl Wars 1930: 1924: 1919: 1913: 1831: 1777: 1739:The next guru, 1649: 1613: 1608: 1599:Sarkar Khalsaji 1581: 1447: 1418: 1417: 1383:Coinage History 1373:Musical History 1313: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1259: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1194: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1134:Delhi Sultanate 1128: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1052: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1000:, 322 – 185 BCE 987: 977: 976: 975: 964:, 345 – 322 BCE 881: 869: 861: 860: 859: 854:3000 – 1000 BCE 848:7000 – 2600 BCE 830:7570 – 6200 BCE 805: 776: 769: 754: 722: 715: 705: 687:Namgyal dynasty 680: 666: 652: 638: 624: 610: 566: 533: 529: 516: 482: 469: 439: 427: 396: 383: 352: 303: 186: 181: 173: 149: 142: 126: 120: 110: 104: 95: 94: 93: 88: 80: 79: 74: 61: 55: 51: 49:Sarkār-i-Khālsa 46: 37: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13089: 13079: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13021: 13020: 13012:Portal:Sikhism 13005: 13002: 13001: 12999: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12977: 12976: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12944:Akali movement 12941: 12935: 12933: 12929: 12928: 12926: 12925: 12923:Amritpal Singh 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12858:Manmohan Singh 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12789: 12787: 12783: 12782: 12780: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12693: 12691: 12687: 12686: 12666: 12665: 12658: 12651: 12643: 12634: 12633: 12631: 12630: 12629: 12628: 12623: 12614: 12612: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12578: 12577: 12566: 12564: 12560: 12559: 12556: 12555: 12553: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12531: 12530: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12474: 12473: 12468: 12458: 12453: 12447: 12445: 12436: 12435: 12434: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12403: 12398: 12397: 12396: 12386: 12381: 12380: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12359: 12354: 12353: 12352: 12347: 12337: 12336: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12305: 12304: 12303: 12298: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12272: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12241: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12224: 12219: 12218: 12217: 12212: 12202: 12201: 12200: 12195: 12185: 12184: 12183: 12178: 12168: 12163: 12162: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12131: 12126: 12125: 12124: 12119: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12085: 12083: 12077: 12076: 12074: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12057: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12016: 12011: 12010: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11974: 11973: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11906: 11905: 11900: 11890: 11889: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11834: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11813: 11812: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11760: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11734: 11733: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11707: 11706: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11664: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11643: 11638: 11637: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11601: 11600: 11599: 11594: 11584: 11583: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11557: 11552: 11551: 11550: 11540: 11539: 11538: 11533: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11489: 11487: 11485:Post-classical 11481: 11480: 11478: 11477: 11476: 11475: 11465: 11460: 11459: 11458: 11453: 11443: 11442: 11441: 11431: 11430: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11357: 11356: 11355: 11350: 11340: 11335: 11334: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11292: 11291: 11286: 11284:Middle Kingdom 11281: 11271: 11266: 11265: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11244: 11243: 11242: 11240:Neo-Babylonian 11237: 11232: 11230:Old Babylonian 11222: 11221: 11220: 11215: 11205: 11200: 11194: 11192: 11180: 11179: 11172: 11171: 11164: 11157: 11149: 11140: 11139: 11137: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11110: 11108: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11084: 11082: 11078: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11070: 11068:Henry Lawrence 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11024: 11022: 11018: 11017: 11015: 11014: 11012:Sohan Lal Suri 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10818: 10816: 10809: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10775: 10773: 10769: 10768: 10766: 10765: 10763:Maqpon Dynasty 10760: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10712:Durrani Empire 10709: 10703: 10701: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10677: 10675: 10671: 10670: 10667: 10666: 10647:Nepal–Sikh War 10645: 10643: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10614: 10612: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10581: 10579: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10538: 10536: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10430: 10428: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10373: 10371: 10367: 10366: 10359: 10358: 10351: 10344: 10336: 10327: 10326: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10275: 10273: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10263: 10258: 10257: 10256: 10246: 10241: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10195: 10194: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10128: 10127: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10046: 10044: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10034: 10029: 10028: 10027: 10017: 10012: 10006: 10004: 9998: 9997: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9962: 9960: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9936: 9934: 9930: 9929: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9922: 9920:Henry Lawrence 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9876: 9874: 9870: 9869: 9867: 9866: 9864:Sohan Lal Suri 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9670: 9668: 9661: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9627: 9625: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9617: 9615:Maqpon Dynasty 9612: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9564:Durrani Empire 9561: 9555: 9553: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9499:Nepal–Sikh War 9497: 9495: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9466: 9464: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9433: 9431: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9390: 9388: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9282: 9280: 9271: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9225: 9223: 9219: 9218: 9211: 9210: 9203: 9196: 9188: 9182: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9168: 9158: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9144:Damdami Taksal 9136: 9131: 9130: 9129: 9119: 9118: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9061: 9059: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9047: 9046: 9045: 9035: 9034: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9011:United Kingdom 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8803: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8681: 8679: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8664: 8662:Sukhmani Sahib 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8627:Sarbloh Granth 8624: 8619: 8613: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8504:Sikh practices 8501: 8495: 8493: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8483: 8478: 8477: 8476: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8445: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8405:Guru Hargobind 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8376: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8347: 8346: 8339: 8332: 8324: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8290: 8283: 8282:External links 8280: 8279: 8278: 8264: 8250: 8244: 8230: 8216: 8202: 8188: 8174: 8160: 8148:978-1316025338 8147: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8110:978-8173807787 8109: 8094: 8089: 8076: 8071: 8052: 8047: 8032: 8027: 8012: 8007: 7994: 7989: 7972: 7967: 7954: 7942:978-8126903948 7941: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7906: 7863: 7844: 7824: 7778: 7749: 7722: 7702: 7669: 7638: 7611: 7591: 7556: 7518: 7511: 7505:. p. 23. 7489: 7474: 7456:978-0521637640 7455: 7432: 7414:978-8170174103 7413: 7388: 7356: 7329: 7309: 7287: 7267: 7248: 7228: 7189: 7171:978-9047443346 7170: 7150: 7144:978-0300222906 7143: 7120: 7102:978-0190990466 7101: 7079: 7066: 7053: 7046: 7026: 7002: 6977: 6964: 6952: 6945: 6939:. p. 40. 6923: 6908: 6889: 6868: 6856: 6844: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6796: 6784: 6769: 6757: 6740: 6714: 6692: 6673: 6653: 6642: 6623: 6614: 6598: 6571: 6553:978-9386369390 6552: 6532: 6523: 6514: 6487: 6467: 6446:978-0210271872 6445: 6425: 6404:978-0300186819 6403: 6383: 6362:978-1526777249 6361: 6341: 6305: 6271: 6259: 6250: 6231: 6211: 6202: 6183: 6163: 6118: 6111: 6090: 6071: 6051: 6032: 6012: 6002:978-9812879585 6001: 5980: 5974:978-9693516142 5973: 5952: 5942:978-1740590860 5941: 5920: 5863: 5836:(4): 477–488. 5806: 5788: 5770:978-1136790874 5769: 5749: 5740:978-9351505044 5739: 5718: 5700:978-0761475712 5699: 5680: 5662:978-8121505154 5661: 5641: 5615: 5597:978-0307429339 5596: 5572: 5540: 5514: 5508:978-8185815282 5507: 5489: 5477: 5462: 5436: 5424: 5388: 5376: 5361: 5342: 5322: 5318:Markovits 2004 5310: 5298: 5292:978-8173802041 5291: 5178: 5171: 5150: 5135: 5128: 5110: 5087: 5075: 5069:978-0195673081 5068: 5050: 5032:978-8121505154 5031: 5011: 4992: 4972: 4954:978-8170172444 4953: 4933: 4915:978-1118455074 4914: 4879: 4856: 4836: 4818:978-8170172444 4817: 4797: 4776:978-0199931453 4775: 4755: 4733: 4713: 4698:, ed. (1911). 4696:Chisholm, Hugh 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4658: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4599:History portal 4588: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4557: 4550: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4528: 4526: 4510: 4509: 4502: 4500: 4491:Ranjit Singh, 4490: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4352: 4350: 4338: 4336: 4324: 4322: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4109: 4108: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4069: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4044:29 March 1849 4042: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3991:29 March 1849 3989: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3933: 3926: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3889:11 June 1842 ( 3887: 3880: 3873: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3803:103 days 3801: 3798: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3751:12 April 1801 3749: 3744:27 June 1839 ( 3742: 3735: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3696: 3695:List of rulers 3693: 3692: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3611: 3600: 3595:13 July 1813: 3593: 3590: 3584: 3582:Nepal–Sikh War 3578: 3575: 3569: 3558: 3535: 3528: 3521: 3510: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3479: 3468: 3459: 3456: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3334: 3331: 3321: 3318: 3302:Persian Jewish 3217: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3084:Raja Dina Nath 2958: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2897: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2813: 2810: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2780: 2769:Lower part of 2767: 2766: 2765: 2759: 2749: 2743: 2740:Kashmir Valley 2731: 2730: 2729: 2718:Jammu Division 2715: 2709: 2700: 2664: 2661: 2620: 2617: 2605:consuming beef 2557:Louis-Philippe 2548: 2545: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2384:to launch the 2369:is located in 2350: 2347: 2323:Faridkot State 2267:Maratha Empire 2259:Sirsa District 2231:Main article: 2228: 2225: 2206:Maqpon kingdom 2041: 2038: 2034:Rani Sada Kaur 1974: 1971: 1951:administrators 1947:Durrani Empire 1926:Main article: 1923: 1920: 1915:Main article: 1912: 1909: 1830: 1827: 1819:Bahadur Shah I 1776: 1773: 1707:Guru Hargobind 1685:His successor 1648: 1645: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1591:refers to the 1580: 1577: 1542:British Empire 1449: 1448: 1446: 1445: 1438: 1431: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1293: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1268: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1241: 1235: 1229: 1226:Maratha Empire 1223: 1222: 1221: 1212:Mughal Dynasty 1209: 1203: 1200:Mughal Dynasty 1196: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1176: 1170: 1167:Pandyan Empire 1164: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1155:Sayyid Dynasty 1152: 1150:Tugluq Dynasty 1147: 1145:Khalji Dynasty 1142: 1140:Mamluk Dynasty 1130: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1060:, 543 – 753 CE 1054: 1053: 1050:Early medieval 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1026: 1023:Kushan Dynasty 1020: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1006:, 185 – 73 BCE 1004:Shunga Dynasty 1001: 998:Maurya Dynasty 989: 988: 983: 982: 979: 978: 974: 973: 967: 966: 965: 959: 953: 947: 935: 934: 933: 932: 931: 930: 929: 924: 919: 909: 908: 907: 897: 885: 877: 870: 867: 866: 863: 862: 858: 857: 856: 855: 849: 843: 837: 831: 819: 813: 807: 806: 803: 802: 799: 798: 792: 791: 781: 780: 771: 770: 763: 756: 755: 753: 752: 747: 741: 739: 735: 734: 731: 730: 727: 726: 719: 710: 709: 702: 693: 690: 689: 684: 676: 675: 673:Maqpon dynasty 670: 662: 661: 656: 648: 647: 642: 634: 633: 631:Durrani Empire 628: 620: 619: 614: 602: 601: 596: 586: 585: 579: 575: 574: 571: 570: 567: 564: 561: 560: 557: 556: 552: 551: 548: 544: 543: 539: 538: 535: 534: 532:29 March 1849 530: 525:• End of 524: 521: 520: 517: 511: 508: 507: 504: 503: 498: 497:Historical era 494: 493: 490: 489: 483: 480: 477: 476: 470: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 456: 450: 449: 446: 445: 440: 437: 434: 433: 428: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 414: 408: 407: 404: 403: 397: 394: 391: 390: 384: 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 370: 364: 363: 358: 354: 353: 351: 350: 335: 329: 323: 311: 309: 305: 304: 302: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 200: 194: 192: 188: 187: 185: 184: 176: 167: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 137: 129: 128: 113: 112: 97: 96: 89: 82: 81: 75: 68: 67: 66: 63: 62: 57: 56: 47: 44: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13088: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13061:Sikh politics 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13033: 13031: 13017: 13013: 13009: 13003: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12975: 12974:Wall of Truth 12972: 12971: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12936: 12934: 12930: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12790: 12788: 12784: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12690:Organisations 12688: 12683: 12679: 12676: 12672: 12664: 12659: 12657: 12652: 12650: 12645: 12644: 12641: 12627: 12626:Soviet empire 12624: 12622: 12619: 12618: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12611:Miscellaneous 12609: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12576: 12573: 12572: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12561: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12529: 12526: 12525: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12463: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12444: 12440: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12408: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12395: 12392: 12391: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12364: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12342: 12341: 12338: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12310: 12309: 12306: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12293: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12246: 12245: 12242: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12229: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12210:German Empire 12208: 12207: 12206: 12203: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12190: 12189: 12186: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12173: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12136: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12114: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12086: 12084: 12082: 12078: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12021: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11979: 11978: 11975: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11952: 11951: 11950:Turco-Persian 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11895: 11894: 11891: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11858: 11857: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11818: 11817: 11814: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11738: 11735: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11712: 11711: 11708: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11690: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11648: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11602: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11585: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11562: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11545: 11544: 11541: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11482: 11474: 11471: 11470: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11448: 11447: 11444: 11440: 11437: 11436: 11435: 11432: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11399: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11362: 11361: 11358: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11345: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11276: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11245: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11227: 11226: 11223: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11170: 11165: 11163: 11158: 11156: 11151: 11150: 11147: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11105: 11099: 11098:Tiwana family 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11085: 11083: 11079: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11058:Josiah Harlan 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11019: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10902:Jawahar Singh 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10877:Zorawar Singh 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10813: 10810: 10806: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10789:Harkishangarh 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10770: 10764: 10761: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10707:Mughal Empire 10705: 10704: 10702: 10698: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10678: 10676: 10672: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10651:Sino-Sikh war 10648: 10644: 10640: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10607: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10578: 10574: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10519:Gurdas Nangal 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10494:Chappar Chiri 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10423: 10420: 10414: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10357: 10352: 10350: 10345: 10343: 10338: 10337: 10334: 10324: 10316: 10306: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10289:Kesgarh Sahib 10287: 10285: 10284:Damdama Sahib 10282: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10268: 10262: 10259: 10254: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10132:Sikh Regiment 10130: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10039: 10033: 10030: 10026: 10023: 10022: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10003: 9999: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9957: 9951: 9950:Tiwana family 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9931: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9910:Josiah Harlan 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9871: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9754:Jawahar Singh 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9729:Zorawar Singh 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9665: 9662: 9658: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9641:Harkishangarh 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9616: 9613: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9559:Mughal Empire 9557: 9556: 9554: 9550: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9503:Sino-Sikh war 9500: 9496: 9492: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9459: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9371:Gurdas Nangal 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9346:Chappar Chiri 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9275: 9272: 9266: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9209: 9204: 9202: 9197: 9195: 9190: 9189: 9186: 9181: 9179: 9175: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9134:Agrahari Sikh 9132: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9123: 9120: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9055:Groups, sects 9052: 9044: 9043:U.S. Military 9041: 9040: 9039: 9038:United States 9036: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8796: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8754:Khanda museum 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8726: 8725:North America 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8674: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8606: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8554:Three Pillars 8552: 8550: 8549:Antam Sanskar 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8539:Amrit Sanchar 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8488: 8482: 8479: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8464:The 52 Hukams 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8390:Guru Amar Das 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8356: 8352: 8345: 8340: 8338: 8333: 8331: 8326: 8325: 8322: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8261:81-85477-01-9 8258: 8254: 8251: 8248: 8245: 8242: 8241:0-19-566111-7 8238: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8227:81-215-0165-2 8224: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8213:81-215-0213-6 8210: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8199:81-7304-064-8 8196: 8192: 8189: 8186: 8185:1-84176-777-8 8182: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8171:81-215-0540-2 8168: 8164: 8161: 8150: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8134: 8133:Grewal, J. S. 8130: 8129: 8112: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8095: 8092: 8086: 8082: 8077: 8074: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8053: 8050: 8048:81-7017-030-3 8044: 8040: 8039: 8033: 8030: 8024: 8020: 8019: 8013: 8010: 8004: 8000: 7995: 7992: 7986: 7981: 7980: 7973: 7970: 7968:1-84176-777-8 7964: 7960: 7955: 7944: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7916: 7910: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7867: 7851: 7847: 7845:0-521-63764-3 7841: 7837: 7836: 7828: 7820: 7814: 7795: 7788: 7782: 7766: 7762: 7761: 7753: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7719: 7715: 7714: 7706: 7699: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7673: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7642: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7608: 7604: 7603: 7595: 7588: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7560: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7514: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7493: 7485: 7478: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7448: 7447: 7439: 7437: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7406: 7405: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7363: 7361: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7330:81-7001-083-7 7326: 7322: 7321: 7313: 7306: 7294: 7290: 7284: 7280: 7279: 7271: 7255: 7251: 7245: 7241: 7240: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7177: 7173: 7167: 7163: 7162: 7154: 7146: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7124: 7108: 7104: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7070: 7063: 7057: 7049: 7043: 7039: 7038: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7006: 6999: 6998:81-7380-778-7 6995: 6991: 6987: 6981: 6974: 6968: 6962:, p. 24. 6961: 6956: 6948: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6927: 6921:, p. 22. 6920: 6915: 6913: 6906:, p. 23. 6905: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6887:, p. 20. 6886: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6866:, p. 18. 6865: 6860: 6854:, p. 17. 6853: 6848: 6842:, p. 19. 6841: 6836: 6829: 6824: 6818:, p. iv. 6817: 6812: 6806:, p. 25. 6805: 6800: 6794:, p. 28. 6793: 6788: 6782:, p. 27. 6781: 6776: 6774: 6767:, p. ix. 6766: 6761: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6696: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6667:. Routledge. 6666: 6665: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6635: 6634: 6627: 6618: 6610: 6609: 6602: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6545: 6544: 6536: 6527: 6518: 6502: 6498: 6495:Meena, R. P. 6491: 6484:. p. 10. 6483: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6464: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6438: 6437: 6429: 6422: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6387: 6380: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6354: 6353: 6345: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6294: 6293:10.58079/qqvc 6290: 6286: 6282: 6275: 6266: 6264: 6254: 6238: 6234: 6232:9788131708347 6228: 6224: 6223: 6215: 6206: 6190: 6186: 6184:9788131708347 6180: 6176: 6175: 6167: 6159: 6153: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6114: 6112:9788122002447 6108: 6104: 6097: 6095: 6078: 6074: 6072:9788131708347 6068: 6064: 6063: 6055: 6039: 6035: 6033:9788131708347 6029: 6025: 6024: 6016: 6009: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5987: 5985: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5957: 5949: 5944: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5925: 5917: 5914: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5868: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5802: 5795: 5793: 5776: 5772: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5753: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5723: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5684: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5645: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5576: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5547: 5545: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5510: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5467: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5413:on 8 May 2014 5412: 5408: 5404: 5401:Ganda Singh. 5397: 5395: 5393: 5385: 5380: 5373: 5368: 5366: 5349: 5345: 5343:9781610690263 5339: 5335: 5334: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5307: 5302: 5294: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5174: 5172:9780429622069 5168: 5164: 5157: 5155: 5146: 5139: 5131: 5129:9780226615929 5125: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5079: 5071: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5015: 4999: 4995: 4993:0-521-63764-3 4989: 4985: 4984: 4976: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4937: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4894:"Sikh Empire" 4888: 4886: 4884: 4876: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4840: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4801: 4794: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4759: 4752: 4740: 4736: 4734:0-521-63764-3 4730: 4726: 4725: 4717: 4709: 4708: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4682: 4662: 4655: 4654: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4627:Mughal Empire 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4589: 4586: 4585:Punjab portal 4575: 4563: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4501: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4468: 4444: 4443: 4422: 4420: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4358: 4357: 4344: 4343: 4330: 4329: 4316: 4315: 4306: 4304: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4217: 4216: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3954:Assassinated 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3902:73 days 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3855:Assassinated 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3797:27 June 1839 3796: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3754:27 June 1839 3753: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3690: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3672: 3671:Sino-Sikh war 3668: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3613:3 July 1819: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3516:, Misldar of 3515: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3474:and declares 3473: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3397:Eleemosynary 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3357:Land Revenue 3356: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3326: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3209: 3205: 3196: 3192: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3121:According to 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3010: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2818: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2797:Khyber Agency 2794: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2703:Punjab, India 2701: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2690:in the south 2689: 2685: 2684:Punjab region 2682: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2669: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2625: 2616: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2558: 2553: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2489:golden throne 2485: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2474:Punjab Darbar 2471: 2467: 2466:Khalsa Darbar 2463: 2462:Lahore Darbar 2455: 2451: 2447: 2444:Detail from ‘ 2442: 2428: 2426: 2425:British Crown 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2408:best policy. 2405: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287:Patiala State 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213:Sino-Sikh War 2209: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2079:in the east. 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2065:Punjab region 2061: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2030:Phulkian Misl 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2007:Karor Singhia 2004: 2000: 1997:Misls verses 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:Sivalik Hills 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1897:Gurdas Nangal 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1734:Sivalik Hills 1731: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695:Khusrau Mirza 1692: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1676:Guru Amar Das 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664:Mughal Empire 1661: 1657: 1653: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621:Mughal Empire 1618: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1594: 1590: 1589:Lahore Darbar 1586: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1459:Punjab region 1456: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1408:Naval History 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1255: 1254: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1190: 1189: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160:Lodhi Dynasty 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1126:Late medieval 1122: 1121: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1105:Chola Dynasty 1103: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1076:Arab Invasion 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1036: 1035:Gupta Dynasty 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1018:Sangam period 1016: 1012:, 73 – 28 BCE 1011: 1010:Kanva Dynasty 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 995: 994: 991: 990: 986: 981: 980: 971: 970:Mahajanapadas 968: 963: 962:Nanda Dynasty 960: 958:413 – 345 BCE 957: 954: 952:544 – 413 BCE 951: 948: 945: 942: 941: 940: 937: 936: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 914: 913: 910: 906: 903: 902: 901: 898: 895: 892: 891: 889: 886: 883: 878: 875: 872: 871: 865: 864: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 825: 823: 820: 817: 814: 812: 809: 808: 801: 800: 797: 794: 793: 787: 783: 782: 779: 773: 772: 767: 762: 761: 751: 748: 746: 743: 742: 740: 738:Today part of 736: 720: 718: 712: 711: 703: 701: 698: 697: 694: 688: 685: 678: 677: 674: 671: 664: 663: 660: 657: 650: 649: 646: 643: 636: 635: 632: 629: 622: 621: 618: 615: 608: 607: 604: 603: 600: 597: 595: 592: 591: 587: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 565:• 1800s 562: 558: 553: 549: 545: 540: 536: 531: 528: 522: 518: 515: 509: 505: 502: 499: 495: 491: 487: 484: 478: 474: 471: 465: 461: 457: 455: 451: 447: 444: 441: 435: 432: 429: 423: 419: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 398: 392: 388: 385: 379: 375: 371: 369: 365: 362: 359: 355: 348: 344: 340: 336: 334: 330: 328: 324: 321: 317: 313: 312: 310: 306: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 204: 201: 199: 196: 195: 193: 189: 180: 177: 172: 169: 168: 166: 162: 159: 156: 152: 148: 135: 130: 125: 124: 123:Dēg Tēg Fateh 118: 114: 109: 108: 102: 98: 92: 86: 78: 72: 64: 58: 54: 50: 42: 39: 35: 27: 19: 13011: 12903:Gurnam Singh 12848:Gurnam Singh 12808:Swaran Singh 12803:Baldev Singh 12697:Ghadar Party 12377:Contemporary 12236: 12227:Indo-Persian 12215:Nazi Germany 12159:Contemporary 12061:Vijayanagara 11960:Great Seljuk 11871:Thessalonica 11799:Golden Horde 11439:Carthaginian 11218:Neo-Assyrian 11203:Neo-Sumerian 10992:Ilahi Bakhsh 10852:Diwan Mulraj 10842:Pratap Singh 10799:Zorawar Fort 10454:2nd Anandpur 10449:1st Anandpur 10407:Duleep Singh 10382:Kharak Singh 10377:Ranjit Singh 10362: 10261:Sacred trees 10042:Other topics 10015:Hola Mohalla 9844:Ilahi Bakhsh 9704:Diwan Mulraj 9694:Pratap Singh 9651:Zorawar Fort 9306:2nd Anandpur 9301:1st Anandpur 9259:Duleep Singh 9234:Kharak Singh 9229:Ranjit Singh 9214: 9177: 9122:Mazhabi Sikh 8981:South Africa 8749:Kesgarh Qila 8695:Janam Asthan 8677:Architecture 8622:Dasam Granth 8589:Charhdi Kala 8469:Prohibitions 8410:Guru Har Rai 8395:Guru Ram Das 8266: 8252: 8246: 8232: 8218: 8204: 8190: 8176: 8162: 8152:. Retrieved 8137: 8114:. Retrieved 8099: 8080: 8057: 8037: 8021:, ABC-CLIO, 8017: 7998: 7978: 7958: 7946:. Retrieved 7931: 7909: 7879:(1): 46–50. 7876: 7872: 7866: 7854:. Retrieved 7834: 7827: 7801:. Retrieved 7781: 7769:. Retrieved 7759: 7752: 7740:. Retrieved 7712: 7705: 7697: 7690:. Retrieved 7681: 7672: 7660:. Retrieved 7651: 7641: 7629:. Retrieved 7601: 7594: 7585: 7578:. Retrieved 7569: 7559: 7547:. Retrieved 7538: 7498: 7492: 7483: 7477: 7465:. Retrieved 7445: 7423:. Retrieved 7403: 7374: 7368: 7347:. Retrieved 7319: 7312: 7304: 7297:. Retrieved 7277: 7270: 7258:. Retrieved 7238: 7231: 7206: 7202: 7192: 7180:. Retrieved 7160: 7153: 7133: 7123: 7111:. Retrieved 7092: 7082: 7074: 7069: 7061: 7056: 7036: 7029: 7015: 7005: 6989: 6985: 6980: 6972: 6967: 6955: 6932: 6926: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6830:, p. 3. 6823: 6811: 6799: 6787: 6760: 6743: 6731:. Retrieved 6717: 6700: 6695: 6683:. Retrieved 6663: 6656: 6648:the original 6632: 6626: 6617: 6607: 6601: 6589:. Retrieved 6574: 6562:. Retrieved 6542: 6535: 6526: 6517: 6505:. Retrieved 6490: 6481: 6462: 6455:. Retrieved 6435: 6428: 6420: 6413:. Retrieved 6393: 6386: 6378: 6371:. Retrieved 6351: 6344: 6332:. Retrieved 6328:the original 6323: 6296:. Retrieved 6284: 6274: 6253: 6241:. Retrieved 6221: 6214: 6205: 6193:. Retrieved 6173: 6166: 6140:. Retrieved 6131: 6121: 6102: 6081:. Retrieved 6061: 6054: 6042:. Retrieved 6022: 6015: 6006: 5995:. Springer. 5992: 5964: 5946: 5932: 5912: 5910: 5903:. Retrieved 5883: 5879: 5833: 5829: 5800: 5779:. Retrieved 5759: 5752: 5744: 5730: 5709:. Retrieved 5689: 5683: 5671:. Retrieved 5651: 5644: 5632:. Retrieved 5627: 5618: 5606:. Retrieved 5582: 5575: 5552: 5531:. Retrieved 5527:the original 5517: 5498: 5492: 5487:, p. 61 5485:Nesbitt 2005 5480: 5453:. Retrieved 5439: 5432:Jestice 2004 5427: 5415:. Retrieved 5411:the original 5406: 5379: 5372:Jestice 2004 5352:. Retrieved 5332: 5325: 5320:, p. 98 5313: 5301: 5282: 5162: 5144: 5138: 5119: 5113: 5105: 5090: 5078: 5059: 5053: 5041:. Retrieved 5021: 5014: 5002:. Retrieved 4982: 4975: 4963:. Retrieved 4943: 4936: 4924:. Retrieved 4897: 4873: 4866:. Retrieved 4846: 4839: 4827:. Retrieved 4807: 4800: 4792: 4785:. Retrieved 4765: 4758: 4750: 4743:. Retrieved 4723: 4716: 4705: 4661: 4651: 4646: 4553:Sikh Empire 4552: 4448:r. 1839–1840 4440: 4362:r. 1841–1843 4354: 4348:r. 1840–1841 4340: 4328:Kharak Singh 4326: 4320:r. 1843–1849 4314:Duleep Singh 4312: 4221:r. 1801–1839 4215:Ranjit Singh 4213: 4188: 4178: 3677:Duleep Singh 3652:Kharak Singh 3562:Ranjit Singh 3514:Baghel Singh 3453: 3450: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3387:1,79,85,000 3346:Particulars 3298:Qajar Persia 3283: 3281: 3274: 3270:, and upper 3261: 3256: 3252: 3241: 3235:and 722,000 3225:Ranjit Singh 3222: 3139: 3120: 3115: 3105: 3102: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3072: 3032:Ilahi Bakhsh 3013: 3005: 3000: 2989: 2986: 2971: 2968: 2825: 2823: 2791: 2773:, Pakistan. 2696:, excluding 2678: 2674: 2656: 2634: 2628: 2613: 2601: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2540: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2496: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2459: 2450:Ranjit Singh 2410: 2406: 2390: 2379: 2343: 2331: 2327:Ranjit Singh 2251:Yamuna River 2243:Sutlej River 2236: 2221:Qing dynasty 2210: 2203: 2192: 2126: 2121:Ranjit Singh 2100: 2096:Charat Singh 2084:Ranjit Singh 2081: 2062: 2058: 2054:Sutlej River 2027: 1976: 1966: 1962: 1931: 1877:Yamuna river 1873:Sutlej river 1870: 1851: 1832: 1804: 1778: 1741:Guru Har Rai 1738: 1726:Gwalior Fort 1723: 1684: 1650: 1640: 1636: 1614: 1598: 1597: 1588: 1585:Lahore State 1584: 1582: 1568: 1546: 1470:Ranjit Singh 1454: 1452: 1353:LGBT history 1243: 1218:Bengal Subah 1206:Suri Dynasty 1193:Early modern 1173:Vijayanagara 1098:Pala Dynasty 894:Kuru kingdom 659:Sial dynasty 617:Kangra State 599:Succeeded by 598: 593: 581:Nanak Shahi 514:Ranjit Singh 481:• 1846 400:Duleep Singh 387:Ranjit Singh 343:Christianity 234:Kundal Shahi 147:Ranjit Singh 121: 116: 105: 101:Motto: 100: 52: 48: 38: 26: 13036:Sikh Empire 12913:Beant Singh 11965:Khwarezmian 11898:Carolingian 11703:Rashtrakuta 11407:Shaishunaga 11306:Hellenistic 11289:New Kingdom 11279:Old Kingdom 10977:Hukma Singh 10892:Gulab Singh 10822:Dhian Singh 10794:Lahore Fort 10784:Multan Fort 10779:Jamrud Fort 10732:Qing Empire 10700:Adversaries 10686:Fauj-i-Khas 10363:Sikh Empire 10299:Patna Sahib 10294:Hazur Sahib 9829:Hukma Singh 9744:Gulab Singh 9674:Dhian Singh 9646:Lahore Fort 9636:Multan Fort 9631:Jamrud Fort 9584:Qing Empire 9552:Adversaries 9538:Fauj-i-Khas 9215:Sikh Empire 9178:Sikh Empire 9156:Singh Sabha 9085:Nanakpanthi 8996:Switzerland 8986:South Korea 8946:New Zealand 8941:Netherlands 8812:Afghanistan 8642:Japji Sahib 8574:The Five Ks 8569:Vand Chhako 8534:Anand Karaj 7692:27 February 7662:27 February 7652:Daily Times 7631:27 February 7587:Rawalpindi. 7580:27 February 7549:6 September 6128:"Sikh Wars" 5781:10 December 4868:12 December 4496: 1830 4232:Mehtab Kaur 4100:Family tree 4093:Gulab Singh 4089:(1845–1846) 4074:(1818–1843) 4068:(1799–1818) 3687:1848–1849: 3681:1845–1846: 3660:is briefly 3560:1790–1801: 3537:1774–1790: 3504:Sukerchakia 3441:3,24,75,000 3244:Surjit Hans 3080:Gulab Singh 3076:Dhian Singh 2940:Hill States 2510:Diwan-i-Aam 2506:Lahore Fort 2397:Punjab Army 2303:Maler Kotla 2291:Nabha State 2211:During the 2188:Indus River 2184:British Raj 2180:Khyber Pass 2069:Khyber Pass 1999:Sukerchakia 1937:, meaning " 1887:and struck 1813:. In 1707, 1749:Dara Shikoh 1711:sovereignty 1656:North India 1579:Terminology 1506:Khyber Pass 1455:Sikh Empire 1348:Art History 1271:British Raj 1244:Sikh Empire 1232:Company Raj 1078:, c. 738 CE 804:Prehistoric 775:History of 594:Preceded by 519:7 July 1799 486:Gulab Singh 182:(1802–1849) 174:(1799–1802) 143: 1839 53:Khālasā Rāj 45:Sikh Empire 18:Sikh empire 13030:Categories 12868:Jagir Kaur 12535:Portuguese 12416:Revival Le 12406:Vietnamese 12049:Later Tran 12019:Vietnamese 11915:Singhasari 11903:Holy Roman 11527:Bulgarian 11463:Satavahana 11434:Phoenician 11370:Achaemenid 11331:Indo-Greek 11311:Macedonian 11225:Babylonian 11021:Foreigners 10982:Veer Singh 10957:Chandu Lal 10691:Fauj-i-Ain 10397:Sher Singh 10392:Chand Kaur 10279:Akal Takht 10219:In Fiction 10204:Ravidassia 10172:Dharamyudh 10095:Literature 10085:Panj Pyare 10025:Mela Maghi 9873:Foreigners 9834:Veer Singh 9809:Chandu Lal 9543:Fauj-i-Ain 9249:Sher Singh 9244:Chand Kaur 9100:Sewapanthi 8827:Bangladesh 8799:By country 8769:Pul Kanjri 8739:Fateh Burj 8652:Jaap Sahib 8637:Mul Mantar 8559:Kirat Karo 8544:Amrit Velā 8529:Naam Karan 8509:Sikh rites 8441:Philosophy 8400:Guru Arjan 8385:Guru Angad 8380:Guru Nanak 7771:18 January 7503:Roli Books 6937:Roli Books 6733:31 January 6685:19 January 6564:7 November 6507:19 January 6243:7 November 6195:7 November 6083:7 November 6044:7 November 5711:7 November 5608:7 November 5569:0313337985 5473:Singh 2008 5384:Johar 1975 5354:3 November 5306:Kalsi 2005 5104:, section 5004:25 October 4745:25 October 4673:References 4556:1799–1849 4517:Akal Takht 4356:Sher Singh 4342:Chand Kaur 4201:Datar Kaur 4036:Kensington 4029:Gujranwala 4016:; nominal) 3908:Abdicated 3809:Poisoning 3739:Gujranwala 3658:Chand Kaur 3628:28 January 3539:Maha Singh 3532:Timur Shah 3426:24,00,000 3413:95,25,000 3400:20,00,000 3306:Rawalpindi 3290:local Jews 3144:Demography 2945:1,100,000 2861:1,900,000 2795:District ( 2784:Waziristan 2782:Excluding 2569:waqa'nawis 2543:(courts). 2436:Government 2334:Dal Khalsa 2295:Jind State 2263:suzerainty 2164:Shah Shuja 2103:Sial State 2092:Gujranwala 2023:Singhpuria 1959:Dal Khalsa 1941:army" or " 1935:Dal Khalsa 1893:Guru Nanak 1807:Wazir Khan 1730:Shah Jahan 1715:Akal Takht 1699:Adi Granth 1691:Guru Arjan 1680:Sikh gurus 1625:Dal Khalsa 1611:Background 1593:Sikh court 1557:Guru Nanak 1538:be annexed 840:Lahuradewa 569:12,000,000 555:Population 431:Chand Kaur 357:Government 279:Bhadarwahi 254:Burushaski 171:Gujranwala 107:Akāl Sahāi 60:1799–1849 12528:Couronian 12166:Ethiopian 12154:Manchukuo 12109:Brazilian 11955:Ghaznavid 11925:Srivijaya 11876:Trebizond 11861:Byzantine 11843:North Sea 11838:Norwegian 11826:Almoravid 11809:Ilkhanate 11779:Majapahit 11752:Muromachi 11661:Solomonic 11646:Ethiopian 11560:Caliphate 11493:Aragonese 11321:Ptolemaic 10887:Lal Singh 10882:Tej Singh 10759:of Poonch 10509:Jalalabad 10418:conflicts 10402:Jind Kaur 10229:Criticism 10147:Ramananda 10002:Festivals 9739:Lal Singh 9734:Tej Singh 9611:of Poonch 9361:Jalalabad 9270:conflicts 9254:Jind Kaur 9095:Nirankari 8976:Singapore 8906:Indonesia 8842:Vancouver 8817:Australia 8609:Scripture 8564:Naam Japo 8491:Practices 8193:. (1994, 8063:Routledge 7901:145500298 7732:302391286 7621:993691884 7215:0970-5368 7209:(3): 41. 6334:11 August 6298:18 August 5913:jagirdars 5858:162144034 5583:The Sikhs 5417:11 August 4678:Citations 4192:1843–1847 4180:Jind Kaur 4087:Lal Singh 3708:Portrait 3374:5,65,000 3268:Jalandhar 3158:Religions 3100:'s dome. 2746:Baltistan 2688:Mithankot 2663:Geography 2657:jagirdari 2589:Rajputana 2528:khill'ats 2524:nazaranas 2456:, ca.1850 2247:Himalayas 2168:Koh-i-Nor 2082:In 1799, 2015:Shaheedan 2003:Ahluwalia 1995:Ramgharia 1991:Dalelwala 1881:Himalayas 1745:Aurangzeb 1703:martyrdom 1617:Aurangzeb 1573:artillery 1472:captured 985:Classical 822:Neolithic 443:Jind Kaur 308:Religion 294:Kohistani 103:ਅਕਾਲ ਸਹਾਇ 12678:politics 12508:Japanese 12471:Scottish 12451:American 12443:Colonial 12372:Imperial 12340:Moroccan 12276:Japanese 12254:Afsharid 12113:Burmese 12099:Austrian 12054:Later Le 12029:Early Le 12014:Venetian 11940:Tiwanaku 11853:Hellenic 11816:Moroccan 11747:Kamakura 11737:Japanese 11720:Saffarid 11673:Georgian 11587:Chalukya 11565:Rashidun 11555:Calakmul 11523:Bruneian 11402:Haryanka 11380:Sasanian 11375:Parthian 11326:Bactrian 11316:Seleucid 11296:Goguryeo 11274:Egyptian 11208:Assyrian 11198:Akkadian 11189:Colonies 11107:Treaties 10489:Sadhaura 10459:Chamkaur 10416:Military 10323:Category 10253:Gurmukhī 10244:Punjabis 10187:Hinduism 10115:Politics 10075:Waheguru 10070:Ik Onkar 10032:Vaisakhi 9959:Treaties 9341:Sadhaura 9311:Chamkaur 9268:Military 9110:Ramraiya 9080:Namdhari 9021:Scotland 9001:Thailand 8961:Pakistan 8931:Malaysia 8807:Diaspora 8685:Gurdwara 8360:Glossary 8296:Archived 8154:16 April 8135:(1998). 7856:15 April 7850:Archived 7813:cite web 7803:3 August 7794:Archived 7765:Archived 7736:Archived 7686:Archived 7656:Archived 7625:Archived 7574:Archived 7543:Archived 7461:Archived 7425:15 April 7419:Archived 7343:Archived 7339:24339822 7299:11 March 7293:Archived 7260:11 March 7254:Archived 7223:43300542 7182:19 March 7176:Archived 7131:(2018). 7113:19 March 7107:Archived 7013:(1868). 6727:Archived 6707:Archived 6679:Archived 6591:15 April 6585:Archived 6558:Archived 6501:Archived 6457:19 March 6451:Archived 6415:19 March 6409:Archived 6373:19 March 6367:Archived 6285:Lawforms 6237:Archived 6189:Archived 6152:cite web 6142:13 April 6136:Archived 6077:Archived 6038:Archived 5775:Archived 5705:Archived 5673:16 March 5667:Archived 5634:13 April 5602:Archived 5557:Archived 5533:9 August 5449:Archived 5348:Archived 5098:Archived 5043:16 March 5037:Archived 4998:Archived 4965:9 August 4959:Archived 4920:Archived 4862:Archived 4829:9 August 4823:Archived 4781:Archived 4739:Archived 4571:See also 3555:in 1846. 3458:Timeline 3421:Customs 3410:Jaghirs 3310:Peshawar 3285:Allahdad 3181:Hinduism 3009:mahallah 2995:and the 2993:Shastras 2982:Peshawar 2949:Srinagar 2918:600,000 2903:Peshawar 2899:550,000 2894:Peshawar 2880:750,000 2777:Peshawar 2641:Dussehra 2637:Vaisakhi 2631:(yellow) 2619:Holidays 2593:Marathas 2478:maharaja 2319:Ferozpur 2307:Ludhiana 2299:Thanesar 2160:Peshawar 2019:Nishania 2011:Kaniyeha 1967:Misldars 1875:and the 1858:Sadhaura 1847:peasants 1757:Anandpur 1719:Amritsar 1687:Jahangir 1553:Vaisakhi 1526:Peshawar 1467:Maharaja 846:Mehrgarh 842:7000 BCE 836:7106 BCE 828:Bhirrana 796:Timeline 766:a series 764:Part of 750:Pakistan 578:Currency 368:Maharaja 349:, others 339:Buddhism 333:Hinduism 320:official 224:Kashmiri 145:, under 12786:Leaders 12575:largest 12570:Empires 12550:Swedish 12545:Spanish 12540:Russian 12503:Italian 12478:Chinese 12466:English 12461:British 12456:Belgian 12431:Vietnam 12421:Tay son 12367:Tsarist 12362:Russian 12357:Ottoman 12323:Dzungar 12318:Khoshut 12291:Mexican 12286:Maratha 12269:Pahlavi 12249:Safavid 12244:Iranian 12171:Haitian 12134:Chinese 12094:Ashanti 12066:Wagadou 11992:Eastern 11987:Western 11970:Timurid 11930:Tibetan 11920:Songhai 11910:Serbian 11831:Almohad 11821:Idrisid 11725:Samanid 11715:Tahirid 11710:Iranian 11688:Kannauj 11668:Genoese 11604:Chinese 11597:Eastern 11592:Western 11580:Fatimid 11575:Abbasid 11570:Umayyad 11543:Burmese 11503:Ayyubid 11498:Angevin 11468:Xianbei 11456:Eastern 11451:Western 11397:Magadha 11360:Iranian 11353:Xiongnu 11338:Hittite 11247:Chinese 11235:Kassite 11184:Ancient 11176:Empires 10815:Natives 10757:Sudhans 10504:Lohgarh 10484:Sirhind 10474:Sonepat 10469:Muktsar 10315:Outline 10239:History 10182:Jainism 10055:Culture 10050:History 9667:Natives 9609:Sudhans 9356:Lohgarh 9336:Sirhind 9326:Sonepat 9321:Muktsar 9105:Nirmala 9016:England 8874:Germany 8864:Finland 8854:Denmark 8832:Belgium 8822:Austria 8647:Chaupai 8632:Gurbani 8594:Dasvand 8364:History 8351:Sikhism 7979:Sikhism 7923:Sources 7742:7 March 7383:4413731 7349:5 March 7093:Kashmir 5916:(1840). 5905:30 June 5900:1571229 5850:2049956 4926:15 June 4653:firangi 4478:Gallery 4334:r. 1839 4186:r. 1847 4060:Viziers 4053:Exiled 4000:Exiled 3763:Stroke 3702:S. No. 3472:Mughals 3333:Revenue 3320:Economy 3294:Mashhad 3229:Muslims 3211: 3198: 3194:Sikhism 3185: 3172: 3163:Percent 3001:panches 2913:Derajat 2734:Kashmir 2726:Kashmir 2609:smoking 2541:durbars 2520:kardars 2515:satraps 2454:gouache 2349:Decline 2283:Kaithal 2265:of the 2152:Kashmir 2144:Sialkot 2134:of the 1889:coinage 1885:Lohgarh 1866:Sirhind 1862:Sirhind 1761:Ram Rai 1652:Sikhism 1633:Afghans 1606:History 1561:Afghans 1540:by the 1530:Kashmir 1480:in the 1461:of the 868:Ancient 816:Soanian 475:(first) 389:(first) 347:Judaism 316:Sikhism 299:Kalasha 269:Ladakhi 203:Persian 198:Punjabi 164:Capital 117:Anthem: 12932:Events 12513:Mongol 12498:German 12493:French 12483:Danish 12426:Dainam 12401:Tongan 12389:Somali 12384:Sokoto 12350:'Alawi 12328:Kalmyk 12308:Mongol 12301:Second 12281:Korean 12232:Mughal 12222:Indian 12205:German 12198:Second 12188:French 12181:Second 12117:Second 12089:Afghan 12081:Modern 12007:Kyrgyz 12002:Uighur 11997:Second 11977:Turkic 11945:Toltec 11881:Epirus 11866:Nicaea 11789:Mongol 11742:Yamato 11678:Huetar 11536:Second 11473:Rouran 11422:Shunga 11417:Maurya 11392:Kushan 11365:Median 11343:Hunnic 11301:Harsha 10642:Others 10479:Samana 10444:Basoli 10439:Nadaun 10370:Rulers 10234:Punjab 10167:Dastar 10162:Sardar 10110:Places 10080:Khanda 9494:Others 9331:Samana 9296:Basoli 9291:Nadaun 9222:Rulers 9090:Nihang 9070:Khalsa 8991:Sweden 8971:Poland 8966:Panama 8956:Norway 8899:Punjab 8879:Greece 8869:France 8837:Canada 8720:Europe 8710:Africa 8657:Rehras 8599:Jhatka 8579:Simran 8524:Langar 8519:Kirtan 8499:Khalsa 8273: 8259: 8239: 8225: 8211: 8197: 8183: 8169: 8145: 8116:14 May 8107: 8087: 8069: 8045: 8025: 8005: 7987: 7965: 7948:26 May 7939: 7899: 7893:311654 7891: 7842: 7730: 7720: 7619: 7609: 7509: 7467:16 May 7453: 7411: 7381: 7337: 7327: 7285: 7246: 7221: 7213: 7168: 7141: 7099: 7044: 6996: 6943: 6751: 6671: 6640: 6550: 6443: 6401: 6359: 6229: 6181: 6109: 6069: 6030: 5999: 5971: 5948:ended. 5939: 5898: 5856: 5848: 5767: 5737: 5697: 5659: 5594: 5567: 5505: 5455:15 May 5340: 5289: 5169: 5126: 5066: 5029: 4990: 4951: 4912: 4875:miles. 4854: 4815: 4787:2 July 4773: 4731: 4189:Regent 4027:1817 ( 4014:regent 3976:Lahore 3937:Lahore 3930:Batala 3891:Lahore 3882:1802 ( 3869:regent 3838:Lahore 3831:Lahore 3792:Lahore 3785:Lahore 3746:Lahore 3714:Reign 3662:Regent 3624:Aliwal 3523:1783: 3476:Khalsa 3465:Khalsa 3384:Farms 3272:Rachna 3233:Hindus 3207:others 3135:Ladakh 3066:, and 3046:, and 2884:Multan 2875:Multan 2865:Lahore 2856:Lahore 2793:Jamrud 2762:Ladakh 2752:Gilgit 2653:Diwali 2651:, and 2645:Basant 2629:Basant 2595:, and 2591:, the 2577:vakils 2536:haveli 2498:jagirs 2483:kanwar 2446:Darbar 2371:Lahore 2315:Ambala 2279:Kalsia 2199:Dogras 2172:Hazara 2156:Attock 2148:Multan 2088:Lahore 2040:Empire 2013:. The 1987:Nakkai 1983:Bhangi 1943:Khalsa 1939:Khalsa 1854:Samana 1835:Nanded 1800:Khalsa 1784:Paunta 1672:langar 1528:; and 1522:Multan 1518:Lahore 1510:Sutlej 1494:Gilgit 1486:Khalsa 1474:Lahore 1258:Modern 768:on the 488:(last) 458: 454:Vizier 416: 412:Regent 402:(last) 372: 314:9-10% 289:Bateri 264:Domari 259:Khowar 219:Pashto 209:Kangri 179:Lahore 158:Empire 154:Status 12563:Lists 12518:Omani 12488:Dutch 12394:Isaaq 12345:Saadi 12313:Oirat 12296:First 12264:Qajar 12193:First 12176:First 12149:China 12122:Third 11982:First 11935:Tikal 11886:Morea 11856:Roman 11774:Latin 11769:Khmer 11764:Kanem 11730:Buyid 11656:Zagwe 11651:Aksum 11641:Chola 11548:First 11531:First 11518:Bornu 11513:Benin 11508:Aztec 11446:Roman 11427:Gupta 11412:Nanda 11348:White 10772:Forts 10524:Delhi 10514:Jammu 10499:Rahon 10464:Sarsa 10271:Takht 10199:Sikhs 10177:Islam 10157:Kabir 10105:Names 10100:Music 10090:Films 10065:Music 10020:Maghi 9624:Forts 9376:Delhi 9366:Jammu 9351:Rahon 9316:Sarsa 9139:Jatha 9115:Udasi 9026:Wales 8936:Nepal 8926:Japan 8921:Italy 8894:Kochi 8884:India 8849:China 8514:Ardās 8372:Gurus 7897:S2CID 7889:JSTOR 7797:(PDF) 7790:(PDF) 7379:JSTOR 7219:JSTOR 5896:JSTOR 5854:S2CID 5846:JSTOR 5826:(PDF) 4638:Notes 3983:Paris 3717:Note 3705:Name 3478:rule. 3434:Total 3276:Doabs 3237:Sikhs 3168:Islam 3108:Hügel 3054:were 2997:Quran 2942:Suba 2936:Jammu 2915:Suba 2896:Suba 2877:Suba 2858:Suba 2841:Name 2827:Subas 2722:Jammu 2686:, to 2597:Nepal 2581:vakil 2573:subas 2255:Delhi 2140:Kasur 2107:Jhang 2090:from 2077:Tibet 2073:Sindh 1963:Misls 1905:Islam 1901:Delhi 1769:Islam 1668:Akbar 1660:Babur 1641:misls 1637:misls 1498:Tibet 1490:misls 834:Jhusi 777:India 745:India 583:Sikke 327:Islam 284:Shina 274:Purgi 249:Wakhi 244:Shina 239:Balti 229:Gojri 214:Dogri 12675:Sikh 12333:Bogd 12259:Zand 12237:Sikh 12144:Qing 12139:Ming 12071:Wari 12039:Tran 12024:Dinh 11794:Yuan 11784:Mali 11693:Pala 11683:Inca 11634:Yuan 11624:Song 11619:Liao 11614:Tang 11387:Kush 11269:Dʿmt 10192:Rama 9075:Mina 8951:Niue 8916:Iraq 8911:Iran 8859:Fiji 8715:Asia 8705:List 8584:Sewa 8362:and 8271:ISBN 8257:ISBN 8237:ISBN 8223:ISBN 8209:ISBN 8195:ISBN 8181:ISBN 8167:ISBN 8156:2020 8143:ISBN 8118:2019 8105:ISBN 8085:ISBN 8067:ISBN 8043:ISBN 8023:ISBN 8003:ISBN 7985:ISBN 7963:ISBN 7950:2012 7937:ISBN 7858:2014 7840:ISBN 7819:link 7805:2023 7773:2022 7744:2023 7728:OCLC 7718:ISBN 7694:2023 7664:2023 7633:2023 7617:OCLC 7607:ISBN 7582:2023 7551:2023 7539:Aish 7507:ISBN 7469:2023 7451:ISBN 7427:2019 7409:ISBN 7351:2023 7335:OCLC 7325:ISBN 7301:2022 7283:ISBN 7262:2022 7244:ISBN 7211:ISSN 7184:2023 7166:ISBN 7139:ISBN 7115:2023 7097:ISBN 7042:ISBN 6994:ISBN 6941:ISBN 6749:ISBN 6735:2015 6687:2024 6669:ISBN 6638:ISBN 6593:2019 6566:2020 6548:ISBN 6509:2024 6459:2023 6441:ISBN 6417:2023 6399:ISBN 6375:2023 6357:ISBN 6336:2024 6300:2024 6245:2020 6227:ISBN 6197:2020 6179:ISBN 6158:link 6144:2019 6107:ISBN 6085:2020 6067:ISBN 6046:2020 6028:ISBN 5997:ISBN 5969:ISBN 5937:ISBN 5907:2023 5783:2014 5765:ISBN 5735:ISBN 5713:2020 5695:ISBN 5675:2023 5657:ISBN 5636:2019 5610:2020 5592:ISBN 5565:ISBN 5535:2009 5503:ISBN 5457:2013 5419:2014 5356:2014 5338:ISBN 5287:ISBN 5167:ISBN 5124:ISBN 5064:ISBN 5045:2023 5027:ISBN 5006:2015 4988:ISBN 4967:2009 4949:ISBN 4928:2021 4910:ISBN 4870:2021 4852:ISBN 4831:2009 4813:ISBN 4789:2020 4771:ISBN 4747:2015 4729:ISBN 4519:and 3566:misl 3543:misl 3507:misl 3405:1.d 3392:1.c 3379:1.b 3366:1.a 3264:Bari 3131:azan 3125:and 3116:azan 3112:kine 3026:and 2938:and 2838:No. 2724:and 2649:Holi 2518:and 2391:The 2365:The 2321:and 2253:and 2237:The 2193:The 2176:mint 2158:and 2130:was 2028:The 2021:and 2009:and 1993:and 1928:Misl 1856:and 1823:Agra 1747:and 1569:misl 1514:Oudh 1496:and 1453:The 547:1839 542:Area 331:10% 325:80% 77:Flag 12411:Mac 11848:Oyo 11757:Edo 11629:Jīn 11609:Sui 11262:Jin 11257:Han 11252:Qin 10060:Art 9166:3HO 7881:doi 6289:doi 5888:doi 5838:doi 4902:doi 3626:on 3343:Sr 3296:in 3292:of 3251:'s 3189:24% 3176:69% 2932:5. 2909:4. 2890:3. 2871:2. 2852:1. 2611:. 2607:or 2464:or 2452:’, 2067:to 1883:at 1674:of 1658:by 337:1% 13032:: 12044:Ho 12034:Ly 10661:, 10657:, 10649:, 9513:, 9509:, 9501:, 8201:). 8061:, 7895:. 7887:. 7875:. 7848:. 7815:}} 7811:{{ 7792:. 7734:. 7726:. 7696:. 7684:. 7680:. 7654:. 7650:. 7623:. 7615:. 7584:. 7572:. 7568:. 7541:. 7537:. 7521:^ 7501:. 7459:. 7435:^ 7417:. 7391:^ 7375:38 7373:. 7359:^ 7341:. 7333:. 7303:. 7291:. 7252:. 7217:. 7207:20 7205:. 7201:. 7174:. 7105:. 7091:. 7040:. 7021:51 6935:. 6911:^ 6892:^ 6871:^ 6772:^ 6725:. 6677:. 6556:. 6499:. 6470:^ 6461:. 6449:. 6419:. 6407:. 6377:. 6365:. 6322:. 6308:^ 6287:. 6283:. 6262:^ 6235:. 6187:. 6154:}} 6150:{{ 6134:. 6130:. 6093:^ 6075:. 6036:. 6005:. 5983:^ 5955:^ 5945:. 5923:^ 5894:. 5884:35 5882:. 5878:. 5866:^ 5852:. 5844:. 5834:20 5832:. 5828:. 5809:^ 5791:^ 5773:. 5743:. 5721:^ 5703:. 5665:. 5626:. 5600:. 5586:. 5543:^ 5465:^ 5405:. 5391:^ 5364:^ 5346:. 5181:^ 5153:^ 5035:. 4996:. 4957:. 4918:. 4908:. 4896:. 4882:^ 4872:. 4860:. 4821:. 4791:. 4779:. 4749:. 4737:. 4704:. 4685:^ 4493:c. 4038:) 4031:) 3985:) 3978:) 3959:5 3939:) 3932:) 3913:4 3893:) 3886:) 3840:) 3833:) 3814:3 3794:) 3787:) 3768:2 3748:) 3741:) 3722:1 3545:. 3418:2 3354:1 3316:. 3266:, 3239:. 3215:1% 3202:6% 3062:, 3058:, 3042:, 2924:, 2754:, 2720:, 2647:, 2643:, 2639:, 2427:. 2388:. 2317:, 2313:, 2309:, 2305:, 2301:, 2297:, 2293:, 2289:, 2285:, 2281:, 2154:, 2150:, 2146:, 2142:, 2098:. 2017:, 2005:, 2001:, 1989:, 1985:, 1907:. 1868:. 1736:. 1721:. 1602:. 1544:. 1524:; 345:, 341:, 140:c. 12662:e 12655:t 12648:v 11191:) 11187:( 11168:e 11161:t 11154:v 10355:e 10348:t 10341:v 10255:) 10251:( 9207:e 9200:t 9193:v 8343:e 8336:t 8329:v 8277:) 8263:) 8243:) 8229:) 8215:) 8187:) 8158:. 8120:. 7952:. 7903:. 7883:: 7877:5 7860:. 7821:) 7807:. 7775:. 7746:. 7666:. 7635:. 7553:. 7515:. 7471:. 7429:. 7385:. 7353:. 7264:. 7225:. 7186:. 7147:. 7117:. 7050:. 7023:. 6949:. 6755:. 6737:. 6689:. 6595:. 6568:. 6511:. 6338:. 6302:. 6291:: 6247:. 6199:. 6160:) 6146:. 6115:. 6087:. 6048:. 5977:. 5890:: 5860:. 5840:: 5785:. 5715:. 5677:. 5638:. 5612:. 5537:. 5511:. 5459:. 5421:. 5358:. 5295:. 5175:. 5132:. 5108:. 5072:. 5047:. 5008:. 4969:. 4930:. 4904:: 4833:. 4498:. 4012:( 3871:) 3867:( 3610:. 3568:. 1442:e 1435:t 1428:v 322:) 318:( 36:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index