336:, which regulate lateral septum (LS) activity, have been found to be increased during social play in juvenile rats. No sex differences were found in extracellular GABA concentrations during social playing, however, glutamate plays a major role in female social playing. When glutamate receptors are blocked in the LS pharmacologically, there is a significant decrease in female social playing, while males had no decrease in playing. This suggests that in the lateral septum, GABA neurotransmission is involved in social play behavior regulation in both sexes, while glutamate neurotransmission is sex-specific, involved in regulation of social play only in female juvenile rats.
217:
415:
septum and hippocampal inputs on fear memory formation and retrieval respectively. In both cases, fear memory formation/retrieval was impaired, supporting the hypothesis that hippocampal projections to the lateral septum are at least in part responsible for these mechanisms. The lateral septum could also prove essential in fear memory consolidation. Post-shock adminitration of CRF into the lateral septum enhanced fear memory in the relelvant context; however, this finding still needs to be supported by further studies.
29:
319:
The lateral septum is involved in a variety of functions, including emotional, motivational, and spatial behavior. It has been suggested that the LS may regulate interactions between the hippocampus and other regions that mediate goal directed behavior, such as the ventral tegmental area. Firing of
414:
Pieces of evidence suggesting the role the lateral septum could be playing in fear memory formation and consolidation have started emerging at the end of the XX. century. Inhibitory avoidance tasks using footshock chambers on mice were deployed to study the effects of the disruption of the lateral
290:
Cells located in the intermediolateral septum also project through the lateral part of the fimbria to all CA fields of the ventral hippocampus and adjacent subicular and entorhinal cortices. These cells also send fibers through the stria medullaris to the lateral habenular nucleus and mediodorsal
389:
Despite the diverse direct projection system between the hippocampus and the lateral septum, the first pieces of evidence regarding the role of latter brain area in memory formation and retention have only started to emerge as of 2022. However, recent research has started to shed light on the
320:
LS neurons is modulated by both speed and acceleration and spatial location, and that firing is also related to reward and context. It has thus been suggested that the lateral septum may incorporate movement into the evaluation of environmental context with respect to motivation and reward.
406:, when administered into the lateral septum after social training were able to enhance memory formation, while their respective receptor blockers had the opposite effect. However, data on effects of pre-training administration of these compounds is mixed, hence the lack of consensus.
208:. In the 1950s, Olds & Milner showed that rats with electrodes implanted in this area will self-stimulate repeatedly (e.g., press a bar to receive electric current that stimulate the neurons). Experiments on the septal area of humans have taken place since the 1960s.
356:
levels, while not significantly increasing serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels respectively. This indicates that the effect is occurring through testosterone receptors and independently of conversion to estrogen via
365:
production were unaffected by the surgery. Electrical stimulation of the septum induced the elevation of serum LH and FSH levels. These data suggest that the lateral and/or the medial septum may play a role in the control of
305:
to the ventral subiculum. In addition, cells located in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band project massively to the pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus, the ventral tegmental area, and amygdala.
266:
Fibers from the ventral half of the septum project topographically to the hippocampal formation, thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain. Specifically, neurons located along the midline in the vertical limb of the
1716:
Besnard, Antoine; Gao, Yuan; TaeWoo Kim, Michael; Twarkowski, Hannah; Reed, Alexander Keith; Langberg, Tomer; Feng, Wendy; Xu, Xiangmin; Saur, Dieter; Zweifel, Larry S.; Davison, Ian; Sahay, Amar (2019).
204:
The septal area (medial olfactory area) has no relation to the sense of smell, but it is considered a pleasure zone in animals. The septal nuclei play a role in reward and reinforcement along with the
1200:"Dynamic changes in extracellular release of GABA and glutamate in the lateral septum during social play behavior in juvenile rats: Implications for sex-specific regulation of social play behavior"
1567:"Oxytocin mediates rodent social memory within the lateral septum and the medial amygdala depending on the relevance of the social stimulus: Male juvenile versus female adult conspecifics"
361:. As of now, it is unclear, what exact pathway is mediating this phenomenon. Septal lesions significantly decreased serum LH and testosterone levels in male rats, while FSH and
1063:"The role of CA3-LS-VTA loop in the formation of conditioned place preference induced by context-associated reward memory for morphine: Role of LSc in morphine reward"
291:
thalamic nucleus. Other axons arising from these cells descend through the medial forebrain bundle to terminate in a region dorsal to the interpeduncular nucleus.
1847:
114:
2889:
2884:
2813:
2668:
2648:
398:
The roles of the lateral septum in formation of social memories remain unclear and controversial. It is clear, that some role is being played, as
583:
2653:
2254:
90:
2831:
2658:
2605:
2600:
1840:
1303:
2663:
2473:
2264:
2879:
2192:
2030:
459:
275:
of the dorsal hippocampus and adjacent subicular cortex. Other fibers from this region project through the stria medullaris to the
1061:
Jiang, Jin-Xiang; Liu, Huan; Huang, Zhen-Zhen; Cui, Yue; Zhang, Xue-Qin; Zhang, Xiao-Long; Cui, Yu; Xin, Wen-Jun (January 2018).
2463:
1833:
680:"Comparison of human septal nuclei MRI measurements using automated segmentation and a new manual protocol based on histology"
2985:
2458:
1622:"Vasopressin in the lateral septum promotes elemental conditioning to the detriment of contextual fear conditioning in mice"
146:), consisting of the lateral septum and medial septum, is an area in the lower, posterior part of the medial surface of the
301:
Fibers from the most lateral part of the ventral septum (i.e., bed nucleus of the anterior commissure) project through the
161:
are located in this area. The septal nuclei are composed of medium-size neurons which are classified into dorsal, ventral,
2478:
2201:
2187:
1923:
2836:
2468:
2446:
1719:"Dorsolateral septum somatostatin interneurons gate mobility to calibrate context-specific behavioral fear responses"
2953:
2784:
2779:
2735:
2730:
2441:
121:
2761:
2756:
547:
Moan CE, Heath RG (1972). "Septal stimulation for the initiation of heterosexual behavior in a homosexual male".
298:
to the ventral tegmental area. These connections help link reward signals with the context in which they occur.
2958:
2869:
1304:"Crystalline Dihydrotestosterone Implants in the Lateral Septum of Male Rats. A Positive Effect on Lh and FSH"
2910:
2874:
109:
2177:
2023:
353:
2689:
1876:
460:"Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain"
2133:
2094:
1891:
1886:
1621:
1249:"Testosterone implants into the lateral septum of male rats, a positive effect on LH and FSH secretion"
1661:"Hippocampal efferents to retrosplenial cortex and lateral septum are required for memory acquisition"
1566:
2808:
2506:
2431:
2259:
1981:
78:
2946:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2386:
2269:
348:, when implanted directly into the lateral septum of male rats, caused a significant rise in serum
61:
1776:"Corticotropin-releasing factor injected into the lateral septum improves memory function in rats"
1528:"Neurohypophyseal hormone receptors in the septum are implicated in social recognition in the rat"
897:"Linking Context with Reward: A Functional Circuit from Hippocampal CA3 to Ventral Tegmental Area"
2520:
2016:
284:
3013:
2578:
2408:
2393:
2381:
1413:"Putting Together Pieces of the Lateral Septum: Multifaceted Functions and Its Neural Pathways"
268:
97:
85:
2849:
2636:
1969:
1946:
1938:
272:
162:
1004:"Differences in reward biased spatial representations in the lateral septum and hippocampus"
729:"Differences in reward biased spatial representations in the lateral septum and hippocampus"
2844:
2566:
2496:
2421:
1997:
908:
8:
2977:
2361:
2279:
1928:
1412:
433:
349:
345:
245:
1825:
1062:
912:
216:
2436:
2356:
2172:
1751:
1718:
1693:
1602:
1508:
1445:
1393:
1331:
1284:
1224:
1215:
1199:
1090:
1038:
1003:
981:
929:
896:
877:
828:
763:
728:
704:
679:
653:
280:
1472:
1357:
1356:
Carreras, A.; Robles, R.; Ruiz, E.; Ortega, E.; Mendoza, C.; Osorio, C. (1984-08-01).
1248:
969:
3008:
2968:
2554:
2549:
2532:
2222:
1974:
1956:
1915:
1856:
1795:
1787:
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1738:
1698:
1680:
1641:
1637:
1594:
1586:
1547:
1539:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1471:
Dantzer, Robert; Koob, George F.; Bluthe´, Rose-Marie; Le Moal, Michel (1988-08-02).
1450:
1432:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1323:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1229:
1180:
1172:
1131:
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1025:
973:
934:
881:
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832:
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768:
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709:
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627:
591:
564:
560:
529:
521:
479:
237:
229:
205:
151:
1606:
1512:
1335:
1288:
1247:
Carreras, Alfonso; Mendoza, Carmen; Ortega, Esperanza; Ruiz, Estrella (1987-07-01).
985:
864:
847:
807:
790:
618:
2941:
2915:
2905:
2694:
2684:
2561:
2501:
2320:
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2242:
2196:
2160:
1903:
1746:
1730:
1688:
1672:
1633:
1582:
1578:
1484:
1440:
1424:
1397:
1369:
1315:
1260:
1219:
1211:
1162:
1121:
1094:
1074:
1033:
1015:
965:
924:
916:
859:
802:
758:
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699:
691:
556:
513:
471:
302:
2929:
2631:
2537:
2294:
2213:
2109:
2082:
1868:
233:
190:
66:
1428:
2626:
2544:
2453:
2398:
2311:
2104:
2048:
2040:
1565:
Lukas, Michael; Toth, Iulia; Veenema, Alexa H.; Neumann, Inga D. (2013-06-01).
166:
165:, and caudal groups. The septal nuclei receive reciprocal connections from the
1734:
1167:
1150:
1126:
1109:
3002:
2748:
2719:
2641:
2618:
2589:
2403:
2060:
1964:
1791:
1742:
1684:
1660:
1645:
1590:
1543:
1496:
1436:
1381:
1272:
1176:
1029:
895:
Luo AH, Tahsili-Fahadan P, Wise RA, Lupica CR, Aston-Jones G (14 July 2011).
816:
754:
631:
595:
568:
525:
358:
260:
241:
102:
1527:
920:
2373:
2340:
2143:
1775:
1760:
1702:
1598:
1551:
1454:
1327:
1233:
1184:
1135:
1086:
1047:
938:
873:
824:
772:
713:
533:
483:
367:
263:, lateral hypothalamus, periventricular hypothalamus and midline thalamus.
249:
225:
198:
178:
147:
16:
Area in the lower, posterior part of the medial surface of the frontal lobe
1816:
1799:
1676:
1504:
1389:
1319:
1280:
977:
953:
517:
220:
Detail of drawing showing components of septal area below corpus callosum.
2708:
2148:
2121:
1898:
1860:
403:
295:
294:
The lateral septum is a relay center for connections from the CA3 of the
253:
170:
1020:
745:
584:"Controversial Surgery for Addiction Burns Away Brain's Pleasure Center"
127:
1198:
Bredewold R, Schiavo JK, van der Hart M, Verreij M, Veenema AH (2015).
248:. The septal nuclei in the septal area are essential in generating the
73:
1078:
33:
Lateral and medial septal nuclei in the septal area of the mouse brain
28:
2008:
1820:
1151:"Locomotor and Hippocampal Processing Converge in the Lateral Septum"
1110:"Locomotor and Hippocampal Processing Converge in the Lateral Septum"
475:
362:
333:
1358:"Role of the septum on LH, FSH and prolactin secretion in male rats"
504:
Heath RG (1963). "Electrical self-stimulation of the brain in man".
240:. The lamina terminalis is a layer of gray matter that connects the
1881:
1817:
nuclei
Stained brain slice images which include the "septal nuclei"
1197:
399:
276:
194:
186:
182:
174:
2861:
2823:
1620:
Desmedt, Aline; Garcia, René; Jaffard, Robert (November 1999).
434:"Septal nuclei | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org"
1715:
848:"Lateral Septum as a Nexus for Mood, Motivation, and Movement"
791:"Lateral septum as a nexus for mood, motivation, and movement"
224:
The septal area is located on the lower posterior part of the
654:"Septal area | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org"
314:
49:
894:
2771:
1108:
Wirtshafter, Hannah S.; Wilson, Matthew A. (October 2019).
329:
283:
and anteromedial nucleus of the thalamus, and through the
1855:
1473:"Septal vasopressin modulates social memory in male rats"
1470:
1246:
1149:
Wirtshafter, Hannah S.; Wilson, Matthew A. (2019-10-07).
1002:
Wirtshafter, Hannah S.; Wilson, Matthew A. (2020-05-26).
727:
Wirtshafter, Hannah S.; Wilson, Matthew A. (2020-05-26).
1355:
789:
Wirtshafter, Hannah S.; Wilson, Matthew A. (July 2021).
287:
to the pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus.
1564:
549:
Journal of
Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
1526:
Popik, P.; Vos, P. E.; Van Ree, J. M. (August 1992).
323:
1619:
1411:
Rizzi-Wise, Candace A.; Wang, Dong V. (2021-11-01).
197:. The septal nuclei are essential in generating the
464:
344:Experiments have shown that both testosterone and
617:
339:
309:
1148:
1107:
1001:
845:
788:
726:
390:potentially diverse roles of the lateral septum.
3000:
1060:
784:
782:
1659:Opalka, Ashley N.; Wang, Dong V. (2020-08-01).
1525:
954:"Connections of the rat lateral septal complex"
1410:
2024:
1841:
997:
995:
951:
779:
952:Risold, P. Y.; Swanson, L. W. (1997-09-19).
373:
370:secretion, and thus, the reproductive axis.
2031:
2017:
1848:
1834:
1658:
992:
457:
315:The lateral septum and movement and reward
259:The dorsal septum projects to the lateral
27:
1750:
1692:
1444:
1223:
1166:
1125:
1037:
1019:
928:
863:
806:
762:
744:
703:
619:"China Bans Irreversible Brain Procedure"
546:
271:project through the dorsal fornix to all
852:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
215:
846:Wirtshafter HS, Wilson MA (July 2021).
645:
615:
425:
228:. The septal area refers to the nearby
3001:
2038:
958:Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews
795:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
677:
2012:
1829:
1466:
1464:
671:
581:
503:
1301:
651:
431:
1924:Vascular organ of lamina terminalis
1773:
616:Zamiska, Nicholas (28 April 2008).
277:medial and lateral habenular nuclei
13:
1461:
1216:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.052
506:The American Journal of Psychiatry
324:Lateral septum and social behavior
14:
3025:
1810:
1780:The Chinese Journal of Physiology
1638:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00815.x
1626:European Journal of Neuroscience
696:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.026
393:
122:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
1767:
1709:
1652:
1613:
1558:
1519:
1404:
1349:
1295:
1240:
1191:
1142:
1101:
1054:
945:
888:
865:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.029
839:
808:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.029
340:Lateral septum and reproduction
310:Functions of the lateral septum
232:. It is located underneath the
1583:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.018
720:
609:
575:
540:
497:
451:
409:
211:
1:
2911:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
970:10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00009-x
418:
1489:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90066-2
1374:10.1016/0361-9230(84)90136-9
1265:10.1016/0361-9230(87)90179-1
678:Butler, T (15 August 2014).
561:10.1016/0005-7916(72)90029-8
7:
2690:Inferior salivatory nucleus
1429:10.1523/ENEURO.0315-21.2021
150:, and refers to the nearby
10:
3030:
2134:lateral geniculate nucleus
2095:anterior olfactory nucleus
2967:
2928:
2898:
2860:
2822:
2814:Superior cervical cardiac
2770:
2746:
2717:
2707:
2677:
2616:
2587:
2577:
2519:
2507:Superior salivary nucleus
2489:
2419:
2370:
2349:
2339:
2310:
2260:spinal trigeminal nucleus
2241:
2212:
2159:
2120:
2081:
2047:
1990:
1982:Cave of septum pellucidum
1955:
1937:
1914:
1867:
1735:10.1038/s41593-018-0330-y
1302:Roca, G. (July 7, 2009).
1168:10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.089
1127:10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.089
458:Olds J, Milner P (1954).
374:Lateral septum and memory
120:
108:
96:
84:
72:
60:
48:
43:
38:
26:
21:
2947:spinal accessory nucleus
2387:pterygopalatine ganglion
2178:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
1571:Psychoneuroendocrinology
1532:Behavioural Pharmacology
2329:no significant branches
2231:no significant branches
2071:no significant branches
1362:Brain Research Bulletin
1253:Brain Research Bulletin
921:10.1126/science.1204622
285:medial forebrain bundle
2649:Stylopharyngeal branch
2409:submandibular ganglion
2394:Nerve to the stapedius
269:diagonal band of Broca
221:
1970:Medial septal nucleus
1677:10.1101/lm.051797.120
1665:Learning & Memory
1320:10.1081/ERC-100107167
518:10.1176/ajp.120.6.571
219:
144:medial olfactory area
2497:Facial motor nucleus
2193:parasympathetic root
1998:Posterior commissure
1161:(19): 3177–3192.e3.
1120:(19): 3177–3192.e3.
236:and in front of the
201:of the hippocampus.
2809:Recurrent laryngeal
2654:Pharyngeal branches
2432:Posterior auricular
2280:trigeminal ganglion
1929:Anterior commissure
1774:Lee, E. H. (1995).
1723:Nature Neuroscience
1021:10.7554/eLife.55252
913:2011Sci...333..353L
746:10.7554/eLife.55252
624:Wall Street Journal
346:dihydrotestosterone
246:anterior commissure
2792:Superior laryngeal
2659:Tonsillar branches
2357:Intermediate nerve
2173:oculomotor nucleus
1857:Commissural fibers
1308:Endocrine Research
432:St-Amant, Maxime.
222:
2996:
2995:
2924:
2923:
2890:Posterior gastric
2785:pharyngeal plexus
2780:Pharyngeal branch
2703:
2702:
2567:Scarpa's ganglion
2555:lateral lemniscus
2550:striae medullares
2533:vestibular nuclei
2521:Vestibulocochlear
2515:
2514:
2006:
2005:
1975:Subfornical organ
1957:Septum pellucidum
1916:Lamina terminalis
1821:BrainMaps project
1632:(11): 3913–3921.
1079:10.1111/adb.12468
1067:Addiction Biology
907:(6040): 353–357.
652:Gaillard, Frank.
582:Szalavitz, Maia.
332:, and excitatory
238:lamina terminalis
230:septum pellucidum
206:nucleus accumbens
152:septum pellucidum
136:
135:
131:
3021:
2942:nucleus ambiguus
2916:Solitary nucleus
2906:Nucleus ambiguus
2885:Anterior gastric
2832:Inferior cardiac
2762:Auricular branch
2757:Meningeal branch
2715:
2714:
2695:Solitary nucleus
2685:Nucleus ambiguus
2664:Lingual branches
2585:
2584:
2579:Glossopharyngeal
2502:Solitary nucleus
2382:Greater petrosal
2347:
2346:
2197:ciliary ganglion
2033:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2009:
1904:Indusium griseum
1850:
1843:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1804:
1803:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1696:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1170:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1023:
999:
990:
989:
964:(2–3): 115–195.
949:
943:
942:
932:
892:
886:
885:
867:
843:
837:
836:
810:
786:
777:
776:
766:
748:
724:
718:
717:
707:
675:
669:
668:
666:
664:
649:
643:
642:
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638:
621:
613:
607:
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604:
602:
579:
573:
572:
544:
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537:
501:
495:
494:
492:
490:
476:10.1037/h0058775
455:
449:
448:
446:
444:
429:
386:
385:
381:
303:stria terminalis
128:edit on Wikidata
125:
31:
19:
18:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3018:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2963:
2920:
2894:
2856:
2818:
2766:
2742:
2699:
2673:
2637:lesser petrosal
2632:tympanic plexus
2612:
2573:
2538:cochlear nuclei
2511:
2485:
2423:
2415:
2372:
2366:
2335:
2306:
2237:
2208:
2155:
2116:
2110:olfactory tract
2077:
2043:
2037:
2007:
2002:
1986:
1951:
1933:
1910:
1869:Corpus callosum
1863:
1854:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1772:
1768:
1714:
1710:
1657:
1653:
1618:
1614:
1563:
1559:
1524:
1520:
1469:
1462:
1409:
1405:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1300:
1296:
1245:
1241:
1196:
1192:
1155:Current Biology
1147:
1143:
1114:Current Biology
1106:
1102:
1059:
1055:
1000:
993:
950:
946:
893:
889:
844:
840:
787:
780:
725:
721:
676:
672:
662:
660:
650:
646:
636:
634:
614:
610:
600:
598:
580:
576:
545:
541:
502:
498:
488:
486:
456:
452:
442:
440:
430:
426:
421:
412:
396:
387:
383:
379:
377:
376:
342:
326:
317:
312:
234:corpus callosum
214:
191:cingulate gyrus
132:
55:nuclei septales
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3027:
3017:
3016:
3011:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2935:
2933:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2712:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2623:
2621:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2594:
2592:
2582:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2545:Cochlear nerve
2542:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2454:Parotid plexus
2451:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2399:Chorda tympani
2396:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2105:olfactory bulb
2099:
2098:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2041:cranial nerves
2036:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1812:
1811:External links
1809:
1806:
1805:
1786:(2): 125–129.
1766:
1729:(3): 436–446.
1708:
1671:(8): 310–318.
1651:
1612:
1577:(6): 916–926.
1557:
1538:(4): 351–358.
1518:
1483:(1): 143–147.
1477:Brain Research
1460:
1403:
1368:(2): 339–342.
1348:
1314:(1–2): 35–40.
1294:
1259:(1): 149–151.
1239:
1190:
1141:
1100:
1053:
991:
944:
887:
838:
778:
719:
670:
644:
608:
574:
539:
512:(6): 571–577.
496:
450:
423:
422:
420:
417:
411:
408:
395:
392:
375:
372:
341:
338:
325:
322:
316:
313:
311:
308:
213:
210:
167:olfactory bulb
134:
133:
124:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
88:
82:
81:
76:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
52:
46:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3026:
3015:
3014:Limbic system
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:Vagal trunks
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2749:jugular fossa
2745:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2720:jugular fossa
2716:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2669:Carotid sinus
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2642:otic ganglion
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2619:jugular fossa
2615:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2590:jugular fossa
2586:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:lingual nerve
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:septal nuclei
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2011:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:Septal nuclei
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
996:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
948:
940:
936:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
891:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
785:
783:
774:
770:
765:
760:
756:
752:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
723:
715:
711:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
659:
655:
648:
633:
629:
625:
620:
612:
597:
593:
589:
585:
578:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
500:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:(6): 419–27.
469:
465:
461:
454:
439:
435:
428:
424:
416:
407:
405:
401:
394:Social memory
391:
382:
371:
369:
364:
360:
359:aromatization
355:
351:
347:
337:
335:
331:
321:
307:
304:
299:
297:
292:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
264:
262:
261:preoptic area
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:optic chiasma
239:
235:
231:
227:
218:
209:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:septal nuclei
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
129:
123:
119:
116:
113:
111:
107:
104:
101:
99:
95:
92:
89:
87:
83:
80:
77:
75:
71:
68:
65:
63:
59:
56:
53:
51:
47:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
2422:stylomastoid
2374:facial canal
2328:
2230:
2144:optic chiasm
2070:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1726:
1722:
1711:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1480:
1476:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1341:December 11,
1339:. Retrieved
1311:
1307:
1297:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1207:
1204:Neuroscience
1203:
1193:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1073:(1): 41–54.
1070:
1066:
1056:
1011:
1007:
961:
957:
947:
904:
900:
890:
855:
851:
841:
798:
794:
736:
732:
722:
687:
683:
673:
661:. Retrieved
657:
647:
635:. Retrieved
623:
611:
599:. Retrieved
587:
577:
555:(1): 23–30.
552:
548:
542:
509:
505:
499:
487:. Retrieved
467:
463:
453:
441:. Retrieved
437:
427:
413:
397:
388:
368:gonadotropin
343:
327:
318:
300:
293:
289:
265:
258:
250:theta rhythm
226:frontal lobe
223:
203:
199:theta rhythm
179:hypothalamus
158:
156:
148:frontal lobe
143:
139:
137:
91:A14.1.09.266
54:
2969:Hypoglossal
2350:Near origin
2149:optic tract
1899:Archicortex
1861:human brain
858:: 544–559.
801:: 544–559.
658:Radiopaedia
438:Radiopaedia
410:Fear memory
404:vasopressin
328:Inhibitory
296:hippocampus
254:hippocampus
212:Connections
171:hippocampus
140:septal area
44:Identifiers
22:Septal area
3003:Categories
2562:Vestibular
2474:mandibular
2447:stylohyoid
2437:Suprahyoid
2362:Geniculate
2300:mandibular
2290:ophthalmic
2243:Trigeminal
2161:Oculomotor
1210:: 117–27.
739:: e55252.
690:: 245–51.
684:NeuroImage
663:21 October
443:23 October
419:References
281:paratenial
74:NeuroNames
2982:Branches
2930:Accessory
2850:posterior
2837:Pulmonary
2523:(CN VIII)
2464:zygomatic
2442:digastric
2325:Branches
2295:maxillary
2286:Branches
2227:Branches
2214:Trochlear
2184:Branches
2083:Olfactory
1792:0304-4920
1743:1097-6256
1685:1072-0502
1646:0953-816X
1591:0306-4530
1544:1473-5849
1497:0006-8993
1437:2373-2822
1382:0361-9230
1273:0361-9230
1177:1879-0445
1030:2050-084X
882:233202402
833:233202402
817:1873-7528
755:2050-084X
632:0099-9660
596:0040-781X
569:0005-7916
526:0002-953X
363:prolactin
334:glutamate
273:CA fields
3009:Cerebrum
2971:(CN XII)
2845:anterior
2802:internal
2797:external
2736:inferior
2731:superior
2727:Ganglia
2627:Tympanic
2606:inferior
2601:superior
2597:Ganglia
2479:cervical
2459:temporal
2343:(CN VII)
2312:Abducens
2202:inferior
2188:superior
2163:(CN III)
2049:Terminal
1882:Splenium
1761:30718902
1703:32669386
1607:43827714
1599:23102690
1552:11224137
1513:32037924
1455:34764187
1336:38059247
1328:11428719
1289:13489400
1234:26318330
1185:31543450
1136:31543450
1087:27862708
1048:32452763
986:30199261
939:21764750
874:33848512
825:33848512
773:32452763
714:24736183
534:14086435
489:17 March
484:13233369
400:oxytocin
244:and the
195:thalamus
187:habenula
183:midbrain
175:amygdala
2986:lingual
2978:Nucleus
2954:Cranial
2938:Nuclei
2932:(CN XI)
2880:Hepatic
2862:Abdomen
2718:Before
2588:Before
2581:(CN IX)
2529:Nuclei
2424:foramen
2321:Nucleus
2314:(CN VI)
2276:Course
2251:Nuclei
2223:Nucleus
2216:(CN IV)
2169:Nuclei
2140:Course
2130:Nuclei
2124:(CN II)
2101:Course
2091:Nuclei
2067:Course
2057:Nuclei
1892:Rostrum
1887:Tapetum
1859:in the
1819:at the
1800:8697897
1752:6387640
1694:7365017
1505:3167559
1446:8647703
1398:8531335
1390:6437605
1281:3115497
1225:4591248
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