173:, combustion velocity approaches, among others. There have been a variety of systems studied, including intermetallic, thermite, carbides, and others. Using SHS, it was shown that the particle size has a significant effect on the reaction kinetics. It was further shown that these effects are related to the relationship between the surface area/volume ratio of the particles, and that the kinetics can be controlled
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particles that contain both reactants within individual chemical cells. After reactant preparation, synthesis is initiated by point-heating of a small part (usually the top) of the sample. Once started, a wave of exothermic reaction sweeps through the remaining material. SHS has also been conducted
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Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis is a green synthesis technique that is highly energy efficient, using little if any toxic solvents. There have been environmental analysis conducted to show that SHS has a lesser environmental impact than traditional solution-phase processing techniques.
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SHS is not a suitable technique for production of nanoparticles. Typically, the high-temperature nature of the process leads to particle sintering during and after the reaction. The high-temperatures generated during synthesis also lead to problems with energy dissipation and suitable reaction
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reactions in solids of different nature. Reactions can occur between a solid reactant coupled with either a gas, liquid, or other solid. If the reactants, intermediates, and products are all solids, it is known as a solid flame. If the reaction occurs between a solid reactant and a gas phase
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with thin films, liquids, gases, powder–liquid systems, gas suspensions, layered systems, gas-gas systems, and others. Reactions have been conducted in a vacuum and under both inert or reactive gases. The temperature of the reaction can be moderated by the addition of
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high-energy ball-milling. Depending on the morphology of the reactants, it is possible to initiate a SHS reaction where a liquid phase occurs prior to phase formation or to directly result in solid-phase products without any melt.
556:
Mukasyan, A.S.; White, J.D.E.; Kovalev, D.Y.; Kochetov, N.A.; Ponomarev, V.I.; Son, S.F. (January 2010). "Dynamics of phase transformation during thermal explosion in the Al–Ni system: Influence of mechanical activation".
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reactant, it is called infiltration combustion. Since the process occurs at high temperatures, the method is ideally suited for the production of refractory materials including powders, metallic alloys, or ceramics.
193:"Concise Encyclopedia of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis. History, Theory, Technology, and Products". 1st Ed., Editors: I.Borovinskaya, A.Gromov, E.Levashov et al., Imprint: Elsevier Science, 2017
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In its usual format, SHS is conducted starting from finely powdered reactants that are intimately mixed. In some cases, the reagents are finely powdered whereas in other cases, they are
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Pini, Martina; Rosa, Roberto; Neri, Paolo; Bondioli, Federica; Ferrari, Anna Maria (2015). "Environmental assessment of a bottom-up hydrolytic synthesis of TiO nanoparticles".
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SHS has been used to vitrify various nuclear waste streams including ashes from incineration, spent inorganic ion exchangers such as clinoptilolite and contaminated soils.
194:
419:
Yin, Xi; Chen, Kexin; Ning, Xiaoshan; Zhou, Heping (2010). "Combustion
Synthesis of Ti3SiC2/TiC Composites from Elemental Powders under High-Gravity Conditions".
61:
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Mukasyan, Alexander S.; Khina, Boris B.; Reeves, Robert V.; Son, Steven F. (2011-11-01). "Mechanical activation and gasless explosion: Nanostructural aspects".
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Philippe R. Bonneau, John B. Wiley, Richard B. Kaner "Metathetical
Precursor Route to Molybdenum Disulfide" Inorganic Syntheses 1995, vol. 30, pp. 33–37.
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Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis can also be conducted in an artificial high gravity environment to control the phase composition of products.
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Shuck, Christopher E.; Mukasyan, Alexander S. (February 2017). "Reactive Ni/Al
Nanocomposites: Structural Characteristics and Activation Energy".
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M.I. Ojovan, W.E. Lee. Self sustaining vitrification for immobilization of radioactive and toxic waste. Glass
Technology, 44 (6) 218-224 (2003)
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133:, the reaction is so exothermic that the product GaN decomposes. Thus, the selection of the metal halide affects the success of the method.
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to minimize their surface area and prevent uninitiated exothermic reactions, which can be dangerous. In other cases, the particles are
494:(August 2005). "Ignition dynamics and activation energies of metallic thermites: From nano- to micron-scale particulate composites".
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The technique uses less energy for production of materials, and the energy cost savings increase as synthesis batch sizes increase.
592:
341:
Shuck, Christopher E.; Manukyan, Khachatur V.; Rouvimov, Sergei; Rogachev, Alexander S.; Mukasyan, Alexander S. (2016-01-01).
376:"SHS Processing and Consolidation of Ta–Ti–C, Ta–Zr–C, and Ta–Hf–C Carbides for Ultra‐High‐Temperatures Application"
97:(N, P, As) with other metal halides produce the corresponding metal chalcogenides and pnictides. The synthesis of
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The modern SHS process was reported and patented in 1971, although some SHS-like processes were known previously.
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The process is so exothermic (ΔH = -515 kJ/mol) that the LiI evaporates, leaving a residue of GaN. With GaCl
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http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/sigma-aldrich/technical-documents/articles/chemfiles/solid-state-metathesis.html
239:", A.G. Merzhanov, I.P. Borovinskaya. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol. 204, N 2, pp. 366-369, May, 1972
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Mukasyan, Alexander S.; Shuck, Christopher E.; Pauls, Joshua M; Manukyan, Khachatur V. (2018-12-02).
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Due to the solid-state nature of SHS processes, it is possible to measure reaction kinetics
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Mukasyan, A. S.; Shuck, C. E. (23 September 2017). "Kinetics of SHS reactions: A review".
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Kurbatkina, Viktoria; Patsera, Evgeny; Levashov, Evgeny; Vorotilo, Stepan (2018).
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Richard G. Blair, Richard B. Kaner "Solid-State
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using a variety of experimental techniques, including electrothermal explosion,
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Other compounds prepared by this method include metal dichalcogenides such as
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Self-propagated high-temperature synthesis of refractory inorganic compounds
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that absorbs heat in the process of melting or evaporation, such as
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Materials formed by SHS for needs of moon colonies.
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68:(e.g. in a planetary mill), which results in
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64:through techniques such as high energy
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19:(SHS) is a method for producing both
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601:Bentham Ebook by Maximilian Lackner
523:The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
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223:10.1016/j.cej.2011.09.028
535:10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12314
27:compounds by exothermic
393:10.1002/adem.201701065
147:reactor with excess Na
62:mechanically activated
620:Solid-state chemistry
599:Combustion Synthesis
593:Combustion Synthesis
492:Pantoya, Michelle L.
347:Combustion and Flame
121:N → GaN + 3 LiI
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161:Reaction Kinetics
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589:About SHS
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85:Examples
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