164:
219:
1239:(target dose) as a single or two divided doses (in the morning and late afternoon). For children older than 6 years old, over 70 kg, acute treatment should be started with 40 mg/day orally and increased up to 80 mg/day after a minimum of 3 days. The dose can be taken as a single dose in the morning or in two divided doses (in the morning and late afternoon). After 2–4 weeks the dose can be increased to 100 mg/ daily.
189:
1459:(Strattera) is another potent and selective NRI which is also effective and well tolerated treatment for adults with ADHD. This drug was the first ADHD treatment to be specially approved for adult use. Studies showed that atomoxetine is a nonstimulant and carries negligible risk of abuse. This discovery was groundbreaking as a beneficial new treatment option for adults with ADHD, specially those patients at risk of
2393:
1829:
1276:
1250:, clinical studies have shown that most patients are treated with an initial dose of reboxetine 8 mg/day, most often as a divided dose. Depending upon patient tolerance and need, the dose can be increased up to 10 mg/day. Doses over 12 mg/day are not recommended. Doses should be adjusted in
1204:)), only about 10% of the dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. Reboxetine is almost fully metabolised after oral administration. The drug is mainly metabolised through o-dealkylation and oxidation of the morpholine ring and hydroxylation of the ethoxyphenoxy ring. In vitro studies indicate that the
1434:
and chemically unrelated to SSRIs, the past four decades, norepinephrine has been asserted to play an important, possibly primary, role in the treatment of mental disorders. This was from the notion that depression was primarily due to norepinephrine deficits, partly based on the fact that drugs that
2416:
Mahaney, Paige E.; Vu, An T.; McComas, Casey C.; Zhang, Puwen; Nogle, Lisa M.; Watts, William L.; Sarkahian, Ani; Leventhal, Liza; Sullivan, Nicole R.; Uveges, Albert J.; Trybulski, Eugene J. (December 2006). "Synthesis and activity of a new class of dual acting norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake
1238:
In the use of atomoxetine in children (6 years or older up to 70 kg) with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, acute treatment should be started with approximately 0.5 mg/kg orally daily. The dose should be increased after a minimum of 3 days up to approximately 1.2 mg/kg daily
1500:
Ding, Y.-S.; Naganawa, M.; Gallezot, J.-D.; Nabulsi, N.; Lin, S.-F.; Ropchan, J.; Weinzimmer, D.; McCarthy, T.J.; Carson, R.E.; Huang, Y.; Laruelle, M. (February 2014). "Clinical doses of atomoxetine significantly occupy both norepinephrine and serotonin transports: Implications on treatment of
1234:
should be 40 mg daily. The dose should be increased after a minimum of 3 days to a target dose of 80 mg daily as a single dose in the morning. The 80 mg/day can also be taken in two divided doses in the morning and late afternoon. After 2–4 weeks the dose may be increased to
1435:
relieve depression increase brain norepinephrine levels. To date, a great number of potent and selective (also mixed) NET inhibitors, e.g. selective NRIs, have been marketed as antidepressants. The first commercially available selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI) was
1208:
enzyme is primarily responsible for the metabolism of reboxetine. The drug is available as a racemic compound. The RR enantiomer is 10 times less potent than the SS enantiomer. The SS enantiomer (more potent) has a plasma level that is two times lower than the urinary excretion.
1213:
of reboxetine is mainly via hepatic metabolism (by cytochrome P450 3A4) with a mean terminal half-life of about 12 hours. No significant difference was observed in the terminal half-lives of the RR and SS diastereomers. About 10% of the dose of reboxetine is cleared renally.
1562:
Versiani, Marcio; Cassano, Giovanni; Perugi, Giulio; Benedetti, Alessandra; Mastalli, Luigia; Savino, Mario (1 January 2002). "Reboxetine, a
Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor, Is an Effective and Well-Tolerated Treatment for Panic Disorder".
71:(Strattera) is another potent and selective NRI which is also effective and well tolerated for the treatment of ADHD in adults; it may also be a new treatment option for adults with ADHD, particularly for those patients at risk of
55:(NE). The selectivity and mechanism of action for the NRI drugs remain mostly unresolved and, to date, only a limited number of NRI-selective inhibitors are available. The first commercially available selective NRI was the drug
2452:
Andersen, Jacob; Kristensen, Anders S.; Bang-Andersen, Benny; Strømgaard, Kristian (2009). "Recent advances in the understanding of the interaction of antidepressant drugs with serotonin and norepinephrine transporters".
1167:
If 4 mg of reboxetine is taken orally by a healthy adult, the peak levels can be about 130 ng/mL and are achieved within 2 hours after administration. The administration of reboxetine with food delayed the
1354:
group instead of a secondary amine. The morpholine group of reboxetine forms a salt bridge and hydrogen bonds with the amino acids of NET. While the phenyl and ethyloxyphenyl groups form hydrophobic interactions.
2664:
Cocchiara, G.; Battaglia, R.; Pevarello, P.; Benedetti, M. Strolin (July 1991). "Comparison of the disposition and of the metabolic pattern of
Reboxetine, a new antidepressant, in the rat, dog, monkey and man".
1075:
of atomoxetine are similar in children, teenagers and adults. Pharmacokinetics of atomoxetine has not been studied in children younger than 6 years old. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that atomoxetine
113:
is the active ingredient, sold under the brand name
Edronax. Reboxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and acts by binding to the NET and block the reuptake of norepinephrine in the
1362:, but the placement of substituents on the phenyl ring determine the selectivity. Compounds with substituents in position 2’ have selectivity for NET. Compounds with substituents in position 4’ are
2035:
Boschmann, Michael; Schroeder, Christoph; Christensen, Niels Juel; Tank, Jens; Krupp, Goetz; Biaggioni, Italo; Klaus, Susanne; Sharma, Arya M.; Luft, Friedrich C.; Jordan, Jens (November 2002).
511:(MAOI) should also be taken into account for contraindications. Atomoxetine should not be taken within 2 weeks after discontinuing an MAOI or completely avoid taking MAOI. The same applies to
1200:
excreted in the urine corresponds to 78% of the dose. Even though the drug is mainly unchanged in blood circulation (70% of total radioactivity, as the area under the concentration curve (
1608:"Reboxetine for acute treatment of major depression: systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished placebo and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor controlled trials"
1410:, catecholamines such as norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin, and their role in the pathogenesis of depression. These past discoveries in psychopharmacology led to the development of
2281:
Dostert, Philippe; Benedetti, Margherita S.; Poggesi, Italo (1 April 1997). "Review of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of reboxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor".
1741:
Wells, Barbara G.; Gelenberg, Alan J. (10 September 1981). "Chemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Adverse
Effects, and Efficacy of the Antidepressant Maprotiline Hydrochloride".
2339:
Fleishaker, Joseph C. (1 December 2000). "Clinical
Pharmacokinetics of Reboxetine, a Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor for the Treatment of Patients with Depression".
926:
vary both in the selectivity and potency at each of these three monoamine transporter sites (NET, DAT and SERT). However, those ligands may be of value in clarifying the
515:
with an MAOI, that it should not be initiated within 2 weeks after discontinuing atomoxetine. Serious and sometimes fatal reactions may occur when atomoxetine and
1698:
Garnock-Jones, Karly P.; Keating, Gillian M. (2009). "Atomoxetine: A Review of its Use in
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents".
107:. However it is not known whether the therapeutic effects of atomoxetine is due to its blockage of the NET or both norepinephrine- and serotonin transporters.
2575:
1443:. The selectivity of reboxetine for the NET results in benign side effect profile because the drug is well tolerated. In the laboratories of Chemistry of
1414:
and a range of drugs with different functions on those neurotransmitters. But a new generation of antidepressants were resulted from the discovery of
922:
for the NRI drugs remain unknown and, to date, only a very limited number of NRI-selective inhibitors are available. Research has shown that these new
2489:"Exploring the Inhibitory Mechanism of Approved Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors and Reboxetine Enantiomers by Molecular Dynamics Study"
87:
is sold under the brand name
Strattera and was first approved for medical use in the United States in 2002. Its indication is for the treatment of
21:
51:(NET) serves as the fundamental mechanism for the inactivation of noradrenergic signaling because of the NET termination in the reuptake of
2764:
2544:
Melloni, P.; Della Torre, A.; Lazzari, E.; Mazzini, G.; Meroni, M. (January 1985). "Configurational studies on 2- morpholine fce 20124".
121:. Reboxetine was first approved for marketing in Europe in 1997, however, in the United States its application for approval was rejected.
1606:
Eyding, D.; Lelgemann, M.; Grouven, U.; Harter, M.; Kromp, M.; Kaiser, T.; Kerekes, M. F.; Gerken, M.; Wieseler, B. (12 October 2010).
543:
was associated with
Strattera use in clinical trials. Therefore, the use of Strattera is not recommended in patients with narrow angle
2487:
Zheng, Guoxun; Xue, Weiwei; Wang, Panpan; Yang, Fengyuan; Li, Bo; Li, Xiaofeng; Li, Yinghong; Yao, Xiaojun; Zhu, Feng (27 May 2016).
1544:
1223:
844:
788:. The NE inactivation process, when taken up by the NET, is crucial in preventing too much increase in the NE concentration in the
153:
88:
44:
1426:, they are not universally effective and can also have a few unpleasant side effects, such as weight gain, sleep disturbances and
1363:
1201:
1791:
1655:
Whiskey, Eromona; Taylor, David (19 June 2013). "A review of the adverse effects and safety of noradrenergic antidepressants".
1447:
Carlo Erba (Milan, Italy), reboxetine was synthesized according to the general method described by
Melloni et al. In 1993 Kabi
566:
The only contraindication that is reported in the IMB Micromedex database is prior hypersensitivity to the active compound,
1382:
occurred around the world. Then throughout the 1960s and 1970s major advances were made in synthesizing and identifying
2615:
Hajós, Mihály; Fleishaker, Joseph C.; Filipiak-Reisner, Jacqueline K.; Brown, Mark T.; Wong, Erik H. F. (7 June 2006).
2178:
Sauer, John-Michael; Ring, Barbara J.; Witcher, Jennifer W. (1 June 2005). "Clinical
Pharmacokinetics of Atomoxetine".
2076:
Schroeder, C.; Jordan, J. (1 December 2012). "Norepinephrine transporter function and human cardiovascular disease".
1472:
285:
in both men and women, but they are significantly less common than with serotonergic drugs. Other side effects are
205:
2617:"The Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressant Reboxetine: Pharmacological and Clinical Profile"
2598:
2232:
1180:
concentrations of reboxetine fell in one exponential phase (monoexponential) with a half-life of about 12 hours.
761:
507:; patients known to be hypersensitive to atomoxetine or other constituents of the product should avoid using it.
351:) can increase exposure for atomoxetine and it can also increase atomoxetine steady-state plasma concentration.
559:) have been reported in patients who received Strattera. Last but not least, patients with severe cardiac or
2154:
1359:
1227:
1477:
1370:
which has a phenyl group attached at positions 2’ and 3’ and has a similar affinity for both transporters.
1189:
1101:
1291:
1210:
1137:
812:
747:
595:
96:
48:
163:
1440:
1096:
of atomoxetine after oral administration is 63-94%, it is dependent on individual differences in the
1085:
179:
118:
64:
218:
2111:
Mandela, Prashant; Ordway, Gregory A. (2006). "The norepinephrine transporter and its regulation".
599:
1398:
that led to changes in neural functioning. The connection was made shortly after the discovery of
2740:
1391:
1303:
1136:
rapidly. 4-hydroxyatomoxetine is equivalent to atomoxetine but is much lower in plasma. The mean
91:(ADHD) in children over 6 years of age, adolescents and adults. Atomoxetine selectively inhibits
1113:
868:
719:
631:
551:
or a history of pheochromocytoma should not take Strattera because serious reactions (elevated
448:
1723:
1255:
1097:
903:
895:
860:
371:
104:
1422:. Although SSRIs are a group of effective antidepressant drugs with considerable few severe
2500:
1169:
1060:
899:
114:
2725:
2708:
1977:"The sympathetic nervous system and catecholamines metabolism in obstructive sleep apnoea"
914:. Because if the NRI drug affects those other monoamine transporters they would be called
188:
8:
1350:
group in position 2’ on the phenyl ring. But the main difference from atomoxetine is the
1172:
rate by approximately 2 hours while not affecting the extent of absorption. The absolute
1144:
919:
777:
2504:
1992:
2690:
2641:
2632:
2616:
2590:
2521:
2488:
2372:
2314:
2211:
2136:
2009:
1976:
1952:
1927:
1900:
1867:
1766:
1754:
1680:
1632:
1607:
1526:
1383:
1379:
1077:
820:
560:
487:
60:
2557:
2294:
1928:"Noradrenaline effects on social behaviour, intergroup relations, and moral decisions"
1809:
1184:
is seen within 5 days. Reboxetine is 97% protein bound in young people and 92% in the
523:
concentration are given concurrently or in close proximity. Examples of reactions are
2682:
2646:
2526:
2466:
2434:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2306:
2298:
2258:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2128:
2124:
2093:
2058:
2014:
1996:
1957:
1905:
1887:
1758:
1715:
1711:
1672:
1637:
1588:
1580:
1518:
1514:
1431:
1407:
1403:
1339:
1247:
891:
852:
848:
765:
635:
512:
500:
336:
286:
209:
40:
2318:
2215:
2140:
1943:
1770:
1684:
1530:
2720:
2674:
2636:
2628:
2594:
2553:
2516:
2508:
2458:
2426:
2376:
2348:
2290:
2187:
2120:
2085:
2048:
2004:
1988:
1975:
Bisogni, Valeria; Pengo, Martino F.; Maiolino, Giuseppe; Rossi, Gian Paolo (2016).
1947:
1939:
1895:
1883:
1879:
1750:
1707:
1664:
1627:
1619:
1572:
1510:
1387:
1193:
1072:
864:
832:
675:
587:
548:
504:
483:
354:
254:
36:
2694:
1406:, and was of wide interest. Discovery was made on the decreased levels of certain
1346:. Reboxetine, like atomoxetine, contains an aryloxy propylamine moiety and has an
531:
and altered mental states that include extreme agitation, possibly progressing to
325:
at the same time. That can increase the plasma concentration of NRIs in the body.
1460:
1411:
1173:
1117:
1105:
1093:
927:
769:
723:
556:
401:
396:) should be used with caution when administered with atomoxetine due to possible
278:
99:(NET) in the brain. Research has suggested that it also inhibits the reuptake of
72:
32:
2089:
1727:
1399:
1335:
1323:
856:
836:
789:
754:
743:
703:
639:
627:
623:
603:
583:
552:
508:
381:
358:
322:
310:
306:
274:
250:
92:
52:
2430:
760:
neurons through the protein NET. The reuptake of NE is either repackaged into
2758:
2360:
2302:
2199:
2000:
1891:
1668:
1584:
1251:
1197:
1081:
872:
773:
679:
667:
473:
469:
642:. The substance has involvement in sleep and mood regulation, expression of
363:
2650:
2530:
2470:
2438:
2368:
2207:
2132:
2097:
2062:
2053:
2036:
2018:
1961:
1909:
1719:
1676:
1641:
1592:
1522:
1423:
1181:
1177:
931:
915:
884:
880:
750:
731:
715:
607:
602:” response both in animals and humans. This stimulus causes the release of
591:
524:
430:
420:
290:
238:
2686:
2310:
1762:
2451:
2259:"Edronax 4mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc)"
2037:"Norepinephrine Transporter Function and Autonomic Control of Metabolism"
1576:
1456:
1343:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1299:
1283:
1231:
1133:
1121:
972:
824:
699:
683:
663:
615:
426:
416:
393:
385:
329:
145:
84:
68:
2678:
1926:
Terbeck, S.; Savulescu, J.; Chesterman, L.P.; Cowen, P.J. (July 2016).
1868:"Norepinephrine transporter inhibitors and their therapeutic potential"
1444:
1436:
1419:
1367:
1351:
1331:
1243:
1148:
1129:
1088:
rapidly and completely after oral administration. Atomoxetine reaches C
1010:
991:
930:
mechanisms, and in the discovery of new selective NRI drugs with fewer
888:
828:
781:
757:
707:
691:
658:, whether it's real or perceived, NE being the most prominent receptor
619:
567:
434:
409:
389:
344:
340:
270:
266:
196:
171:
110:
56:
2512:
1623:
1302:. Research has shown that a methyl group in position 2’ provides more
2462:
1451:, Swedish based pharmaceutical giant, bought Farmitalian and in 2003
1448:
1287:
1259:
1140:
911:
659:
647:
611:
540:
528:
520:
463:
459:
455:
377:
367:
348:
246:
100:
2663:
2614:
277:
have been reported but are usually not clinically important. Sexual
1743:
Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy
1235:
100 mg/day but doses over 100 mg/ day are not suggested.
1152:
907:
876:
793:
727:
711:
671:
643:
544:
532:
477:
444:
298:
294:
262:
242:
2034:
1427:
1395:
1307:
1185:
1109:
923:
840:
785:
651:
397:
302:
2543:
2078:
American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
831:), named NRI, have been successfully developed to treat various
634:(CNS) and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure,
237:
Selective NRIs are generally well tolerated but the most common
1925:
1452:
1390:. Here, scientists had realised that these drugs interact with
1347:
1295:
1286:
contains an aryloxy propylamine moiety that has been linked to
1205:
1125:
797:
687:
655:
503:
should be taken into account for atomoxetine. The first one is
282:
258:
1561:
606:
such as NE. The chemical class of catecholamines has positive
301:. What can be considered serious side effects are thoughts of
281:
are mostly related to male arousal difficulties and decreased
1545:"TGA eBS - Product and Consumer Medicine Information Licence"
1415:
1311:
1156:
1151:
and 21 hours in those with a slow metabolism. Atomoxetine is
1116:
for atomoxetine is 0.85 L/kg, with limited partitioning into
843:). The NRI drugs used medically for mental disorders include
816:
801:
695:
516:
440:
1605:
590:
that is released predominantly from the ends of sympathetic
1499:
1358:
The aryloxy propylamine moiety is also found in many other
737:
536:
1974:
370:
because it may increase the efficacy of albuterol on the
117:. Its indication is for acute treatment of depression or
2667:
European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
1439:(Edronax) and was developed as a first line therapy for
1279:
Aryloxy propylamine moiety of atomoxetine and reboxetine
2576:"History of the Use of Antidepressants in Primary Care"
2280:
1275:
1080:
and oral solutions are equivalent. Atomoxetine is very
2741:"It's official: Pfizer buys Pharmacia - Apr. 16, 2003"
2417:
inhibitors: 3-(1H-indol-1-yl)-3-arylpropan-1-amines".
2041:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
1290:
reuptake inhibitory activity. It's selectivity to the
796:
of NE is competitive with various naturally occurring
2415:
898:
NET, excluding the other two monoamine transporters (
598:
is stimulated in fearful situations and elicits the “
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
1697:
630:. NE is one of the crucial neurotransmitters in the
321:
If people are using sNRI drugs they should not take
29:
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (sNRIs)
698:secretion, constricted blood vessels and inhibited
1270:
2164:
1155:mainly as 4-hydroxyatomoxetin-O-glucoronide with
670:responses in these threatening situation creates
204:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),
2756:
2486:
2177:
31:are a class of drugs that have been marketed as
2075:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2253:
2251:
2249:
1740:
1386:which were useful in the treatment of various
1366:e.g. fluoxetine and paroxetine. Then there is
1326:while the phenyl and methylphenyl groups have
1050:Time to achieve a maximum plasma concentration
2110:
1824:
1822:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1654:
1342:is a mixture of the (R,R)-(-)- and (S,S)-(+)
819:, that are potent and selective or mixed NET
764:or degraded by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (
2227:
2225:
875:. NRI drugs bind to the NET and inhibit the
2569:
2567:
2388:
2386:
2325:
2269:
2246:
662:activates behavioral adaptions to maintain
357:drugs because it can possibly increase the
22:Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
2338:
1819:
1777:
918:inhibitors. However, the selectivity and
879:of NE. These drugs therefore increase the
2724:
2640:
2573:
2520:
2222:
2052:
2008:
1951:
1899:
1631:
1265:
1147:is 3.6 hours in individuals in extensive
578:
201:Currently Qelbree and formerly as Vivalan
2583:Primary Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry
2564:
2383:
1932:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
1274:
1224:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1032:
1021:
845:attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
738:Role of norepinephrine transporter (NET)
586:(NE), also known as noradrenaline, is a
462:(medicines for eliminating water), e.g.
451:may cause an increase in blood pressure.
154:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
89:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
45:attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
2482:
2480:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2155:"HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION"
1402:having effects on emotion, relating to
1364:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
1092:1 to 2 hours after administration. The
1027:
726:on Dopa generates the neurotransmitter
2757:
1815:. The electronic medicines compendium.
1298:substituent in the 2’ position on the
1132:formed is 4-hydroxyatomoxetine, which
807:
776:neurons and serves as the fundamental
2726:10.1093/oxfordjournals.annonc.a058508
2709:"Farmitalia bought by Kabi Pharmacia"
95:reuptake by blocking the presynaptic
2477:
2419:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
2404:
2030:
2028:
1921:
1919:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1495:
1493:
1378:In the 1950s, major breakthrough in
494:
476:, medicines used to control fits or
1993:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.11.14
937:
13:
2765:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
2633:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00002.x
1755:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1981.tb03559.x
1565:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
1314:group of atomoxetine binds to the
682:. Responses such as dilatation of
227:
14:
2776:
2025:
1916:
1840:
1490:
1473:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
894:. Selective NRIs blocks only the
2353:10.2165/00003088-200039060-00003
2283:European Neuropsychopharmacology
2192:10.2165/00003088-200544060-00002
2125:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03717.x
1712:10.2165/00148581-200911030-00005
1515:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.001
1310:group in the same position. The
618:effects which lead to increased
217:
206:Cognitive disengagement syndrome
187:
162:
2733:
2701:
2657:
2608:
2537:
2445:
2147:
2104:
2069:
1968:
1944:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.031
1271:Structure activity relationship
573:
563:should not be using Strattera.
316:
232:
78:
1884:10.1358/dof.2004.029.12.855246
1802:
1734:
1691:
1648:
1599:
1555:
1537:
742:Approximately 90% of released
1:
2574:Lieberman, Joseph A. (2003).
2558:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)96541-X
2295:10.1016/S0924-977X(97)00417-3
1657:Journal of Psychopharmacology
1483:
1360:monoamine reuptake inhibitors
1104:and is highly (98%) bound to
768:). The NET is located in the
2289:(1, Supplement 1): S23–S35.
1478:Monoamine reuptake inhibitor
734:it produces norepinephrine.
103:by binding to the selective
7:
2394:"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride"
2090:10.1152/ajpheart.00492.2012
1981:Journal of Thoracic Disease
1866:Zhou, Jia (December 2004).
1834:www.micromedexsolutions.com
1792:"Atomoxetine hydrochloride"
1466:
1124:by the cytochrome P4502D6 (
10:
2781:
1373:
1292:norepinephrine transporter
1128:) enzyme system. The main
646:and the general degree of
596:sympathetic nervous system
443:derivatives used to treat
400:or synergistic effects on
97:norepinephrine transporter
59:(Edronax), developed as a
49:norepinephrine transporter
18:
2431:10.1016/j.bmc.2006.08.039
2341:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
2180:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
2113:Journal of Neurochemistry
1441:major depressive disorder
1217:
835:, but unfortunately also
714:and then is sequentially
180:Major depressive disorder
119:major depression disorder
65:major depressive disorder
35:and are used for various
1669:10.1177/0269881113492027
1222:For adult patients with
1120:. Atomoxetine is mainly
1100:. Atomoxetine is widely
887:receptors that regulate
20:Not to be confused with
2455:Chemical Communications
1015:ER relative to IR: 88%
2054:10.1210/jc.2002-020533
1810:"Edronax 4 mg tablets"
1501:depression and ADHD".
1280:
1266:Structure and function
1176:is approximately 94%.
1114:volume of distribution
869:psychosexual disorders
722:, also known as Dopa.
720:dihydroxyphenylalanine
632:central nervous system
579:Role of norepinephrine
1278:
1256:hepatic insufficiency
1143:of atomoxetine after
1098:first-pass metabolism
896:monoamine transporter
883:of NE for binding to
861:personality disorders
784:effects of NE in the
753:is taken up again by
412:in combination with:
372:cardiovascular system
332:in combination with:
105:serotonin transporter
2719:(5): 345. May 1993.
2263:www.medicines.org.uk
1577:10.4088/JCP.v63n0107
1294:(NET) is due to its
1061:Biological half-life
780:by terminating the
702:. Norepinephrine is
654:. In the face of a
539:. Increased risk of
115:extracellular fluids
2505:2016NatSR...626883Z
2084:(11): H1273–H1282.
1872:Drugs of the Future
1306:towards NET than a
1145:oral administration
943:
920:mechanism of action
808:Mechanism of action
449:Parkinson's disease
140:Chemical structure
2713:Annals of Oncology
2679:10.1007/BF03189965
2493:Scientific Reports
1618:(oct12 1): c4737.
1549:www.ebs.tga.gov.au
1455:bought Pharmacia.
1384:psychoactive drugs
1380:psychopharmacology
1281:
942:
561:vascular disorders
519:that affect brain
61:first-line therapy
2513:10.1038/srep26883
2425:(24): 8455–8466.
2047:(11): 5130–5137.
1878:(12): 1235–1244.
1624:10.1136/bmj.c4737
1432:Pharmacologically
1408:neurotransmitters
1340:active ingredient
1040:
1039:
892:neurotransmission
853:anxiety disorders
730:, afterward when
636:energy metabolism
527:, inflexibility,
501:contraindications
495:Contraindications
408:Beware of taking
337:CYP2D6 inhibitors
328:Beware of taking
287:urinary retention
269:. An increase in
225:
224:
2772:
2749:
2748:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2621:CNS Drug Reviews
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2597:. Archived from
2580:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2552:(7): 1393–1399.
2541:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2463:10.1039/b903035m
2449:
2443:
2442:
2413:
2402:
2401:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2336:
2323:
2322:
2278:
2267:
2266:
2255:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2012:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1863:
1838:
1837:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1788:
1775:
1774:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1700:Paediatric Drugs
1695:
1689:
1688:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1497:
1388:mental disorders
1194:total body water
1073:pharmacokinetics
1034:
1029:
1023:
944:
941:
938:Pharmacokinetics
865:bipolar disorder
833:mental disorders
815:is a target for
638:and controlling
588:neurotransmitter
549:pheochromocytoma
547:. Patients with
505:hypersensitivity
484:Herbal medicines
355:Antihypertensive
255:loss of appetite
221:
191:
166:
125:
124:
37:mental disorders
25:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2662:
2658:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2578:
2572:
2565:
2542:
2538:
2485:
2478:
2457:(25): 3677–92.
2450:
2446:
2414:
2405:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2337:
2326:
2279:
2270:
2257:
2256:
2247:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2176:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2109:
2105:
2074:
2070:
2033:
2026:
1973:
1969:
1924:
1917:
1864:
1841:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1790:
1789:
1778:
1739:
1735:
1696:
1692:
1653:
1649:
1604:
1600:
1560:
1556:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1469:
1461:substance abuse
1412:antidepressants
1376:
1273:
1268:
1220:
1174:bioavailability
1118:red blood cells
1106:plasma proteins
1094:bioavailability
1091:
1057:
1047:
966:
959:
953:Protein binding
950:Bioavailability
940:
928:pharmacological
810:
770:plasma membrane
740:
724:Decarboxylation
600:fight or flight
581:
576:
557:tachyarrhythmia
497:
488:St. John's Wort
402:pharmacodynamic
319:
279:adverse effects
235:
230:
228:Adverse effects
81:
73:substance abuse
33:antidepressants
26:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2778:
2768:
2767:
2751:
2750:
2732:
2700:
2673:(3): 231–239.
2656:
2607:
2604:on 2019-10-06.
2563:
2536:
2476:
2444:
2403:
2382:
2347:(6): 413–427.
2324:
2268:
2245:
2240:FDA government
2221:
2186:(6): 571–590.
2163:
2146:
2119:(2): 310–333.
2103:
2068:
2024:
1987:(2): 243–254.
1967:
1915:
1839:
1818:
1801:
1776:
1749:(2): 121–138.
1733:
1706:(3): 203–226.
1690:
1663:(8): 732–739.
1647:
1598:
1554:
1536:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1400:catecholamines
1375:
1372:
1336:chiral centers
1330:interactions.
1324:hydrogen bonds
1318:of NET with a
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1242:In the use of
1226:, the initial
1219:
1216:
1089:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1037:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
988:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
969:
968:
964:
961:
957:
954:
951:
948:
939:
936:
857:mood disorders
837:drugs of abuse
809:
806:
790:synaptic cleft
755:postganglionic
739:
736:
704:biosynthesized
640:flexor muscles
628:cardiac output
624:blood pressure
604:catecholamines
584:Norepinephrine
580:
577:
575:
572:
553:blood pressure
509:MAO inhibitors
496:
493:
492:
491:
486:that contains
481:
467:
452:
438:
424:
406:
405:
382:norepinephrine
375:
361:
359:blood pressure
352:
323:MAO inhibitors
318:
315:
311:hallucinations
307:aggressiveness
275:blood pressure
251:abdominal pain
234:
231:
229:
226:
223:
222:
215:
212:
202:
199:
193:
192:
185:
182:
177:
174:
168:
167:
160:
157:
151:
148:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
123:
122:
108:
93:norepinephrine
80:
77:
53:norepinephrine
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2777:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2746:
2745:money.cnn.com
2742:
2736:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2156:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1811:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:renal failure
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:Radioactivity
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1082:water soluble
1079:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
985:
982:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
962:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
873:schizophrenia
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:noradrenergic
771:
767:
763:
759:
756:
752:
749:
745:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:acute anxiety
677:
673:
669:
668:physiological
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
571:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
489:
485:
482:
479:
475:
474:phenobarbital
471:
470:Carbamazepine
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:
446:
442:
439:
436:
432:
428:
425:
422:
418:
415:
414:
413:
411:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:
373:
369:
365:
362:
360:
356:
353:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:
334:
333:
331:
326:
324:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:reported are
240:
220:
216:
213:
211:
207:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
190:
186:
183:
181:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
165:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
120:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
82:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
23:
2744:
2735:
2716:
2712:
2703:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2627:(1): 23–44.
2624:
2620:
2610:
2599:the original
2586:
2582:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2499:(1): 26883.
2496:
2492:
2454:
2447:
2422:
2418:
2397:
2344:
2340:
2286:
2282:
2262:
2239:
2183:
2179:
2149:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2044:
2040:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1935:
1931:
1875:
1871:
1833:
1830:"Reboxetine"
1804:
1795:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1571:(1): 31–37.
1568:
1564:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1506:
1502:
1424:side effects
1377:
1357:
1282:
1241:
1237:
1221:
1182:Steady-state
1166:
1162:
1161:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1053:
1043:
1031:
932:side effects
916:nonselective
885:postsynaptic
881:availability
811:
751:nerve fibers
741:
732:hydroxylated
716:hydroxylated
690:, increased
608:chronotropic
592:nerve fibers
582:
574:Pharmacology
565:
525:hyperthermia
498:
431:erythromycin
421:ketoconazole
407:
380:that affect
327:
320:
317:Interactions
291:constipation
239:side effects
236:
233:Side effects
134:Medical uses
79:Medical uses
47:(ADHD). The
28:
27:
2589:(7): 6–10.
2546:Tetrahedron
2233:"Strattera"
1509:: 164–171.
1457:Atomoxetine
1394:located on
1344:enantiomers
1328:hydrophobic
1320:salt bridge
1316:amino acids
1300:phenyl ring
1284:Atomoxetine
1232:atomoxetine
1211:Elimination
1206:CYP450(3A4)
1190:distributed
1138:elimination
1134:glucuronate
1122:metabolized
1102:distributed
1067:Atomoxetine
1024:: ~5 (3-9)
973:Atomoxetine
825:atomoxetine
748:sympathetic
700:peristalsis
694:and kidney
684:bronchioles
664:homeostasis
616:dromotropic
458:-depleting
427:Antibiotics
417:Antifungals
394:mirtazapine
386:venlafaxine
330:atomoxetine
146:Atomoxetine
85:Atomoxetine
69:Atomoxetine
2398:Micromedex
1503:NeuroImage
1484:References
1445:Farmitalia
1437:reboxetine
1420:fluoxetine
1404:depression
1368:duloxetine
1352:morpholine
1332:Reboxetine
1262:patients.
1248:depression
1244:reboxetine
1170:absorption
1163:Reboxetine
1149:metabolism
1130:metabolite
1035:: 7 ± 4.7
1011:Viloxazine
992:Reboxetine
889:adrenergic
849:depression
829:reboxetine
821:inhibitors
782:biological
758:adrenergic
710:precursor
708:amino acid
692:heart rate
620:heart rate
568:reboxetine
435:rifampicin
410:reboxetine
390:imipramine
364:β2-agonist
345:paroxetine
341:fluoxetine
271:heart rate
267:drowsiness
210:Depression
197:Viloxazine
172:Reboxetine
137:Introduced
131:Brand name
128:Medication
111:Reboxetine
57:reboxetine
41:depression
16:Drug class
2361:1179-1926
2303:0924-977X
2200:1179-1926
2001:2072-1439
1938:: 54–60.
1892:0377-8282
1728:222243344
1585:0160-6689
1449:Pharmacia
1392:receptors
1288:monoamine
1260:geriatric
1141:half-life
1108:, mainly
912:serotonin
778:mechanism
746:from the
706:from the
660:modulator
648:alertness
612:inotropic
541:mydriasis
529:myoclonus
521:monoamine
513:treatment
464:thiazides
460:diuretics
456:potassium
378:Medicines
368:albuterol
349:quinidine
247:dry mouth
150:Strattera
101:serotonin
39:, mainly
2759:Category
2651:14978512
2531:27230580
2471:19557250
2439:16973367
2369:11192474
2319:30214635
2216:25708096
2208:15910008
2141:26772424
2133:16539676
2098:23023867
2063:12414883
2019:26904265
1962:27126289
1910:16871320
1796:Dailymed
1771:19876511
1724:ProQuest
1720:19445548
1685:37482892
1677:23784737
1642:20940209
1593:11838623
1531:16958660
1523:23933039
1467:See also
1338:and the
1334:has two
1304:affinity
1153:excreted
1086:absorbed
1078:capsules
1005:12–12,5
967:(hours)
908:dopamine
877:reuptake
847:(ADHD),
794:reuptake
762:vesicles
728:dopamine
712:tyrosine
672:emotions
644:behavior
545:glaucoma
533:delirium
478:seizures
445:migraine
404:effects.
299:insomnia
295:sweating
263:vomiting
243:headache
2687:1814741
2642:6741733
2595:6807291
2522:4882549
2501:Bibcode
2377:7875961
2311:9169308
2010:4739957
1953:4899514
1901:1518795
1763:6765485
1633:2954275
1428:anxiety
1418:, e.g.
1396:neurons
1374:History
1308:methoxy
1258:and in
1188:and is
1186:elderly
1110:albumin
1018:76-82%
986:4,5-19
960:(hours)
924:ligands
841:cocaine
786:synapse
652:arousal
429:, e.g.
419:, e.g.
398:synergy
339:(e.g.,
303:suicide
208:(CDS),
176:Edronax
2695:874781
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1453:Pfizer
1348:ethoxy
1296:methyl
1218:Dosage
1178:Plasma
1126:CYP2D6
1112:. The
1084:so it
1030:: 2-5
999:96-97%
977:63-94%
906:) for
839:(e.g.
823:(e.g.
798:amines
792:. The
688:pupils
676:stress
666:. The
656:threat
594:. The
499:A few
384:(e.g.
283:libido
259:nausea
156:(ADHD)
2691:S2CID
2602:(PDF)
2591:S2CID
2579:(PDF)
2373:S2CID
2315:S2CID
2236:(PDF)
2212:S2CID
2158:(PDF)
2137:S2CID
1813:(PDF)
1767:S2CID
1681:S2CID
1527:S2CID
1416:SSRIs
1312:amine
1192:into
1157:urine
817:drugs
802:drugs
696:renin
517:drugs
441:Ergot
366:e.g.
2683:PMID
2647:PMID
2527:PMID
2467:PMID
2435:PMID
2365:PMID
2357:ISSN
2307:PMID
2299:ISSN
2204:PMID
2196:ISSN
2129:PMID
2094:PMID
2059:PMID
2015:PMID
1997:ISSN
1958:PMID
1906:PMID
1888:ISSN
1759:PMID
1716:PMID
1673:PMID
1638:PMID
1589:PMID
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1519:PMID
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1228:dose
1071:The
947:Drug
910:and
904:SERT
902:and
871:and
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800:and
686:and
678:and
650:and
626:and
614:and
555:and
537:coma
535:and
472:and
454:Any
347:and
309:and
297:and
273:and
265:and
214:1974
184:1997
159:2002
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43:and
2721:doi
2675:doi
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2629:doi
2554:doi
2517:PMC
2509:doi
2459:doi
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2291:doi
2188:doi
2121:doi
2086:doi
2082:303
2049:doi
2005:PMC
1989:doi
1948:PMC
1940:doi
1896:PMC
1880:doi
1751:doi
1708:doi
1665:doi
1628:PMC
1620:doi
1616:341
1612:BMJ
1573:doi
1511:doi
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1090:max
1056:1/2
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996:94%
980:98%
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