1150:
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25:
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1254:. Vital wheat gluten is nearly all gluten and almost no starch. When used as an additive in baking, its purpose is to add elasticity to flours that would otherwise be low in gluten, such as whole wheat flour or rye. Very little is required: generally about 1 tablespoon (15ml) per 2–3 cups (480–720 ml) of flour. It improves the rise of the raw dough and also improves the texture and chewiness of the final product.
217:
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gluten seasoned with soy sauce. The people most responsible for this change were Nik and Joanne
Amartseff, who introduced Tan Pups in 1972, and John Weissman, who in 1974 introduced Wheatmeat (first meatballs then cutlets made of seitan) in Boston. All worked for years to popularize these products at the Erewhon retail store, and developed a trademark on the Wheatmeat name.
1111:
The meaning of the word "seitan" has undergone a gradual evolution. The initial product, imported from Japan in 1969 was a very salty seasoning, the color of soy sauce, sold in a small glass jar or plastic pouch, to be used as a seasoning for brown rice. The name gradually came to refer to any wheat
739:
shape which is then steamed. This type of gluten has a dense texture and ranges from off-white to light greenish grey in color. It is torn open into strips and used as a cooking ingredient. When this sausage-shaped gluten is thickly sliced into medallions, the resulting form is called
751:, "gluten wheels"). Larger blocks of steamed gluten are sometimes colored pink and sold as vegetarian "mock ham." Steamed gluten is also a well-known food in Xi'an. Steamed gluten can be served with bean sprouts and cucumbers as a cold dish, or served with
1045:
In Japan, seitan, initially a rather salty macrobiotic seasoning that gradually evolved into a food, is not well known or widely available, despite the macrobiotic diet's
Japanese origins. When used, the terms for this food are rendered in
1216:, or packed in a vegetable-based broth. In strip form, it can be packed to be eaten right out of the package as a high-protein snack. Shaped seitan products, in the form of "ribs" and patties, are frequently flavored with barbecue,
801:
raw gluten, and then baking or steaming it. These are sold as small blocks in
Chinese markets, and are diced and cooked. This type of gluten absorbs its cooking liquid like a sponge and is enjoyed for its "juicy" character. Chinese
1257:
Vital wheat gluten is made by hydrating hard wheat flour to activate the gluten and then processing the hydrated mass to remove the starch, leaving only the gluten. The gluten is then dried and ground back into a powder.
440:
The separated gluten can alternatively be dried and ground into a powder, so-called "vital wheat gluten". The powder can be rehydrated into a mass of gluten ("seitan") and cooked in the same way as the original product.
548:, to refer to a wheat gluten product created by Ohsawa's student Kiyoshi Mokutani. In 1962, wheat gluten was sold as seitan in Japan by Marushima Shoyu K.K. It was imported to the West in 1969 by the American company
665:) is raw gluten that has been torn into small bits, and then deep-fried into puffy balls of 3 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) in diameter and sold as "imitation abalone". They are golden brown, and cooked by
462:), this way of preparing wheat gluten has been documented in China since the 6th century. It is widely consumed by the Chinese as a substitute for meat, especially among monastic and lay adherents of
951:. Popular shapes include autumn-colored maple leaves and bunnies. Such shapes and colors enhance the attractiveness of the cooked product since steamed gluten has an unappealing grey hue.
508:, an Italian treatise on wheat written in Latin by Bartolomeo Beccari in 1728 and published in Bologna in 1745, describes the process of washing wheat flour dough to extract the gluten.
1038:, where it absorbs some of the broth and acquires a fine texture that is lighter and fluffier than its Chinese equivalent. It is the most commonly available type of
1242:
A powdered form of wheat gluten is produced and sold as an additive for baking or used to make seitan. When used to make seitan, wheat gluten is often flavored with
409:
Wheat gluten first appeared during the 6th century as an ingredient for
Chinese noodles. It has historically been popular in the cuisines of China, Japan and other
2729:
635:). One story attributes the invention of imitation meat to chefs who made it for Chinese emperors who traditionally observed a week of vegetarianism each year.
3057:
2761:
1479:
History of
Soybeans and Soyfoods in China and Taiwan, and in Chinese Cookbooks, Restaurants, and Chinese Work with Soyfoods Outside China (1024 BCE to 2014)
382:. Some types of wheat gluten have a chewy or stringy texture that resembles meat more than other substitutes. Wheat gluten is often used instead of meat in
1831:
836:(boiled rice porridge) as part of a traditional Chinese breakfast. Depending on its method of preparation and ingredients used, both fresh and preserved
2018:
496:(960–1279). Traditionally food is perceived as kitchen medicine within Chinese culture, gluten is part of traditional Chinese food therapy called
1062:("seitan"). Outside macrobiotic circles, these terms are virtually unknown in Japan, and they do not typically appear in Japanese dictionaries.
437:
granules have been removed, leaving behind the sticky, insoluble gluten as an elastic mass. This mass is cooked in a variety of ways and eaten.
2487:
1755:
1022:) is gluten leavened with baking powder and baked into long bread-like sticks. It is often sold in cut form, as hard dry discs resembling
556:
is uncertain, but it is believed to come from combining the characters 生 (sei, "fresh, raw") and 蛋 (tan, from 蛋白 (tanpaku, "protein")).
2028:
1231:
472:, a Chinese agricultural encyclopedia written by Jia Sixie in 535. The encyclopedia mentions noodles prepared from wheat gluten called
1181:
Since the mid-20th century, wheat gluten (usually called seitan) has been increasingly adopted by vegetarians in
Western nations as a
4829:
3025:
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1800:
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2033:
1824:
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published in 1803. By the 1830s, Western doctors were recommending wheat gluten in diets for diabetics. In the United States, the
3262:
1356:
4423:
2700:
647:, which confers a crispy rind that enhances the texture of the gluten. There are three primary Chinese forms of wheat gluten.
1668:
History of
Erewhon – Natural Foods Pioneer In The United States (1966-2011): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook
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Wheat gluten is used both as a protein source and binding ingredient in pet foods. Wheat gluten imported from China
4438:
3865:
2568:
2435:
1431:
1234:, a Black vegan religious sect in Israel, that operates a chain of restaurants, to produce vegetarian sandwiches.
61:
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physicians to treat a wide range of illnesses and disease. Wheat gluten arrived in the West by the 18th century.
4667:
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promoted the consumption of wheat gluten from the late 19th century. Sanitarium Foods, a company affiliated with
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In North
America, several brand-name meat alternatives are used in the restaurant and food service markets.
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2149:
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1115:
While wheat gluten itself is rather flavorless, it holds a marinade very well and is usually simmered in a
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517:
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and steamed in large blocks. It may be shaped and colored in a variety of ways, using ingredients such as
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1992:
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981:. They are then wrapped in leaves and steamed in a manner similar to that used to prepare Chinese
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1801:"Un-American Pet Food: Why do we put Chinese wheat gluten in Fido's kibble?", Michelle Tsai,
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2630:
2182:
1987:
1433:
Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition. Report of an FAO Expert
Consultation
1230:
Wheat gluten is also used in many vegetarian products in various countries, for example by
497:
8:
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2008:
1957:
1781:: Detention without physical examination of wheat gluten due to the presence of melamine"
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nations. In Asia, it is commonly found on the menus of restaurants catering primarily to
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1201:
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959:, the Buddhist vegetarian cuisine of Japan. It may also be used as an ingredient in
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336:
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689:(麵筋泡), which may be up to 13 cm (5 in) in diameter, are sometimes seen in
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2013:
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978:
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693:, often stuffed with meat or tofu mixtures and served as a dish called "gluten
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988:
977:. Solid gluten is sweetened and filled with various sweet fillings such as
612:
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186:
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867:
833:
832:. Such canned and jarred gluten is commonly eaten as an accompaniment to
640:
509:
444:
There are several industrial methods for separating gluten from starch.
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5091:
4997:
4951:
4855:
4824:
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1952:
1622:
The tao of healthy eating: dietary wisdom according to
Chinese medicine
1138:
1056:(Romanized "gurutenmīto", from the English "gluten meat"), or, rarely,
888:
821:
759:
756:
748:
745:
723:
669:
or boiling in a savory soup or stew. They are frequently paired with
653:
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3182:
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2385:
2325:
1209:
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1070:
1031:
410:
403:
854:(in the gluten sense), generally with a spicy and savory flavoring.
735:), is raw gluten that has been wrapped around itself to form a long
24:
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4946:
4392:
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2471:
2375:
1859:
1840:
1271:
1217:
1047:
1035:
874:
694:
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418:
1189:, where it can be found in some supermarkets, Asian food markets,
970:
820:
is also available in Asian grocery stores in cans and jars, often
231:
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3302:
3166:
2281:
2077:
1357:"seitan | Definition of seitan in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
1247:
1166:
1023:
960:
948:
736:
371:
316:
1430:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013).
5053:
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3504:
2532:
2365:
2345:
2259:
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2165:
1162:
1134:
1073:, fu can be used as a substitute for meat in Japanese cuisine.
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944:
847:
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790:
434:
312:
216:
1707:
Cooking with Seitan: Delicious Natural Foods from Whole Grains
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151:
122:
1651:
DRAFT ENTRY Dec. 2004. Online edition. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
1289:
512:
wrote an English-language definition of wheat gluten in his
4870:
4865:
2370:
2315:
2271:
2192:
1439:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
1158:
1066:
1027:
375:
260:
840:
can be used to simulate pork, poultry, beef, or seafood.
810:, due to the relatively larger air bubbles it contains.
797:(sometimes labeled in English as "bran puff") is made by
675:(black mushrooms). Larger fried balls of gluten, called
266:
4645:
2730:
An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty
850:, a modern Chinese snack food consisting of a strip of
806:
has a different texture from its Japanese counterpart,
1734:. Summertown, Tennessee: The Book Publishing Company.
1570:"Modern methods of separation the components of wheat"
773:(baked spongy gluten) dish in a restaurant in Shanghai
429:
Gluten is traditionally extracted from wheat flour. A
2762:
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes
905:
are most widely used in Buddhist vegetarian cooking (
295:
269:
257:
1468:
1285:
814:
is available fresh, frozen, dehydrated, and canned.
466:
The oldest reference to wheat gluten appears in the
289:
263:
254:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1624:(8th pr ed.). Boulder, CO: Blue Poppy Press.
1095:, and is prepared in a similar fashion to Chinese
1783:. US Food and Drug Administration. Archived from
1185:. It is sold in block, strip and shaped forms in
1099:. Along with tofu, it is a part of the Buddhist
866:, the traditional type of wheat gluten is called
5138:
1274:used in pet foods was considered to have caused
1200:The block form of seitan is often flavored with
1089:
1082:
631:Buddhist monks, who are strict vegetarians (see
540:is of Japanese origin and was coined in 1961 by
16:Food made from gluten, the main protein of wheat
1660:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1839:
1057:
1051:
1017:
1008:
964:
934:
880:
4661:
2488:Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
1825:
1552:"What Is Seitan and How Do You Cook with It?"
1540:; The Kitchen; website; accessed October 2016
892:
721:
708:
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477:
457:
1729:
1704:
1523:
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4654:
1832:
1818:
1756:"Easy Homemade Seitan Recipe - Vegans 247"
1595:. University of California Press. p.
1232:The African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem
136:
3026:Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows
2850:Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian
1705:Jacobs, Barbara; Jacobs, Leonard (1987).
1402:
1378:
607:, literally "dough tendon"; also spelled
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2676:World Esperantist Vegetarian Association
1590:
1172:
1148:
987:
764:
230:
3263:You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment
1730:Bates, Dorothy; Wingate, Colby (1993).
5139:
2701:List of vegetarian and vegan companies
1485:. Soyinfo Center. pp. 2478–2479.
1423:
1384:
939:) is solid gluten which is mixed with
4649:
2818:Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses
2478:Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme
1813:
1619:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1331:
1237:
963:, Japanese confectionery. Fu-manjū (
433:is washed in water until most of the
4424:Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli
4011:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
1709:. New York, NY: Japan Publications.
1574:Polish Society of Food Technologists
615:) is believed to have originated in
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1584:
1157:products, based on wheat gluten or
1081:In Vietnam, wheat gluten is called
528:, advertised wheat gluten in 1882.
13:
2754:Reasons for not Eating Animal Food
1549:
1453:
901:. In Japan, the two main types of
370:Wheat gluten is an alternative to
14:
5208:
2722:On Abstinence from Eating Animals
2616:North American Vegetarian Society
1794:
1591:Anderson, E. N. (2014). "China".
707:) or "gluten stuffed with meat" (
5123:
5122:
4748:
4439:Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro
2569:Christian Vegetarian Association
1519:from the original on 2021-12-12.
1334:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
1288:
1169:and in other European countries.
1030:. Yaki-fu is typically added to
992:Japanese dry baked wheat gluten
915:). There are two main forms of
378:, which are sometimes used as a
285:
250:
215:
23:
2978:Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone
1769:
1748:
1723:
1698:
1654:
1638:
1613:
1508:How to make your Gluten at home
887:, "gluten"), deriving from the
643:before being further cooked in
421:customers who do not eat meat.
34:needs additional citations for
4571:Vegetarian and vegan symbolism
2922:Moosewood Collective Cookbooks
2661:Vegetarian Society (Singapore)
2646:Toronto Vegetarian Association
2589:International Vegetarian Union
1732:Cooking with Gluten and Seitan
1562:
1543:
1499:
1391:Journal of Experimental Botany
1349:
1325:
1276:harm in many countries in 2007
1261:
1106:
955:is an important ingredient in
785:
722:
709:
699:
681:
652:
598:
583:
328:
1:
5039:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
4586:Vegetarian and vegan dog diet
4510:Food for Thought (restaurant)
3103:Diet for a New America (film)
2882:The Benefits of Vegetarianism
2746:A Vindication of Natural Diet
2513:Vegan Prisoners Support Group
1361:Oxford Dictionaries | English
1319:
1076:
789:) is similar in texture to a
544:, a Japanese advocate of the
502:traditional Chinese medicinal
482:). Wheat gluten was known as
424:
2930:The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook
2150:Seventh-day Adventist Church
909:) and tea ceremony cuisine (
531:
500:(食療), and was prescribed by
235:Commercially packaged seitan
7:
4820:International Wheat Council
4555:The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel
2970:The Sexual Politics of Meat
2088:Environmental vegetarianism
1943:Environmental vegetarianism
1281:
857:
514:Elements of Science and Art
10:
5213:
5187:Vegetarian dishes of China
4849:Plant parts and their uses
3066:Making a Stand for Animals
2842:Fifty Years of Food Reform
2584:Hare Krishna Food for Life
2498:Vegan Awareness Foundation
1309:Textured vegetable protein
1144:
1042:in Japanese supermarkets.
564:
447:
120:
5120:
5064:
5017:Associated human diseases
5016:
4965:
4907:
4848:
4790:
4757:
4746:
4683:
4675:
4563:
4497:
4416:
4148:
3721:Maximilian Bircher-Benner
3638:
3332:
3319:
3273:
3159:Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead
3084:
3050:The End of Animal Farming
3034:The Vegan Studies Project
2709:
2693:
2579:French Vegetarian Society
2574:European Vegetarian Union
2564:Boston Vegetarian Society
2546:
2448:
2434:
2215:
2131:
2058:
2051:
2001:
1928:
1910:Vegan organic agriculture
1858:
1851:
1645:Oxford English Dictionary
1336:(3rd ed.), Longman,
1058:
1052:
1018:
1009:
965:
935:
893:
881:
778:
488:
478:
458:
352:
340:
308:
210:
202:
157:
147:
135:
5049:dermatitis herpetiformis
5029:Gluten-related disorders
4479:The Sound Lounge, London
4454:Little Pine (restaurant)
4338:Colleen Patrick-Goudreau
3836:Narasinh Narayan Godbole
3010:The Bloodless Revolution
2651:Vegetarian Federal Union
2466:Food Empowerment Project
2309:List of meat substitutes
1385:Shewry, Peter R (2009),
1304:List of meat substitutes
559:
142:Slices of roasted seitan
121:Not to be confused with
4601:Plant-based action plan
4348:Satchidananda Saraswati
4193:Tabitha Brown (actress)
3002:Livestock's Long Shadow
2906:Diet for a Small Planet
2810:Shelley's Vegetarianism
2621:Order of the Golden Age
2108:Replaceability argument
1978:Vegetarian Diet Pyramid
1963:Lacto-ovo vegetarianism
1868:Animal-free agriculture
1332:Wells, John C. (2008),
526:Battle Creek Sanitarium
172:Southeast Asian cuisine
4800:Australian Wheat Board
3981:Francis William Newman
3881:Martin Luther Holbrook
2962:Diet for a New America
2914:The Vegetarian Epicure
2802:What is Vegetarianism?
2559:Bible Christian Church
2461:Beauty Without Cruelty
2456:American Vegan Society
1938:Economic vegetarianism
1593:Food in Time and Place
1476:; Huang, H.T. (2014).
1178:
1170:
1090:
1083:
1001:
774:
518:Seventh-day Adventists
374:-based foods, such as
323:. It is also known as
311:) is a food made from
236:
4840:Wheat pools in Canada
4830:Production statistics
4323:Isa Chandra Moskowitz
4076:Russell Thacher Trall
4041:Johan Lindström Saxon
3736:Lucius Duncan Bulkley
3042:Animal (De)liberation
2826:Why I Am a Vegetarian
2093:Ethics of eating meat
1176:
1152:
1137:, and sometimes also
991:
777:Baked spongy gluten (
768:
569:Wheat gluten, called
234:
4805:Canadian Wheat Board
4459:Moosewood Restaurant
4313:Moosewood Collective
4228:Crescent Dragonwagon
4136:Kathleen Keen Zolber
3796:James Elmslie Duncan
3656:Bertrand P. Allinson
2890:Living the Good Life
2778:Fruits and Farinacea
2681:World Vegetarian Day
2631:ProVeg International
2019:Fictional characters
1661:Shurtleff, William;
1206:portobello mushrooms
824:in combination with
627:, particularly some
400:macrobiotic cuisines
43:improve this article
4576:List of vegan media
4505:Cranks (restaurant)
4308:Joanne Lee Molinaro
4278:Frances Moore Lappé
4066:William O. Stephens
4061:Ernest Lester Smith
4051:Richard H. Schwartz
4036:Henry Stephens Salt
4026:Ulma Doyle Register
3956:Harry Willis Miller
3936:Alice Garrett Marsh
3891:John Harvey Kellogg
3545:James E. McWilliams
3310:The Animals' Agenda
2292:Microbial cellulose
2267:Gelatin substitutes
2230:Chicken fillet roll
1958:Lacto vegetarianism
1779:Import Alert IA9926
1620:Flaws, Bob (2007).
552:. The etymology of
522:John Harvey Kellogg
132:
5192:Vietnamese cuisine
5182:Vegetarian cuisine
5157:Chinese inventions
4530:New Riverside Cafe
4520:Lentil as Anything
4498:Former restaurants
4434:Crossroads Kitchen
4363:Alicia Silverstone
4298:Hetty Lui McKinnon
4248:Carol Lee Flinders
4106:Severin Wielobycki
3811:Charles W. Forward
3666:Charles R. Attwood
3440:Caldwell Esselstyn
2946:Moosewood Cookbook
2794:The Ethics of Diet
2656:Vegetarian Society
2626:ProVeg Deutschland
1537:Vital Wheat Gluten
1515:. 2 January 2007.
1470:Shurtleff, William
1404:10.1093/jxb/erp058
1367:on August 14, 2017
1238:Vital wheat gluten
1220:, or other savory
1191:health food stores
1179:
1171:
1101:cuisine of Vietnam
1002:
996:(焼き麩) looks like
846:can also refer to
775:
691:Asian supermarkets
650:Oil-fried gluten (
237:
168:East Asian cuisine
128:
5134:
5133:
4908:Basic preparation
4643:
4642:
4444:Greens Restaurant
4328:Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
4198:Suzy Amis Cameron
4188:Edward Espe Brown
4183:Martha Brotherton
4144:
4143:
4081:Frederick Towgood
4046:James Scholefield
3986:R. E. O'Callaghan
3816:Michael Allen Fox
3791:Daniel Dombrowski
3696:George Bedborough
3681:Horace A. Barrows
3646:Phyllis B. Acosta
3540:John A. McDougall
3495:Avery Yale Kamila
3445:Gary L. Francione
3400:T. Colin Campbell
3350:Suzanne M. Babich
3247:The Game Changers
3191:Live and Let Live
3175:Forks Over Knives
3135:Peaceable Kingdom
3127:Post Punk Kitchen
3111:A Cow at My Table
3058:Vegetable Kingdom
2786:The Pleasure Boat
2770:Nature's Own Book
2738:Vegetable Cookery
2689:
2688:
2518:The Vegan Society
2331:Nutritional yeast
2211:
2210:
2047:
2046:
1968:Ovo vegetarianism
1915:Vegan school meal
1787:on April 7, 2007.
1631:978-0-936185-92-7
1606:978-0-520-95934-7
1492:978-1-928914-68-6
1446:978-92-5-107417-6
891:pronunciation of
623:for adherents of
464:Chinese Buddhism.
406:is a common use.
229:
228:
221:Media: Seitan
119:
118:
111:
93:
5204:
5172:Meat substitutes
5167:Japanese cuisine
5147:Buddhist cuisine
5126:
5125:
5107:Tell Abu Hureyra
5065:Related concepts
4966:As an ingredient
4752:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4647:
4646:
4616:Planetary health
4606:Sustainable diet
4596:Plant-based diet
4535:Nix (restaurant)
4449:Hiltl Restaurant
4398:Umberto Veronesi
4368:Hannah Sunderani
4343:Mathew Pritchard
4303:Tracye McQuirter
4213:Chloe Coscarelli
4151:cookbook authors
4096:Emil Weilshäuser
3966:Reuben D. Mussey
3946:William Metcalfe
3871:Philippe Hecquet
3786:Daniël de Clercq
3686:Geoffrey Barstow
3630:Sophie Zaïkowska
3520:Thomas Lepeltier
3475:A. Breeze Harper
3430:George Dornbusch
3395:Jodey Castricano
3330:
3329:
3296:Vegetarian Times
3239:Eating You Alive
3207:PlantPure Nation
3095:The Animals Film
2938:Laurel's Kitchen
2874:A Fleshless Diet
2636:ProVeg Nederland
2446:
2445:
2391:Vegetarian bacon
2304:Meat alternative
2056:
2055:
1856:
1855:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1789:
1788:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1673:
1658:
1652:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1521:
1520:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1484:
1466:
1451:
1450:
1438:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1415:, archived from
1406:
1397:(6): 1537–1553,
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1363:. Archived from
1353:
1347:
1346:
1329:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1183:meat alternative
1153:A wide range of
1093:
1086:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1011:
968:
967:
938:
937:
923:, and dry-baked
896:
895:
886:
885:
878:
864:Japanese cuisine
787:
782:
730:
729:
720:Steamed gluten (
712:
711:
702:
701:
684:
683:
660:
659:
633:Buddhist cuisine
606:
605:
591:
590:
546:macrobiotic diet
491:
490:
481:
480:
461:
460:
380:meat alternative
354:
342:
330:
310:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
291:
284:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
249:
219:
203:Main ingredients
140:
133:
131:
127:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5152:Chinese cuisine
5137:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5116:
5060:
5034:coeliac disease
5012:
4961:
4903:
4844:
4835:Protein premium
4786:
4753:
4744:
4679:
4674:
4644:
4639:
4559:
4550:The Hollow Reed
4540:Penny Cafeteria
4515:InSpiral Lounge
4493:
4412:
4358:Miyoko Schinner
4288:Linda McCartney
4283:Deborah Madison
4253:Alexis Gauthier
4168:Carleigh Bodrug
4150:
4140:
4126:Jon Wynne-Tyson
4111:Howard Williams
3991:Josiah Oldfield
3961:J. Howard Moore
3951:Eli Peck Miller
3911:W. R. C. Latson
3901:Daniel H. Kress
3841:Jeremiah Hacker
3801:Eknath Easwaran
3781:Lenna F. Cooper
3731:Ernest Bonnejoy
3691:Sidney H. Beard
3661:Thomas Allinson
3634:
3620:Corey Lee Wrenn
3615:Kim A. Williams
3385:Will Bulsiewicz
3360:Neal D. Barnard
3325:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3269:
3215:What the Health
3086:Films and shows
3080:
2986:The China Study
2858:The Meat Fetish
2713:
2711:
2705:
2685:
2604:Meatless Monday
2542:
2538:World Vegan Day
2438:
2430:
2401:Vegetarian mark
2217:
2207:
2127:
2043:
1997:
1924:
1847:
1838:
1805:, April 2, 2007
1797:
1792:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1703:
1699:
1687:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1659:
1655:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1589:
1585:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1550:Asbell, Robin.
1548:
1544:
1533:
1524:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1482:
1467:
1454:
1447:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1264:
1240:
1147:
1109:
1079:
969:) is a type of
872:
860:
715:miànjīn saī roù
645:Chinese cuisine
621:meat substitute
567:
562:
534:
450:
427:
415:Southeast Asian
288:
279:
278:
253:
244:
243:
225:
198:
148:Place of origin
143:
129:
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5210:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5132:
5131:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5082:Refined grains
5079:
5077:Plant breeding
5074:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5003:Wheat germ oil
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4884:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4765:Wheat diseases
4761:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4689:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4673:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4633:Pollotarianism
4630:
4628:Pescetarianism
4623:Flexitarianism
4620:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4318:Charity Morgan
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4293:Mary McCartney
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4268:Madhur Jaffrey
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:Ellen G. White
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3941:Elmer McCollum
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3921:Susan M. Levin
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3886:Isaac Jennings
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:William Harvey
3863:
3858:
3856:Alexander Haig
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3831:Mahatma Gandhi
3828:
3823:
3821:Peter Foxcroft
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3771:Antonio Cocchi
3768:
3766:Henry S. Clubb
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3676:Eduard Baltzer
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3651:William Alcott
3648:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3605:Sunaura Taylor
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Vesanto Melina
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3515:Maxwell G. Lee
3512:
3507:
3502:
3500:Michael Klaper
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3470:Michael Greger
3467:
3465:Lewis Gompertz
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:Georges Butaud
3387:
3382:
3377:
3375:Yves Bonnardel
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3355:Martin Balluch
3352:
3347:
3345:Carol J. Adams
3342:
3336:
3334:
3327:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3119:Meet Your Meat
3115:
3107:
3099:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3018:Eating Animals
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2866:The New Ethics
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2717:
2715:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2599:Meat-free days
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2508:Vegan Outreach
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2443:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:Coconut burger
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2188:Pythagoreanism
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2153:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2073:Animal welfare
2070:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
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3151:A Sacred Duty
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2068:Animal rights
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2029:Organizations
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2015:
2012:
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1930:Vegetarianism
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1893:Straight edge
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1878:Fruitarianism
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1845:vegetarianism
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1716:9780870406379
1712:
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1664:
1663:Aoyagi, Akiko
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1474:Aoyagi, Akiko
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1419:on 2012-02-20
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1343:9781405881180
1339:
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1328:
1324:
1315:
1314:Vegan cuisine
1312:
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1302:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
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1255:
1253:
1252:garlic powder
1249:
1245:
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1228:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:or onion, or
1211:
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1187:North America
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99:November 2011
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
5008:Wheat gluten
4777:Wheat mildew
4713:Winter wheat
4545:Pink Peacock
4525:Minerva Café
4489:Veggie Grill
4474:Souley Vegan
4469:Slutty Vegan
4408:Alan Wakeman
4383:Haile Thomas
4373:Bryant Terry
4263:Richa Hingle
4258:Dick Gregory
4163:Mayim Bialik
4131:Tzachi Zamir
4086:Sidney Trist
3931:Clair Linzey
3751:Job Caudwell
3726:George Black
3671:William Axon
3625:Laura Wright
3595:Peter Singer
3590:Jérôme Segal
3580:Emelia Quinn
3575:David Pearce
3560:David Nibert
3555:Gemma Newman
3535:Reed Mangels
3525:Howard Lyman
3450:Joel Fuhrman
3425:Alan Desmond
3410:Brenda Davis
3380:Will Bonsall
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3261:
3255:Maa Ka Doodh
3253:
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3008:
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2994:Skinny Bitch
2992:
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2954:Fit for Life
2952:
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2784:
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2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2671:Viva! Health
2666:Veggie Pride
2554:Alcott House
2493:Plamil Foods
2470:
2411:Sausage roll
2287:Konjac jelly
2240:Coconut milk
2146:Christianity
2098:Meat paradox
2083:Deep ecology
1888:Raw veganism
1852:Perspectives
1802:
1785:the original
1778:
1771:
1760:. Retrieved
1758:. 2021-11-01
1750:
1731:
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1478:
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1417:the original
1394:
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1369:. Retrieved
1365:the original
1360:
1351:
1333:
1327:
1265:
1256:
1244:liquid smoke
1241:
1229:
1226:
1199:
1195:cooperatives
1180:
1177:Fried seitan
1125:) made from
1116:
1114:
1110:
1096:
1088:
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1064:
1044:
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1003:
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957:Shōjin-ryōri
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907:Shōjin ryōri
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741:
733:zhēngmiànjīn
732:
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649:
636:
613:Latin script
608:
570:
568:
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494:Song dynasty
483:
473:
469:Qimin Yaoshu
467:
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428:
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369:
364:
363:, or simply
360:
356:
344:
332:
324:
239:
238:
206:Wheat gluten
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
5097:Whole grain
5087:Staple food
5024:Anaphylaxis
4782:Hessian fly
4417:Restaurants
4378:Anna Thomas
4353:Derek Sarno
4233:Rose Elliot
4218:Yamuna Devi
4173:Gypsy Boots
4121:W. A. Sibly
4116:Frank Wokes
3996:Dean Ornish
3896:Norman Kerr
3876:Brian Hines
3861:Edward Hare
3846:John Haddon
3826:Greta Gaard
3756:James Clark
3746:Paul Carton
3711:Ragnar Berg
3706:Robert Bell
3701:Ernest Bell
3565:Jack Norris
3510:Renan Larue
3485:Melanie Joy
3480:Oscar Horta
3455:Kristi Funk
3435:Mylan Engel
3420:Jan Deckers
3415:Garth Davis
3405:Robert Cook
3370:Steven Best
3322:activists,
3320:Academics,
3130:(2003–2005)
2898:Ten Talents
2609:Friday Fast
2336:Plant cream
2277:Carrageenan
2225:Agave syrup
2113:Sentientism
2103:Nonviolence
2039:Vegan media
2034:Restaurants
2009:Vegetarians
1983:Ecofeminism
1688:|work=
1296:Food portal
1268:adulterated
1262:Animal feed
1107:Macrobiotic
1065:Along with
1015:sukiyaki-fu
1004:Dry baked (
912:cha-kaiseki
873: [
579:traditional
510:John Imison
506:De Frumento
361:gluten meat
315:, the main
158:Associated
5141:Categories
5112:Tell Aswad
5102:Shattering
5092:Wheatpaste
5072:Bread riot
4998:Wheat beer
4952:Parboiling
4825:Peak wheat
4611:Low-carbon
4591:Vegaphobia
4429:Cinnaholic
4403:Nisha Vora
4333:Gaz Oakley
4243:Toni Fiore
4208:Pinky Cole
4203:Hannah Che
4158:Nava Atlas
4016:Rod Preece
4001:Felix Ortt
3806:T. Forster
3716:Rynn Berry
3639:Vegetarian
3530:Al-Ma'arri
3326:physicians
3282:Naked Food
3199:Cowspiracy
3143:Earthlings
3074:Meat Atlas
2594:Jewish Veg
2547:Vegetarian
2523:Veganmania
2503:Vegan flag
2386:Vegetables
2361:Soy yogurt
2341:Plant milk
2123:Tirukkuṟaḷ
2118:Speciesism
1993:By country
1953:Orthopathy
1762:2021-11-11
1741:0913990957
1649:seitan, n.
1393:(Review),
1371:2019-04-27
1320:References
1165:stores in
1139:sesame oil
1077:Vietnamese
973:made from
943:flour and
919:, the raw
889:Wu Chinese
687:miànjīnpào
677:miànjīnqiú
663:yóumiànjīn
641:deep fried
594:simplified
425:Production
388:vegetarian
357:wheat meat
192:Vietnamese
69:newspapers
4988:Flatbread
4942:Middlings
4887:Endosperm
4149:Chefs and
3916:Elmer Lee
3585:Tom Regan
3490:Joel Kahn
3324:authors,
3274:Magazines
3183:Vegucated
2694:Companies
2528:Veganuary
2326:Mock duck
2218:and drink
2193:Rastafari
2133:Religious
2024:Festivals
1988:Nutrition
1905:Nutrition
1803:Slate.com
1690:ignored (
1680:cite book
1210:coriander
1155:mock-meat
1127:soy sauce
1071:Abura-age
1032:miso soup
1026:or bread
994:"Yaki-Fu"
830:mushrooms
822:marinated
799:leavening
695:meatballs
639:is often
609:mien chin
536:The word
532:Etymology
492:) by the
404:Mock duck
5128:Category
4978:Couscous
4947:Semolina
4758:Agronomy
4735:Khorasan
4708:Red Fife
4703:Norin 10
4393:Jeeca Uy
4091:Valluvar
3231:Dominion
3077:(annual)
2714:journals
2712:reports,
2641:Swissveg
2472:Go Vegan
2376:Tofurkey
2156:Hinduism
2141:Buddhism
1898:Hardline
1860:Veganism
1841:Veganism
1665:(2011).
1517:Archived
1413:19386614
1282:See also
1272:melamine
1218:teriyaki
1208:, fresh
1202:shiitake
1097:miàn jīn
1048:katakana
1036:sukiyaki
1024:croutons
858:Japanese
667:braising
629:Mahayana
625:Buddhism
498:shí liáo
419:Buddhist
396:Buddhist
337:Japanese
305:Japanese
182:Japanese
58:"Seitan"
4983:Cracker
4927:Milling
4918:Berries
4899:Sprouts
4815:Exports
4725:Einkorn
4698:Marquis
4564:Related
4464:Purezza
3303:VegNews
3223:Carnage
3167:Planeat
2406:Sausage
2396:Hot dog
2282:Gulaman
2260:legumes
2255:cereals
2198:Sikhism
2183:Judaism
2178:Jainism
2161:Sattvic
2078:Carnism
2060:Secular
1973:Cuisine
1948:History
1883:History
1513:YouTube
1387:"Wheat"
1167:Germany
1145:Western
1084:mì căng
1053:グルテンミート
1006:yaki-fu
975:nama-fu
961:wagashi
953:Nama-fu
949:mugwort
932:nama-fu
925:yaki-fu
921:nama-fu
852:miànjīn
844:Miànjīn
838:miànjīn
826:peanuts
818:Miànjīn
808:yaki-fu
753:liángpí
742:miànlún
737:sausage
672:xiānggū
637:Miànjīn
619:, as a
575:Chinese
571:miànjīn
565:Chinese
550:Erewhon
484:miànjīn
454:miànjīn
452:Called
448:History
372:soybean
345:milgogi
325:miànjīn
317:protein
177:Chinese
160:cuisine
83:scholar
5162:Gluten
5054:ataxia
4957:Bulgur
4932:Farina
4922:groats
4892:Gluten
4883:(husk)
4693:Common
3505:Aph Ko
3266:(2024)
3258:(2023)
3250:(2018)
3242:(2018)
3234:(2018)
3226:(2017)
3218:(2017)
3210:(2015)
3202:(2014)
3194:(2013)
3186:(2011)
3178:(2011)
3170:(2010)
3162:(2010)
3154:(2007)
3146:(2005)
3138:(2004)
3122:(2002)
3114:(1998)
3106:(1991)
3098:(1981)
3069:(2022)
3061:(2020)
3053:(2018)
3045:(2016)
3037:(2015)
3029:(2009)
3021:(2009)
3013:(2006)
3005:(2006)
2997:(2005)
2989:(2005)
2981:(1997)
2973:(1990)
2965:(1987)
2957:(1985)
2949:(1977)
2941:(1976)
2933:(1975)
2925:(1973)
2917:(1972)
2909:(1971)
2901:(1968)
2893:(1954)
2885:(1927)
2877:(1910)
2869:(1907)
2861:(1904)
2853:(1903)
2845:(1898)
2837:(1896)
2829:(1895)
2821:(1892)
2813:(1891)
2805:(1886)
2797:(1883)
2789:(1845)
2781:(1845)
2773:(1835)
2765:(1824)
2757:(1814)
2749:(1813)
2741:(1812)
2733:(1802)
2710:Books,
2533:Veganz
2441:events
2436:Groups
2381:Cheese
2366:Tempeh
2356:Seitan
2346:Quinoa
2299:Jambon
2250:Grains
2245:Fruits
2203:Taoism
2166:Ahimsa
2052:Ethics
2014:Vegans
1738:
1713:
1628:
1603:
1556:Kitchn
1489:
1443:
1411:
1340:
1222:sauces
1163:Veganz
1135:ginger
1091:mì căn
983:zongzi
966:麩まんじゅう
945:millet
848:latiao
834:congee
791:sponge
554:seitan
538:seitan
435:starch
398:, and
365:gluten
349:Korean
313:gluten
240:Seitan
214:
130:Seitan
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
5197:Wheat
4993:Pasta
4973:Bread
4937:Flour
4881:Chaff
4861:Straw
4856:Stalk
4792:Trade
4740:Spelt
4730:Emmer
4720:Durum
4685:Types
4677:Wheat
4178:BOSH!
3333:Vegan
3289:Satya
2449:Vegan
2351:Quorn
2321:Mochi
2173:Islam
2002:Lists
1672:(PDF)
1483:(PDF)
1437:(PDF)
1270:with
1131:kombu
1123:broth
1118:dashi
1019:すき焼き麩
998:bread
971:manjū
930:Raw (
877:]
812:Kaofu
804:kaofu
795:kaofu
786:kǎofū
771:kaofu
685:) or
560:Forms
474:bótuō
431:dough
392:vegan
384:Asian
321:wheat
152:China
123:Satan
90:JSTOR
76:books
4914:None
4876:Germ
4871:Bran
4866:Seed
4770:list
2439:and
2421:Wine
2416:Beer
2371:Tofu
2316:Miso
2272:Agar
2216:Food
1843:and
1736:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1692:help
1626:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1409:PMID
1338:ISBN
1250:and
1193:and
1159:tofu
1069:and
1067:tofu
1059:セイタン
1034:and
1028:rusk
710:麵筋塞肉
700:麵筋肉丸
413:and
411:East
376:tofu
309:セイタン
187:Thai
170:and
62:news
4920:or
1399:doi
1204:or
1087:or
1050:as
1013:or
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