712:
122:
342:
25:
282:
had consolidated to dominate the commercial seed market, controlling 60% of the global proprietary seed sales. Economists have claimed that the industry has lost its competitive edge and anticipate less choice and higher prices for farmers. There is further concern that due to the companies' interest
187:
disease resistance, higher yields, dwarf habit and vibrant or new colors. These improvements are often closely guarded to protect them from being utilized by other producers, thus plant cultivars are often sold under the company's own name and protected by international laws from being grown for seed
167:
Most seed companies or resellers that sell to retail produce a catalog, for seed to be sown the following spring, that is generally published during early winter. These catalogs are eagerly awaited by the amateur gardener, as during winter months there is little that can be done in the garden so this
241:
In 1930, seed companies were not primarily concerned with varietal production, but were still trying to successfully commodify seeds. There was no need to protect seed breeding at that time because there were few markets for seeds. Seed companies' first priority was simply to establish a market, and
163:
is a multibillion-dollar global business, which uses growing facilities and growing locations worldwide. While most of the seed is produced by large specialist growers, large amounts are also produced by small growers who produce only one to a few crop types. The larger companies supply seed both to
233:
Until 1924, US farmers received seed from the federal government's extensive free seed program that distributed millions of packages of seed annually. At its high point in 1897, over 2 million packages of seed were distributed to farmers. Even at the time the program was eliminated in 1924, it was
211:. It may be more appropriate for amateur gardeners to use older (heirloom) varieties as the modern seed types are often the same as those grown by commercial producers, and so characteristics which are useful to them (e.g. vegetables ripening at the same time) may be unsuited to home growing.
254:
From 1994 to 2010, seed prices increased drastically due to a consolidation of the commercial seed industry into six major companies. During this time, companies introduced six genetically engineered crops for just two traits: herbicide tolerance and insect resistance. In 1996,
164:
commercial resellers and wholesalers. The resellers and wholesalers sell to vegetable and fruit growers, and to companies who package seed into packets and sell them on to the amateur gardener.
291:
and more restrictions on seed availability, which could make the seeds inaccessible to public researchers, farmers, and independent breeders, thereby threatening the world's
678:
544:
Susan A. Schneider, Food, Farming, and
Sustainability p. 563-64 (2011) (discussing J.E.M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., 534 U.S. 124 (2001))
183:
to open pollinated wild species. They have extensive research facilities to produce plants with genetic materials that result in improved uniformity and appeal.
669:
501:
535:
Landmarks of
American women's history, Chapter: Watervliet Shaker Historic District, Page Putnam Miller, Oxford University Press US, 2003, pp. 36 ff.
260:
204:
varieties of seeds as opposed to hybrids. Many of these varieties are heirloom varieties. The use of old varieties maintains diversity in the
197:
835:
700:
192:, and the increasing popularity of gardening, there have emerged many small independent seed companies. Many of these are active in seed
708:
235:
579:
325:
for the production of cereals and other products needed for their cultivation. This dependency would be aggravated were the
168:
time can be spent planning the following year’s gardening. The largest collection of nursery and seed trade catalogs in the
774:
89:
223:
222:
were among the earliest commercial producers of garden seeds; the first seeds sold in paper packets were produced by the
61:
326:
876:
108:
68:
809:
693:
452:
243:
176:
where the earliest catalogs date from the late 18th century, with most published from the 1890s to the present.
46:
75:
504:
472:
467:
173:
42:
637:
364:, space between plants (from one row to the other one and from one plant to the other one in the same row).
333:
Francis calls for a dialogue on seed production issues involving seed producers and all parties affected.
871:
749:
184:
57:
686:
554:
804:
764:
744:
300:
866:
433:
130:
35:
779:
329:
to be considered; the effect would be to force farmers to purchase them from larger producers.
519:
284:
193:
189:
769:
82:
8:
845:
784:
219:
502:"Guide to the Collections: Henry G. Gilbert Nursery and Seed Trade Catalog Collection."
407:
Indoors or outdoors: If the plant is best suited for growing indoors, outdoors or both.
794:
227:
617:
411:
819:
789:
754:
555:"The Big Six: A Profile of Corporate Power in Seeds, Agrochemicals and Biotech"
401:
313:
304:
860:
799:
720:
711:
523:
400:: Full direct sunlight, partial sun, diffused sunlight, or grows well in the
292:
169:
121:
739:
517:
Work and worship among the
Shakers: their craftsmanship and economic order,
462:
415:
308:
205:
759:
477:
425:
322:
201:
16:
Business that produces and sells seeds for flowers, fruit, or vegetables
814:
341:
288:
622:
605:
482:
457:
354:
296:
275:
208:
180:
152:
24:
840:
421:
387:
256:
179:
Seed companies produce a huge range of seeds from highly developed
156:
606:"Visualizing Consolidation in the Global Seed Industry: 1996–2008"
390:", "bottom water the plant", "drench the soil with water", "daily
263:
seeds engineered to tolerate the companies proprietary herbicide.
429:
391:
271:
249:
734:
371:
367:
144:
383:
267:
148:
126:
580:"The Sobering Details Behind the Latest Seed Monopoly Chart"
349:
Generally, seed packet labels include information covering:
377:
361:
279:
140:
645:
International Panel of
Experts on Sustainable Food Systems
397:
432:
period: This information can be indicated by months or
307:
treaty on competition to make changes internationally.
360:
Spacing and depth: How deep to place the seeds in the
311:
refers to these issues in his 2015 encyclical letter
336:
188:production by others. Along with the growth in the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
394:of water" and "almost dry out before re-watering".
443:This information may be represented graphically.
858:
507:, Special Collections. Retrieved April 23, 2009.
694:
321:In various countries, we see an expansion of
250:Consolidation of the commercial seed industry
836:Delta & Pine Land Company of Mississippi
196:and encouraging diversity. They often offer
701:
687:
560:. The Heritage Farm Companion. Summer 2012
526:, Courier Dover Publications, 1982, p. 53.
621:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
340:
120:
236:United States Department of Agriculture
859:
603:
682:
529:
510:
295:. Activists have called for stronger
664:
662:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
604:Howard, Philip H. (December 2009).
439:Special requirements, if necessary.
234:the third largest line item in the
13:
155:to commercial growers and amateur
14:
888:
775:Gurney's Seed and Nursery Company
659:
386:, such as "keep the soil lightly
380:: Type of soil the plant prefers.
374:the plant will reach when mature.
337:Seed packets and seed information
710:
345:A farmer's son holding out seeds
317:, on "care for our common home":
23:
810:Southern Exposure Seed Exchange
453:American Seed Trade Association
287:, there will in future be less
244:congressional seed distribution
125:A street full of seed shops in
34:needs additional citations for
630:
597:
572:
547:
538:
495:
299:measures in the face of these
266:By 2019, four seed companies,
1:
505:National Agricultural Library
488:
473:List of seed packet companies
468:ESA European Seed Association
327:production of infertile seeds
185:These qualities might include
174:National Agricultural Library
7:
750:DeKalb Genetics Corporation
446:
246:as a principal constraint.
129:, China, a few blocks from
10:
893:
672:, accessed 2 February 2024
353:Common plant name and the
214:
828:
727:
877:Types of business entity
765:Ferry-Morse Seed Company
745:D. Landreth Seed Company
301:mergers and acquisitions
242:they continued to view
131:Wuchang Railway Station
780:J.W. Jung Seed Company
357:name (in parentheses).
346:
331:
133:
668:Pope Francis (2015),
520:Edward Deming Andrews
344:
319:
285:intellectual property
259:introduced its first
124:
770:Golden Harvest Seeds
434:quarters of the year
303:, and recommended a
43:improve this article
846:Shaker Seed Company
785:L. Teweles Seed Co.
872:Plant reproduction
347:
224:Watervliet Shakers
190:allotment movement
161:production of seed
134:
854:
853:
795:Park Seed Company
638:"Too Big to Feed"
623:10.3390/su1041266
228:Colonie, New York
139:produce and sell
119:
118:
111:
93:
884:
715:
714:
703:
696:
689:
680:
679:
673:
666:
657:
656:
654:
652:
642:
634:
628:
627:
625:
616:(4): 1266–1287.
601:
595:
594:
592:
591:
576:
570:
569:
567:
565:
559:
551:
545:
542:
536:
533:
527:
514:
508:
499:
410:Whether it is a
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
892:
891:
887:
886:
885:
883:
882:
881:
857:
856:
855:
850:
824:
805:Seeds of Change
723:
709:
707:
677:
676:
667:
660:
650:
648:
640:
636:
635:
631:
602:
598:
589:
587:
578:
577:
573:
563:
561:
557:
553:
552:
548:
543:
539:
534:
530:
515:
511:
500:
496:
491:
449:
339:
252:
217:
172:is held at the
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
890:
880:
879:
874:
869:
867:Seed companies
852:
851:
849:
848:
843:
838:
832:
830:
826:
825:
823:
822:
820:Wildseed Farms
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
790:McKenzie Seeds
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
755:DuPont Pioneer
752:
747:
742:
737:
731:
729:
725:
724:
717:Seed companies
706:
705:
698:
691:
683:
675:
674:
658:
647:. October 2017
629:
610:Sustainability
596:
571:
546:
537:
528:
509:
493:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
448:
445:
441:
440:
437:
419:
408:
405:
395:
381:
375:
370:: Approximate
365:
358:
338:
335:
305:United Nations
251:
248:
216:
213:
137:Seed companies
117:
116:
58:"Seed company"
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
889:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
862:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
831:
827:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
800:R. H. Shumway
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
730:
726:
722:
721:United States
718:
713:
704:
699:
697:
692:
690:
685:
684:
681:
671:
665:
663:
646:
639:
633:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
600:
585:
581:
575:
556:
550:
541:
532:
525:
524:Faith Andrews
521:
518:
513:
506:
503:
498:
494:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
444:
438:
435:
431:
427:
423:
420:
417:
413:
409:
406:
403:
399:
396:
393:
389:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
369:
366:
363:
359:
356:
352:
351:
350:
343:
334:
330:
328:
324:
318:
316:
315:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:food security
290:
286:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
261:RoundUp Ready
258:
247:
245:
239:
237:
231:
229:
225:
221:
212:
210:
207:
206:horticultural
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
132:
128:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
740:Burpee Seeds
716:
649:. Retrieved
644:
632:
613:
609:
599:
588:. Retrieved
586:. 2019-01-11
583:
574:
562:. Retrieved
549:
540:
531:
516:
512:
497:
463:Biodiversity
442:
348:
332:
320:
312:
309:Pope Francis
265:
253:
240:
232:
218:
194:conservation
178:
166:
160:
136:
135:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
760:Fedco Seeds
670:Laudato si'
651:February 2,
564:February 2,
478:Monoculture
426:germination
323:oligopolies
314:Laudato si'
238:'s budget.
861:Categories
829:Historical
815:Stine Seed
590:2020-02-02
584:Civil Eats
489:References
289:innovation
202:pollinated
181:F1 hybrids
153:vegetables
99:April 2017
69:newspapers
483:Seed bank
458:Arboretum
412:perennial
355:botanical
297:antitrust
276:ChemChina
209:gene pool
200:and open
157:gardeners
841:Monsanto
447:See also
422:Planting
257:Monsanto
728:Current
719:of the
430:harvest
392:misting
272:Corteva
220:Shakers
215:History
198:organic
145:flowers
83:scholar
735:Asgrow
416:annual
372:height
368:Height
159:. The
149:fruits
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
641:(PDF)
558:(PDF)
402:shade
384:Water
268:Bayer
141:seeds
127:Wuhan
90:JSTOR
76:books
653:2020
566:2020
428:and
388:damp
378:Soil
362:soil
280:BASF
278:and
170:U.S.
151:and
143:for
62:news
618:doi
414:or
398:Sun
283:in
226:in
45:by
863::
661:^
643:.
612:.
608:.
582:.
522:,
424:,
274:,
270:,
230:.
147:,
702:e
695:t
688:v
655:.
626:.
620::
614:1
593:.
568:.
436:.
418:.
404:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
