174:
143:
162:
131:
1007:
37:
1293:, Santa Cruz had only 800 infantry and 300 cavalry. To make the situation worse, the Peruvian cavalry that had distinguished itself so much in Zepita was captured on the high seas by a royalist ship. Among the prisoners were Colonel José María de la Fuente y Mesía, a Creole nobleman who had joined San Martín as soon as he landed in
1163:, a city that had been occupied by the royalists during the period of a month, between June and July 1823. Valdés, which was characterized by the speed of its movements ("Valdés has wings on its feet," it was said), arrived in Upper Peru in less than a month and met with the viceroy's forces; Other royalist forces from
994:
squadron, a total of 3,000 soldiers. The garrisons on the coast numbered barely 1,000 combatants. During the
Republican expedition, specifically in July, Viceroy La Serna will be forced to ask Canterac to order Valdés to return with 2,500 soldiers, something not expected by Antonio José de Sucre when
1358:
would take place and Lima would be occupied again by the royalists on
February 29, 1824. Likewise, after the campaign, the royalist forces were reorganized into the so-called "Northern Army" under the command of Canterac and the "Army of the South" under the command of Gerónimo Valdez. In this last
1323:
The
Spanish called this war the "Heel Campaign", because according to them they limited themselves to pursuing Santa Cruz, almost "on his heels", without him daring to confront them. The second campaign thus ended in failure for the patriots, just like the first campaign. Before leaving, Santa Cruz
1211:
Riva Agüero did not comply with this provision and embarked to
Trujillo with part of the authorities. He maintained his investiture as president, decreed the dissolution of Congress and created a Senate made up of ten deputies. Meanwhile, on July 16, Canterac withdrew from Lima, and the capital was
1111:
The troops were made up of a disciplined force of 5,092 to 5,369 officers and soldiers grouped in the aforementioned 7 battalions of infantry, 5 squadrons of horsemen, an artillery brigade and 8 cannons. The beginning of the expedition was delayed, as it was expected to increase the troop to 7,000
1184:
took the capital on June 18, 1823, which triggered a social readjustment to the new situation that became a political crisis. Part of the
Congress went over to the royalist side, as did the Creole elite who had not had direct participation in the signing of the independence act, while some ten
1297:, the hussar commander Luis Soulanges, a prominent French officer at the service of the patriot cause, and many young Peruvian officers of the Lima aristocracy, who perished when the ship sank in which they were taken prisoners to the islands of
880:
made up almost entirely of
Peruvian leaders and soldiers. Riva Agüero proposed to carry out the attack plan from the so-called "intermediate ports" of the south, since he considered that it was good, and that the failure of the
1250:
Although Santa Cruz inflicted greater casualties on his opponents and demoralized his cavalry militarily, it was an indecisive battle where neither side managed to obtain a decisive advantage, even so Santa Cruz was named
1279:, but Santa Cruz, despite the insistence of his people, did not want to present a decisive battle and ordered the withdrawal of his troops; It is said that he made such a decision when he found himself at a disadvantage.
1179:
While this campaign was developing, important events were happening in the rest of Peru. As a consequence of the almost non-existent military defense of Lima, 9,000 royalists under the command of
General
1271:; In total, the patriot army numbered 7,000 troops. Meanwhile, La Serna joined forces with General Pedro Antonio Olañeta and pursued Santa Cruz. The cavalries of both sides faced each other in
835:
and a campaign described as "no better than the first," the patriots were overwhelmed by the massive royalist attack and retreated to the coast, with the survivors barely managing to embark.
728:
885:
was due to the slowness with which the operations were developed and the wrong decisions. He also wanted to complete the war of independence without the help of foreign forces, that is,
257:
224:
764:
650:
563:
1056:
1040:
876:
displayed prodigious activity, managing within two months to organize a national army of more than 5,000 men, ready to enter the campaign. For the first time, Peru had
1086:
417:
1144:
were occupied, points where they remained for a long time, with which the surprise factor was lost. Only in July, the patriots, divided into two groups, advanced to
757:
405:
422:
410:
1340:. Added to this, the failure of the campaign created the perfect environment for, at the unanimous request of the population, the intervention of Bolívar and his
852:
662:
700:
320:
286:
217:
1360:
1200:(who had arrived in Peru in May of that year at the head of Colombian auxiliary troops), and accredited a delegation to request the personal collaboration of
633:
274:
1196:
of the two powers of the State, that is, the
Executive and the Legislative; They also created a Military Power that they entrusted to the Venezuelan General
931:
with 6,000 men, 2,000 royalists remained garrisoning the ports. The
Republicans could send 5,000 soldiers to Santa Cruz while 6,000 could remain protecting
344:
1332:
This campaign, like its predecessor, had great political repercussions; anarchy spread in Peru as two governments existed at the same time: Riva Agüero in
1310:
602:
575:
453:
370:
356:
332:
1286:
that would tip the balance again in his favor; However, this expedition would arrive too late and return to Chile without landing in
Peruvian territory.
752:
740:
614:
513:
429:
298:
262:
1247:, where Santa Cruz initially managed to defeat Valdés, but was unable to take advantage of this circumstance, allowing the royalist leader to retreat.
568:
441:
489:
1192:; At that time, said president was already in open dispute with Congress. Given the critical situation, the parliamentarians ordered the transfer to
501:
467:
393:
210:
472:
1112:
soldiers with Chilean reinforcements, but since these did not arrive, it was finally decided to launch it with the nearly 5,000 soldiers they had.
733:
484:
1289:
In this series of marches and countermarchs the patriots lost a large number of men and equipment, so much so that when they reached the port of
857:
1231:, he left Lima on July 20, occupying Arequipa on August 31, then attempted to unite with the Santa Cruz division but could not.
1610:
1464:
1440:
1204:
in the war against the Spaniards (June 19, 1823). Immediately, the same Congress granted Sucre powers equal to those of the
944:
995:
devising the campaign. The Venezuelan organized a division of 3,215 veterans, including Chilean auxiliaries brought by
848:
769:
135:
1227:
saw fit to help the Santa Cruz Campaign as quickly as possible, so, in command of 3,000 Colombians and accompanied by
655:
1591:
1572:
1412:
375:
434:
745:
690:
1282:
Santa Cruz thus began a long and painful retreat towards the coast, waiting for a reinforcement expedition from
1120:
The expeditionary forces began the journey to the intermediate ports from May 1 to 14, occupying and landing in
291:
1208:
for the duration of the crisis, and on June 23, it ruled that Riva Agüero was exonerated from supreme command.
190:
398:
1061:
553:
1159:
Alarmed by the patriot advance, Viceroy La Serna urgently called General Gerónimo Valdés, who was then near
1372:
916:
863:
712:
234:
28:
1353:
1045:
1091:
873:
844:
638:
279:
1377:
882:
804:
525:
1324:
had promised Congress to return triumphant or die in the campaign, but he neither triumphed nor died.
1068:
5th Line Infantry Battalion, Colonel José María de la Fuente y Mesía, marquess of San Miguel de Híjar
667:
337:
1213:
705:
1563:
Roel Pineda, Virgilio (1982). "Conatos, levantamientos, campañas e ideología de la independencia".
325:
1298:
1224:
1197:
940:
996:
315:
310:
1019:
897:
812:
349:
1315:
1294:
1272:
1268:
695:
607:
458:
361:
580:
1615:
1549:. Vol. 1: Desde San Martín hasta Augusto B. Leguía. Lima: AFA Editores Importadores S.A.
1033:
619:
518:
479:
303:
1359:
army Pedro Antonio de Olañeta was subordinate, much to his displeasure. This contributed to
1485:(in Spanish). Vol. V. Buenos Aires: Imprenta y estereotipia de La Nación. p. 147.
1276:
1129:
1080:
936:
905:
800:
558:
446:
269:
178:
166:
8:
1404:
1256:
506:
1181:
1076:
954:
fluctuated between fifteen and sixteen thousand part-time soldiers and militiamen after
924:
828:
1212:
immediately occupied by the independents. The Congress met again in Lima and appointed
1201:
959:
951:
886:
824:
674:
587:
535:
195:
1478:
920:
901:
645:
1587:
1568:
1567:(in Spanish). Vol. VII (4th ed.). Lima: Editorial Mejía Baca. p. 277.
1436:
1408:
1205:
78:
1363:
Olañeta carried out in Upper Peru against Viceroy de la Serna on January 22, 1824.
1240:
1228:
1125:
955:
832:
792:
597:
530:
1497:
1398:
815:, landed in the so-called "intermediate ports" of southern Peru and entered into
628:
83:
1537:
1341:
1333:
1193:
867:
202:
147:
1604:
1348:
1244:
890:
877:
808:
496:
1267:
Santa Cruz continued his march in search of Gamarra, whom he finally met in
1515:
Historia general de Chile: Parte novena : Organización de la república
1435:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano. p. 145.
1006:
803:
that occurred between May and October 1823. Returning to the plan of the
1185:
thousand people left the city fearing reprisals from the royalist side.
1145:
963:
816:
103:
36:
1290:
943:
could gather a maximum of 3,000 monarchists to confront them at the
1168:
1141:
975:
967:
1188:
President Riva Agüero moved the headquarters of his government to
978:
and Jauja; It was expected that Valdés would occupy Lima with the
1121:
915:
Bolívar had strongly supported the expedition. In two letters to
820:
96:
1189:
1149:
909:
1320:
on October 8 and had to reembark towards Lima that same day.
1283:
1153:
1137:
1133:
928:
862:. The new government's primary task was to put an end to the
88:
1558:. Vol. VI. La Independencia. Lima: Editorial BRASA S.A.
923:
dated May 14 and 21, 1823 respectively, he wrote that while
1586:. Vol. 6th (3rd ed.). Lima: Carlos Milla Batres.
1454:
1452:
1337:
1164:
1160:
1132:
and 400 men under the command of Colonel Elespuru occupied
971:
932:
1344:
to take place, seen as the only one that could save Peru.
1004:
1483:
Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana
1449:
896:
The expedition was placed under the command of General
1239:
The only important encounter of this campaign was the
1128:. On June 15, the naval squadron under the command of
1052:
2nd Line Infantry Battalion, Lieutenant Colonel Garzón
16:
Military campaign of the Peruvian War of Independence
1553:
1536:. Vol. 1 (8th ed.). Santiago de Chile:
1602:
1499:Historia del Perú Independiente. Segundo Periodo
232:
1534:Historia de la República del Perú. 1822 - 1933
1243:, fought on August 25, 1823, on the shores of
912:between May 14 and 25, 1823 and sailed south.
1581:
1544:
1433:Las campañas militares del General San Martín
218:
1216:as President of the Republic, on August 16.
1103:8 Artillery pieces, Lieutenant Colonel Morla
1562:
1554:De la Puente Candamo, José Agustín (1993).
1152:and on August 9, Gamarra did the same with
870:still dominated central and southern Peru.
1495:
225:
211:
35:
1463:sfn error: no target: CITEREFEncina1954 (
1396:
1512:
1531:
1426:
1424:
1400:War and Independence In Spanish America
1262:
1603:
1458:
1077:Hussar Regiment of the Peruvian Legion
1034:No. 1 Battalion of the Peruvian Legion
1477:
1430:
1309:Antonio de Sucre was defeated in the
1304:
1055:4th Line Infantry Battalion, Colonel
1039:1st Line Infantry Battalion, Colonel
206:
1547:Historia de la República (1821-1930)
1421:
1174:
1565:Historia del Perú. Perú Republicano
1496:Paz Soldán, Mariano Felipe (1870).
1234:
1219:
1148:: on August 8, Santa Cruz occupied
1001:
904:as chief of staff and Rear Admiral
843:Since February 28, 1823, President
13:
14:
1627:
1005:
908:as squad leader. He embarked in
847:ruled in Peru, appointed by the
172:
160:
141:
129:
1545:Chirinos Soto, Enrique (1985).
1525:
1301:, then under royalist control.
811:, under the command of General
1506:
1489:
1471:
1390:
797:Segunda Campaña de Intermedios
1:
1582:Vargas Ugarte, Rubén (1981).
1383:
851:after the dissolution of the
838:
827:under the command of viceroy
1611:Peruvian War of Independence
1540:/ Universidad Ricardo Palma.
1373:Peruvian War of Independence
1327:
917:Francisco de Paula Santander
546:Northern liberation campaign
386:Southern liberation campaign
236:Peruvian War of Independence
29:Peruvian War of Independence
7:
1397:McFarlane, Anthony (2013).
1366:
1115:
999:, to reinforce Santa Cruz.
962:. Olañeta had 1,500 men in
935:. The Liberator hoped that
789:Second Intermedios Campaign
22:Second Intermedios campaign
10:
1632:
1517:(in Spanish). p. 199.
1378:First Intermedios campaign
1057:Juan Pardo de Zela y Vidal
966:, José Carratalá 1,500 in
805:First Intermedios campaign
554:Maynas War of Independence
1584:Historia General del Perú
1556:Historia General del Perú
1206:President of the Republic
1085:Lancer Squadron, Colonel
823:), a region dominated by
244:
184:
153:
122:
49:
34:
26:
21:
1431:Soria, Diego A. (2004).
1087:Antonio Placencia Romero
853:Supreme Government Junta
765:Naval Blockade of Callao
1532:Basadre, Jorge (1998).
1347:The following year the
997:Francisco Antonio Pinto
831:. After the indecisive
1214:José Bernardo de Tagle
1041:Juan Bautista Eléspuru
874:José de la Riva Agüero
845:José de la Riva-Agüero
796:
576:Colombian intervention
191:United Liberating Army
154:Commanders and leaders
1513:Barros Arana, Diego.
1225:Antonio José de Sucre
1198:Antonio José de Sucre
941:Pedro Antonio Olañeta
799:) was a phase of the
1405:Taylor & Francis
1263:Retreat to the coast
1130:Martin George Guisse
1081:Federico de Brandsen
1026:Units and commanders
1020:Andrés de Santa Cruz
992:Granaderos a Caballo
974:, Canterac 9,000 in
906:Martin George Guisse
898:Andrés de Santa Cruz
849:Constituent Congress
813:Andrés de Santa Cruz
801:Independence of Peru
250:Autonomous uprisings
1336:and Torre Tagle in
1257:Peruvian government
990:battalions and the
864:War of Independence
1461:, p. 261–263.
1311:Battle of Arequipa
1305:Battle of Arequipa
1013:Commander-in-chief
952:Royal Army of Peru
729:Brown's Expedition
701:Conquest of Chiloé
588:Balconcillo mutiny
258:Goyeneche campaign
1442:978-9-87945-962-1
1253:Marshal of Zepita
1175:Situation in Lima
1109:
1108:
1036:, Colonel Cerdeña
945:Desaguadero River
883:previous campaign
784:
783:
779:
778:
753:Guruceta campaign
741:Cochrane campaign
634:Olañeta rebellion
201:
200:
167:Andrés Santa Cruz
118:
117:
41:1839 map of the "
1623:
1597:
1578:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1479:Mitre, Bartolomé
1475:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1394:
1357:
1319:
1241:battle of Zepita
1235:Battle of Zepita
1229:Guillermo Miller
1220:Sucre expedition
1182:José de Canterac
1136:, shortly after
1095:
1065:
1049:
1009:
1002:
925:José de Canterac
861:
833:battle of Zepita
829:José de la Serna
773:
761:
749:
737:
709:
671:
659:
642:
623:
611:
584:
522:
510:
493:
476:
462:
450:
438:
426:
414:
402:
379:
365:
353:
341:
329:
307:
295:
283:
266:
247:
246:
239:
237:
227:
220:
213:
204:
203:
177:
176:
175:
165:
164:
163:
146:
145:
144:
134:
133:
132:
114:Royalist victory
57:May–October 1823
51:
50:
39:
19:
18:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1575:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1494:
1490:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1407:. p. 396.
1395:
1391:
1386:
1369:
1351:
1330:
1313:
1307:
1265:
1237:
1222:
1177:
1118:
1089:
1059:
1043:
1028:
1010:
937:Gerónimo Valdés
921:Bartolomé Salom
902:Agustín Gamarra
900:, with General
855:
841:
825:royalist forces
785:
780:
767:
755:
743:
731:
721:Naval campaigns
703:
665:
653:
636:
617:
605:
593:2nd Intermedios
578:
526:1st Intermedios
516:
504:
487:
470:
468:Miller campaign
456:
444:
432:
420:
408:
396:
373:
359:
347:
335:
323:
301:
289:
277:
260:
240:
235:
233:
231:
179:Gerónimo Valdés
173:
171:
161:
159:
142:
140:
130:
128:
106:
101:
75:
74:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1629:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1579:
1573:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1505:
1488:
1470:
1448:
1441:
1420:
1413:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1342:Colombian Army
1329:
1326:
1306:
1303:
1264:
1261:
1236:
1233:
1221:
1218:
1176:
1173:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1083:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1053:
1050:
1037:
1023:
1022:
840:
837:
782:
781:
777:
776:
775:
774:
762:
750:
738:
723:
722:
718:
717:
716:
715:
710:
698:
693:
691:Sucre campaign
685:
684:
680:
679:
678:
677:
672:
660:
648:
643:
631:
626:
625:
624:
612:
600:
590:
585:
573:
572:
571:
566:
564:2nd Higos Urco
561:
559:1st Higos Urco
548:
547:
543:
542:
541:
540:
539:
538:
533:
523:
511:
499:
494:
485:Quito campaign
482:
477:
465:
464:
463:
451:
427:
415:
403:
388:
387:
383:
382:
381:
380:
368:
367:
366:
354:
342:
330:
318:
308:
296:
284:
272:
267:
252:
251:
245:
242:
241:
230:
229:
222:
215:
207:
199:
198:
193:
187:
186:
185:Units involved
182:
181:
169:
156:
155:
151:
150:
138:
125:
124:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
100:
99:
94:
91:
86:
81:
68:
67:
66:
65:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1628:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1593:84-499-4818-5
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1574:84-499-1611-9
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1516:
1509:
1502:(in Spanish).
1501:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1416:
1414:9781136757723
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1361:the rebellion
1355:
1350:
1349:Callao mutiny
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1245:Lake Titicaca
1242:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1202:Simón Bolívar
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1172:
1171:joined them.
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1003:
1000:
998:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
887:Simón Bolívar
884:
879:
875:
871:
869:
865:
859:
854:
850:
846:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:(present-day
818:
814:
810:
809:Peruvian Army
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
771:
766:
763:
759:
754:
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1616:1823 in Peru
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1538:La República
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1526:Bibliography
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418:2nd Arenales
406:1st Arenales
123:Belligerents
70:
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27:Part of the
1459:Encina 1954
1352: [
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1099:Artillery:
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713:Iquicha War
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71:Intermedios
43:Intermedios
1605:Categories
1384:References
1146:Upper Peru
1079:, Colonel
1029:Infantry:
964:Upper Peru
891:Colombians
839:Background
817:Upper Peru
696:2nd Callao
651:Bellavista
480:1st Callao
430:Aznapuquio
321:Chacaltaya
104:Upper Peru
1328:Aftermath
1072:Cavalry:
287:2nd Tacna
270:1st Tacna
1481:(1907).
1367:See also
1334:Trujillo
1273:Sicasica
1194:Trujillo
1169:Arequipa
1142:Moquegua
1116:Campaign
1018:General
976:Huancayo
968:Arequipa
960:Moquegua
889:and the
675:Ayacucho
603:Arequipa
536:Moquegua
454:Quiapata
371:Aymaraes
357:Umachiri
333:Apacheta
62:Location
1295:Paracas
1277:Ayo Ayo
1269:Panduro
1255:by the
1126:Pacocha
1122:Iquique
927:was in
878:an army
868:Spanish
821:Bolivia
793:Spanish
615:Falsuri
514:Caucato
394:Paracas
299:Camiara
275:Huánuco
97:Iquique
1590:
1571:
1439:
1411:
1299:Chiloé
1190:Callao
1150:La Paz
988:Centro
984:Gerona
980:Burgos
956:Torata
910:Callao
807:, the
598:Zepita
569:Habana
531:Torata
442:Ataura
345:Matará
316:Huanta
111:Result
93:Clicsa
84:Quilca
1356:]
1318:]
1284:Chile
1154:Oruro
1138:Tacna
1134:Arica
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929:Jauja
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646:Junín
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311:Cuzco
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148:Spain
89:Arica
79:Ocoña
69:The "
1588:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1465:help
1437:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1338:Lima
1275:and
1167:and
1165:Puno
1161:Lima
1140:and
1124:and
986:and
972:Puno
970:and
958:and
950:The
939:and
933:Lima
919:and
787:The
136:Peru
102:and
54:Date
1291:Ilo
497:Ica
1607::
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