323:, London, 1804, Appendix pp.25-26. List of ships of the line under Vernon is 8 of 80 guns, 5 of 70 guns, 14 of 60 guns, 2 of 50 guns and 22 frigates and other warships. Additionally, the list gives a detail breakdown of the 12,000 troops: the 15th and 24th regiments of foot, 2,000; 6,000 marines; 2,500 American and some others. Ship of the Line crews total 11,000+, no numbers are given for the frigate and transport crews on that page. On the following page a list of frigates and their crews is given for the Cartagena expedition that corresponds to that of Vernon's fleet list with a few minor variations. The total for Royal Navy sailors then (at least as paper strength, full complements) is: 15,398. This total does not include the 12,000 soldiers, nor any civilian seamen, nor the crews for the over 120 transports.
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182:, the British began a major assault on the wall of the fort of San Felipe. However, the attackers soon found that their scaling ladders were shorter than the walls they were attacking. The British were unable to advance and impeded from retreating by the equipment they carried. The Spanish opened fire on them, and then counterattacked outside the walls with bayonets. The carnage was great, and the remaining British soldiers were forced to remain on board their ships, with provisions running out.
167:, which was part of the new Viceroyalty. This was just before Eslava's arrival in Cartagena as viceroy of the colony. After this success, Vernon turned his attention to Cartagena. On March 13, 1741 he blockaded the port with 51 warships, 135 transports, 2,000 cannon and more than 28,000 men, possibly the strongest fleet ever assembled up to this time. The city was defended by the Spanish Admiral
349:, MacMillan, London, 1899, Vol. II, pp. 72-79, gives a detailed account of the rapid and devastating withering away of the land forces to disease. By 7 May, only 1700 men were fit for service and no more than 1000 in condition to land against the enemy and within a month of leaving Cartagena 1100 died. British strength was reduced to 1400 and American to 1300.
336:, Boston, 1922, p.151. "So great were the losses to the troops through disease and battle that not over one third of the land troops appear to have returned with the fleet to Jamaica." This would indicate considerably more than 8,000 casualties for the entire force as there were some 12,000 land troops and over 20,000 sailors and seamen.
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There were difficulties governing this large territory from Lima, however. In 1740 New
Granada was reestablished as a viceroyalty, for the same reasons as it had originally been established — large distances, growing population, tax collection, defense, and administrative control. In August
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Vernon finally had to raise the blockade and return to
Jamaica. Eight thousand British were said to have died, against only 1,000 Spanish. Blas de Lezo, who had already lost a leg, an eye and an arm in other battles, lost his life after this one, dying of disease.
93:. It was removed from Peru and established as the separate viceroyalty of New Granada in 1718. However, this first viceregal establishment lasted only from 1718 to 1724. In 1724 it was returned to Peru.
89:(New Granada) was reestablished. This part of South America, including what are today the countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador, had originally been part of the
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1739 Sebastián de Eslava was named the first viceroy of this second incarnation, with express instructions from the Crown to defend the viceregal against
British attacks.
306:, London, 1804, Appendix pp.25-26. List of ships of the line under Vernon is 8 of 80 guns, 5 of 70 guns, 14 of 60 guns, 2 of 50 guns and 22 frigates. Hart, as well, in
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He repaired the Castle of
Bocachica and various forts protecting the port. In the Castle of San Lázaro he started a factory of gun carriages and
120:. He took steps to supply arms, ammunition and military training to the Spanish forces. Elsewhere in the viceregal, he built defensive works in
113:. In April 1740 he arrived at Cartagena de Indias. He remained there for the duration of his term as viceroy, not traveling to the interior.
61:) was a Spanish general and colonial official. From April 24, 1740 to November 6, 1749 he was viceroy of the newly reestablished
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These steps were necessary because
Britain, fighting for the commercial control of America, declared war on Spain in 1739 (the
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During his administration, Viceroy Eslava founded hospitals and towns, constructed roads, promoted the pacification of the
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Indians, and contributed arms, money and provisions to defend some cities (like
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Biografías de los mandatarios y ministros de la Real
Audiencia (1671 a 1819)
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Rodríguez
Maldonado, Carlos. "Don Sebastián de Eslava y don Blas de Lezo".
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265:(Bogota). Vol. 39, No. 447-448 (Jan./Feb. 1952), pp. 76–84.
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Naval and
Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783
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Naval and
Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783
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Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783
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Relaciones e informes de Los gobernantes de la Nueva Granada
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On November 21, 1739 British Admiral Edward Vernon captured
140:. He approved the construction of the fort on the islet of
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The reestablishment of the Viceroyalty of New Granada
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Sebastián de Eslava, Viceroy of New Granada (1740-49)
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136:and the Castle of San Antonio in the province of
75:marqués de la Real Defensa de Cartagena de Indias
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255:. Bogotá: Academia Colombiana de Historia, 1952.
105:Eslava studied at the Royal Military Academy in
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31: and the second or maternal family name is
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286:, MacMillan, London, 1899, Vol. II.
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180:battle of Cartagena de Indias
71:Battle of Cartagena de Indias
251:Restrepo Sáenz, José María.
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47:Sebastián de Eslava y Lazaga
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334:Admirals of the Caribbean
308:Admirals of the Caribbean
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241:Colmenares, Germán (Ed.)
57:– June 21, 1759 in
447:Viceroys of New Granada
148:The War of Jenkins' Ear
404:Viceroy of New Granada
275:Hart, Francis Russle.
87:Nuevo Reino de Granada
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49:(January 19, 1685 in
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414:José Alfonso Pizarro
442:Marquesses of Spain
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381:Government offices
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196:Motilones
161:Portobelo
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397:in 1724)
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