Scunthorpe Steelworks

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steelworks. Its upland site necessitated inter alia building large water mains up from the River Trent – steelworks use a huge amount of water. The design included modernistic features, such as the facility to burn gases from the blast furnace beneath the steel furnaces, but this was not proceeded with in practice. Upon completion, S. H. Meakin then managed the new Normanby Park steelworks for a year. However his primary interest was new design, rather than production, so he resigned and moved to Sheffield where he took charge of the design offices of Firth-Brown. S. H. Meakin's hobby was studying and mounting diatoms, for which activity – paradoxically – he is far better known today. (See Google, S. H. Meakin : the preceding Normanby Park details are taken from an interview in 2020 with Harry Meakin's grandson, Christopher Meakin, citing known family history).

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Scunthorpe were planned under several phases for Scunthorpe, under a scheme known as the "Anchor Project", which had its basis in an £80 million proposal made by the Appleby-Frodingham company in 1966 to the regulating Iron and Steel Board for LD converter conversion with a capacity of around 2 million tons pa, plus a 2 million ton pa slab mill and investment increasing light plate production to 1 million tons pa; foreign ore would also be used to increase productivity. When accepted by BSC in 1969 the expanded project had a cost of £130 million (rising to £230 million by 1971), and included three 300 ton LD converters, as well as a continuous plate mill later rejected, and other improvements. During the formulation of the plan the option of relocating the Scunthorpe-based steel production to a coastal site (i.e.

645:(5.2 m) in three; capacities of the four modern furnaces were two at 2,300 tons, one at 2,000 tons and one at 1,650 tons per week. Blast furnace gas was used at both sites to power electrical generators, and further energy recovery from the residual hot gas obtained from water tube boilers heated by the gas, or for heating in the steel works. Both works contained similar melting shops – the Appleby works had five tilting furnaces (open hearth) of 250- or 300-ton capacity. Employment over both sites was 6,500 in 1937. In the context of the wider United Steel group, rationalisation during the 1930s led the Appleby Frodingham works to be specialised in plates and heavy sections, whilst lighter section, bars, rod and wire were produced at the group's 4061: 631: 861: 666:

plant were constructed on former ironstone quarry land. The new 27 and 28.5 feet (8.2 and 8.7 m) furnaces were official opened in mid 1954, and older plant abandoned, with total capacity increased from 900,000 to 1,250,000 tons pa. The blast furnaces were named "Queen Anne" (No.3, 27 ft) and "Queen Victoria" (No.4, 28.5 ft). In addition to the new plant new sinter equipment was constructed, allowing the works to operate on near 100% sinter use in the blast furnaces – part of the rationale for the sinter investment was the deterioration of the quality of the locally mined ore, resulting in increasing quantities of

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made even more efficient than was possible in Wrexham, told him to do the drawings anyway then keep them where they were unlikely to be found, or even understood. In due course (in about 1907) Darby then won a contract from the Lysaght Brothers to build a brand new steelworks in Scunthorpe, which he confidently asserted would be more efficient than anything seen before. That was destined to become Normanby Park. He then told Harry Meakin "I want you to join me on the new project, but my contract precludes me from poaching staff from Brymbo. So you will have to get yourself dismissed."

781: 353: 837:(BSC) in 1967. Scunthorpe was chosen by the corporation as one of the five main production centres, formally within the Midland regional division of BSC, and designated as a general steel producers. Placing the three steel producers in the town under shared ownership gave opportunities for rationalisation and greater efficiency – excess liquid steel and sinter were transferred between the works by rail. Within the whole of BSC the 7 ft plate mill at Appleby-Frodingham (and at West Hartlepool) was closed and production transferred to 210: 3974: 712: 904:) contributed to large scale reduction in the BSC workforce overall, to under a third of the 180,000 employed in the UK industry as a whole in 1975; this in combination with loss of certain privileges and management requests for flexible working, reduction in manning, and wage cuts or wage freezes led to large scale conflict in the industry as a whole over several years. A national strike (led by the 583:. A second mine, Dragonby, was also opened in the post war period. Both mines were worked on the room and pillar system, with approximately 20 to 23 feet (6 to 7 m) height of extraction within the seams, leaving some ironstone for roof support (about 8 feet 2 inches (2.5 m) depth) and roadway. Drilling and blasting were used for extraction with much of the work mechanised. 934:. with all liquid steel production at the site ended by 1979. In 1982 works employment was 8,900. In 1967 ore production at Scunthorpe had been 4.7 million tons pa; from 1981 to 1987 local ore production had dropped to around 1 million tons and then to 120,000 tons with only one quarry (Yarborough) in operation. Underground mining ended in 1981. 525:, north of Scunthorpe, was made by the Chief Engineer, Samuel Henry 'Harry' Meakin. He was originally offered a site acquired by the Lysaght's at Flixborough on the River Trent, but pointed out that the geological strata were not strong enough to bear the weight of blast furnaces. He needed to build on hard ground, which of course hills always are. 841:, North Yorkshire in around 1970. Under the rationalisation scheme known as the 'Heritage Programme' closures corresponding to 1.59 and 0.81 million tons of ingot steel were announced for Appleby-Frodingham and Redbourn works to take effect in 1973/4 and 1972/3 respectively. The Dragonby and Santon mines were worked as a single unit from 1969. 321:

uniformity, and the general low value of the land on which it stood led to rapid development of open ore workings. The lime content of the ore rendered it self-fluxing, but its high lime content and basic nature were problematic and led to the practice of using it in combination with silica containing ores (for

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Key components of the Normanby Park Works had in practice been designed in the drawing offices of Brymbo Steelworks in Wrexham, which S. H. Meakin had redesigned during 1905–1908. John Darby, the man in charge of that project, listened to Meakin's professional views on how a steelworks could be

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produced, and its basic nature, its corrosive effect on the refractories in the furnace, as well as the large amount of water content in the ore, and carbon dioxide release tending to damp the fire in the furnace. The primary solution to the basic ore was to co-fire with an imported silica containing

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After closure the underground ironstone working caused serious subsidence in some areas due to washing out of clay causing delayed collapse. Parts of the surface ironstone workings were restored using company and governmental contributed funds during the late 20th century; some workings such as

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exists primarily due to the development of the iron ore and steel industry in the area, changing the character of the area from almost entirely rural to one of a large heavy industrial enterprise and town in a rural setting. As a consequence most of the buildings in the town date to the late 19th or

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In 2011 a billet caster and bloom mill were closed, replaced by a new £55 million casting machine, ordered in 2005. The Queen Bess furnace was relit in early 2014, to maintain production whilst the Queen Anne furnace was shut down and relined at a cost of around £30 million. The Queen Anne

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In the early 1970s the UK government announced £3 billion investment plan to modernise the companies main steel production sites (Scunthorpe, Lackenby, Llanwern, Ravenscraig, Port Talbot), increasing productivity by 50%, and reducing the total workforce by 50,000. Changes and modernisation at

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The Redbourn works was originally supplied by two hand charged furnaces built 1875. Furnaces 3 and 4 were added in 1909 and 1919. In 1951/2 the 1875 furnaces were replaced by a single furnace. No.4 furnace was closed in 1977, and No.3 furnace was closed in 1979; the last furnace, No.2 was shut down

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in 1866, supported by Lancashire capitalists; the business was supplied with ore from Winn's own mines. Over the next decade three more works were established: the Redbourn Hill Company, and the Lincolnshire Iron Smelting Company were supported by capital from Birmingham; the Appleby Iron works was

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In the early 1950s the company expanded two of its blast furnaces to 25 feet (7.6 m) diameter (named "Queen Mary", No.9; and "Queen Bess"), and in 1951 took the decision to start the construction of two further new furnaces to a similar diameter. The new furnaces together with addition sinter

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to the south most of the housing expansion associated with the growth of the industry took place around the former village of Scunthorpe – by the beginning of the 20th century Scunthorpe had grown to town sized, and incorporated schools; churches; clubs; a cemetery; and a courthouse, bank and

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as potential buyer; the acquisition process was ended mid 2015 by Klesch with no sale. In 2015 Tata announced the loss of 900 jobs at the Scunthorpe site, with reductions including the closure/mothballing of the plate mill (350 persons), and closure of the Dawes Lane coke ovens (140 persons). The

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After merger the adjacent Appleby and Frodingham works both produced pig iron, with the Frodingham works specialising in bars and sections, and the Appleby works plates and slabs. In 1937 each site had four blast furnaces, each with two relatively modern builds, with a maximum diameter of 17 feet

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of the 1930s the works was reconstructed at a cost of £400,000 to specialise outside general mass market steels – as a result capacity utilising was at 80% compared to an industry average of nearer 50%, though with very low profit margins. During this period the works was primary supplier to the

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nodules, much affected by water weathering; local variations within the ore bed included bands with iron content as high as 40%, down to 12%, with an average iron content of 25%, excluding spoil. The ironstone bed dipped slightly towards the east – the bed's proximity to the surface, its fair

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the three of the six works were converting all of their iron production to steel, whilst much of the remainder was supplied to associated steel companies. Total pig iron production in 1917 was nearly 520,000 tons. Immediately preceding the war (1916) plans had been made to increase UK steel

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According to Harry Meakin's son Frank: "My father – who was 32 years old at the time – then played ducks and drakes at Brymbo for six months until they were forced to sack him." Harry Meakin then moved to Scunthorpe and joined John Darby again, whereupon he took charge of designing the new

435:, transported there by water. In 1862 the Dawes began to build the first blast furnace in the area, which became operational in 1864, operating as the Trent Iron Company. The Frodingham Iron Company also opened in 1864, established by Joseph Cliff, a firebrick manufacturer from 817:

considered to establish a continuous strip mill at their Redbourn works, but under government pressure in the context of difficult economic conditions and unemployment in South Wales reversed their decision and instead place the development at the EbbVale ironworks sites.

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period), below which is the 'Frodingham Ironstone' once mined at Scunthorpe. At Frodingham the ironstone existed in a bed up to 35 feet (11 m) thick, covered by loose sand. The ore was found in the form of a calcareous hydrated oxide, with some

545:; the two firms were formally amalgamated into the Appleby-Frodingham Steel Company in 1934. In 1931/2 the former North Lincolnshire Ironworks became part of the group, followed by the Trent Ironworks in 1936. The Redbourn Iron Works became part of 565:

production by 2 million tons. In the Lincolnshire district 2 new blast furnaces and 6 steel furnaces were sanction in 1916; and 2 blast and 3 steel in 1917/18. By 1918 production of pig iron in the district had risen to around 650,000 tons.

490:(Rotherham). By 1875 several businesses were extracting iron ore in the area including Cliff and Sons (Frodingham); the Kiveton Park Company; W.H. and G. Dawes; Cliff and Sons (Leeds); the Park Gate Iron Company (Frodingham); and Charles Winn. 868:

The development of an ore terminal as part of the Anchor project was authorised; use of local or regionally imported ores ceased or was greatly reduced, as a consequence of increased importation of foreign ores of far greater iron content. The

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works in Yorkshire, with rails and ferroalloys at the Workington site. In 1945 the works was the largest in Britain, with a capacity of 700 million tons pa (5.5% national production), and occupied a 1,700 acres (690 ha) site.

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By the mid 20th century Scunthorpe was expanding into a large town, to the west, north and south of the original village, and its extent now included the former villages of Crosby and Frodingham, and had reached as far south as

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In 2004 the Heavy Section Mill (HSM) was closed with the loss of about 150 jobs, Manufacture of sheet piling cease at the HSM in July 2004 at Scunthorpe and the company sold the remnants of its sheet piling business (sales) to

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and sinter plant were constructed on a site south of the earlier Appleby works, the location of the former North Lincolnshire Iron works. Here future expansion of the plant was focused replacing plant at the Frodingham works.

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In the early 1970s BSC planning considered the 5 million ingot steel tons pa Anchor site as a core asset, and the 1.1 million tons pa former Lysaght's Normanby works as marginal. The economic downturn following the

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At the around the beginning of the 1980s BSC made significant cutbacks to operations at Scunthorpe: all the ore mines closed; and most of the Redbourn works was shut, use of the Lysaght's Normanby Park site ended

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the steelworks had been entirely converted from the open hearth to basic oxygen steel making process – the works employed 7,300 persons and had a production capacity of around 5 million tons pa of steel.

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established with capital from Scotland. All six iron works were located adjacent to the ore workings, with the low iron content of the ore favouring local working rather than transportation to external sites.

93:(1860s) gave rail access to the area, local iron production rapidly expanded using local ironstone and imported coal or coke. The local ore was relatively poor in iron (around 25% average) and high in lime ( 1773:

Whittaker, B. N.; Smith, S. F. (1987), Szwilski, A. B.; Richards, M. J. (eds.), "Stability and Operational Aspects of Room and Pillar Mining in the U.K. Sedimentary Iron-Ore Deposits",

591:. The steelworks and ironworkings had expanded east and to the north. The population of Scunthorpe reached over 45 thousand in 1941, and was to increase to over 66 thousand by the beginning of the 1980s. 760:

Due to oversupply in the industry the blast furnaces were again temporarily shut down in 1938. In 1939 the company was notified by government official that the works work be required to supply steel for

509:, with the iron ore fields and irons works to the east, in an otherwise essentially rural landscape consisting of enclosed fields and coppices. With the exception of housing built at New Frodingham and 340:

Ironstone extraction was almost entirely east of a roughly north–south boundary passing through Scunthorpe between the town and steelworks – this boundary was itself east of the Lower Lias escarpment (

849:) had been considered but rejected. Work on the 1,000 acres (400 ha) former ore field site south and east of the older works began in early 1970. The new Anchor works including steelmaking, 3718: 3862: 483: 3766: 1082:

Jingye Group purchased British Steel in March 2020 and invested £330 million in capital projects during its first three years of ownership. British Steel now employs 4,300 in the UK.

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in the ore. The expansion led to the closure of the iron works at Frodingham and the North Lincs works; the last blast furnace in operation at Frodingham, No.1, was shut down in May 1954.

3670: 1074:, expected to be around a third more efficient than that it replaces, was announced. Other investment were also foreseen on the rolling mills, to produce high-quality rolled products. 162:

modernisation. Primary iron production was at four blast furnaces first established or expanded in the 1950s, and known as the four Queens: named Queen Anne, Bess, Victoria, and Mary.

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the works was temporarily closed – iron and steel production was resumed in 1922 but the works operated at under capacity for the remainder of the decade. At the beginning of the

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was installed. Facilities at the works in 1983 included a 300t basic oxygen steelmaker; billet, bloom and slab continuous casters; and desulphurisation and degassing equipment.

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plate mill ceased production in December 2015, and the Dawes Lane coke ovens ceased production in March 2016, with all coke production transferred to the Appleby coke ovens.

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During the post war period the works was planned to increase output to 500,000 ingot tons pa – by 1955 this figure had been exceeded with production at 600,000 tons pa. Two

424:. The line was fully opened by 1866, and enable rapid expansion of the iron business around Scunthorpe. A 0.25 miles (0.40 km) branch to further iron ore deposits near 2916: 3962: 249: 23: 2377: 474:

Iron ore production reached 248,329 tons, and iron production 31,000 tons by 1870, both rapid increases. In addition to local blast furnaces the ore was supplied to the

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on a lease of the iron ore containing land were made in 1905, and the decision was taken to establish a steelworks, with the estimated capital cost at under £350,000.

521:, built 1908–1915 when it then came on stream producing heavy steel products for the war effort, notably armour plate for warships. The choice of the uphill site at 729:

investigated opportunities to integrate backwards by producing steel for its rolling mills in South Wales. A number of schemes were considered including a works at

987:. In 2005 Corus announced an investment plan for its long products division: a £130 million investment at Scunthorpe into the medium section mill, focusing on 370:

is credited with (re-)discovering the iron ore in the area, and having it analysed and promoting its use. He suspected that the geology on his estate resembled the

734: 2082: 425: 152:(BSC), leading to a period of further consolidation – from the 1970s the use of local or regional ironstone diminished, being replaced by imported ore via the 4162: 572:

the three Scunthorpe works increase the share of UK steel production from 3 to 10%. In 1945 all steel produced in the Lincolnshire district was by the basic

218: 908:) took place from January to March 1980. In the wider business steel production ended at Shotton (1978), Consett (1980), Corby (1981) and Clydeside (1982). 2064: 967: 285: 3378:

Rhodes, Martin; Wright, Vincent (April 1988), "The European Steel Unions and the Steel Crisis, 1974–84: A Study in the Demise of Traditional Unionism",

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Experimental underground mining began in the 1930s, leading to the development of the Santon drift mine, with production beginning after the end of the

2995: 2836: 2817: 2724: 2762: 2694: 1159: 156:– much of the steelworks was re-established with equipment at or south and east of the Appleby-Frodingham works during the late 1960s as part of the 2675: 3955: 2938: 795: 506: 2538: 260:

series/period, it is a nearly horizontal bed, 10 to 25 feet (3.0 to 7.6 m) thick, averaging 12 feet (3.7 m), and consists of calcareous

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In April 2016 the long products division including the Scunthorpe works as the only primary steel producer and main employer was sold by Tata to

522: 252:; iron deposits in Northern France and Southern Germany may also be from the same period and origin. The Lincolnshire ironstone is found in the 2888: 2583: 1060: 397: 1070:, a Chinese steelmaker, became the owner of the plant. Many investments were foreseen: for Scunthorpe site, the construction of a new 250 MW 667: 514:

hotel. By 1901 the local population was 11,167 increased from a combined rural population (Scunthorpe, Ashby, Brumby etc.) of 1,245 in 1851.

344:). Iron ore extraction was reduced in the later half of the 20th century, to be substituted by foreign imported ores of better quality. 2512: 4177: 510: 217:

It is thought that the iron deposits in Lincolnshire were worked sometime before the 19th and 20th century exploitations – forges at

3948: 2744: 595: 3970: 2789: 2602: 100:) requiring co-smelting with more acidic silicious iron ores. The growth of industry in the area led to the development of the town of 892:

system. At the Normanby Park site ore was supplied from the stockyards built for the Appleby-Frodingham Anchor project by a conveyor.

1970: 2118: 2922: 803: 919:

On 4 November 1975 four workers were killed at the Queen Victoria furnace, and others badly injured following an explosion in a

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By 1875 there were 13 blast furnaces in operation, with others under construction. Coke (or coal) was used, supplied from the

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On 6 November 2023, British Steel announced the blast furnaces at Scunthorpe were to be decommissioned and replaced with two

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sought to sell much of its European steel operations. In 2014 Scunthorpe works were offered as part of Tata Steel Europe's

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and onwards by canal. Iron ore began to be commercially exploited in the area from 1859. A narrow gauge railway was opened

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was established in the mid 19th century, following the discovery and exploitation of middle Lias ironstone east of

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due to water ingress into the molten steel filled vessel. In total 11 persons eventually died due to their injuries.

466:. Initially the high lime content of the ore (up to 68%) caused production issues, through the amount and form of the 3444: 3426: 3369: 3337: 3319: 1445: 1418: 1141: 367: 1190:. The plant became known as the Lindsey or North Lindsey works after it was taken over by the Redbourn Hill Company. 4172: 2279:"'It was devastating': Steelworkers to remember tragic Scunthorpe explosion which killed 11 men 40 years ago today" 1734: 493:

Appleby Ironworks was established in 1875. By the 1880s the iron making district consisted of separate villages at

487: 4060: 2982: 1007: 2192:"British Steel Scunthorpe pictures of the past as Greybull plans to bring back historic name at Tata steelworks" 1014:

led to reduction in demand for steel and reduced profitability. The Queen Bess furnace was mothballed in 2008.

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W. H. and G. Dawes (Elsecar) were the first to utilise the ore which was tested at blast furnaces at

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took place from the late 1960s onwards, with an intermediate oxygen utilising open hearth process known as the

3990: 378:). Initially ore was extracted and exported from leases on his estate, and transported by horse power to the 371: 330: 245: 107:

From the early 1910s to the 1930s the industry consolidated, with three main ownership concerns formed – the

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Pocock, D. C. D. (1990), Ellis, S.; Crowther, D. R. (eds.), "The Development of Scunthorpe",

873:

became a key part of the overall infrastructure of the Scunthorpe steelworks as an importation point. The

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Geology of northern Lincolnshire. Near surface iron ore formations in red (NEIMME Transactions, v.24, 1875)

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A single 100 ton oxygen based (Oberhausen rotor) steelmaking converter was installed at Redbourn in 1961.

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Stace, R. (2015), Lu, Liming (ed.), "Iron Ore: Mineralogy, Processing and Environmental Sustainability",

814: 611: 554: 550: 142: 128: 3453: 995:, UK; other investment included a new bloom caster, reheat furnace and breakdown mill for the rod mill. 295:

The geological strata in Lincolnshire includes a number of iron bearing rocks including (downwards) the

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In 1912 the Frodingham company absorbed the Appleby company, both of which in 1917 became part of the

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Winn then was instrumental in the promotion of a line to the ore fields, and with the support of the

1762:, no. 66, §7.2.2 Underground mining techniques in the North Lincolnshire mines, pp. 234–236 834: 745: 463: 417: 149: 2957: 2487:

Completed acquisition by Arcelor SA of Corus UK Limited's UK hot-rolled steel sheet piling business

603: 502: 451: 1525: 1319: 4035: 911: 874: 599: 401: 308: 153: 1112: 165:

Both the Normanby Park and the Redbourn works were closed by the early 1980s. Conversion to the

62: 4136: 4085: 4080: 4025: 2091:, Fig.14, "BSC Regional Divisions, 1967–70", p.152; Fig.15 "BSC Product Divisions, 1970", p155. 988: 945: 650: 646: 615: 607: 542: 518: 268:. The deposit is thought to have been originally created by the deposition by precipitation of 114: 3137: 3080: 1566: 1544: 2818:"TATA STEEL: Scunthorpe's plate mill will be mothballed and the Dawes Lane coke ovens closed" 1043: 976: 769: 693: 166: 2138: 1096:. Under the plans, one of the new furnaces would be located at Scunthorpe, and the other at 4121: 4020: 4010: 4000: 1093: 889: 780: 726: 692:. The AJAX furnaces functioned as a transition technology prior to the introduction of the 588: 494: 352: 132: 4040: 3291: 3272: 3253: 3234: 3215: 3196: 3177: 3158: 1660: 325:

formation). Iron produced from the bed including the fossiliferous lime contained over 1%

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Following privatisation in 1988, the company together with the rest of BSC became part of

8: 4126: 4106: 4050: 3995: 3924: 3127: 885: 681: 573: 170: 2435: 4141: 4131: 4045: 4005: 3914: 3538: 3525:

Daff, Trevor (November 1973), "The establishment of ironmaking at Scunthorpe 1858–77",

3496: 3403: 3395: 1133: 854: 850: 762: 738: 440: 300: 236:

period and forms part of a series of ironstones found in eastern England found in the

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to establish the business. Both produced iron from their own local ironstone leases.

185: 94: 2889:"Tata Steel Scunthorpe closing down Dawes Lane coke ovens today – the end of an era" 2021:

Triumph of the South: A Regional Economic History of Early Twentieth Century Britain

4075: 3534: 3488: 3414: 3387: 1140:(Scunthorpe, Llanwern, Port Talbot, Redcar) was the biggest industrial polluter of 1049: 749: 580: 475: 459: 304: 296: 209: 193: 2918:

Tata Steel UK agrees sale and purchase agreement for long products Europe business

657:

In 1939 two 22 feet (6.7 m) diameter blast furnaces together with associated

3110: 2996:"British Steel proposes to close coking ovens in move that could cut 260 UK jobs" 2864:"END OF AN ERA: Scunthorpe plate mill ceases production at Tata Steel – pictures" 1065: 1011: 897: 561: 181: 86: 2958:"Britain finds a buyer for one Tata steel plant, saving a third of jobs at risk" 2725:"Tata Steel Scunthorpe production disrupted by ALL furnaces being out of action" 737:(Wiltshire); or a new works near Scunthorpe. Discussions and agreement with Sir 408:

was obtained in 1861. The new line connected with the SYR via a bridge over the

347: 177:

operated in the interim – conversion to LD operation was complete by the 1990s.

3973: 3028: 2620: 1101: 730: 447: 436: 257: 3391: 3349:

The explosion at the Appleby-Frodingham steelworks, Scunthorpe 4 November 1975

2065:"The death of ironmaking at Redbourn: Today marks anniversary of historic day" 1979:, pp.116–7; Table 6, "Oxygen Steelmaking Plants in the United Kingdom", p.114. 4156: 3878: 3864: 3830: 3816: 3782: 3768: 3734: 3720: 3686: 3672: 3638: 3624: 1026: 920: 680:

onwards the Appleby-Frodingham works pioneered the use of a variation of the

404:(SYR) as equal third partners; an act of parliament for a new main line, the 375: 222: 189: 39: 25: 711: 594:

In 1951 much of the British steel industry was briefly nationalised, as the

225:, and archaeological evidence has been found of iron working at Scunthorpe. 2837:"900 jobs to go and plate mill to be mothballed at Scunthorpe's Tata Steel" 2296: 2127:, Table 12, "Major Closures Announced Under the Heritage Programme", p.172. 1991:

The Economic History of Steelmaking 1867–1939 : A study in competition

1931: 1030: 991:

production, with the a corresponding end to rail production at its site in

901: 689: 174: 79: 3479:

Kendall, O. D. (July 1938), "Iron and Steel Industry of Scunthorpe",

4030: 2790:"Tata Steel Scunthorpe sale: Queen Anne furnace relit after £30m rebuild" 2763:"Tata Steel creating 400 contracting jobs with £30m blastfurnace rebuild" 2036:

Ribbon of Fire. How Europe Adopted and Developed US Strip Mill Technology

1163: 1071: 915:

Queen Victoria Blast Furnace Disaster Memorial, North Lincolnshire Museum

809:

In 1933 a bar mill was transferred from the parent company's bar mill at

569: 409: 379: 341: 312: 241: 3507:

Pocock, D. C. D. (June 1963), "Iron and Steel at Scunthorpe",

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The History of the Iron Industry in Scunthorpe – the Appleby Connection

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The History of the Iron Industry in Scunthorpe – the Appleby Connection

1433: 1406: 1121: 1056: 1022: 999: 992: 498: 326: 237: 101: 75: 3500: 3399: 3328:

Heal, David W. (1974), "The Steel Industry in Post War Britain",

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The iron and steel industry of the United Kingdom under war conditions

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A new force in the metals industry – background to the proposed merger

1743:, p.40; Fig.6 Production of Ingot Steel By Process and District, p.41. 622:

re-acquired its former steel interests including those at Scunthorpe.

2006:

Business, Banking, and Politics: The Case of British Steel, 1918–1939

1618: 1616: 1614: 1156:, single industry towns, common under centrally planned soviet Russia 1052:

for a nominal sum of £1. The business was renamed British Steel Ltd.

806:) in 1907/8. Initially the works functioned as a source of pig iron. 754: 658: 334: 273: 261: 229: 3577: 2385:, British Steel / Koninklijke Hoogovens, 7 June 1999, archived from 2351:

Mitchell, Jonathan (May 1983), "Scunthorpe completes concast trio",

2051:, Table 6, "Oxygen Steelmaking Plants in the United Kingdom", p.114. 276:. Characteristic fossils found in the ironstone beds included large 3492: 3033: 3029:"British Steel set to cut up to 2,000 jobs in furnace closure plan" 1153: 1097: 838: 833:

Nationalisation of UK steel operations led to the formation of the

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which had been discovered and exploited in northern Yorkshire (see

281: 277: 269: 265: 233: 3115:

Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining Engineers

1611: 3312:

Economic History of the British Iron and Steel Industry 1784–1879

3111:"Some Remarks on the Beds of Ironstone Occurring in Lincolnshire" 2695:"End of an era as Tata Steel works' Bloom and Billet Mill closes" 2676:"Bloom and billet mill on Tata Steel works will close in October" 1331: 984: 634:

Bucket excavator at Frodingham Iron and Steel Company's quarries

390: 289: 1804:

Ordnance Survey 1:10560 Sheets 18NE, 18SE, 19NW, 19SW, 10SE 1948

864:

Immingham Bulk Terminal at the Port of Immingham est.1970 (2007)

3345: 2603:"Tata Steel in Talks to Sell European Business to Klesch Group" 2302: 2038:, Pendragon, Closure of the "Old Works" and The Brassert Report 1086: 828: 685: 413: 317: 3545:"Appleby-Frodingham Works as Reshaped by the Anchor Project", 3060: 2156: 1580: 1578: 1887: 1458: 1456: 1280: 517:

The last business to establish an iron works in the area was

348:

Establishment of iron ore extraction and smelting (1859–1912)

264:; near the surface the ores are converted to a hydrous form, 232:

in Lincolnshire is thought to have been laid down during the

104:

in a formerly sparsely populated entirely agricultural area.

1950:

Jones, Edgar (1990), "The Growth of a Business, 1918–1945",

1760:

Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering

1292: 1258: 1256: 772:

converters of 60 tons capacity each were installed in 1964.

3000: 2584:"Tata Steel Starts Debt Clean-Up After Corus Purchase Mess" 1875: 1575: 467: 322: 272:

containing waters, followed by oxidation via weathering to

2582:

Shanker, Abhishek; Singh, Rajesh Kumar (27 October 2014),

1863: 1473: 1471: 1453: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1089:

was announced in February 2023 with the loss of 260 jobs.

3417:; Harris, John; Antram, Nicholas (1989), "Lincolnshire", 3138:"Iron-Depositing Bacteria and their Geological Relations" 2939:"Tata Selling U.K. Steel Plant in Scunthorpe to Greybull" 1377: 1375: 1268: 1253: 1162:, supplier of limestone to works from a nearby quarry in 619: 307:

period); the Lincoln ironstone; the Caythorpe ironstone (

2745:"Tata Steel Scunthorpe boosts output with third furnace" 2259: 2213: 2211: 1700: 1698: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 148:

In 1967 all three works became part of the nationalised

1513: 1468: 1360: 1343: 1834: 1571:, HMSO, 1874, List of Mines 1873 and 1874, pp.254–263 1372: 1309: 1307: 1241: 1129:

the Winterton quarry were utilised as landfill sites.

244:

that also includes ironstone formations making up the

196:

with Scunthorpe as the primary steel production site.

3273:"The British Iron and Steel Industry in 1953 (No.II)" 3216:"The British Iron and Steel Industry in 1952 (No.II)" 2937:

Biesheuvel, Thomas; Christie, Naomi (11 April 2006),

2358: 2208: 2094: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1812: 1810: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1628: 1483: 1387: 1229: 888:(NCB). Ore was to be supplied to the steelworks by a 553:). The Lysaght's Normanby Park works became part of 85:

Initially iron ore was exported to iron producers in

3437:

Humber Perspectives : A region through the ages

3254:"The British Iron and Steel Industry in 1953 (No.I)" 2921:(press release), Tata, 11 April 2016, archived from 2308: 813:

South Wales to the Redbourn site. Later in the 1930

706: 3413: 3054: 2332: 2320: 2235: 2168: 2106: 1907:"Progress led town's No 1 furnace to be cast aside" 1722: 1710: 1622: 1304: 1104:1.25bn and result in the loss of up to 2,000 jobs. 1037: 971:

Basic oxygen and continuous casting building (2006)

853:and rolling mills was officially opened in 1974 by 696:(basic oxygen) for steel production by the company 2956:Faulconbridge, Guy; Young, Sarah (11 April 2016), 2955: 2936: 2621:"Klesch abandons Tata Steel's Long Products talks" 2256:, Table 13, "BSC Plant Configuration 1980", p.179. 1958: 1846: 1822: 1807: 1678: 446:North Lincolnshire Iron Works, was established by 3151:Great Britain : Essays in Regional Geography 1545:"Progress of the Lincolnshire Ironstone District" 606:) and the nationalisation decision reversed. The 4154: 962: 625: 3022: 3020: 3018: 1772: 1599:Ordnance Survey 1:10560 Sheets 18NE, 19NW 1885 398:Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway 3956: 3929:(special edition), Scunthorpe Telegraph, 2014 3292:"The British Iron and Steel Industry in 1954" 3271: 3252: 3214: 3197:"The British Iron and Steel Industry in 1952" 3176: 3027:Jack, Simon; Hooker, Lucy (6 November 2023). 2983:Jingye completes acquisition of British Steel 1993:, Cambridge University Press, p.338, footnote 1881: 1790:An Industrial Island: A History of Scunthorpe 1224:An Industrial Island: A History of Scunthorpe 1211:An Industrial Island: A History of Scunthorpe 794:The Redbourne Hill works shares were held by 4163:Metallurgical industry of the United Kingdom 3377: 3290: 3233: 3195: 3157: 3108: 3015: 2581: 2265: 2033: 1893: 1869: 1584: 1531: 1462: 1325: 1298: 1286: 1274: 1262: 829:British Steel Corporation period (1967–1999) 536: 3755:, North Lincolnshire Iron Works (historic) 2856: 2185: 2183: 2059: 2057: 596:Iron and Steel Corporation of Great Britain 549:of South Wales in 1917 (after 1948 part of 3963: 3949: 3153:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press 3026: 2881: 2493:, Office of Fair Trading, 9 September 2004 2136: 2034:Ranieri, Ruggero; Aylen, Jonathan (2012), 1021:As a consequence of reduced profitability 775: 725:At the beginning of the 20th century 614:was re-created with the separation of the 576:, with no Bessemer or electric arc plant. 192:division of Tata Steel Europe was sold to 2906: 2807: 2714: 2600: 2574: 2572: 2462:"Corus jobs pain grows with mill closure" 1800: 1798: 1776:Underground Mining Methods and Technology 1608:Ordnance Survey 1:10560 Sheet 18NE 1905-6 1595: 1593: 1559: 1107: 204: 3746:North Lincolnshire Iron Works (historic) 3554:"Developments at BSC Scunthorpe Works", 3346:The Health and Safety Executive (1976), 2993: 2350: 2180: 2054: 2003: 1436:(1962), "Dominion of Watkin 1864–1899", 1111: 966: 910: 859: 779: 710: 629: 351: 208: 61: 3899:, John Lysaght's Iron Works (historic) 3803:, Redbourn Hill Iron Works (historic) 3478: 3148: 3078: 2994:Iordache, Ruxandra (22 February 2023). 1409:(1959), "The Progenitors (1813–1869)", 1235: 884:as a joint venture between BSC and the 715:Blast furnaces at John Lysaght's works 89:. Later, after the construction of the 4168:Buildings and structures in Scunthorpe 4155: 3710: 3506: 3434: 3135: 2640: 2569: 2520:(presentation), Corus, pp. 24, 28 2364: 2189: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1795: 1647: 1590: 1519: 1496: 1477: 1393: 1366: 1354: 1337: 1247: 1183: 798:(Warrington) in 1905, but sold to the 733:, South Wales; the acquisition of the 439:who used experienced iron makers from 16:Industrial complex in northern England 3944: 3926:150 Years of Ironmaking in Scunthorpe 3912: 3614: 3359: 3309: 3235:""Seraphim" Extensions at Scunthorpe" 3125: 3066: 2546:, Corus, 28 June 2005, pp. 9, 16 2510: 2411:"History of Britain's steel industry" 2338: 2314: 2137:Clay, Rob; Harman, Chris (May 1973), 2018: 1949: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1728: 1716: 1704: 1381: 1313: 937:In late 1982 a continuous caster for 72:Iron and Steel Industry in Scunthorpe 3890:John Lysaght's Iron Works (historic) 3524: 3380:British Journal of Political Science 3327: 3178:"The Scunthorpe Steel Works (No.II)" 3149:Ogilvie, Alan G., ed. (1958) , 3081:"Incinerator cancer threat revealed" 2742: 2326: 2303:The Health and Safety Executive 1976 2253: 2241: 2217: 2174: 2162: 2130: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2088: 2048: 1988: 1976: 1964: 1954:, vol. 2, pp. 31–33, 51–54 1857: 1840: 1828: 1816: 1740: 1689: 484:West Yorkshire Coal and Iron Company 4178:Ironworks and steelworks in England 3806: 3794:Redbourn Hill Iron Works (historic) 3758: 3159:"The Scunthorpe Steel Works (No.I)" 2782: 2601:MacDonald, Alex (15 October 2014), 2459: 2436:"Steel firm cuts 236 jobs at plant" 1936: 1534:, "Further discussion", pp.159–164. 1432: 1405: 1328:, "Further discussion", pp.157–158. 1018:furnace was relit in October 2014. 906:Iron and Steel Trades Confederation 800:Cwmfelin Steel and Tinplate Company 406:Trent, Ancholme and Grimsby Railway 91:Trent, Ancholme and Grimsby Railway 13: 3978:Steel plants in the United Kingdom 3854: 3707:, Frodingham Iron Works (historic) 3662: 3539:10.1111/j.1467-8586.1973.tb00330.x 3471: 2665: 1746: 1568:Reports of the Inspectors of Mines 1413:, vol. 1, pp. 200, 246, 979:of the Netherlands to form Corus. 944:BSC was privatised in 1988 by the 428:was authorised and opened 1872/3. 416:to the west, giving access to the 14: 4189: 3906: 3144:, no. Professional Paper 113 3055:Pevsner, Harris & Antram 1989 2540:Investor Visit – Scunthorpe Works 1792:(Scunthorpe Borough Museum, 1983) 1623:Pevsner, Harris & Antram 1989 1226:(Scunthorpe Borough Museum, 1983) 1213:(Scunthorpe Borough Museum, 1983) 1186:refers to this enterprise as the 707:Normanby Park works, John Lysaght 420:; and to the MSLR in the east at 363:(NEIMME Transactions, v.24, 1875) 356:Ironstone working and production 4059: 3972: 3916:Industrial History of Scunthorpe 3698:Frodingham Iron Works (historic) 3564: 3072: 2987: 2976: 1116:Former ironstone workings (2009) 1038:British Steel period (2016–2020) 110:Appleby-Frodingham Steel Company 3851:, Appleby Iron Works (historic) 3659:, Trent Iron Works (historic) 3142:United States Geological Survey 3109:Daglish, J.; Howse, R. (1875), 2557: 2531: 2504: 2478: 2453: 2428: 2403: 2370: 2344: 2271: 2223: 2190:Fisher, Nigel (14 April 2016), 2027: 2012: 1997: 1982: 1924: 1899: 1782: 1766: 1653: 1602: 1537: 1502: 1440:, vol. 2, pp. 29–32, 1426: 1399: 1177: 1100:. The move is expected to cost 333:, as well as a few per cent of 3079:Boseley, Sarah (18 May 2000), 2743:Cole, Nick (13 January 2015), 1788:Armstrong M. Elizabeth (ed.), 1222:Armstrong M. Elizabeth (ed.), 1216: 1209:Armstrong M. Elizabeth (ed.), 1203: 169:(LD) of steel making from the 1: 3991:Barrow Hematite Steel Company 3842:Appleby Iron Works (historic) 3527:Bulletin of Economic Research 3136:Harder, Edmund Cecil (1919), 1197: 1055:In March 2020, following the 963:Corus/Tata period (1999–2016) 952: 928: 878: 785: 784:Extended Redbourn Hill works 716: 697: 674: 635: 626:Applebly Frodingham ironworks 383: 357: 3452: 2648:"Corus furnace to shut down" 2460:Gow, David (28 April 2004), 1661:"A Steel Works Amalgamation" 1508: 602:government was elected (see 66:Scunthorpe steelworks (2006) 7: 3650:Trent Iron Works (historic) 3602:GPX (secondary coordinates) 1989:Burn, Duncan Lyall (1961), 1147: 1008:Financial crisis of 2007–08 815:Richard Thomas and Baldwins 612:Richard Thomas and Baldwins 555:Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds 551:Richard Thomas and Baldwins 329:, similar to that from the 250:Northamptonshire ironstones 143:Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds 129:Richard Thomas and Baldwins 10: 4194: 3362:Humberside in the Eighties 3360:Symes, David, ed. (1987), 3126:Hatch, F. H. (1919), 3101: 2165:, pp. 119–120, 174–6. 1077: 1041: 598:. However, in late 1951 a 547:Richard Thomas and Company 199: 125:Richard Thomas and Company 4099: 4068: 4057: 3983: 3597:GPX (primary coordinates) 3572:Map all coordinates using 3392:10.1017/s0007123400005056 3248:: 237–238, 13 August 1954 2139:"British Steel in Crisis" 2004:Tolliday, Steven (1987), 835:British Steel Corporation 537:Consolidation (1912–1966) 464:South Yorkshire coalfield 418:South Yorkshire coalfield 150:British Steel Corporation 3580:Download coordinates as: 3516:"Scunthorpe and After", 3509:East Midlands Geographer 3458:, Appleby Parish Council 3419:The Buildings of England 3314:, Taylor & Francis, 3305:: 53–54, 14 January 1955 3191:: 324–326, 19 March 1937 3172:: 311–312, 12 March 1937 3069:, pp. 33–34, 72–75. 2511:Varin, Philippe (2005), 2266:Rhodes & Wright 1988 1674:: 301, 28 September 1934 1532:Daglish & Howse 1875 1463:Daglish & Howse 1875 1326:Daglish & Howse 1875 1299:Daglish & Howse 1875 1287:Daglish & Howse 1875 1275:Daglish & Howse 1875 1263:Daglish & Howse 1875 1170: 975:In 1999 BSC merged with 673:During the decade after 604:Third Churchill ministry 560:At the beginning of the 486:(West Ardsley), and the 4173:Economy of Lincolnshire 4036:Skinningrove Steelworks 3286:: 66–68, 8 January 1954 3267:: 27–28, 1 January 1954 3229:: 65–68, 9 January 1953 3210:: 29–31, 2 January 1953 2143:International Socialism 1144:in the United Kingdom. 875:Immingham Bulk Terminal 776:Redbourn Hill Ironworks 402:South Yorkshire Railway 154:Immingham Bulk Terminal 4137:Port Talbot Steelworks 4086:Ravenscraig steelworks 4081:Clydebridge Steelworks 4026:Sheffield Forgemasters 3879:53.612722°N 0.658773°W 3831:53.595275°N 0.605050°W 3783:53.586635°N 0.613511°W 3735:53.586360°N 0.618064°W 3687:53.589787°N 0.632483°W 3639:53.593465°N 0.629560°W 1117: 1108:Legacy and environment 998:Corus was acquired by 972: 946:British Steel Act 1988 916: 865: 791: 727:John Lysaght & Co. 722: 647:Steel, Peech and Tozer 641: 616:Steel Company of Wales 608:United Steel Companies 543:United Steel Companies 488:Park Gate Iron Company 364: 214: 205:Background and Geology 127:of South Wales (later 115:United Steel Companies 67: 40:53.581944°N 0.607860°W 4016:Scunthorpe Steelworks 3592:GPX (all coordinates) 3332:, David and Charles, 3310:Birch, Alan (2006) , 2019:Scott, Peter (2007), 1115: 1094:electric arc furnaces 1044:British Steel Limited 977:Koninklijke Hoogovens 970: 914: 863: 783: 770:Linz-Donawitz process 746:Depression of 1920–21 735:Westbury Iron Company 714: 694:Linz-Donawitz process 633: 355: 221:are mentioned in the 212: 167:Linz-Donawitz process 65: 51:Scunthorpe Steelworks 4122:Ebbw Vale Steelworks 4021:Sheerness Steelworks 4011:Round Oak Steelworks 3884:53.612722; -0.658773 3836:53.595275; -0.605050 3788:53.586635; -0.613511 3740:53.586360; -0.618064 3692:53.589787; -0.632483 3644:53.593465; -0.629560 3439:, pp. 332–344, 2893:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2868:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2822:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2794:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2767:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2749:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2729:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2699:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2680:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2652:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2283:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2196:Scunthorpe Telegraph 2069:Scunthorpe Telegraph 1911:Scunthorpe Telegraph 890:Merry-go-round train 246:Cleveland ironstones 188:(2007). In 2016 the 45:53.581944; -0.607860 4127:Llanwern steelworks 4107:Blaenavon Ironworks 4051:Teesside Steelworks 3996:Brown Bayley Steels 3913:Wells, Les (2012), 3874: / 3826: / 3778: / 3730: / 3682: / 3634: / 3057:, pp. 631–637. 1555:: 436, 21 June 1872 1125:20th century. 1085:The closure of the 1029:division, with the 886:National Coal Board 802:(owned by a son of 682:open hearth furnace 574:open hearth process 372:Cleveland ironstone 331:Cleveland ironstone 171:open hearth process 138:Normanby Park works 120:Redbourn Iron Works 35: / 4142:Trostre Steelworks 4132:Panteg Steel Works 4046:Teesside Beam Mill 4006:Firth Brown Steels 3481:Economic Geography 3330:Industrial Britain 2870:, 17 December 2015 1882:The Engineer 1954b 1843:, pp. 12, 29. 1778:, pp. 393–402 1340:, Fig.24.2, p.341. 1289:, pp. 24, 26. 1188:Lindsey Iron Works 1134:Environment Agency 1118: 1059:of British Steel, 973: 917: 866: 855:Queen Elizabeth II 851:continuous casting 792: 739:Berkeley Sheffield 723: 642: 441:Stockton-upon-Tees 365: 215: 68: 4150: 4149: 4117:Dowlais Ironworks 4112:Brymbo Steelworks 4091:Shotts Iron Works 3415:Pevsner, Nikolaus 2943:www.bloomberg.com 2843:, 20 October 2015 2841:Grimsby Telegraph 2824:, 20 October 2015 2796:, 16 October 2014 2701:, 20 October 2011 2654:, 24 October 2008 2565:Tata Steel Europe 2417:, 1 February 2001 2285:, 4 November 2015 2231:Port of Immingham 2220:, pp. 175–6. 2103:, pp. 163–4. 2071:, 12 October 2015 1896:, pp. 237–8. 1894:The Engineer 1954 1870:The Engineer 1953 1585:The Engineer 1937 1522:, pp. 334–5. 1480:, pp. 333–4. 1384:, pp. 347–8. 1369:, pp. 332–3. 1357:, pp. 336–7. 1301:, pp. 24–25. 1250:, pp. 54–57. 1138:British Steel plc 1132:According to the 1006:. Following the 1004:Tata Steel Europe 1002:in 2007, forming 871:Port of Immingham 847:Port of Immingham 825:in October 1979. 763:projectile Shells 480:Elsecar ironworks 186:Tata Steel Europe 4185: 4076:Clyde Iron Works 4063: 3977: 3976: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3920: 3900: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3858: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3819: 3810: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3714: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3618: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3521: 3520:, September 1969 3512: 3503: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3449: 3431: 3410: 3374: 3356: 3354: 3342: 3324: 3306: 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1935: 1923: 1913:, 14 July 2011 1898: 1886: 1874: 1862: 1845: 1833: 1821: 1806: 1794: 1781: 1765: 1745: 1733: 1721: 1709: 1694: 1677: 1652: 1650:, p. 336. 1627: 1625:, p. 631. 1610: 1601: 1589: 1587:, p. 311. 1574: 1558: 1536: 1524: 1512: 1501: 1499:, p. 334. 1482: 1467: 1452: 1446: 1425: 1419: 1398: 1396:, p. 333. 1386: 1371: 1359: 1342: 1330: 1318: 1316:, p. 348. 1303: 1291: 1279: 1267: 1252: 1240: 1238:, p. 197. 1228: 1215: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1175: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1157: 1149: 1146: 1109: 1106: 1079: 1076: 1039: 1036: 964: 961: 830: 827: 804:Richard Thomas 796:Monks and Hall 777: 774: 708: 705: 627: 624: 538: 535: 507:New Frodingham 448:Daniel Adamson 437:Wortley, Leeds 349: 346: 258:Lower Jurassic 206: 203: 201: 198: 184:(1999), later 113:, part of the 96: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4190: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4092: 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3281: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3106: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2984: 2979: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2731:, 16 May 2014 2730: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2682:, 5 July 2011 2681: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2566: 2560: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2516: 2515: 2514:Long Products 2507: 2489: 2488: 2481: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2388: 2381: 2380: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2347: 2341:, p. 33. 2340: 2335: 2328: 2323: 2316: 2311: 2304: 2299: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2267: 2262: 2255: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2184: 2176: 2171: 2164: 2159: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2126: 2121: 2114: 2109: 2102: 2097: 2090: 2085: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2050: 2045: 2037: 2030: 2023:, p. 116 2022: 2015: 2008:, p. 133 2007: 2000: 1992: 1985: 1978: 1973: 1967:, p. 82. 1966: 1961: 1953: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1933: 1927: 1912: 1908: 1902: 1895: 1890: 1884:, p. 68. 1883: 1878: 1872:, p. 30. 1871: 1866: 1860:, p. 86. 1859: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1842: 1837: 1831:, p. 23. 1830: 1825: 1819:, p. 76. 1818: 1813: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1791: 1785: 1777: 1769: 1761: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1742: 1737: 1731:, p. 41. 1730: 1725: 1719:, p. 38. 1718: 1713: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1692:, p. 36. 1691: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1656: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1605: 1596: 1594: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1570: 1569: 1562: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1533: 1528: 1521: 1516: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1465:, p. 26. 1464: 1459: 1457: 1449: 1447:0-7110-1469-8 1443: 1439: 1438:Great Central 1435: 1429: 1422: 1420:0-7110-1468-X 1416: 1412: 1411:Great Central 1408: 1402: 1395: 1390: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1368: 1363: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1339: 1334: 1327: 1322: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1300: 1295: 1288: 1283: 1277:, p. 23. 1276: 1271: 1265:, p. 25. 1264: 1259: 1257: 1249: 1244: 1237: 1232: 1225: 1219: 1212: 1206: 1202: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1114: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1075: 1073: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1045: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1027:long products 1024: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 986: 980: 978: 969: 960: 949: 947: 942: 940: 935: 924: 922: 913: 909: 907: 903: 899: 893: 891: 887: 882: 1970-2 876: 872: 862: 858: 856: 852: 848: 842: 840: 836: 826: 822: 819: 816: 812: 807: 805: 801: 797: 782: 773: 771: 766: 764: 758: 756: 751: 747: 742: 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3460:, retrieved 3454: 3436: 3418: 3383: 3379: 3361: 3348: 3329: 3311: 3302: 3299:The Engineer 3298: 3283: 3280:The Engineer 3279: 3264: 3261:The Engineer 3260: 3245: 3242:The Engineer 3241: 3226: 3223:The Engineer 3222: 3207: 3204:The Engineer 3203: 3188: 3185:The Engineer 3184: 3169: 3166:The Engineer 3165: 3150: 3141: 3128: 3118: 3114: 3089:, retrieved 3085:The Guardian 3084: 3074: 3062: 3050: 3038:. Retrieved 3032: 3005:. Retrieved 2999: 2989: 2978: 2965:, retrieved 2961: 2946:, retrieved 2942: 2927:, retrieved 2923:the original 2917: 2908: 2897:, retrieved 2892: 2883: 2872:, retrieved 2867: 2858: 2845:, retrieved 2840: 2826:, retrieved 2821: 2809: 2798:, retrieved 2793: 2784: 2771:, retrieved 2766: 2752:, retrieved 2748: 2733:, retrieved 2728: 2716: 2703:, retrieved 2698: 2684:, retrieved 2679: 2667: 2656:, retrieved 2651: 2642: 2629:, retrieved 2624: 2610:, retrieved 2606: 2591:, retrieved 2587: 2559: 2548:, retrieved 2539: 2533: 2522:, retrieved 2513: 2506: 2495:, retrieved 2486: 2480: 2469:, retrieved 2466:The Guardian 2465: 2455: 2444:, retrieved 2439: 2430: 2419:, retrieved 2415:The Guardian 2414: 2405: 2394:, retrieved 2387:the original 2378: 2372: 2360: 2352: 2346: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2287:, retrieved 2282: 2273: 2261: 2249: 2237: 2225: 2199:, retrieved 2195: 2170: 2158: 2147:, retrieved 2142: 2132: 2120: 2108: 2096: 2084: 2073:, retrieved 2068: 2044: 2035: 2029: 2020: 2014: 2005: 1999: 1990: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1951: 1932:AJAX furnace 1926: 1915:, retrieved 1910: 1901: 1889: 1877: 1865: 1836: 1824: 1789: 1784: 1775: 1768: 1759: 1736: 1724: 1712: 1671: 1668:The Engineer 1667: 1655: 1604: 1567: 1561: 1552: 1549:The Engineer 1548: 1539: 1527: 1515: 1504: 1437: 1428: 1410: 1401: 1389: 1362: 1333: 1321: 1294: 1282: 1270: 1243: 1236:Ogilvie 1958 1231: 1223: 1218: 1210: 1205: 1187: 1179: 1131: 1127: 1120:The town of 1119: 1091: 1084: 1081: 1061:Jingye Group 1054: 1047: 1031:Klesch Group 1020: 1016: 997: 981: 974: 950: 943: 936: 925: 918: 902:Steel crisis 894: 867: 843: 832: 823: 820: 808: 793: 767: 759: 757:in Newport. 743: 724: 690:AJAX furnace 672: 664: 656: 643: 600:Conservative 593: 585: 578: 567: 559: 540: 531: 527: 516: 492: 478:(Barnsley), 473: 457: 445: 430: 395: 366: 339: 294: 288:, and other 256:band in the 253: 227: 216: 179: 175:AJAX furnace 164: 158: 157: 147: 137: 136: 133:John Lysaght 119: 118: 109: 108: 106: 84: 82:, England. 80:Lincolnshire 71: 69: 20: 18: 4031:Shelton Bar 3882: / 3834: / 3786: / 3738: / 3690: / 3642: / 3558:, July 1984 3556:Steel Times 3549:, June 1975 3547:Steel Times 3518:Steel Times 2607:www.wsj.com 2365:Pocock 1990 2353:Steel Times 2145:(58): 15–16 1648:Pocock 1990 1520:Pocock 1990 1497:Pocock 1990 1478:Pocock 1990 1394:Pocock 1990 1367:Pocock 1990 1355:Pocock 1990 1338:Pocock 1990 1248:Harder 1919 1184:Pocock 1990 1164:Melton Ross 1072:power plant 1064: [ 1010:the global 956: 1990 932: 1981 921:torpedo car 789: 1918 744:During the 720: 1911 701: 1966 678: 1957 639: 1918 570:interbellum 568:During the 410:River Trent 387: 1861 380:River Trent 368:Roland Winn 361: 1865 342:Trent Cliff 313:Middle Lias 242:rock strata 43: / 4157:Categories 3888: ( 3866:53°36′46″N 3840: ( 3818:53°35′43″N 3792: ( 3770:53°35′12″N 3744: ( 3722:53°35′11″N 3696: ( 3674:53°35′23″N 3648: ( 3626:53°35′36″N 3067:Symes 1987 2339:Symes 1987 2315:Symes 1987 2149:16 October 1729:Hatch 1919 1717:Hatch 1919 1705:Hatch 1919 1382:Birch 2006 1314:Birch 2006 1198:References 1122:Scunthorpe 1087:coke plant 1057:bankruptcy 1042:See also: 1023:Tata Group 1000:Tata Steel 993:Workington 753:company's 688:named the 684:utilising 659:coke ovens 651:Samuel Fox 511:New Brumby 503:Frodingham 499:Scunthorpe 327:phosphorus 254:Lower Lias 238:Lias Group 141:, part of 123:, part of 102:Scunthorpe 76:Scunthorpe 49: ( 27:53°34′55″N 3869:0°39′32″W 3821:0°36′18″W 3773:0°36′49″W 3725:0°37′05″W 3677:0°37′57″W 3629:0°37′46″W 3408:154646067 2912:Sources: 2813:Sources: 2720:Sources: 2671:Sources: 2588:Bloomberg 2578:Sources: 2327:Heal 1974 2254:Heal 1974 2242:Heal 1974 2218:Heal 1974 2175:Heal 1974 2163:Heal 1974 2125:Heal 1974 2113:Heal 1974 2101:Heal 1974 2089:Heal 1974 2049:Heal 1974 1977:Heal 1974 1965:Heal 1974 1858:Heal 1974 1841:Heal 1974 1817:Heal 1974 1741:Heal 1974 1690:Heal 1974 755:Orb Works 557:in 1919. 519:Lysaght's 335:manganese 309:Caythorpe 292:species. 278:Ammonites 274:Iron(III) 262:haematite 230:ironstone 30:0°36′28″W 4069:Scotland 3933:20 April 3919:(essays) 3462:20 April 3087:, London 3040:19 March 3034:BBC News 3007:19 March 2967:19 April 2948:19 April 2929:19 April 2899:19 April 2874:19 April 2847:19 April 2828:19 April 2800:19 April 2773:19 April 2754:19 April 2735:19 April 2705:19 April 2686:19 April 2658:19 April 2631:19 April 2625:BBC News 2612:19 April 2593:19 April 2550:19 April 2524:19 April 2497:19 April 2471:19 April 2446:19 April 2440:BBC News 2421:19 April 2396:19 April 2289:19 April 2201:19 April 2075:19 April 1917:19 April 1829:Heal1974 1154:Monotown 1148:See also 1136:(2000), 1098:Teesside 839:Lackenby 811:Tredegar 433:Barnsley 422:Barnetby 286:Cardinia 282:Gryphaea 270:Iron(II) 266:limonite 234:Jurassic 3984:England 3102:Sources 3091:9 April 1434:Dow, G. 1407:Dow, G. 1142:dioxins 1078:Present 985:Arcelor 939:billets 731:Newport 462:or the 391:Gunness 318:oolitic 290:mollusc 200:History 131:); and 3501:141344 3499: 3443: 3425: 3406: 3400:193906 3398: 3368: 3355:, HMSO 3336: 3318: 1444: 1417: 686:oxygen 618:; and 589:Brumby 495:Crosby 426:Santon 414:Keadby 301:Claxby 280:, and 159:Anchor 117:; the 4100:Wales 4001:Corby 3497:JSTOR 3404:S2CID 3396:JSTOR 3353:(PDF) 3295:(PDF) 3276:(PDF) 3257:(PDF) 3238:(PDF) 3219:(PDF) 3200:(PDF) 3181:(PDF) 3162:(PDF) 2544:(PDF) 2518:(PDF) 2491:(PDF) 2390:(PDF) 2383:(PDF) 1664:(PDF) 1171:Notes 1068:] 900:(see 668:fines 471:ore. 219:Stowe 182:Corus 3935:2016 3464:2016 3441:ISBN 3423:ISBN 3366:ISBN 3334:ISBN 3316:ISBN 3093:2010 3042:2024 3009:2024 3001:CNBC 2969:2016 2950:2016 2931:2016 2901:2016 2876:2016 2849:2016 2830:2016 2802:2016 2775:2016 2756:2016 2737:2016 2707:2016 2688:2016 2660:2016 2633:2016 2614:2016 2595:2016 2563:See 2552:2016 2526:2016 2499:2016 2473:2016 2448:2016 2423:2016 2398:2016 2291:2016 2229:See 2203:2016 2151:2016 2077:2016 1930:See 1919:2016 1442:ISBN 1415:ISBN 989:rail 649:and 505:and 468:slag 323:slag 248:and 228:The 95:CaCO 70:The 3587:KML 3535:doi 3489:doi 3388:doi 3303:199 3284:197 3265:197 3246:198 3227:195 3208:195 3189:163 3170:163 1672:158 951:By 620:GKN 450:of 412:at 389:to 240:of 135:'s 4159:: 3531:25 3529:, 3495:, 3485:14 3483:, 3402:, 3394:, 3384:18 3382:, 3364:, 3301:, 3297:, 3282:, 3278:, 3263:, 3259:, 3244:, 3240:, 3225:, 3221:, 3206:, 3202:, 3187:, 3183:, 3168:, 3164:, 3140:, 3119:24 3117:, 3113:, 3083:, 3031:. 3017:^ 2998:. 2960:, 2941:, 2891:, 2866:, 2839:, 2820:, 2792:, 2765:, 2747:, 2727:, 2697:, 2678:, 2650:, 2623:, 2605:, 2586:, 2571:^ 2464:, 2438:, 2413:, 2281:, 2210:^ 2194:, 2182:^ 2141:, 2067:, 2056:^ 1938:^ 1909:, 1848:^ 1809:^ 1797:^ 1748:^ 1697:^ 1680:^ 1670:, 1666:, 1630:^ 1613:^ 1592:^ 1577:^ 1553:33 1551:, 1547:, 1485:^ 1470:^ 1455:^ 1374:^ 1345:^ 1306:^ 1255:^ 1066:nl 953:c. 948:. 929:c. 879:c. 857:. 786:c. 765:. 717:c. 703:. 698:c. 675:c. 636:c. 501:, 497:, 393:. 384:c. 358:c. 337:. 311:, 303:, 284:, 145:. 78:, 3964:e 3957:t 3950:v 3892:) 3844:) 3796:) 3748:) 3700:) 3652:) 3537:: 3491:: 3390:: 3044:. 3011:. 2305:. 2268:. 1166:. 1102:£ 299:( 97:3 53:)

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Scunthorpe Steelworks

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