31:
152:
1124:
145:
558:. A 250 metres (820 ft) high scarp west of the eastern summit was left by the collapse of San Pedro; otherwise much of the evidence was buried by later volcanic activity. As with the mudflows, the steep slopes of San Pedro probably facilitated the onset of the sector collapse, which descended over an elevation difference of about 2,845 metres (9,334 ft).
991:
has yielded ages of between 110,000 and 56,000 years ago for La Poruña; it was previously proposed that this cone formed in the late 19th century. The La Poruña cone formed in two separate eruptions, each of which yielded a long lava flow; the second eruption remains undated. The southwest dome is of
586:
at an elevation of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) lies on the southwestern flank of San Pedro and also seems to be a parasitic vent. Andesite lava flows emanate from this area as well. They are the largest found on San Pedro, with volumes of 3 cubic kilometres (0.72 cu mi) and a surface area
549:
on San Pedro, which removed the northwestern flank of the volcano and formed a large debris avalanche deposit. This avalanche deposit covers a surface area of 120 square kilometres (46 sq mi) and its front is 35–40 metres (115–131 ft) high in the Pampa de la
Avestruz. The debris flow
802:
and volcanic debris. At least three individual ignimbrites have been found; one of the ignimbrites, the San Pedro
Ignimbrite, may have originated from a vent now covered by San Pedro volcano although the neighbouring Caracanal volcano is also a candidate source. The crust in the region is about 70
468:
6 kilometres (3.7 mi) farther east. Between the two lies the so-called "Central Crater" at an elevation of 5,250 metres (17,220 ft). San Pedro itself is formed from the easterly "Old Cone" whose most prominent expression is the eastern summit, and the westerly "Young Cone" which is only
1035:
nature, and no geological evidence of them has been found. The timing of eruptions at San Pedro sometimes is unclear; one eruption reported from 1877 may instead have occurred in 1891 as there are two reports of an eruption before 1910 and they may either refer to one eruption with two candidate
3041:
González-Maurel, Osvaldo; Godoy, Benigno; le Roux, Petrus; Rodríguez, Inés; Marin, Carolina; Menzies, Andrew; Bertin, Daniel; Morata, Diego; Vargas, Marina (March 2019). "Magmatic differentiation at La Poruña scoria cone, Central Andes, northern Chile: Evidence for assimilation during turbulent
516:
are also found on the volcano; the largest of which covers large parts of the edifice and has a total volume of approximately 1.5 cubic kilometres (0.36 cu mi). These deposits contain prismatic jointed blocks and poorly sorted pumice, with their thickness ranging from a thick layer to
1031:. Other eruptions reported from San Pedro were in 1901 when an eruption caused damage, May–August 1910, 1911, February 1938 and a minor event in December 1960. Additional eruptions are mentioned in records and dated to 1870, 1916, 1917, 1923. All these eruptions are uncertain and apparently of
492:
of volumes between 0.1–1.7 cubic kilometres (0.024–0.408 cu mi) make up part of the edifice. The upper part of the
Younger Cone is covered with such lava flows, which have steep fronts and are up to 100 metres (330 ft) thick. Downslope the lava flows are found mainly over the
2574:
Pritchard, M. E.; Henderson, S. T.; Jay, J. A.; Soler, V.; Krzesni, D. A.; Button, N. E.; Welch, M. D.; Semple, A. G.; Glass, B. (2014-06-01). "Reconnaissance earthquake studies at nine volcanic areas of the central Andes with coincident satellite thermal and InSAR observations".
1065:
output of San Pedro is about 161 ± 150 tonnes per day (1.86 ± 1.74 kg/s). Fumaroles were also reported from the Ojos de San Pedro area south of San Pedro volcano, and a report published in 1894 mentions a smell of sulfur at La Poruña. In addition,
541:
that covers much of the southern, southwestern and western slopes of San Pedro and reaches thicknesses of 3 metres (9.8 ft). It has a volume of 2–15 cubic kilometres (0.48–3.60 cu mi) and is called the El
Encanto ignimbrite.
911:, so that little reaches the western Cordillera, with precipitation in the San Pedro area less than 100 millimetres per year (3.9 in/year) or about 15–18 millimetres (0.59–0.71 in) annually. This dryness may go back to the late
2962:
Godoy, Benigno; Wörner, Gerhard; Kojima, Shoji; Aguilera, Felipe; Simon, Klaus; Hartmann, Gerald (July 2014). "Low-pressure evolution of arc magmas in thickened crust: The San Pedro–Linzor volcanic chain, Central Andes, Northern Chile".
870:
feeding the volcano probably formed from the mixing of magmas of distinct temperatures, as indicated by various clues indicating significant thermal disequilibrium between various components. Ultimately they originate in the
803:
kilometres (43 mi) thick. The older composite volcano centres include Cerro
Carcanal and Cerro Huiche south-southeast of San Pedro and Cerro del Diablo due north. This surface slopes down to the Loa River in the west.
1088:
which is just 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) away from the volcano. The second hazard is formed by a large explosive eruption resulting in ash fall and the emplacement of ignimbrites; the whole region could be affected if the
962:
Activity of the Young Cone began after the collapse within the scar left by the failure of the edifice. This activity involved the extrusion of four groups of lavas of both andesitic and dacitic composition as well as
445:; such sizes of the volcanoes occur because the edifices rise from a relatively high basement. Volcanism in this region is relatively poorly studied and there is not much present-day activity; with the exception of
581:
emanate from that area, reaching a considerable distance from the cone. These flows are subdivided into a small proximal unit and two distant ones, and feature structures such as ogives and levees. In addition, a
550:
formed by the sector collapse does not have many of the typical hummock-like hills of volcanic sector collapse deposits and instead features grooves and radial ridges. Such flank collapse occurred notably on
883:. The eruption of La Poruña appears to have been accompanied by a change in the magma system of the general volcano, a more recent hypothesis regards this cone as a separate volcanic system from San Pedro.
2872:
Francis, P. W.; Roobol, M. J.; Walker, G. P. L.; Cobbold, P. R.; Coward, M. (1974-01-01). "The San Pedro and San Pablo volcanoes of northern Chile and their hot avalanche deposits".
1117:. The easiest route is by the north slopes to the col then by the east slope to the summit. It was first climbed by George Courty (France) and Filemón Morales (Chile) July 16, 1903.
606:. The chronology of glaciations in the Central Andes is poorly known but stratigraphic relations indicate that San Pedro was glaciated during the late Pleistocene. There are active
794:; one of these is the 65 million years old Cerro Colorado pluton. However, in the area of San Pedro this basement is entirely buried beneath volcanites of Miocene age, including
500:; the largest is known as Estación flow and covers much of the southern and western foot of San Pedro to distances of 30 kilometres (19 mi); the debris apron reaches the
517:
scattered rocks. Their formation was probably due to the steep incline of San Pedro's slopes which tended to destabilize lava bodies high on the edifice, similar to regular
1015:
formed in the summit region, and partly underwent collapse forming hot avalanche deposits; it is possible that the 1901 eruption was one of these lava dome forming events.
1078:
2413:
988:
508:. These mudflows occurred between 110,000 – 36,000 years ago and they filled the river bed of the Loa, while the impact on the San Pedro River was much more minor.
493:
northwestern flank where they radiate away from San Pedro's crater. The total volume of the volcano is estimated to be 56 cubic kilometres (13 cu mi).
947:
and volcanic deposits of the Young Cone; it forms about 80% of the volume of the present-day San Pedro edifice. One date has been obtained on Old Cone lavas by
923:
expanded. Temperatures strongly fluctuate between day and night; they can go as low as −25 °C (−13 °F) and as high as 25–30 °C (77–86 °F).
2437:
Jay, J. A.; Welch, M.; Pritchard, M. E.; Mares, P. J.; Mnich, M. E.; Melkonian, A. K.; Aguilera, F.; Naranjo, J. A.; Sunagua, M.; Clavero, J. (January 2013).
1073:
The history of volcanic activity at San Pedro indicates two principal hazards from future eruptions. The first is the formation of long debris avalanches or
703:. In the San Pedro region, this volcanic activity migrated east from its point of inception but recently has moved back westward. West of San Pedro lies the
101:
1906:
Barcaza, Gonzalo; Nussbaumer, Samuel U.; Tapia, Guillermo; Valdés, Javier; García, Juan-Luis; Videla, Yohan; Albornoz, Amapola; Arias, Víctor (July 2017).
2666:
664:, which in Chile contains about 2000 volcanoes over a length of 4,500 kilometres (2,800 mi). In Chile, it is subdivided into two volcanic zones, the
577:
which extend as far as 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) west of San Pedro and 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from the cone. The cone's western side slumped and
378:
397:
2840:"Long term low latitude and high elevation cosmogenic 3He production rate inferred from a 107ka-old lava flow in northern Chile; 22°S-3400ma.s.l."
295:, and is itself formed by two separate edifices usually known as the Old Cone and the Young Cone. These edifices are formed by rocks ranging from
1000:
magma at depth about 100,000 years ago may have stimulated the occurrence of eruptions not only at San Pedro but also at neighbouring volcanoes.
599:
382:
3075:
Marín, Carolina; Rodríguez, Inés; Godoy, Benigno; González-Maurel, Osvaldo; Le Roux, Petrus; Medina, Eduardo; Bertín, Daniel (28 October 2020).
460:. Its height has been variously given as 6,145 metres (20,161 ft), 6,142 metres (20,151 ft) or 6,163 metres (20,220 ft). It is a
3205:
2756:
594:
San Pedro has been glaciated in the past. Evidence of such glaciation is found especially on the southern side of the Old Cone and it includes
1123:
2994:"Upper crustal differentiation processes and their role in 238U-230Th disequilibria at the San Pedro-Linzor volcanic chain (Central Andes)"
2673:
3120:
370:
2342:(in Spanish). Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University. Valparaíso : Litografia e Impr. Industrial (F. Peters). p. 244.
744:
2992:
Godoy, Benigno; McGee, Lucy; González-Maurel, Osvaldo; Rodríguez, Inés; le Roux, Petrus; Morata, Diego; Menzies, Andrew (October 2020).
369:; the border to Bolivia is 35 kilometres (22 mi) away. The whole region is remote and thinly populated; towns in the area include
3296:
2917:
Francis, P. W.; Wells, G. L. (1988-07-01). "Landsat
Thematic Mapper observations of debris avalanche deposits in the Central Andes".
2392:
1327:
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on the San Pedro River, forming a lake which no longer exists. As reported in 1926, the slopes of San Pedro were used to cultivate
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is over 20 kilometres (12 mi) high. In light of the height of the edifice, partial collapses are also a possibility. A few
1027:
reported "strong shaking of the earth", the emission of large quantities of white steam, and damage to the railway, houses and
374:
342:
occurred at the beginning of the
Holocene. Some eruptions reportedly occurred during historical time; presently the volcano is
3181:
1172:
3396:
2439:"Volcanic hotspots of the central and southern Andes as seen from space by ASTER and MODVOLC between the years 2000 and 2010"
3248:"Gas emissions from five volcanoes in northern Chile and implications for the volatiles budget of the Central Volcanic Zone"
951:: 160,000 years ago. After activity of the Old Cone ceased, glacial and fluvial erosion dissected San Pedro until the large
3406:
1257:
259:
and at 6,155 metres (20,194 ft) in elevation one of the highest active volcanoes in the world. Part of the
Chilean
3411:
3381:
555:
2610:
Pritchard, M. E.; Simons, M. (February 2004). "An InSAR-based survey of volcanic deformation in the central Andes".
70:
526:
456:
San Pedro is one of the highest volcanoes in the world and is visible as far as 85 kilometres (53 mi) away in
1145:
1007:
about 15,000 years ago. The
Plinian eruption was even more recent, occurring about 10,000 years ago (10,085 ± 45
654:
2553:
955:
occurred. The so-called "white airfall" with a volume of 2.5 cubic kilometres (0.60 cu mi) as well as
2685:
931:
San Pedro formed in two stages, which are known as the Old Cone and the Young Cone. The Old Cone was formed by
2799:"General characteristics of active andean volcanoes and a summary of their activities during recent centuries"
477:
emerge from a breach in this crater and have filled an older 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) wide older crater.
2838:
Delunel, Romain; Blard, Pierre-Henri; Martin, Léo C. P.; Nomade, Sébastien; Schlunegger, Fritz (2016-07-01).
904:
144:
618:
505:
94:
3401:
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at elevations of over 4,400 metres (14,400 ft) as well as other glacially modified surfaces such as
207:
1140:
414:, one of the two belts of volcanoes in Chile, which contains a total of about 44 active volcanoes plus
3314:
Zeil, Werner (1964-12-01). "Die
Verbreitung des jungen Vulkanismus in der Hochkordillere Nordchiles".
2993:
3386:
1051:
deposits and its heat output is visible from space. Based on measurements made in December 2013, the
1047:
are the only ongoing activity at San Pedro; a steam plume is barely visible. The fumarole has formed
872:
3197:
1036:
dates or two eruptions. This volcanic activity makes San Pedro one of the highest active volcanoes.
525:
fall deposit is known from San Pedro; the size of the deposit indicates that it was as large as the
318:
The Old Cone was active over one hundred thousand years ago and was eventually truncated by a giant
2360:
1688:
1209:
569:
that runs in that area. It is a 900 metres (3,000 ft) wide and 140 metres (460 ft) high
565:
named La Poruña lies on the western foot of San Pedro, its formation was probably influenced by a
30:
1214:
1070:
activity has been observed at the volcano, while deformation of the edifice has not been noted.
3138:"Volcanological and petrological evolution of San Pedro volcano, Provincia EI Loa, North Chile"
3076:
673:
669:
195:
60:
685:
665:
411:
264:
3198:"Climatic implications of rock glaciers in the arid Western Cordillera of the Central Andes"
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Scars at elevations of 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) on the edifice have been the origin of
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1988:
1919:
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661:
288:
268:
87:
2518:"Descriptive Notes on the Southern Plateau of Bolivia and the Sources of the River Pelaya"
8:
3042:
ascent processes, and genetic links with mafic eruptions at adjacent San Pedro volcano".
2672:(Report). Carta geológica de Chile: Serie Geología Ambiental (in Spanish). Vol. 17.
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1992:
1923:
723:, with northwest–southeast and north–south lineaments common. One such lineament is the
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2004:
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San Pedro is climbed relatively frequently due to its proximity to the tourist town of
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984:
980:
972:
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on the western summit may have been erupted during the collapse but this is uncertain.
948:
771:
366:
308:
82:
2438:
1908:"Glacier inventory and recent glacier variations in the Andes of Chile, South America"
727:
65 kilometres (40 mi) long San Pedro-Linzor lineament, which includes San Pedro,
3351:
3339:
3288:
3246:
Tamburello, G.; Hansteen, T. H.; Bredemeyer, S.; Aiuppa, A.; Tassi, F. (2014-07-28).
3225:
3177:
3165:
3116:
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3021:
2954:
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2909:
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1937:
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820:
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constructed the Young Cone as well as the lateral centre La Poruña. This volcano was
296:
252:
2639:
1499:
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736:
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3157:
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2627:
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1996:
1927:
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comparable age to La Poruña, 107,000 ± 12 years ago. In general, dates obtained by
976:
956:
551:
513:
446:
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age and approach heights of about 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) above sea level at
339:
327:
2485:
2220:
2218:
2203:
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3017:
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75:
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3100:
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which spans Chile and Argentina. In addition, Colombia and Ecuador feature the
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176:
2863:
2839:
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1265:
1023:
Eruptions at San Pedro are reported from possibly 1885, when a newspaper from
915:, but was interrupted during the late ice age between 17,000 and 11,000 years
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1941:
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Volcanoes in this region of Chile often form lineaments perpendicular to the
457:
402:
200:
116:
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1618:
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passes around the northern, northwestern and western flanks of the volcano.
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764:
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222:
3077:"Eruptive history of La Poruña scoria cone, Central Andes, Northern Chile"
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There were two cycles of volcanic activity in Chile, the first during the
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on the southern flank , but there are no glaciers presently on San Pedro.
3275:
2783:
2631:
2155:
2119:
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1008:
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2714:(2010-12-01). "From Chaitén to the Chilean volcano monitoring network".
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on one of these units has yielded an age of 100,000 ± 35,000 years ago.
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of 19 square kilometres (7.3 sq mi); they reach a distance of
485:
deposits are found on San Pedro's summit and were mined into the 1930s.
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3284:
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2191:
2143:
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847:
835:. Volcanic rocks erupted during both stages of San Pedro belong to the
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323:
280:
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2008:
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653:. This subduction process is responsible for volcanic activity in the
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271:. This region of volcanism includes the world's two highest volcanoes
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San Pablo volcano as seen from just below the summit of San Pedro
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flow. Apparently, the emission of each lava unit was preceded by
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863:
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lead up to San Pedro's summit, and roads run around the volcano;
331:
312:
3227:
Geología del área Ascotán-Cerro Inacaliri, Región de Antofagasta
2665:
Amigo, Álvaro R.; Bertin, Daniel U.; Orozco, Gabriel L. (2012).
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1004:
968:
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832:
783:
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611:
537:. This Plinian eruption was accompanied by the formation of an
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about 100 metres (330 ft) lower. The "Young Cone" has two
390:
304:
50:
2367:
1817:
1815:
711:, neither of which show evidence of recent volcanic activity.
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that removed its northwestern side. Within the landslide scar
1979:
Hanson, Earl (1926). "Out-of-the-World Villages of Atacama".
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1960:
1905:
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1483:"Active Andean volcanism: its geologic and tectonic setting"
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279:. San Pedro, like other Andean volcanoes, was formed by the
2107:
1827:
1812:
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1728:
1726:
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San Pedro volcanic rocks are usually glassy with only tiny
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San Pedro is part of the 600 kilometres (370 mi) long
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2125:
2101:
1782:
1770:
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1746:
1715:
1689:"Igneous Related Geothermal Resource in the Chilean Andes"
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A large eruption covered parts of the upper edifice with
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complex; the youngest edifice is the westernmost one.
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which also spans Peru, Bolivia and Argentina, and the
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flows at the foot of San Pedro volcano, and joins the
610:
on the mountain, with traces of past rock glaciers in
2776:"Geología y peligros del volcán San Pedro, II Región"
2020:
2018:
1899:
1307:
1305:
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range from 168,000 to 68,000 years ago. The entry of
2603:
2497:
2059:
2047:
1839:
1687:Aravena, Diego; Villalón, Ignacio; Pablo, Sánchez.
1680:
1530:
1515:
1235:(in Spanish). Talleres Gráficos Plate. p. 45.
684:at the southernmost tip of South America forms the
2317:
2257:
2015:
1948:
1302:
1105:publishes a volcano hazard level for the volcano.
3136:O'Callaghan, L. J.; Francis, P. W. (1986-03-01).
2703:
2664:
2387:
2385:
743:and Linzor. Other volcanoes with such trends are
449:, most present-day manifestations are limited to
3373:
2803:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
2443:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1686:
16:One of the tallest active volcanoes in the world
2658:
2609:
1157:
354:San Pedro is located in northern Chile, in the
3223:
2774:Bertin, Daniel; Amigo, Álvaro (October 2015).
2577:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
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2137:
2113:
1966:
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389:lies southwest of the volcano. Tracks left by
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2667:Peligros volcánicos de la Zona Norte de Chile
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1833:
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267:of the Andes, one of the four tracts of the
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2743:The Andes - A Guide for Climbers and Skiers
2709:
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1734:
1296:
1247:
903:and much of it rains out as it crosses the
875:, but undergo storage in shallower crustal
637:, a plant that was grown as a fuel source.
591:13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from the vent.
473:, the eastern of which is the younger one.
3224:Selles, Daniel; Gardeweg, M (2018-06-27).
2755:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2734:
2509:
2329:
1972:
1317:
3274:
2862:
2796:
2399:(in Spanish). Sernageomin. Archived from
2376:
2041:
1931:
1563:
1498:
1469:
1334:(in Spanish). Sernageomin. Archived from
1264:(in Spanish). Sernageomin. Archived from
1221:
2998:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
2965:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
1011:years ago). After this event four small
3367:"Volcán San Pedro, Chile" on Peakbagger
2674:Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería
895:climate with infrequent precipitation.
660:The volcanoes of Chile are part of the
3374:
2745:(5th ed.). Scotland. p. 201.
2740:
2515:
2335:
1978:
1018:
899:ultimately originates on the tropical
657:, as well as elsewhere in the Andes.
263:' volcanic segment, it is part of the
3195:
2323:
2263:
2024:
1954:
1480:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
688:south of the Southern Volcanic Zone.
3313:
2612:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
2503:
2065:
2053:
1845:
1536:
1524:
1311:
629:lava flows from San Pedro created a
3123:from the original on 26 August 2021
2339:Revista chilena de historia natural
1481:Stern, Charles R. (December 2004).
1101:activity at San Pedro. The Chilean
926:
774:of the region is formed by various
239:George Courty & Filemón Morales
13:
1186:
464:, which forms a twin volcano with
14:
3423:
3360:
3202:Glacial Geology and Geomorphology
3142:Journal of the Geological Society
2797:Casertano, Lorenzo (1963-12-01).
429:. Many of these volcanoes are of
291:. It has a neighbouring volcano,
151:
2597:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.05.004
1122:
919:by a wetter period during which
866:being secondary components. The
858:are the dominant minerals, with
823:. Young Cone lavas include both
150:
143:
29:
3392:Volcanoes of Antofagasta Region
3302:from the original on 2018-07-20
3208:from the original on 2018-02-26
3184:from the original on 2017-08-15
2843:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
2556:from the original on 2024-02-04
1500:10.4067/S0716-02082004000200001
1175:from the original on 2021-08-17
1146:List of Ultras of South America
699:and a second starting from the
2516:Pasley, Charles M. S. (1894).
2174:O'Callaghan & Francis 1986
2162:O'Callaghan & Francis 1986
1696:World Geothermal Congress 2015
1646:O'Callaghan & Francis 1986
1608:O'Callaghan & Francis 1986
1581:O'Callaghan & Francis 1986
1464:O'Callaghan & Francis 1986
1363:O'Callaghan & Francis 1986
1231:Echevarria C., Evelio (1999).
806:
786:ranging in their age from the
676:, while the subduction of the
1:
1151:
724:
588:
545:There is evidence of a large
55:6,155 m (20,194 ft)
3397:Six-thousanders of the Andes
3255:Geophysical Research Letters
3060:10.1016/j.lithos.2019.03.033
3018:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102672
2985:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.02.004
1233:Chile Andinista: Su Historia
939:and later largely buried by
645:Beneath northern Chile, the
65:2,034 m (6,673 ft)
7:
3407:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
3239:10.13140/rg.2.2.30946.84165
3233:(in Spanish). Unpublished.
2300:González-Maurel et al. 2019
2210:González-Maurel et al. 2019
1858:González-Maurel et al. 2019
1134:
1108:
714:
350:Geography and geomorphology
10:
3428:
3101:10.1007/s00445-020-01410-7
2766:
2716:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
2425:Selles & Gardeweg 2018
2138:Selles & Gardeweg 2018
2114:Selles & Gardeweg 2018
1967:Selles & Gardeweg 2018
1894:Selles & Gardeweg 2018
1795:Selles & Gardeweg 2018
1487:Revista Geológica de Chile
1420:Selles & Gardeweg 2018
1408:Selles & Gardeweg 2018
1396:Selles & Gardeweg 2018
1141:List of volcanoes in Chile
886:
811:Old Cone lavas range from
640:
625:southwest of the volcano;
2864:10.1016/j.gca.2016.04.023
1079:International Route CH-21
873:Altiplano-Puna Magma Body
221:
216:
206:
194:
189:
175:
137:
132:
93:
81:
69:
59:
49:
44:
39:volcano immediately right
28:
23:
3412:Holocene stratovolcanoes
3382:Stratovolcanoes of Chile
3162:10.1144/gsjgs.143.2.0275
2522:The Geographical Journal
1834:Francis & Wells 1988
1822:Francis & Wells 1988
1807:Francis & Wells 1988
1210:Global Volcanism Program
3081:Bulletin of Volcanology
2919:Bulletin of Volcanology
2653:Bertin & Amigo 2015
2393:"San Pedro y San Pablo"
1735:Bertin & Amigo 2015
1328:"San Pedro y San Pablo"
1297:Bertin & Amigo 2015
1258:"San Pedro y San Pablo"
1215:Smithsonian Institution
989:surface-exposure dating
229:; 121 years ago
3196:Payne, Donald (1998).
2823:10.1785/BSSA0530061415
2492:Tamburello et al. 2014
1549:Tamburello et al. 2014
1435:Tamburello et al. 2014
674:Northern Volcanic Zone
670:Southern Volcanic Zone
307:and are emplaced on a
3316:Geologische Rundschau
2874:Geologische Rundschau
2741:Biggar, John (2020).
2379:, pp. 1421–1422.
1205:"San Pedro-San Pablo"
1077:that could reach the
686:Austral Volcanic Zone
666:Central Volcanic Zone
649:subducts beneath the
573:on top of a field of
427:monogenetic volcanoes
412:Central Volcanic Zone
265:Central Volcanic Zone
117:21.88778°S 68.39139°W
3276:10.1002/2014GL060653
3046:. 338–339: 128–140.
2632:10.1029/2003GC000610
2403:on February 26, 2018
1912:Annals of Glaciology
1338:on February 26, 2018
1268:on December 15, 2017
1115:San Pedro de Atacama
662:Pacific Ring of Fire
556:its eruption in 1980
385:; and the San Pedro
269:Andean Volcanic Belt
122:-21.88778; -68.39139
3328:1964GeoRu..53..731Z
3267:2014GeoRL..41.4961T
3154:1986JGSoc.143..275O
3093:2020BVol...82...74M
3052:2019Litho.338..128G
3010:2020JSAES.10202672G
2977:2014JSAES..52...24G
2931:1988BVol...50..258F
2886:1974GeoRu..63..357F
2855:2016GeCoA.184...71D
2815:1963BuSSA..53.1415C
2728:2010AGUFM.V21D2353M
2624:2004GGG.....5.2002P
2589:2014JVGR..280...90P
2534:1894GeogJ...3..105P
2455:2013GSLSP.380..161J
2336:Martin, O. (1897).
2288:Delunel et al. 2016
2237:Delunel et al. 2016
2164:, pp. 281–283.
2126:Francis et al. 1974
2102:Francis et al. 1974
1993:1926GeoRv..16..365H
1981:Geographical Review
1933:10.1017/aog.2017.28
1924:2017AnGla..58..166B
1882:Delunel et al. 2016
1785:, pp. 373–374.
1783:Francis et al. 1974
1771:Francis et al. 1974
1759:Francis et al. 1974
1747:Francis et al. 1974
1716:Francis et al. 1974
1675:Francis et al. 1974
1663:Francis et al. 1974
1623:Francis et al. 1974
1384:Francis et al. 1974
1019:Historical activity
973:explosive eruptions
879:and absorb crustal
800:composite volcanoes
705:Pampa del Tamarugal
682:South America Plate
651:South America Plate
289:South America Plate
113: /
3402:Mountains of Chile
3336:10.1007/BF02054561
2939:10.1007/BF01047488
2894:10.1007/BF01820994
2397:www.sernageomin.cl
2355:Unknown parameter
1332:www.sernageomin.cl
1262:www.sernageomin.cl
994:argon-argon dating
981:Argon-argon dating
949:argon-argon dating
905:Eastern Cordillera
891:The region has an
782:rocks intruded by
709:Coastal Cordillera
655:Western Cordillera
481:altered rocks and
367:Antofagasta Region
45:Highest point
3261:(14): 4961–4969.
2312:Godoy et al. 2020
2276:Marín et al. 2020
2252:Marín et al. 2020
2225:Marín et al. 2020
2198:Godoy et al. 2014
2186:Godoy et al. 2020
2150:Godoy et al. 2014
2090:Godoy et al. 2014
2078:Godoy et al. 2020
1870:Marín et al. 2020
1169:Andes Specialists
1075:pyroclastic flows
977:pyroclastic flows
957:pyroclastic flows
821:basaltic andesite
604:striated boulders
514:pyroclastic flows
462:composite volcano
328:pyroclastic flows
297:basaltic andesite
253:composite volcano
243:
242:
227:16 July 1903
3419:
3387:Active volcanoes
3355:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3278:
3252:
3242:
3232:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3071:
3037:
2988:
2958:
2913:
2868:
2866:
2834:
2809:(6): 1415–1433.
2793:
2791:
2790:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2691:on June 29, 2021
2690:
2684:. Archived from
2671:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2389:
2380:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2343:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2028:
2022:
2013:
2012:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1649:
1643:
1626:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1584:
1578:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1478:
1467:
1461:
1438:
1432:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1366:
1360:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1300:
1294:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1201:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1161:
1126:
1095:seismic stations
1087:
1064:
1062:
1061:
927:Eruptive history
726:
590:
552:Mount St. Helens
406:
340:Plinian eruption
315:volcanic rocks.
237:
235:
230:
179:
154:
153:
147:
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:
118:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
33:
21:
20:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3372:
3371:
3363:
3358:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3250:
3230:
3211:
3209:
3187:
3185:
3126:
3124:
2788:
2786:
2769:
2764:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2608:
2604:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2557:
2542:10.2307/1774025
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2494:, p. 4964.
2490:
2486:
2463:10.1144/SP380.1
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2406:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2375:
2368:
2356:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2044:, p. 1415.
2040:
2031:
2023:
2016:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1652:
1644:
1629:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1587:
1579:
1570:
1566:, p. 1419.
1562:
1555:
1551:, p. 4962.
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1516:
1479:
1470:
1462:
1441:
1437:, p. 4961.
1433:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1369:
1361:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1229:
1222:
1203:
1202:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1111:
1091:eruption column
1081:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1043:in the eastern
1021:
953:sector collapse
929:
889:
809:
717:
678:Antarctic Plate
643:
619:San Pedro River
547:sector collapse
521:. At least one
506:San Pedro River
443:Ojos del Salado
400:
387:railway station
363:El Loa Province
352:
273:Ojos del Salado
238:
233:
231:
228:
177:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
162:
161:
160:
159:
155:
121:
119:
115:
112:
107:
104:
102:
100:
99:
76:Ojos del Salado
40:
35:San Pedro with
17:
12:
11:
5:
3425:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3361:External links
3359:
3357:
3356:
3322:(2): 731–757.
3311:
3243:
3221:
3193:
3148:(2): 275–286.
3133:
3072:
3038:
2989:
2959:
2925:(4): 258–278.
2914:
2880:(1): 357–388.
2869:
2835:
2794:
2782:(in Spanish).
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2733:
2702:
2676:. p. 15.
2657:
2645:
2602:
2566:
2508:
2506:, p. 752.
2496:
2484:
2429:
2417:
2381:
2377:Casertano 1963
2366:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2241:
2229:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2176:, p. 284.
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2128:, p. 373.
2118:
2106:
2104:, p. 382.
2094:
2082:
2070:
2068:, p. 731.
2058:
2056:, p. 733.
2046:
2042:Casertano 1963
2029:
2014:
2001:10.2307/208707
1987:(3): 366,368.
1971:
1959:
1947:
1918:(75pt2): 177.
1898:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1848:, p. 756.
1838:
1836:, p. 260.
1826:
1824:, p. 276.
1811:
1809:, p. 279.
1799:
1787:
1775:
1773:, p. 383.
1763:
1761:, p. 368.
1751:
1749:, p. 370.
1739:
1720:
1718:, p. 364.
1708:
1679:
1677:, p. 362.
1667:
1665:, p. 365.
1650:
1648:, p. 279.
1627:
1625:, p. 363.
1612:
1610:, p. 278.
1585:
1583:, p. 277.
1568:
1564:Casertano 1963
1553:
1541:
1539:, p. 732.
1529:
1527:, p. 736.
1514:
1493:(2): 161–206.
1468:
1466:, p. 275.
1439:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1386:, p. 360.
1367:
1365:, p. 276.
1348:
1316:
1314:, p. 751.
1301:
1278:
1246:
1220:
1185:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1121:
1110:
1107:
1058:
1020:
1017:
928:
925:
917:before present
901:Atlantic Ocean
888:
885:
877:magma chambers
808:
805:
798:, remnants of
753:Cerro Cebollar
737:Cerro del León
716:
713:
642:
639:
600:rock pavements
563:parasitic vent
527:AD 79 eruption
479:Hydrothermally
398:Chile Route 21
351:
348:
241:
240:
225:
219:
218:
214:
213:
210:
204:
203:
198:
192:
191:
187:
186:
181:
173:
172:
163:
157:
156:
149:
148:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
63:
57:
56:
53:
47:
46:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3424:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3318:(in German).
3317:
3312:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3218:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
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2800:
2795:
2785:
2781:
2777:
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2758:
2752:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2722:: V21D–2353.
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2583:: V21D–2353.
2582:
2578:
2570:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
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2500:
2493:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2427:, p. 52.
2426:
2421:
2415:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2357:|agency=
2349:
2341:
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2332:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2290:, p. 78.
2289:
2284:
2278:, p. 16.
2277:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2254:, p. 13.
2253:
2248:
2246:
2239:, p. 72.
2238:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2212:, p. 16.
2211:
2206:
2200:, p. 38.
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2152:, p. 25.
2151:
2146:
2140:, p. 18.
2139:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2092:, p. 26.
2091:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1969:, p. 43.
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1896:, p. 46.
1895:
1890:
1884:, p. 73.
1883:
1878:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1808:
1803:
1797:, p. 50.
1796:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1717:
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1484:
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1465:
1460:
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1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1398:, p. 63.
1397:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1357:
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1142:
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1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1050:
1046:
1045:summit crater
1042:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
975:which formed
974:
970:
966:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
884:
882:
878:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
841:calc-alkaline
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
757:Cerro Ascotan
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
722:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
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671:
667:
663:
658:
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652:
648:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
608:rock glaciers
605:
601:
597:
592:
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580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
548:
543:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
511:
510:Hot avalanche
507:
503:
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494:
491:
486:
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476:
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467:
463:
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454:
452:
448:
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388:
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364:
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347:
345:
344:fumarolically
341:
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329:
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316:
314:
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306:
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298:
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226:
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220:
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211:
209:
208:Last eruption
205:
202:
201:Stratovolcano
199:
197:
196:Mountain type
193:
188:
185:
182:
180:
174:
166:
146:
136:
131:
126:
98:
96:
92:
89:
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84:
80:
77:
74:
72:
68:
64:
62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
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3319:
3315:
3304:. Retrieved
3258:
3254:
3226:
3217:Academia.edu
3215:– via
3210:. Retrieved
3201:
3186:. Retrieved
3145:
3141:
3125:. Retrieved
3084:
3080:
3043:
3001:
2997:
2968:
2964:
2922:
2918:
2877:
2873:
2846:
2842:
2806:
2802:
2787:. Retrieved
2780:ResearchGate
2779:
2742:
2736:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2693:. Retrieved
2686:the original
2660:
2655:, p. 3.
2648:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2558:. Retrieved
2525:
2521:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2420:
2405:. Retrieved
2401:the original
2396:
2338:
2331:
2326:, p. 6.
2319:
2314:, p. 9.
2307:
2302:, p. 6.
2295:
2283:
2271:
2266:, p. 4.
2259:
2232:
2227:, p. 2.
2205:
2193:
2188:, p. 3.
2181:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2116:, p. 6.
2109:
2097:
2085:
2080:, p. 2.
2073:
2061:
2049:
2027:, p. 3.
1984:
1980:
1974:
1962:
1957:, p. 5.
1950:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1872:, p. 5.
1865:
1860:, p. 5.
1853:
1841:
1829:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1737:, p. 2.
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:
1682:
1670:
1544:
1532:
1490:
1486:
1422:, p. 7.
1415:
1410:, p. 8.
1403:
1391:
1340:. Retrieved
1336:the original
1331:
1299:, p. 1.
1270:. Retrieved
1266:the original
1261:
1232:
1208:
1177:. Retrieved
1168:
1159:
1112:
1072:
1038:
1022:
1002:
961:
930:
890:
845:
831:-containing
819:-containing
810:
769:
765:Aucanquilcha
721:volcanic arc
718:
690:
680:beneath the
659:
644:
616:
593:
567:normal fault
560:
544:
512:deposits or
495:
488:A number of
487:
455:
439:Llullaillaco
425:systems and
409:
353:
338:and a large
317:
287:beneath the
277:Llullaillaco
255:in northern
245:
244:
223:First ascent
178:Parent range
18:
3285:10447/99158
2784:SERNAGEOMIN
2710:Muñoz, J.;
1165:"San Pedro"
1103:SERNAGEOMIN
1082: [
1039:Presently,
1029:water pipes
1009:radiocarbon
985:Radiometric
852:Plagioclase
848:phenocrysts
807:Composition
796:ignimbrites
780:sedimentary
776:metamorphic
647:Nazca Plate
627:Pleistocene
571:scoria cone
435:Pleistocene
401: [
336:Pleistocene
334:during the
285:Nazca Plate
120: /
95:Coordinates
71:Parent peak
3376:Categories
3306:2019-06-30
3212:2018-02-25
3188:2017-07-09
3087:(11): 74.
3004:: 102672.
2789:2017-07-09
2712:Moreno, H.
2560:2020-09-07
2528:(2): 108.
2407:2017-07-09
2324:Payne 1998
2264:Payne 1998
2025:Payne 1998
1955:Payne 1998
1342:2017-07-09
1272:2018-02-25
1179:2020-04-12
1152:References
1099:earthquake
1025:Valparaiso
1013:lava domes
965:lava domes
829:hornblende
733:Cerro Chao
579:lava flows
575:lava flows
539:ignimbrite
519:landslides
490:lava flows
475:Lava flows
453:activity.
423:ignimbrite
324:lava flows
311:formed by
281:subduction
234:1903-07-16
108:68°23′29″W
105:21°53′16″S
61:Prominence
3352:128979648
3344:0016-7835
3293:1944-8007
3178:129912382
3170:0016-7649
3127:26 August
3117:225098511
3109:1432-0819
3068:133747068
3034:219928719
3026:0895-9811
2971:: 24–42.
2955:128824938
2947:0258-8900
2910:128960834
2902:0016-7835
2849:: 71–87.
2831:0037-1106
2751:cite book
2695:20 August
2682:0717-7305
2618:(2): 10.
2504:Zeil 1964
2479:129450763
2471:0305-8719
2359:ignored (
2348:cite book
2066:Zeil 1964
2054:Zeil 1964
1942:0260-3055
1846:Zeil 1964
1537:Zeil 1964
1525:Zeil 1964
1509:0716-0208
1312:Zeil 1964
1041:fumaroles
909:Altiplano
860:amphibole
837:potassium
788:Paleozoic
745:Carasilla
623:Loa River
584:lava dome
502:Loa River
466:San Pablo
451:fumarolic
379:Inacaliri
332:glaciated
320:landslide
293:San Pablo
246:San Pedro
158:San Pedro
133:Geography
51:Elevation
37:San Pablo
24:San Pedro
3297:Archived
3206:Archived
3182:Archived
3121:Archived
2640:18453316
2554:Archived
2449:(1): 5.
2414:PDF file
1701:10 April
1241:44934386
1173:Archived
1135:See also
1109:Climbing
1097:monitor
1033:phreatic
967:and one
945:mudflows
921:glaciers
913:Jurassic
907:and the
897:Moisture
856:pyroxene
825:andesite
813:andesite
792:Tertiary
772:basement
763:and the
715:Regional
707:and the
701:Tertiary
697:Triassic
631:lava dam
596:moraines
531:Vesuvius
498:mudflows
431:Pliocene
346:active.
309:basement
301:andesite
250:Holocene
217:Climbing
3324:Bibcode
3263:Bibcode
3150:Bibcode
3089:Bibcode
3048:Bibcode
3006:Bibcode
2973:Bibcode
2927:Bibcode
2882:Bibcode
2851:Bibcode
2811:Bibcode
2767:Sources
2724:Bibcode
2620:Bibcode
2585:Bibcode
2550:1774025
2530:Bibcode
2451:Bibcode
1989:Bibcode
1920:Bibcode
1068:seismic
941:glacial
887:Climate
864:olivine
843:suite.
817:olivine
790:to the
784:plutons
761:Palpana
741:Toconce
693:Permian
641:Geology
635:llareta
612:cirques
554:during
523:Plinian
471:craters
419:caldera
416:silicic
371:Ascotán
359:commune
356:Ollagüe
313:Miocene
283:of the
232: (
190:Geology
83:Listing
3350:
3342:
3291:
3176:
3168:
3115:
3107:
3066:
3044:Lithos
3032:
3024:
2953:
2945:
2908:
2900:
2829:
2680:
2638:
2548:
2477:
2469:
2009:208707
2007:
1940:
1507:
1239:
1049:sulfur
1005:scoria
969:pumice
937:scoria
881:gneiss
839:-rich
833:dacite
749:Polapi
729:Paniri
483:sulfur
458:Calama
447:Láscar
394:miners
391:sulfur
383:Paniri
305:dacite
3348:S2CID
3300:(PDF)
3251:(PDF)
3231:(PDF)
3174:S2CID
3113:S2CID
3064:S2CID
3030:S2CID
2951:S2CID
2906:S2CID
2689:(PDF)
2670:(PDF)
2636:S2CID
2546:JSTOR
2475:S2CID
2005:JSTOR
1692:(PDF)
1086:]
998:mafic
868:magma
535:Italy
405:]
299:over
261:Andes
257:Chile
248:is a
184:Andes
165:Chile
88:Ultra
3340:ISSN
3289:ISSN
3166:ISSN
3129:2021
3105:ISSN
3022:ISSN
2943:ISSN
2898:ISSN
2827:ISSN
2757:link
2697:2021
2678:ISSN
2467:ISSN
2361:help
1938:ISSN
1703:2016
1505:ISSN
1237:OCLC
987:and
935:and
933:lava
893:arid
862:and
854:and
827:and
778:and
770:The
617:The
602:and
504:and
441:and
421:and
381:and
375:Cupo
326:and
275:and
212:1960
3332:doi
3281:hdl
3271:doi
3235:doi
3158:doi
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3097:doi
3056:doi
3014:doi
3002:102
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2819:doi
2628:doi
2593:doi
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