154:(NSA) for intelligence gathering abroad. As revealed by the president of the organization, Philip Sherburne, in a conversation with the organization's finance director, Michael Wood, the CIA had been funneling money to the organization through various charity fronts in exchange for covert cooperation from students in the NSA's international programs. As spokesman for the national NSA's national supervisory board, Brown was particularly appalled by the predicament of members of the NSA's international programs: "The fantastic pressures these people were under were simply incomprehensible to me... The agony of these people who were trapped and were unable to break this relationship was awful." Brown said that the supervisory board had no knowledge of the CIA's involvement until it was reported, announced that the NSA would assist in any investigation of the CIA's role, and said, "The United States Government owes an unconditional apology to the N.S.A. for using the N.S.A. in this duplicitous manner."
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261:"who taught me the importance of organization" and to Gene McCarthy who showed Brown that "there are some things worth organizing for." The book is a compendium of some of the basics of organizing "to help and encourage people who want to organize." Brown doesn't claim the book s definitive because "imagination and inventiveness are the prime ingredients of organizing." Brown says he wrote the book to be effective regardless of one's ideological point of view. However, Brown states that "the bias is against the status quo, rather than for it" because "the
235:. After the November 15 demonstration the energy in the movement seemed to dissipate. Observers attributed the apathy to President Nixon's November 3 speech in which he outlined his plan for "Vietnamization" of the Vietnam war. Brown called Nixon's speech "a tremendous political coup by managing to identify himself with the cause of peace." The organizers said that the demonstrations had been at least a partial success and took some credit for Nixon's troop withdrawals and the dismissal of the head of Selective Service, General
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CSCE (the
Senators who opposed his nomination), Brown was undiplomatic and unjustified in dismissing Payton. They claimed, that Payton's differences with Brown ended in an argument during a trip to Morocco, when Brown openly berated Dr. Payton before Action Corps officials and Brown's "attacks culminated with a midnight phone-call demanding her resignation, which she refused to give, after which he went to her hotel room and pounded on her door for a full fifteen minutes, demanding to be let in to continue his harassment".
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461:, Brown wanted to "send volunteers for short periods to developing countries and then bring back the skills they had learned to fight poverty in the United States". She also claimed that Brown's policy went against the original goals of the Peace Corps and said that Brown was "trying to turn the corps into an arrogant, elitist political organization intended to meddle in the affairs of foreign governments."
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minute of every day. He is calm in the most tense crises. And he is a terribly, terribly nice, sweet person." Brown said in 1969 that organizing is what he does best and that he does not want to become a celebrity. "The worst thing that can happen to an organizer is to become identified as a leader," said Brown. "There's a terrific antileadership bias in the country now."
519:. "It's a real odd thing for an old anti-war person to be thinking, but there are wars and there are wars," said Brown. "Every time I hear a parallel to Vietnam, I blanch. I see the movement people gearing up, the same familiar faces, and I want to say, 'Hold on, hold on.' It's a wholly different situation that needs to be analyzed on its own merits."
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moratorium's spokesman. Brown brought his contact lists from the McCarthy campaign with him to work on the
Moratorium. "Lists are the guts of organizing," says Brown. Brown's lists included people who had contributed to liberal causes in the past, community organizers, and a list of faculty members who had signed antiwar advertisements.
573:(FLA) named Brown their Executive Director in January 2000. The Fair Labor Association is a non-profit organization designed to complement existing international and national labor laws that was created in 1999 after President Bill Clinton recognized the need for supervision over the apparel industry regarding issues of human rights.
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resignation shortly thereafter. Payton cited, in part, policy differences between ACTION and the Peace Corps saying "as
Director, I could not, because of the peculiar administrative structure under which the Peace Corps operates, do anything about this situation. As an ex-director, I am free to sound the alarm."
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The Los
Angeles Times reported that Brown and his wife Alison Teal raised about $ 800,000 for the Kerry campaign including about $ 300,000 in "ideological money" from the East Bay area. Brown and his wife raised funds by hosting house parties for Kerry, seeking donations from strangers on the grocery
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Brown's supporters were unable to overcome a
Republican-led filibuster against giving ambassadorial rank to Brown and President Clinton went ahead with Brown's appointment without senate approval. Brown served as the Head of Delegation, without the rank of ambassador, to the US Mission to the OSCE in
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Criticisms of Mr. Brown's performance at this agency are unfounded. In the 1970s, Senator Simon (who was then
Representative Simon), held extensive hearings on the operation of the ACTION Agency. A few problems were uncovered, but they were long-standing problems that were eventually corrected by Mr.
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The
Moratorium Committee announced on April 19, 1970 that it was disbanding and the organizers said that money had dried up and the "political fad" of large demonstrations had run its course. The four national coordinators including Brown said that they each planned to continue antiwar activities on
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Brown would sometimes entertain the notion that McCarthy could win the nomination "sometimes for up to thirty minutes at a stretch." The campaign's main appeal for Brown was that "it gave an opportunity and gave an excuse to walk up to people's doors and say, 'Hi. I'm Sam Brown. I'm here because I'd
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Brown's tenure at the OSCE was greeted enthusiastically by his fellow representatives. Christos
Botzios, the Greek Ambassador to the OSCE, said "He has added enormously to the prestige of the United States, as a country that cares about cooperation ... I think all my colleagues would agree with me."
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of
Colorado sent Brown a barrage of over 100 questions including why Brown had dropped a requirement that Peace Corps volunteers be instructed in the menace of communism and whether Brown had thrown any objects, "including human feces," at the 1968 Democratic Convention. "No one understands why Hank
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The cover of "Action Update" (August 16, 1979) showing Sam Brown (right), the
Director of the Action Corps which administered the Peace Corps, Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) and other service programs. Richard Celeste (left) was appointed Peace Corps director after the resignation of Peace
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In 1994, during the confirmation hearings for Brown's later ambassadorship to the CSCE, Payton's resignation was interpreted in two very different ways by his supporters and opponents. According to the 44 Senators who later rejected the motion for cloture on Brown's appointment as ambassador to the
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have never been organized and have never had a voice. Grassroots organization is the way to change that." Brown's book contains the nuts and bolts of grassroots organizing including discussion of such topics as establishing a storefront, finding support in your community, planning programs, getting
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Brown first got involved in organizing during "Vietnam Summer" in 1967 when five hundred paid staffers and twenty-six thousand volunteers organized hundreds of grass roots antiwar projects. Brown was one of the volunteers who gained valuable experience during Vietnam Summer. "I know the first time
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They are the parents of three children: Nicholas Teal Brown, an aspiring writer, actor, and political activist; Teal Valentine Brown, a UN Foundation researcher, Aspen Ideas Festival coordinator, actor, and public policy student; and Willa Hammitt Brown, a graduate of Oxford and a PhD candidate in
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Kerry - about what they propose to do to extract us from this awful mess in Iraq." Thirty-six years after the idealism that produced the McCarthy insurgency, Brown said, "I see nasty, mean-spirited politics on all sides, the equivalent of the kind of scrum you see in the Chicago commodities pits."
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As head of delegation Brown defended the CSCE as an alternative to NATO in shaping European security. "The CSCE is the natural multilateral forum, as the trans-Atlantic institution where Russia has an equal voice, for work on these questions. This is not war and peace in the traditional sense, but
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director, Brown released a blueprint for change, declaring "the mission of Action is to mobilize people for voluntary action at home and abroad to change the conditions that deny fulfillment of human needs by calling on the best and most creative instincts of the human spirit." Brown's outline for
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for a total cost of $ 26,328. Brown drew a salary from the moratorium committee of $ 75 a week. One of Brown's roles in organizing the Moratorium was fund raising which Brown called "the most demeaning thing there is." Nonetheless Brown went on fund raising trips and appeared on television as the
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Brown says that hard work is the secret for being a successful organizer. "You have to be willing to work for very long hours for very little remuneration," says Brown. "But there's a great psychic remuneration." "Sam has three great qualities," said a friend in 1969. "He is willing to work every
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in the 2004 election and was not happy about the debate over Kerry's service in Vietnam. "I'm really upset that we're stuck on Vietnam," he said, "but what really appalls me is that unlike 1968, when there was a real clash of ideas, this year we hear nothing from either candidate - not Bush, not
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transition committee, recalled "Sam was very good at pushing his point of view with sufficient flexibility so he could make deals and stick with them. He has very deeply held and decent principles, but he is practical enough to move them along." Action Corps had been created in 1971 by President
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from the start. And after only thirteen months in the position, in November 1979, Brown asked for her resignation. She initially agreed to resign, then withdrew her resignation and issued a statement that implied she would not leave unless asked directly by president Carter, who asked for her
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came to Brown with the idea for a nationwide strike to protest the war in Vietnam. Brown liked the idea but suggested that instead of calling it a strike, that it be called a moratorium. In June 1969 Brown moved to Washington and set up the office of the Vietnam Moratorium Committee. David E.
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that I ever went and knocked on somebody's door and waited for them to answer so that could tell them that I wanted to talk to them about the war was not an easy moment," said Brown. Brown said that the volunteers gained valuable organizing skills that he and others would later apply during
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and Brown were revealed after her resignation. Brown for example announced that the Peace Corps would only work in the poorest countries based on GNP and announced that the Peace Corps would pull out of countries that did not meet its criteria for aid. Peace Corps Director
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Brown has decided to make Sam Brown his nemesis," wrote Carlson. "Some think Hank Brown simply wants to zing the President, refight the Vietnam War and triumph over an old rival. (Sam Brown was treasurer of Colorado; Hank Brown was a member of the state legislature.)"
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The cover of "Action Update" (September 30, 1979) depicting Sam Brown, who was appointed Director of the Action Corps by President Jimmy Carter in 1977. One of Brown's initiatives as Action director was to have VISTA workers support Carter's energy conservation
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their own. Brown said that he planned to write a manual on how to organize. "You'd be surprised how many people don't know how to draw up a telephone tree, set up an office, call a press conference," said Brown. "I want to tell them how to do this."
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instability around Russia's borders. It's very different from what NATO does," said Brown. "The CSCE doesn't have guns and is not going to have. It doesn't have the strength of NATO's unanimity. But NATO isn't equipped to handle some things we do."
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Vienna. On November 17, 1997, President Clinton awarded Brown the personal rank of Ambassador in his capacity as the Head of Delegation to the 1997 OSCE Ministerial Preparatory conferences, an appointment that does not require Senate confirmation.
122:. He attended Abraham Lincoln High School in Council Bluffs where he was, in his own words, "the outstanding ROTC cadet." In his childhood, he wrote, "it never occurred to me that America could be wrong." Brown attended the
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Brown, and the hearings produced no direct criticism of his performance. The final result of those hearings was that Congress decided he was doing an exemplary job, and it increased the agency's budget by 20 percent.
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responded that "Whether or not we could find satisfactory jobs for volunteers was a better criteria than how much money a country has ... It's offensive to me to tell a host country what their needs are."
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was entirely over policy: "The resignation of Carolyn Payton stemmed from regrettable – but nonetheless honest and unreconcilable – differences with the administration concerning policy and philosophy.
130:'s national supervisory board. In 1967 Brown ran for president of the National Student Association and lost. Brown received a B.A. from the University of Redlands in 1965, an M.A. from
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like to talk to you about the war in Vietnam - and about Gene McCarthy.'" Brown hoped that the McCarthy campaign would show people that protesters were "not some crazy minority."
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490:: "Under Celeste the agency was given considerable autonomy to direct its own affairs," wrote Searles, "although strictly speaking it remained under the Action umbrella."
715:"Nomination of Sam W. Brown Jr. for the rank of Ambassador during his tenure of service as Head of Delegation to the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe"
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had held hearings on Brown on November 18, 1993 and approved his nomination by a vote of 11 to 9. Before Brown's nomination could come to a Senate vote, Republicans
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Brown worked as a consultant for the FUND for Neighborhood Development from 1972-1973. Brown was Vice President of Brown's Better Shoes from 1970 to 1974.
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History of the Department of State During the Clinton Presidency (1993-2001)" Appendix 4: Clinton Appointments (1993-2000), Personal Rank of Ambassador
239:. The New York Times reported that the committee was $ 100,000 in debt. Brown said he hoped to make up the deficit through several "peace concerts."
192:. "In 1968, my husband Sam was the liaison between the McCarthy campaign and the protesters and was eventually a defense witness at the Trial of the
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Brown has been General Partner of Centennial Partners, Limited, a real estate development firm with offices in Colorado and California, since 1981.
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in California, where he was first the president of the young Republicans and then the student body president. In 1967 Brown was the chairman of the
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reported in 1991 that Brown said that force could be necessary to restore stability in the Middle East and keep nuclear weapons from the hands of
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On October 15, 1969 an estimated two million people took part in the moratorium in what may have been the largest US demonstration of all time.
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Rosenbaum wrote in the New York Times in 1969 that Brown "is a young man with a genius for organizing who has been the prime mover behind the
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Brown met Teal in 1968 while he was a leader of the "Get Clean for Gene" McCarthy student movement, being a youth coordinator for Senator
531:(CSCE), a 52-nation organization in Vienna that mediates conflicts in the former Soviet republics and promotes human rights, and that the
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March, 1967. pp29-38. Reported by Sol Stern, with the special assistance of Lee Webb, Michael Ansara, and Michael Wood. Obtained via
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196:," wrote Teal. "Within the leadership of the 1968 convention, there were agents provocateurs from the Chicago police and the FBI."
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International Herald Tribune. "Q&A: U.S. and Russian Differences on European Stability" by Joseph Fitchett. October 10, 1994.
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Divinity School from 1966–1968, and was a Fellow at the John F. Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University, in 1969.
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Brown was the youth coordinator for Senator Eugene J. McCarthy's Presidential campaign. According to Tom Wells in his book
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The Washington Post. "Deadlock Prevails In Senate; Sam Brown Backers Fail to End Debate" by Helen Dewar. May 26, 1994.
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1023:[New York Times. "Moratorium Group to Disband; Says Public s Tired of Protest" by David E. Rosenbaum. April 19, 1970.
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Margaret Carlson reported in Time Magazine in 1994 that President Clinton had appointed Brown Ambassador to the
626:. The Clarence Teal Cameo Award, which recognizes exceptional performances in a cameo role, was named for him.
172:'s presidential bid. "To some extent the McCarthy campaign couldn't have happened without that," said Brown.
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New York Times. "Minnesota Returns to a Star Role on National Stage" by R. W. Apple Jr., September 19, 2004.
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by Stephen McKiernan, Binghamton University Libraries Center for the Study of the 1960s, March 2, 2010
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New York Times. "Moratorium Organizer: Samuel Winfred Brown Jr." by David E. Rosenbaum. October 16, 1969.
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New York Times. "the Moratorium Organizers: Cluttered Precision" by David E. Rosenbaum. October 9, 1969.
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According to those 56 Senators in support of the cloture motion (and, presumably, of Brown's nomination):
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was appointed the new Peace Corps Director on April 27, 1979. According to P. David Searles in his book
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New York Times. "Nixon Submits Plan to Merge 9 Volunteer Programs" by Jack Rosenthal. March 24, 1971.
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out crowds, handling the press, fundraising, planning rallies, and canvasing and getting out the vote.
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New York Times. " The Vietnam Generation Surrenders Its Certainty" by Jane Gross. January 15, 1991.
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After a five-month search for a new director of the peace corps, in which Brown offered the job to
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The Peace corps Experience By P. David Searles. Published by University Press of Kentucky, 1997
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Storefront Organizing: A Mornin' Glories' Manual By Sam Brown. Published by Pyramid Books, 1972.
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863:. "Students Accuse C.I.A. of 'Trapping' Some Into Spying" by Ben. A. Franklin. February 18, 1967.
798:"Campus Watch. "The National Student Association Scandal" by Phil Agee Jr., Fall 1991, pp. 12–13"
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As part of organizing the moratorium, the group ran three full page advertisements in the
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on his involvement in Eugene McCarthy's Presidential campaign and the anti-war movement.
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In April 1969 while Brown was a graduate student in ethics at Harvard Divinity School,
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On November 15, 1969 a crowd estimated at 250,000 had a massive demonstration at the
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Appointment of Richard Celeste as Peace Corps Director and internal restructuring
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programs would be controlled by local offices rather than state or regional ones.
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Sam Brown was appointed director of the Action by President Jimmy Carter in 1977.
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and Child's Life. Both of her parents were long time active volunteers of the
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American anti-war activist, politician, and government official (born 1943)
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Appointment and resignation of Carolyn Payton and surrounding controversy
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by Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman. Published by Harvard University Press, 1998
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In 2008 Brown's wife, Alison Teal, wrote about Brown's role at the
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All You Need is Love: The Peace Corps and the Spirit of the 1960s
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volunteers were to reemphasize community organizing and advocacy.
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85 miles south of the Canada–US border at International Falls.
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Chaplin, Gordon "Action's where the Peace Corps Is" from the
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Webster University. "CAROLYN ROBERTSON PAYTON" (1925 - 2001).
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Brown lives in modernized log cabin on the shores of silvery
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Brown said in 2004 that he once dreamed of being a senator.
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National Student Association spokesman during CIA scandal
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The peace corps would refocus on "basic human needs."
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Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
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Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
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529:Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
352:the new direction of the organization included:
255:Storefront Organizing: A Mornin' Glories' Manual
248:Storefront Organizing: A Mornin' Glories' Manual
204:Coordinator for the Vietnam Moratorium Committee
1181:. Archived from the original on August 16, 1997
976:"1969: Millions march in US Vietnam Moratorium"
692:. Archived from the original on August 16, 1997
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176:Youth Coordinator for McCarthy for President
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67:of all important aspects of the article.
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1368:by Raymond Bonner. September 3rd, 1997.
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731:, Edited by A.D. Horne copyright 1981.
440:Controversy after Payton's resignation
63:Please consider expanding the lead to
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265:have always been well organized, the
134:in 1966, pursued graduate studies at
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690:"Senate Foreign Relations Committee"
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1664:American anti–Vietnam War activists
1555:Hot Flashes from the Campaign Trail
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1283:"The Public Eye: Is Brown Bagged?"
782:The Making of the President Series
648:'s Presidential campaign in 1968.
533:Senate Foreign Relations Committee
444:Many of the policy issues between
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822:fall, 1991 pp. 12-13 courtesy of
282:Election as treasurer of Colorado
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1684:People from Council Bluffs, Iowa
1570:Interview with Sam Brown in 1982
581:Brown worked to raise funds for
347:Seven months into his tenure as
337:Volunteers in Service to America
310:Brown was appointed Director of
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1472:"NOMINATION OF SAM W BROWN JR"
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641:as well as her own blog site.
400:– the widow of former Senator
257:. Brown dedicated the book to
65:provide an accessible overview
24:Corps Director Carolyn Payton.
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1669:University of Redlands alumni
1508:Obituary: "Valentine M. Teal"
1289:. 6 June 1994. Archived from
784:as quoted by David Kaiser at
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1679:State treasurers of Colorado
482:After Payton's resignation,
339:and other service programs.
152:National Student Association
128:National Student Association
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1602:State Treasurer of Colorado
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507:Support for First Gulf War
488:the Peace Corps Experience
274:Post-organizing activities
190:1968 Democratic Convention
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616:Omaha Community Playhouse
343:Changes in ACTION mission
1580:Interview with Sam Brown
1474:. C-Span. Archived from
322:, a member of president
253:In 1972 Brown published
114:Early life and education
99:, and ambassador to the
1527:"900 Famous Nebraskans"
1497:University of Minnesota
1314:"Organizing for Action"
1563:This is Nick's Website
729:The Wounded Generation
571:Fair Labor Association
539:of North Carolina and
499:Work in private sector
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392:, then-representative
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124:University of Redlands
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618:which was founded by
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577:Role in 2004 election
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1364:The New York Times.
1293:on January 22, 2011.
1222:peacecorpsonline.org
1132:, February 18, 1979.
940:"Arriving in Denver"
120:Council Bluffs, Iowa
1512:SouthCoastToday.com
1130:The Washington Post
944:The Huffington Post
831:Library of Congress
427:Future congressman
419:Brown clashed with
412:as director of the
371:workplace democracy
362:Decision-making in
233:Washington Monument
1694:American diplomats
1589:Political offices
1117:The New York Times
982:. October 15, 1969
861:The New York Times
843:Ramparts Magazine.
829:2002-11-13 at the
652:American history.
622:, mother of actor
408:, Brown appointed
331:to administer the
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286:Brown was elected
215:Vietnam Moratorium
136:Harvard University
132:Rutgers University
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89:political activist
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1643:Succeeded by
1609:Succeeded by
1516:December 2, 1997.
1457:. 11 August 2004.
1455:Los Angeles Times
1249:978-0-8131-2009-6
1162:978-0-674-00380-4
1059:978-0-515-02818-8
946:. 22 August 2008.
898:978-0-595-34396-6
847:cia-on-campus.org
802:cia-on-campus.org
786:history unfolding
780:White, Theodore.
369:There would be a
158:Antiwar organizer
148:Ramparts magazine
82:
81:
1711:
1646:David T. Johnson
1622:Position created
1619:Preceded by
1606:1975–1977
1594:Preceded by
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1385:. Archived from
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237:Lewis B. Hershey
95:under President
85:Sam W. Brown Jr.
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1096:Washington Post
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818:Agee Jr., Phil
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646:Eugene McCarthy
639:Huffington Post
596:
579:
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484:Richard Celeste
480:
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396:of California,
386:
373:program within
345:
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298:ACTION director
288:state treasurer
284:
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210:Jerome Grossman
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170:Eugene McCarthy
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50:This article's
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1548:External links
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1389:on 2002-03-08.
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513:New York Times
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1407:on 2007-10-12
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1401:"FLA History"
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457:According to
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390:Rafer Johnson
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1596:Palmer Burch
1562:
1554:
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1531:the original
1521:
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1476:the original
1454:
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979:
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833:Web Archives
820:Campus Watch
819:
814:
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801:
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694:. Retrieved
661:
654:
650:
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620:Dodie Brando
597:
588:
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560:Later career
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320:Anthony Lake
316:Jimmy Carter
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97:Jimmy Carter
87:is a former
84:
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52:lead section
1689:1943 births
1576:Open Vault.
1383:newecon.org
631:Northampton
537:Jesse Helms
414:Peace Corps
402:Philip Hart
394:Ron Dellums
333:Peace Corps
259:Jesse Unruh
217:protests."
1658:Categories
1640:1994–1997
1632:Ambassador
1537:2010-02-21
1482:2009-08-27
1411:2007-09-29
1324:2008-09-09
1185:2007-07-31
696:2007-07-31
666:References
583:John Kerry
541:Hank Brown
429:John Lewis
73:March 2022
1612:Roy Romer
657:Deer Lake
398:Jane Hart
318:in 1977.
146:In 1967,
57:summarize
33:policies.
1287:TIME.com
1194:cite web
980:BBC News
827:Archived
705:cite web
608:novelist
594:Personal
324:Carter's
292:Colorado
1634:to the
986:May 23,
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459:Payton
451:Payton
446:Payton
433:Payton
421:Payton
404:– and
375:ACTION
349:ACTION
312:ACTION
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1218:(PDF)
924:p 225
600:Omaha
364:VISTA
357:VISTA
1574:WGBH
1245:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1200:link
1158:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1055:ISBN
1047:ISBN
988:2010
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894:ISBN
886:ISBN
711:link
569:The
511:The
267:many
290:of
263:few
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