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does not have time to raise a family and his work becomes a lifelong commitment. Companies typically hire the salarymen straight out of high school, and they are expected to stay with the company until retirement, around the time they reach the age between 55 and 60. As a reward for the demonstration of their loyalty, companies rarely fire the salarymen unless it is under special "dire" circumstances. There is also a belief that the "amount of time spent at the workplace correlates to the perceived efficiency of the employee." As a result of this intense work-driven lifestyle, salarymen may be more likely to suffer from mental or physical health problems, including heart failure or suicide.
296:
155:, but it appears to instead be a straight borrowing from the English phrase "salaried man", which predates the Japanese term by nearly a century. The Japanese term saw widespread use by 1930, even before government expansion and militarization drove the growth of white-collar employment. The term does not include all workers who receive a set salary, but only "white-collar workers in the large bureaucracy of a business firm or government office." The term includes those who work for government (e.g.,
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was an immensely popular game among the 1960s generation of salarymen, who brought the game into company circles directly from high school and college groups. The 1970s generation saw a gradual decrease in the number of avid mahjong players, and by the 1980s, it became common not to show any interest
321:
However, many
Japanese still criticize the government and believe there should be some form of punishment for companies that violate work hour laws. Approximately 2,000 annual applications are filed by the families of salarymen that die of karōshi. However, the death toll may be much higher, and "as
272:
became widely popular during the economic bubble, when golf club passes became useful tools for currying favor with corporate executives. Many mid-level salarymen were pressured into taking up golf to participate in golfing events with their superiors. The collapse of the economic bubble led to the
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A typical description of the salaryman is a male white-collar employee who typically earns his salary "based on individual abilities rather than on seniority." Salarymen are known for working long hours, sometimes over eighty hours per week. Often, because of his busy work schedule, the salaryman
260:
Changing social circumstances have greatly diversified the life of the salaryman outside of work. Though the importance of social drinking has not declined, its image has changed over time from mass partying during the economic bubble to conservative consumption at home after the collapse of the
214:. There is a certain expectation among the middle and upper classes for Japanese people to become salarymen. For many young Japanese men and women, accepting anything less than becoming a salaryman and conforming to its ideal is considered a failure, not only of him or her, but of his parents.
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The life of a salaryman revolves around work. The activities that he or she does outside of his or her working hours typically involve his or her coworkers, which lessens the distance between him or her and work. Due to this expectation, there have been a variety of derogatory names given to
127:, or death from overwork. In conservative Japanese culture, becoming a salaryman is an average career choice for young men and women and those who do not take this career path are regarded as living with a stigma and less prestige. On the other hand, the word
329:, which took a toll on the post-war reconstruction of Japanese industry. Since then, the number of deaths from overwork has increased, especially at larger and more prestigious companies. In 2002, Kenichi Uchino, a 30-year-old quality-control manager at
674:
Dasgupta, Romit. "Creating
Corporate Warriors: The "Salaryman" and Masculinity in Japan." Asian Masculinities: The Meaning and Practice of Manhood in China and Japan. By Kam Louie and Morris Low. London: Routledge, 2003. 118-34.
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article, the
Japanese government struggled for years to pass a law limiting to the number of hours one can work, and the issue has been prevalent since the 1970s. In 2014, after 30 years of activism, Japan's parliament (the
167:(nightlife) and entertainment industries (including actors and singers) are not included even though their income may be salary based. Similarly, doctors, engineers, lawyers, accountants, musicians, artists, politicians,
333:, collapsed and died after working over 80 hours unpaid overtime for six months. After this incident, Toyota announced that it would begin monitoring their workers' health and would pay for all of their overtime hours.
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The prevalence of salarymen in
Japanese society has given birth to many depictions by both the Japanese and American media. Some films in Japan about salarymen include
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many as 8,000 of the 30,000 annual suicides each year are thought to be work-related," with "as many as 10,000 non-suicide karōshi deaths per year."
309:. Salarymen feel intense pressure to fulfill their duty to support their family because of the gendered expectations placed on men. According to a
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with executives has become increasingly rare. However, some current salarymen may have golfing experience from their student days, and
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Karōshi, literally "overwork death," was first diagnosed as a "circulatory disease brought on by stress" in the late 1970s after the
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with his or her colleagues and bosses, and prioritize work over everything else in his or her life. "Salarymen" typically
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Salarymen: On the Way to
Extinction? by Kristin Wingate, Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship, vol. 1, no. 1, 2011
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is sometimes used with derogatory connotation for his total dependence on his employer and lack of individuality.
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A Week in the Life of a Tokyo Salary Man. Dir. Stu. Perf. Stu. Youtube.com. N.p., 28 Feb. 2015. Web. 5 Apr. 2015.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Japan's New Middle Class: The Salary Man and His Family in a Tokyo Suburb
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Extreme pressure on salarymen can lead to death by overwork, or
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who shows unwavering loyalty and commitment to his employer.
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100:"Salarymen" are expected to work long hours, work overtime,
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is still acknowledged as an expensive hobby for salarymen.
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stay with that corporation for the duration of their career
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workers. In
Japanese popular culture, it is portrayed as a
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210:(based on the TV series), and a drama series entitled
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Palumbo, Frederick A.; Herbig, Paul A. (1994-02-01).
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Other popular concepts surrounding salarymen include
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Sullivan, Jeremiah J.; Peterson, Richard B. (1991).
228:, literally "corporate livestock" in reference to
462:. University of California Press. pp. 1–12.
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252:or "corporate soldier"), to ridicule salarymen.
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159:) and major companies (e.g., those listed in
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638:(1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 96–110.
171:and corporate executives are also excluded.
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273:closing of many golf courses, and playing
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2059:Male stock characters in anime and manga
2004:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
804:A week in the life of a Tokyo salary man
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497:(1 ed.). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
494:A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan
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389:, Japanese term for a career woman
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585:"Salaryman Sudden Death Syndrome"
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758:Kim, Chang-Ran (2007-12-06).
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250:kigyou senshi
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198:Mahjong tiles
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41:November 2023
32:
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18:
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1989:
1980:Nenko system
1892:Work culture
1682:Yakuza ranks
1559:
1343:
1280:social norms
1058:
767:. Retrieved
764:Toronto Star
763:
753:
741:. Retrieved
707:. Retrieved
696:
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595:(1): 54–61.
592:
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540:(1): 79–97.
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230:wage slavery
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179:Social image
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110:hostess bars
99:
71:
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38:
30:
2054:Office work
1985:Office lady
1783:Netto-uyoku
1700:Subcultures
1627:Kyōiku mama
1564: [
1348: [
1339:Gift-giving
393:Office lady
218:salarymen:
169:freelancers
165:mizu shōbai
157:bureaucrats
2064:Wasei-eigo
2028:Categories
1958:Kyariaūman
1721:Genderless
1586:Hikikomori
1369:Giri choco
1155:Aesthetics
1089:Omotenashi
769:2023-01-12
428:References
422:Wage slave
387:Kyariaūman
161:Nikkei 225
148:wasei-eigo
1990:Salaryman
1921:Ho-Ren-Sō
1810:Akiba-kei
1641:Otokonoko
1526:Burakumin
1276:Etiquette
1246:Wabi-sabi
1183:Jo-ha-kyū
1080:Nemawashi
1071:Mottainai
982:Isagiyosa
793:Salarymen
617:144264791
609:0142-5455
570:168078323
554:0047-2506
153:loanwords
142:sararīman
139:The word
129:salaryman
84:sararīman
72:Salaryman
2011:Zaibatsu
1949:Keiretsu
1846:Shotacon
1820:moe zoku
1792:Omorashi
1709:Bōsōzoku
1618:Jouhatsu
1544:Chūnibyō
1517:Bishōnen
1116:Tsundoku
1022:Fudōshin
1005:Kotodama
913:Gekokujō
743:April 5,
737:Archived
709:April 5,
703:Archived
662:55430426
337:See also
226:shachiku
188:Hitokara
108:, visit
91:salaried
1997:Shinise
1940:Karoshi
1855:Reki-jo
1838:Lolicon
1829:Fujoshi
1817:Figure
1769:Visual
1737:Ganguro
1574:Freeter
1508:Bishōjo
1488:Sukeban
1459:Shizoku
1327:Manual
1289:Aizuchi
1107:Sontaku
1098:Shuhari
1049:Zanshin
1040:Shoshin
946:tatemae
894:Bushido
399:General
306:karōshi
291:Karōshi
285:Karōshi
263:Mahjong
135:History
125:karōshi
106:karaoke
104:, sing
67:, 2005)
31:updated
1876:fandom
1764:Lolita
1746:Gyaruo
1669:Senpai
1660:Sensei
1609:Ikemen
1600:Iemoto
1535:Chikan
1479:Banchō
1468:Heimin
1450:Kazoku
1389:Kamiza
1303:Dogeza
1237:Shibui
1210:Miyabi
1192:Kawaii
1031:Mushin
996:Kaizen
964:Ikigai
922:Hansei
846:values
675:Print.
660:
650:
615:
607:
568:
562:155241
560:
552:
509:
474:
343:Hansei
331:Toyota
78:サラリーマン
1912:Haken
1801:Otaku
1755:Kogal
1728:Gyaru
1675:kōhai
1568:]
1561:Ebune
1553:Denpa
1499:Bijin
1410:Seiza
1401:Agura
1378:Ninjō
1352:]
1330:keigo
1264:Yūgen
1125:Ukiyo
940:Honne
658:S2CID
613:S2CID
566:S2CID
558:JSTOR
381:Women
102:drink
1873:Yaoi
1864:Wota
1672:and
1634:NEET
1593:Idol
1360:Giri
1345:Gimu
1255:Yabo
1165:Ensō
1061:Miai
943:and
906:Face
871:Amae
862:Aiki
745:2015
711:2015
648:ISBN
605:ISSN
550:ISSN
507:ISBN
472:ISBN
279:golf
275:golf
270:Golf
245:企業戦士
235:会社の犬
116:and
1772:kei
1278:and
1219:Moe
1174:Iki
640:doi
597:doi
542:doi
499:doi
464:doi
232:),
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1566:ja
1350:ja
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1134:Wa
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221:社畜
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