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520:), and hoped to fit in. He adopted a Japanese name and eventually learned to pass as a Japanese person. At some point, he was arrested and detained for 11 days because he had a letter from a childhood friend written in Korean in his pocket. The experienced shocked him, and somewhat soured him on trying to fit in. He continued to work in Japan, but after another incident where he watched a Korean being publicly shamed for being unable to speak Japanese fluently, he decided to join the
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496:, it sensationalized a minor dispute between Chinese and Korean farmers in order to stir up anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea and Japan. This even led to violent clashes between Koreans and Chinese in their respective countries. On September 18, 1931, the Empire of Japan staged the Liutiaohu incident (bombing of a Manchu railroad) and
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went off with a weak explosion, and only damaged a small part of the vehicle. No humans were injured. According to Son, Lee later expressed frustration at Kim, as Kim had declined to let him test a grenade earlier. He also later learned that the second carriage did not contain the
Emperor, and only contained a
617:
Lee set about preparing for the attack. Following instructions from Kim, he modified the grenades so that the pin wouldn't need to be pulled out in order to have the grenade detonate; this would make for a quicker attack. On
January 6, he toured the parade venue in advance. He realized that the venue
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This party, through Korean revolutionary warrior Lee Bong-chang's lightning attack on the
Japanese Emperor, respectfully wishes the oppressed peoples of the world best wishes in the new year. We hope that, cheering with the same voice, we can charge directly into the stronghold of imperialists, tear
720:(an organization secretly linked to the KPG) a few days before Lee's attack, but did not find Kim or other members of the KPG. They escalated their search, and dispatched investigators from Tokyo to Shanghai. Meanwhile, they also requested help from the French Consulate General, but were rejected.
596:
On
December 13, Lee swore an oath to make the attack on the Japanese Emperor, then took a now famous photo with the grenades and his written oath. On December 15, Kim gave Lee the two grenades and taught him how to use them. Lee asked if he could test a grenade to see how large the explosion would
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He rushed towards a spot closest to the gate, where there was already a crowd of people watching the
Emperor, who had just passed by. He squeezed past the crowd, and took a grenade out of his right pocket, and threw it at the procession. It landed on the back of the second horsedrawn carriage. It
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Preparation for the attack happened slowly; the KPG was plagued with infighting and poor funding throughout its history. Eventually, by
November 1931, Kim managed to acquire everything they needed for the mission. One grenade was acquired from Kim Hong-il. Another grenade, which Lee was to use to
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In March 1931, Kim and Lee met in secret. Kim asked Lee about the situation in Japan, and eventually asked if Lee would be willing to return to Japan to assassinate the
Emperor. Lee agreed. Kim reportedly then sought out Kim Hong-il, an ethnic Korean who served in the Chinese
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and managed weapons for
Shanghai. Together, they theorized that the Emperor would be about 100 metres (330 ft) away from a crowd in public appearances, and that they should use a lighter grenade that could be thrown farther, at the cost of a weaker explosion.
645:. At 9:40 am, Lee arrived there only to find that the Emperor had already passed through and gone to the park. He had no choice but to wait until the Emperor returned from the rally. But while trying to pass the time, he missed the Emperor's return trip as well.
434:. Lee threw a grenade at the Japanese Emperor, but the grenade failed to kill him. Lee was promptly arrested, tried, sentenced, and executed on October 10, 1932. He is now remembered as a martyr in South Korea, where the attack is sometimes referred to as the
765:, which lasted for more than a week and required the intervention of 600 Japanese soldiers from two warships to stop. The newspaper was subsequently discontinued. In Shanghai, a diplomatic row emerged between the Japanese consulate general and the
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That day the KPG held an emergency cabinet meeting, where they agreed to have Kim's Korea
Independence Party (KIP) publicly accept responsibility for the attack. The KIP published a brief statement through a Chinese
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Kim Ku learned of the attack's outcome the following day, and was reportedly initially extremely disappointed. He was then reassured by others that the attack was significant for harming the image that the
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were reportedly aghast at the plan, and initially rejected it because they found the mission too expensive and unlikely to succeed. But because everything was already prepared, they eventually relented.
656:, but was stopped by police. Lee showed them the business card of the military police officer he had obtained earlier and explained that he just wanted to see the Emperor. They let him through.
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accepted responsibility for the conditions that led to the attack, and submitted a letter of resignation to the
Emperor, who rejected it, as the Prime Minister had only just formed a cabinet.
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569:. The funding ($ 1,000, worth $ 20,035 in 2024) came from Korean Americans. At a KPG meeting on December 6, Kim announced the goal of his mission and asked for approval. KPG leaders such as
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claims this helped alleviate tensions between Koreans and Chinese people. However, the reporting drew criticism from Japanese observers. On January 12, a group of Japanese protestors in
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Later, when the Emperor was eating lunch, he was informed of Lee's identity. The Emperor reportedly showed little interest in the incident and said "Ah, he's probably a member of the
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During interrogations, Lee confessed that Kim was the mastermind behind the attack. Lee was eventually charged with high treason. Japanese prosecutors also indicted Kim, and the
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ordered the Japanese consul-general in Shanghai to bring him to Japan. The Japanese police had already been searching for Kim, and in fact had raided the headquarters of the
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514:
Lee Bong-chang (1900–1932) was an ethnic Korean born in Korea who lived in Japan between 1925 and 1930. When he first arrived in Japan, Lee saw himself as a "New Japanese" (
481:. After the Japanese violently cracked down on the protests, numerous Koreans fled the peninsula and continued resisting the Japanese from abroad, including members of the
932:〈본당은 삼가 한국 혁명용사 이봉창이 일본 황제를 저격하는 霹靂一聲(벽력일성)으로 전 세계 피압박 민족에게 신년의 행운을 축복하고, 이것과 같은 소리로 환호하며, 바로 제국주의자의 아성을 향하여 돌격하여, 모든 폭군과 악정치의 首犯을 삼제하고 민족적 자유와 독립의 실현을 도모할 것을 바란다.〉
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was so large that he wouldn't be able to get close enough for the attack. He changed plans, and decided to attack from the road, when the Emperor was moving.
732:, who had been harboring him against the wishes of Japan, that they would have difficulty protecting him after the attack. He then fled the concession.
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The law defining the charge was introduced in 1907, but only four people were ever charged with it until its abolition in 1947. The three others were
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The KPO conducted a number of other attacks on Japanese officials, with most being unsuccessful. But three months later, they conducted a successful
652:. He rushed to a taxi and instructed the driver to go as close as possible to the gate. When he disembarked, he attempted to go onto the lawn of the
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Chinese newspapers reported excitedly about the attack and covered it regularly for weeks. They often praised Lee and Koreans in general. Historian
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be, but Kim declined and assured him it would be large. Kim also told Lee to hide the two grenades near his groin while boarding the ship to Japan.
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Police gather around a circle marking where the grenade landed, with the Metropolitan Police Headquarters in the background (1932)
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Disheartened, Lee asked a railway worker how he could possibly see the Emperor. The railway worker advised him to go to the
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Around this time, he obtained the business card of a military police officer, which later proved crucial to the attack.
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The police initially tried to arrest the man next to Lee, but Lee voluntarily identified himself as the culprit.
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The general Japanese public was shocked by the attack. That same day, at 5:12 pm, the Prime Minister
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that said that the Emperor would be present at a public military parade on January 8 in
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In the aftermath of the attack, Japanese authorities stepped up their search for
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down tyrants and aggressors, and bring about national freedom and independence.
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999:"Reports about the Patriotic Deed of Lee Bong Chang in the Chinese Papers"
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Police gather around the spot where the grenade used in the attack landed
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1194:"Naver, Good morning Media : Korean Patriotic Organization (한인애국단)"
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Lee was posthumously honored by the government of South Korea with the
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The Association for Korean Modern and Contemporary History (한국근현대사학회)
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was an unsuccessful assassination attempt against Japanese Emperor
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1005:: 152–170, 246–247. uci: G300-j12278203.v36n0p152. Archived from
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Race and Migration in Imperial Japan: The Limits of Assimilation
956:"Republic of Korea Certificate of Indebtedness (대한민국 공채표, 500불)"
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728:. That same day, Kim was quietly warned by his allies in the
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1169:[Son Sae-il's Comparative Critical Biography (50)].
885:『아, 그는 독립당원이겠지! … 그런데 오늘 오후에 미국대사가 총리대신에게 온다고 했는데, 어떻게 되었나?』
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The attack was carried out by Korean independence activist
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672:. He also reportedly forgot to use the second grenade.
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1322:Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey: A Short History
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565:commit suicide, was from Chinese military officer
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1261:Korean Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs
1538:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
483:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
900:that the United States had recently announced.
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600:On December 17, Lee departed from Shanghai to
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161:Emperor is unharmed, Lee arrested and executed
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772:because of the Chinese praise of the attack.
629:At 8:50 am on January 8, 1932, he arrived at
492:in Northeast China in 1931. In the July 1931
473:From 1910 to 1945, Korea was a colony of the
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1237:[Korean Patriotic Organization].
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1273:"Koreans bow to heroes of the 1930s"
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1319:Robinson, Michael E. (2007-04-30),
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547:(KPO), a militant wing of the KPG.
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1055:Kim Ju-yeong (김주영) (2008-01-08).
684:Lee under arrest (January 8, 1932)
670:Minister of the Imperial Household
459:, which had funded the operation.
19:For the murder of Ii Naosuke, see
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1498:Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea
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436:Patriotic Deed of Lee Bong-chang
419:on January 8, 1932, at the gate
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1213:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
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1420:Kokyo Gaien National Garden
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807:commemorative postage stamp
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423:in Tokyo, Empire of Japan.
331:Yi bong-ch'ang ŭisa ŭigŏ or
21:Sakuradamon Incident (1860)
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1210:[Lee Bong-chang].
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1059:(in Korean). Tongilnews.
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960:National Museum of Korea
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592:Lee on December 13, 1931
1410:Chōwaden Reception Hall
958:(in Korean). E Museum,
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752:The Republic Daily News
1022:Cite journal requires
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750:went to the office of
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531:(KPG) headquarters in
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1513:Tokyo Imperial Palace
1394:Tokyo Imperial Palace
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625:Assassination attempt
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1488:1932 crimes in Japan
1165:손, 세일 (2006-05-15).
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307:Revised Romanization
200:Sakuradamon incident
29:Sakuradamon incident
1528:January 1932 events
1072:이봉창의사 의거, 러 배일사상 고취
791:Yoshinori Shirakawa
754:. The disagreement
607:Tokyo Asahi Shinbun
494:Wanpaoshan Incident
98:35.67787; 139.75311
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1057:이봉창 의사 의거 76주년 기념식
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693:Independence Party
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430:, a member of the
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1332:978-0-8248-3174-5
1167:"孫世一의 비교 評傳 (50)"
1108:, pp. 52–53.
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1034:External link in
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767:Mayor of Shanghai
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34:Part of the
1243:(in Korean)
1216:(in Korean)
1208:"이봉창 (李奉昌)"
1175:(in Korean)
770:Wu Tiecheng
759: [
740: [
714: [
612:Yoyogi Park
578: [
551:Preparation
442::
421:Sakuradamon
221:이봉창의사 의거 or
209:Korean name
96: /
84:139°45′11″E
1477:Categories
1247:2023-08-18
1220:2023-08-18
1179:2023-08-17
942:References
776:newspaper:
737:Son Sae-il
467:See also:
463:Background
81:35°40′40″N
1345:Routledge
676:Aftermath
575:Kim Ch'ŏl
571:Jo So-ang
490:Manchuria
372:さくらだもんじけん
1523:Hirohito
1449:Category
1294:(2001).
821:See also
533:Shanghai
445:이봉창의사 의거
417:Hirohito
366:Hiragana
134:Hirohito
132:Emperor
57:Location
1461:Commons
1284:Sources
915:Pak Yol
748:Qingdao
639:Yotsuya
567:Liu Zhi
225:사쿠라다문의거
223:도쿄의거 or
158:Outcome
1543:Kim Ku
1351:
1329:
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1081:Yonhap
917:, and
850:;
797:Legacy
541:Kim Ku
517:「신일본인」
453:Kim Ku
440:Korean
215:Hangul
129:Target
123:Kim Ku
1405:Biota
833:Notes
815:Seoul
763:]
744:]
718:]
582:]
537:China
358:桜田門事件
352:Kanji
233:Hanja
70:Tokyo
1349:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1042:help
1028:help
602:Kobe
573:and
411:The
140:Date
853:金弘壹
847:김홍일
813:in
637:to
448:).
1479::
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269:義
266:京
263:東
258:擧
255:義
252:士
249:義
246:昌
243:奉
240:李
23:.
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