129:, and its spiritual leaders had migrated to Varanasi. When the Hindu residents of Kusasthal revived the monastery, a Shenvi named Vitthal wanted to become its leader. However, Brahmins from other communities opposed him, disputing the Brahmin status of Shenvis. The opponents argued that unlike the traditionally vegetarian Brahmins, the Shenvis customarily ate fish. The assembly at Varanasi cited the
279:). He describes the different customs of various Brahmin communities, stating that each of them have their own shortcomings, which are forgivable. He justifies the existence of these differences, and emphasizes that a Brahmin must only follow the customs of his own community. He also refers to practices common to all Brahmins, such as the chanting of the
89:
as an "apparently recently organized and somewhat deficient edition of disaparate texts". Based on Levitt's work, he states that the earliest of these texts dates to the 5th century, and the latest to the 13th century. According to
Rosalind O'Hanlon, the core of the text was likely written "before or
200:
was hanged as a result. It is not clear how successful Peshwa's censorship attempts were, but there is some evidence that by the end of the 18th century, it was difficult to find a copy of the text in the Bombay region. For example, in 1787, when some people in Bombay decided to consult the
133:
to rule that
Parshurama had allowed different Brahmin communities to follow different customs, and eating fish did not affect the Brahmin status of the Shenvis. As a result, Vitthal became the leader of the revived monastery, adopting the name Sacchidananda Sarasvati.
367:
The text goes on to describe the smaller
Brahmin communities of south-western India, including their customs and history. While the text attempts to express a cohesive Brahmin identity, such stories express the social tensions among the Brahmin communities.
351:). He made them wise and fair-skinned with light-colored eyes, but gradually, they became arrogant. As a result Parashurama cursed them, condemning them to poverty, jealousy, servitude to kings, and disgrace for taking money for their daughters' marriages.
167:
and a
Chitpavan, systematically attempted to censor the performances that narrated stories ascribing an ignoble origin to the Chitpavans. He sent agents with Maratha armies to destroy the manuscripts containing such stories. According to
153:, who served as an assistant magistrate in Konkan during 1859-1862. Raghoba dismissed the text's founding myth of Chitpavans as a "malicious invention" by Shenvi slanderers, and narrated another founding myth glorifying the Chitpavans.
58:. Historically, the text's authenticity was a matter of debate among Brahmins, with some using it to assert the Brahmin status of the Shenvis, while others - especially Chitpavans - denouncing it as a fabricated Puranic text.
354:
Karhades are fallen
Brahmins from the polluted land of Karashtra, and made offerings to the wicked goddess Matrika. The text derives their name from the word Karashtra ("evil land"), as well as the words "donkey-bones"
259:
The original core of the text, comprising 30 chapters, contains stories about
Brahmin village settlements that have suffered because their residents engaged in sexual misconduct, degrading work, or neglect of rituals.
90:
around the end of the first millennium": it contains stories about
Brahmin village settlements that have fallen from virtue. The remaining text appears to have been written later, as it describes the
228:
then available in Mumbai, did not mention the founding myth of the
Chitpavans. He concluded that the original text contained the story, which was removed as a result of Peshwa's censorship.
379:, which describes Brahmin family names and villages. Y. C. Bhanumati notes that the Kannada version has no similarities with Sanskrit text, and theorizes that the original
271:, contains stories about various social groups of the Brahmins. In this part, Shiva tells his son Skanda that ancient sages established the ten divisions of Brahmins (
244:. Several smaller texts, aimed at establishing identities and histories of various Brahmin communities, claim affiliation with it. The text narrates the legend of
196:, writes that the Peshwa ordered the burning of all the copies of the text. He then decreed anyone subsequently found in the possession of a copy to be hanged; a
477:
Nagendra Rao notes that there are several variations of the text, and provides the following
English-language names of the chapters, based on Cunha's edition:
1116:
39:. It is actually a collection of disparate texts that date from 5th to 13th centuries, and have been organized as part of a single text relatively recently.
423:
Another copy from the Royal
Asiatic Society, Bombay branch; apparently written by a Gujarati Brahmin; it is an incomplete manuscript with one section
469:
Cunha notes that there are several differences between these copies, which are results of incorrect copying as well as deliberate interpolations.
294:) at the expense of their rivals such as the Chitpavans and the Karhades. In the text, Shiva narrates the following founding myths to Skanda:
109:) as heroes, while ascribing ignoble origins to their rivals such as the Chitpavans and the Karhades. In 1631, a Brahman judicial assembly (
465:: these have few differences, but seem to be the result of repeated copying from a single source, with errors introduced in each version
599:
But it is very well known that the Sahyadri Khanda is of recent date and an interpolation and as such has little historical importance.
256:, where he performed his penances. According to the text, Parashurama reclaimed lands from the sea and settled them with Brahmins.
927:
Rosalind O'Hanlon (2013). "Performance in a World of Paper: Puranic Histories and Social communication in Early Modern India".
871:
978:
176:, the illiterate Maratha troops indiscriminately destroyed a large number of manuscripts as a result of this order.
904:
914:
Nagendra Rao (1999). "Reconstructing the Social History of South Kanara: A Study of the Sahyadri Khanda".
224:(1843-1901), who wrote on the history of Brahmin communities of Maharashtra, noted that the copies of the
221:
145:
as a fabricated Puranic text. Raghoba Mahadevrao, a famous Chitpavan performer, recited stories from the
1166:
206:
184:(1826), states that the Maratha state officials "carefully suppress or destroy all copies" of the
881:
395:
213:
1013:
885:
971:
861:
413:
406:
A copy from Svami Bhuvanendra-tirtha, a Vaishnava leader from Cochin, containing 90 chapters
8:
1161:
1111:
315:
314:. These settlers were "attractive, well-behaved, and skilled in every rite". The deities
164:
263:
The second part, composed in the later centuries and narrated as a conversation between
932:
384:
253:
169:
51:
1018:
900:
867:
590:
197:
106:
85:, citing Stephan Hillyer Levitt and João Manuel Pacheco de Figueiredo, describes the
47:
951:
1187:
1146:
1038:
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1008:
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434:
399:
372:
319:
217:
205:
to resolve a dispute over ritual entitlements, they had to request a copy from the
189:
177:
118:
420:
branch; contains 120 chapters divided into two parts containing 88 and 32 chapters
363:), stating that they originated when some semen spilled on a heap of donkey bones.
1043:
995:
584:
427:
150:
98:
classification of Brahmins, which became popular during the 13th-14th centuries.
55:
1141:
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280:
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95:
82:
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35:
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91:
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609:
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245:
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communities of south-western India. The text claims to be a part of the
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752:
677:
634:
619:
604:
462:
173:
156:
922:. Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College.
655:
653:
651:
649:
290:
of various Brahmin communities, glorifying the Shenvis (identified as
1103:
482:
440:
A copy from Chempi, Karnataka; missing several chapters in the middle
340:
307:
291:
268:
776:
749:
725:
113:) at Varanasi, the most authoritative of such assemblies, cited the
665:
646:
451:
327:
311:
249:
141:(1577 CE), which is sympathetic to the Karhades, characterizes the
126:
22:
931:. Oxford University Press / The Past and Present Society: 87–126.
987:
812:
488:
447:, dated 1770 CE; contains 108 chapters, divided into two sections
241:
122:
71:
30:
335:
824:
417:
409:
A copy from Raghunatha Sharma of Junnar containing 100 chapters
323:
303:
299:
160:
102:
43:
566:
564:
333:
Chita-pavana Brahmins were originally fishermen of Kaivartaki
264:
188:. Duff also writes that the Peshwa disgraced a Brahmin from
836:
788:
561:
192:
for possessing a copy of the text. Arthur Crawford, in his
956:
800:
117:
to assert the Brahmin status of the Shenvis. In 1564, the
549:
444:
240:
narrates stories that are variations of legends from the
212:
The debates over the text's authenticity continued after
520:
Three chapters related to demarcation of fallen villages
375:-language text with the same title contains the chapter
496:
The origin of different groups of Brāhmaṇas of Dakṣiṇa
50:), and slanders their traditional rivals, such as the
926:
782:
770:
758:
743:
731:
719:
707:
695:
683:
671:
659:
640:
628:
613:
457:
Five manuscripts from several men of Bombay, one in
880:
830:
818:
1179:
952:Reflections on the Sahyādrikhaṇḍa's Uttarārdha
859:
570:
514:Title not given-related to thirty-two villages
972:
523:Title not specified-related to the river Sitā
430:; contains 111 chapters, with several lacunae
412:Manuscript zz-b-14 from the catalogue of the
343:, and gave them Brahmin status by purifying (
913:
895:Nagendra Rao (2005). "The Sahyādri Khaṇḍa".
894:
842:
806:
794:
582:
555:
402:(1877) of the text based on 14 manuscripts:
330:and Mahalakshmi accompanied them to Konkan.
25:-language text, notable for containing the
979:
965:
78:(mid-13th century) quotes its fragmnets.
1180:
960:
437:; it contains one, undivided section
526:The story of Mithunāhara Brāhmaṇas
390:
306:, settling them in the villages of
298:Parshurama brought Sarasvatas from
13:
945:
14:
1199:
863:Hindu-Catholic Encounters in Goa
589:. Maharashtra State. p. 9.
511:Demarcation of inferior villages
383:must have been a different, now-
70:existed by the 13th century, as
852:
508:The praise composed by Bhārgava
576:
499:The consideration of Brāhmaṇas
1:
542:
866:. Indiana University Press.
502:In the praise of land grants
493:The Glory of Gomañcalakṣetra
347:) them on the funeral pyre (
339:. Parashurama met them at a
286:Next, the text narrates the
7:
986:
890:. Thacker, Viring & Co.
529:The story of fallen village
505:Demarcation of the villages
472:
222:Ramchandra Bhikaji Gunjikar
101:The text characterizes the
10:
1204:
231:
209:in present-day Karnataka.
61:
1102:
994:
159:(r. 1796-1818), the last
897:Brahmanas of South India
538:The glory of Mahālingeśa
517:Story of fallen villages
182:History of the Mahrattas
105:Brahmins (whom it calls
860:Alexander Henn (2014).
831:J. Gerson da Cunha 1877
819:J. Gerson da Cunha 1877
535:The glory of the Kṣetra
454:containing 100 chapters
139:Sata-prashna-kalpa-lata
76:Chatur-varga-chintamani
42:The text glorifies the
783:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
771:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
759:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
744:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
732:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
720:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
708:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
696:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
684:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
672:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
660:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
641:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
629:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
614:Rosalind O'Hanlon 2013
583:D. R. Amladi (1961).
414:Royal Asiatic Society
483:Chitpāvana Brāhmaṇas
461:, the other four in
435:Siddapura, Karnataka
396:José Gerson da Cunha
214:José Gerson da Cunha
1117:Sanat-kumara Purana
773:, pp. 105–106.
746:, pp. 104–106.
722:, pp. 103–104.
710:, pp. 123–124.
698:, pp. 121–123.
686:, pp. 118–119.
643:, pp. 118–123.
631:, pp. 106–109.
616:, pp. 104–105.
571:Alexander Henn 2014
165:Maratha Confederacy
882:J. Gerson da Cunha
532:The fallen village
252:mountain range as
248:, identifying the
207:Sringeri monastery
170:East India Company
1175:
1174:
1167:Vishnudharmottara
873:978-0-253-01300-2
843:Nagendra Rao 2005
807:Nagendra Rao 1999
795:Nagendra Rao 2005
586:Tuḷajāpūr Bhavānī
556:Nagendra Rao 1999
489:Karhāḍa Brāhmaṇas
198:Deshastha Brahmin
194:Legends of Konkan
149:, as recorded by
121:had destroyed an
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929:Past and Present
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400:critical edition
391:Critical edition
341:cremation ground
218:critical edition
178:James Grant Duff
81:German academic
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946:Further reading
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887:Sahyadri-Khanda
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821:, pp. 1–2.
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428:Kote, Karnataka
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381:Sahyadri-khanda
238:Sahyadri-khanda
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226:Sahyadri-khanda
203:Sahyadri-khanda
186:Sahyadri-khanda
151:Arthur Crawford
147:Sahyadri-khanda
143:Sahyadri-khanda
131:Sahyadri-khanda
115:Sahyadri-khanda
87:Sahyadri-khanda
68:Sahyadri-khanda
64:
46:(identified as
18:Sahyādri-khaṇḍa
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845:, p. 152.
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797:, p. 149.
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785:, p. 106.
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763:
761:, p. 105.
748:
736:
734:, p. 104.
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712:
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676:
674:, p. 114.
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662:, p. 103.
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487:The origin of
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481:The origin of
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459:Kannada script
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288:founding myths
281:gayatri mantra
277:Pancha Dravida
254:Mount Mahendra
233:
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172:administrator
96:Pancha Dravida
83:Alexander Henn
63:
60:
27:founding myths
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377:Grāmapaddhati
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125:monastery at
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36:Skanda Purana
32:
28:
24:
20:
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1162:Shivarahasya
1112:Brihaddharma
928:
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853:Bibliography
838:
833:, p. 2.
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450:A copy from
443:A copy from
433:A copy from
426:A copy from
394:
380:
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360:
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348:
344:
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285:
273:Pancha Gauda
267:and his son
262:
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237:
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216:published a
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111:dharma-sabha
110:
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92:Pancha Gauda
86:
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67:
65:
41:
34:
17:
16:
15:
398:prepared a
316:Shantadurga
246:Parashurama
29:of several
1019:Markendeya
996:Mahapurana
906:8178353008
543:References
463:Devanagari
292:Sarasvatas
174:Mark Wilks
157:Bajirao II
119:Portuguese
107:Sarasvatas
52:Chitpavans
48:Sarasvatas
1147:Narasimha
1104:Upapurana
1039:Bhagavata
1024:Bhavishya
1009:Brahmanda
312:Kusasthal
220:in 1877.
180:, in his
137:Madhav's
127:Kusasthal
1182:Category
1044:Naradiya
937:24543602
884:(1877).
473:Chapters
452:Varanasi
250:Sahyadri
56:Karhades
54:and the
23:Sanskrit
1188:Puranas
1142:Mudgala
1122:Ganesha
988:Puranas
595:7037412
373:Kannada
320:Mangesh
242:Puranas
232:Content
163:of the
123:Advaita
72:Hemadri
62:History
44:Shenvis
31:Brahmin
1137:Kapila
1132:Kalika
1084:Matsya
1074:Skanda
1059:Varaha
1049:Garuda
1034:Vishnu
1029:Vamana
1004:Brahma
935:
916:Indica
903:
870:
593:
418:Bombay
387:work.
345:pavana
328:Nagesh
324:Mhalsa
308:Kelosi
304:Konkan
300:Tirhut
269:Skanda
161:Peshwa
103:Shenvi
1157:Saura
1152:Samba
1127:Kalki
1094:Shiva
1089:Kurma
1069:Linga
1054:Padma
933:JSTOR
361:ashti
357:khara
349:chita
265:Shiva
21:is a
1079:Agni
1064:Vayu
901:ISBN
868:ISBN
591:OCLC
385:lost
336:jāti
310:and
275:and
236:The
94:and
66:The
445:Goa
302:to
190:Wai
74:'s
1184::
920:36
918:.
899:.
751:^
648:^
621:^
606:^
597:.
563:^
416:,
371:A
326:,
322:,
318:,
283:.
980:e
973:t
966:v
939:.
909:.
876:.
359:-
355:(
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