345:
land and other expansions in agriculture. Furthermore, grazing damages and compensation procedures for this were discussed, in addition to the distrust between the Sámi and the farmers/villagers. Mortenson argued for a more business-orientated meat production in reindeer herding, with larger herds of reindeer. Renberg disagreed; she "maintained that the key condition is rational herding, whether it is about milking or producing meat". "Allow those Sami who want to produce meat to do so, but also allow us with herds of approx. 100 reindeer the right to live according to the old Sami way of life". Mortenson was also concerned about a recent
Supreme Court ruling on grazing rights and compensation in Røros that had gone against the Sámi there.
285:, this tradition was regulated by contract between the countries. Eventually, as a majority of these Sami became Swedish citizens, grazing and reindeer herding rights from Sweden became a burden for Norway. During the negotiations of 1905, it was thought this cross-border reindeer herding included 80,000-100,000 Swedish reindeer in Troms and Nordland, and in comparison there were only 7000 Norwegian reindeer grazing in Sweden during the winter. During the Karlstad Convention, this was finally resolved so that Norway accepted the grazing rights from Sweden, but was curtailed so that reindeer migration had to occur after June 15, six weeks later than previous regulations.
465:
belonged to the part of
Southern Sámi reindeer herders who were the last to give up the close nomadic life with the reindeer. Mortenson argued for a modernization of reindeer herding. "Thus, there were representatives of two different herding methods that met, with somewhat contrasting interests in relation to what they wanted to achieve with regard to the revision of the reindeer herding laws. Mortenson wanted reindeer husbandry to be integrated into Norwegian society and wanted a law that would fit accordingly. Renberg was deeply rooted in the traditional, nomadic reindeer herding and was keen to preserve Sámi values and traditions".
273:, the Sámi school in Havika had started in 1910 as a boarding school for children from Southern Sámi families; the school was in many ways a "Norwegianization school", but was also a meeting place for the Sámi. The Sámi missionary organisation was founded in 1888, and from the beginning, made a conscious effort to use the Sámi language. After national assembly resolutions in 1912 and 1913, the organisation adopted into its bylaws that "the organisation should in no respect be in violation of the State's work concerning the church and schooling". This was interpreted as supporting the Norwegianization effort.
121:
183:/Elgå, was also a chairman and gave a lecture at the assembly about reindeer farming and how it had become hampered by the Joint Sámi Act ("Felleslappeloven") of 1883. The lecture sparked a debate that led to the forming of a separate committee concerning reindeer farming by the assembly. The committee later presented a proposal for a new reindeer farming act, which influenced the final shaping of the law in 1919. The other main issue at the assembly was the demand for a separate Sámi school, where children were taught and allowed to write in the
22:
196:
266:, within "schools, industries, the church, defense and intelligence - often in a close (and intimate) relation". The pressure was particularly directed at Sámi in "transitional districts" in coastal areas and remote fjords. A part of this was due to the school governor not wanting Sámi teachers to teach in Sámi villages where they could "be to the detriment of their Sámi knowledge"; they should therefore be sent to non-Sámi villages.
449:
which are necessary for the Sámi to know if they want to be able to exist as reindeer farmers". The resolution points out that this should be arranged in different ways in
Southern Sámi and Northern Sámi regions, given that in Southern Sámi areas, the Sámi kept on settling down there. It was also felt that it was the State, and not the Sámi missionary organisation, that should have responsibility for education.
320:
333:
437:-inspector, Vitalis Karnell, who gave an account of the new school system in Sweden. However, the assembly felt that this solution was not relevant in Norway. The discussion was otherwise marked by criticism of the Sámi school in Havika, criticism that was concerned with both practical and principle questions.
351:
The assembly agreed to a resolution where it was requested that the common law of free grazing would be maintained, and that the State had to buy or expropriate new grazing land to substitute grazing land that was now built upon. Changes in the rules concerning compensation for grazing damages caused
250:
In Sweden, the "limit of cultivation" had given Sámi nomads the right to use grazing land in the areas of the country that were situated above rural communities. These territories, however, were eventually adopted by new settlers, a process that has been characterized as "rural colonization", so that
246:
and
Gauldalsvidda fell outside these boundaries. With the Supplementary Sámi Act of 1897, landowners received the right to prohibit reindeer herding outside of the reindeer grazing territories. Prescriptive rights and common law were thus disregarded. However, the legal regulation of reindeer herding
241:
The Joint Sámi Act of 1883 was the first major attempt by the authorities to "gain control of the Sami's reindeer herding". The law applied to both Norway and Sweden, and established territories for reindeer grazing. The law introduced the principle of collective liability for all shareholders in the
280:
The question of reindeer herding across the border between Norway and Sweden had been a difficult topic during the
Karlstad Convention. From ancient times, the Sami reindeer herders placed little emphasis on national borders, and had let their reindeer graze in Sweden during the winter and in Norway
468:
Mortenson was not concerned with Sámi education in schools either. Renberg had a starkly contrasting view. This view has been described as a "special demand" from
Renberg's side, and a "general demand" from Mortenson's side. It was clear during the assembly that government representatives preferred
359:
also attended the assembly and was active in the discussions about herding laws, in addition to that, he was one of the keynote speakers on the topic "legislation". Olsen had worked together with
Renberg earlier, and was chosen as legal consultant to the committee that would work on the question of
344:
Mortenson held the lecture on reindeer herding. The topic was discussed in relation to the "domestic relationships" and the "international (Norway/Sweden) relationships". The discussion on domestic relationships concerned first and foremost the loss of grazing land as a result of the farming of new
384:
introduced the legal issues. Tomasson discussed the Joint Sámi Act and highlighted several instances that "did not form a harmonious relationship with the Sami's interests"; he also said that the internal agricultural colonization "had deprived the Sami one right after another". He also criticised
327:
was emissary and took part in the assemblies of both 1917 and 1921. During the discussion on the Joint Sámi Act, she gave a longer contribution where she said that "the right to own land and grazing territories belonged to the Sámi, who were in fact the country's first settlers". Painting by Astri
448:
had initiated this meeting. The discussion concluded with a resolution that was attached to the minutes of the assembly. It was demanded that "the State should be obliged to provide Sámi education while retaining the Sámi language in the schools, with Sámi overseers and teaching of such subjects,
276:
In Sweden, the authorities, through a school reform in 1913, had split Sámi children into two groups, the so-called "category splitting": children of reindeer herding Sámi went to "the Nomad school", whilst children of non-nomadic Sámi went to regular schools, where they lost their Sámi identity.
464:
Mortenson and
Renberg were regarded as leaders of each faction. The two had experiences of different forms of reindeer farming. In Røros, Mortenson had already in 1902 begun to shift from intensive reindeer herding nomadism to extensive meat production. Renberg's grazing district in Helgeland
388:
Olsen discussed the rules concerning compensation for grazing damages caused by reindeer; the current practice was often that the damages were assessed with prejudice by the affected farmer's neighbours and friends. The same farmers and their friends also sat in on the full
179:(1877–1931) from Helgeland and the Sámi Women's union at Brurskanken initiated the assembly. Renberg was the assembly's chairwoman and gave the opening speech at the meeting. The other major Sámi leader at that time, Daniel Mortenson from
297:, a slide show lecture by reindeer herding officer Kristian Nissen about "Sami and reindeer in Norway", and a historical lecture by "Headmaster Prytz" about the Røros Sámi, emphasising the assault on the Sámi at Dalbusjøen in 1811.
421:
advocated that a Sámi newspaper should be started. He thought that it should be published in
Norwegian, whilst Gunnar Johnsen Vesterfjeld from Helgeland thought that such a newspaper could be written in both Norwegian and Sámi.
124:
Participants at the first Sámi national assembly, photographed at the
Methodist Church in Trondheim on 6 February 1917. Around 150 Sámi people gathered at the assembly from Norway and Sweden. 6 February has since become the
66:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
232:
In the years preceding the assembly, Sámi people in both Norway and Sweden felt that their culture and livelihoods were threatened. Therefore, in the years 1904–1910, both Sámi organisations and journals started to arise.
211:
242:
reindeer grazing territories for damages inflicted by the reindeer on the local agriculture. In 1894, the boundaries for reindeer grazing were established, yet important grazing areas such as
433:
A high priority during the assembly was the demand for a separate Sámi school, and that children had to be taught in the Sámi language. The issue was introduced by a lecture from the Swedish
352:
by reindeer were demanded. They also wanted to changes to the rules regarding the sale of unmarked reindeer; such that the profits from this in the future could go to common Sámi causes.
52:
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After the common assembly was ended on Friday, and in line with the Friday discussions, a special meeting was held on Saturday 10 February concerning schooling.. Sanna Jonassen from
161:
is celebrated on 6 February to commemorate the beginning of this assembly. Around 150 participants gathered at the assembly, of which the majority consisted of Southern Sámi from
414:, had been invited to the assembly. He recommended a structure with regional associations, municipal associations, and a nationwide association or a Scandinavian union.
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the provisions that regulated reindeer migration between Sweden and Norway, and thought that these were both contrary to the nature of the reindeer and common law.
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The discussion on herding and legislation were closely linked, and took up most of the time at the assembly. The resolutions dealt with these issues together.
293:
There were four key issues on the assembly schedule: reindeer grazing, legislation, schooling, and organisation issues. In addition, there was a lecture on
941:
372:. This committee met again in Mosjøen a few weeks after the national assembly, and delivered in 1919, a separate proposal for a new reindeer herding law.
69:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
897:
Salvesen, Helge (1979). "Makt og avmakt i samisk historie. Politisk organisering blant sørsamane rundt hundreårsskiftet". In Stemshaug, Ole (ed.).
599:
Dasgo eallin gáibida min soahtái ja mii boahtit – mii boahtit dállán!/Selve livet kalder os til kamp og vi kommer – vi kommer straks!
247:
was in constant motion, and several commissions worked on the reindeer herding question up until the next reindeer herding act came in 1933.
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An impression that there were "two factions" during the assembly has attached itself to the meeting, an impression that was established in
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393:, thought Olsen. In the discussion after these lectures, the damages inflicted on reindeer by the villagers' stray dogs was also cited.
461:'s report from the assembly in the same week. Later historiography has alternated between minimizing this point, and highlighting it.
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reindeer herding further. The others on the committee were Thomas Renberg (Elsa Laula Renberg's husband) and Nils Kappfjeld from
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This was called "Lapps should be Lapps" politics, where "real Sámi" were defined in a way that ostracized large groups of Sámi.
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Questions of territory and grazing rights were particularly a problem in the Southern Sámi areas. In the Northern Sámi areas of
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The assembly was conducted in Norwegian, partly due to Norwegian-speaking guests, and partly due to the difference between the
300:
The programme also included a civic reception, a dinner at the Trade Association, theatre visits, and a tour of the cathedral.
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The committee formed to draw up a proposal for a new reindeer herding law were also asked to consider the organisation issue.
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the reindeer herds were pushed away from the known grazing areas. The Sámi's liability for reindeer damages remained however.
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153:. The Sámi who took part in the assembly were from both Norway and Sweden. The meeting was held at the Methodist Church in
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Sandøy, Ragnhild. "Fornorsking av Finnmark blei deres liv: Samiske lærerpionerer fra Tanafjorden". In Girji, Davvi (ed.).
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Norwegian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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206:. She was the assembly's initiator. The picture was probably taken in 1916 as part of the promotion for the assembly.
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languages. Johan Roska apologised during the discussions that one could not use their own language at the assembly.
224:, took part in establishing several Sámi organizations, and was elected as chairman for this assembly. Painting by
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Reindriftsloven av 1933: Om den først reindriftsloven som omfattet hele Norge: Bakgrunn, forhistorie, og innhold
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The international relationships concerned the question of grazing across the border between Sweden and Norway.
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was one of the most active Sámi politicians at that time. He was a reindeer herder, edited the newspaper
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Samenes første landsmøte: 6.-9. februar 1917 : grunnlaget for samefolkets dag 6. februar
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general, unspecified demands. Nissen succeeded in rejecting a draft resolution from the two
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Samisk skole eller Norsk Standard?: Reformene i det norsk skoleverket og samisk opplæring
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802:. Sámi assembly discussed in chapter «Landsmøter i en mørk periode», pp. 368–386
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495:"Opprettelse av reinbeitedistrikt i Sør-Norge : overgrep eller tilrettelegging?"
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340:. Roska advocated that a Sámi newspaper should be started. Painting by Astri Aasen.
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884:"Protokoll Norske lappers 1ste landsmøte avholdt i Trondhjem 6.-9. februar 1917".
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Aarseth, Bjørn. "Internatet som sosialt bygdesentrum". In Girji, Davvi (ed.).
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Wuolab, Anne (2007). "Forfatteren Elsa Laula og boka 'Inför lif eller död?".
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Løøv, Anders (1994). "En samisk sitje går under på Gauldalsvidda år 1811".
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Den samiske nasjon: interesseorganisasjoner i samenes politiske historie
202:(1877–1931) was a reindeer herder in the Brurskanken mountains south of
871:
Pareli, Leif (1988). "Det første samiske landsmøtet – Trondheim 1917".
88:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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203:
833:. Tromsø, Norway: Senter for samiske studier, Universitetet i Tromsø.
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i daglige reportasjoner 6.-10. februar 1917; gjengitt hos Borgen 1997
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Samer sør for midnattssola, sørsamenes historie, kultur og levemåte
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Sámi on the grounds that it concerned "special interests".
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364:, Nils Andersen Nursfjeld and Per Larsen Jomafjeld from
955:", Saemien Sijte, via digitaltmuseum.no (in Norwegian)
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To initiate the establishment of a Sámi organisation,
55:
a machine-translated version of the Norwegian article.
818:. Snåsa, Norway: Saemien sijte: 75–81. Archived from
726:(in Norwegian). Kautokeino, Norway: Sámi Instituhtta.
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830:Samebevegelsen i Norge: idé og strategi 1900-1940
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960:Protokoll for "De norske lappers 1ste landsmøte"
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939:Hundreårsjubileum for samenes første landsmøte
932:Samane si politiske organisering på 1900-talet
700:"Et samisk samfunn går under på Gauldalsvidda"
84:accompanying your translation by providing an
46:Click for important translation instructions.
33:expand this article with text translated from
808:"Trondheimslandsmøtet 1917 og samebevegelsen"
785:
761:
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892:. Snåsa, Norway: Saemien sijte: 82–88. 1991.
870:
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596:Solbakk, John Trygve; Solbakk, Aage (1999).
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408:, former editor of the Trondheim newspaper
237:Territory restrictions and Norwegianization
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879:. Snåsa, Norway: Saemien sijte: 103–116.
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289:Lectures and discussions at the assembly
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914:. Snåsa, Norway: Saemien sijte: 67–78.
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368:, and Johan Barrok and Mortenson from
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845:. Karasjok, Norway: CálliidLágádus.
748:"Protokoll Norske lappers..." (1991)
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602:. Karasjok, Norway: Čálliidlágádus.
380:Lawyer Olsen and the Swedish jurist
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948:", Norgeshistorie.no (in Norwegian)
934:", Norgeshistorie.no (in Norwegian)
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501:. No. 116–117. pp. 38–54.
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13:
901:. Trondheim, Norway: Trønderlaget.
790:. Bergen, Norway: Fagbokforlaget.
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96:{{Translated|no|Samemøtet i 1917}}
14:
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919:
677:. Tromsø, Norway: Tromsø Museum.
355:Lawyer Ole Tobias Olsen jr. from
559:. Karasjok, Norway: Davvi Girji.
453:Two factions during the assembly
315:The question of reindeer herding
20:
962:", Tromsø Museum (in Norwegian)
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281:during the summer. Through the
157:from 6 to 9 February 1917. The
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94:You may also add the template
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953:Samenes første landsmøte 1917
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190:
827:Jernsletten, Regnor (1998).
806:Jernsletten, Regnor (1991).
771:. Trondheim, Norway: Tapir.
674:Festskrift til Ørnulv Vorren
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262:, the biggest challenge was
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214:Daniel Mortenson from Elgå/
10:
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926:Tråante 2017 official site
650:"Reindriftssamene og 1905"
58:Machine translation, like
996:20th century in Trondheim
493:Severinsen, Anna (1979).
35:the corresponding article
899:Årbok for Trøndelag 1979
698:Jan H. (19 March 2011).
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133:Credit: Schrøderarkivet/
586:Borgen (1997), p. 11–25
105:For more guidance, see
786:Braseth, Leif (2014).
720:Berg, Bård A. (1994).
573:Samisk skolehistorie 1
536:Samisk skolehistorie 4
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144:Sámi Assembly of 1917
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107:Knowledge:Translation
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866:. Oslo, Norway: Pax.
839:Johansen, Siri Broch
550:Lund, Svein (2003).
338:Nesseby Municipality
323:Marie Finnskog from
283:Lapp Codicil of 1751
860:Otnes, Per (1970).
400:Organisation issues
944:2017-02-11 at the
843:Elsa Laula Renberg
646:Bull, Kirsti Strøm
523:Otnes 1970; p. 129
514:Jernsletten (1991)
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330:
325:Røros Municipality
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200:Elsa Laula Renberg
177:Elsa Laula Renberg
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86:interlanguage link
852:978-82-8263-171-6
797:978-82-450-1718-2
704:Samernes Historie
625:"Nomadskoleboken"
623:Asplund, Roland.
459:Adresse Newspaper
417:Johan Roska from
336:Johan Roska from
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391:bench trial
376:Legislation
269:Outside of
244:Trollheimen
226:Astri Aasen
135:Sverresborg
42:(July 2017)
970:Categories
756:References
737:Dagsposten
684:8271420178
191:Background
429:Schooling
362:Helgeland
167:Trøndelag
155:Trondheim
100:talk page
942:Archived
841:(2015).
765:(1997).
648:(2005).
471:Finnmark
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256:Troms
216:Røros
181:Røros
60:DeepL
847:ISBN
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307:and
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72:You
53:View
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