Russo-Georgian War

4298:(non-EU state), oversaw the making of the EU-sponsored report which was published in September 2009. The report stated that open hostilities started "... with a large-scale Georgian military operation against the town of Tskhinvali and the surrounding areas, launched in the night of 7 to 8 August 2008", This conclusion was widely reported on by international media. However, the report also noted "... any explanation of the origins of the conflict cannot focus solely on the artillery attack on Tskhinvali in the night of 7/8 August", since "... it was only the culminating point of a long period of increasing tensions, provocations and incidents", and there was "... no way to assign overall responsibility for the conflict to one side alone." The report said it "is not in a position" to consider the Georgian claims of the Russian invasion before 8 August to be substantiated enough, while recognising reports in Russian media which indicated Russian troops and equipment which did not fall under the peacekeeping mandate were already present on the southern side of the Caucasus range, in South Ossetia. The report also stated that it could not claim "veracity or completeness in an absolute sense", and could not give "total assurance that there are no mistakes or omissions". 3184: 4952:

during the action. Training to simulate combat against a probable enemy, the 58th Army, had never been organised by the Georgian Army. During the war, communications broke down in the mountains and troops had to resort to mobile phones. There was insufficient planning; according to Giorgi Tavdgiridze, nobody thought about sealing the Roki Tunnel. There was a dismal organisation of the delivery of 10,000 Georgian reservists in Gori on 9 August; they had no specific targets and went back to Tbilisi the following day. The conflict was named by Georgian journalists as the war "that was hidden from history" because there was very little video recording of the fighting. According to their American trainers, Georgian soldiers were unprepared for fighting despite having "warrior spirit". There was a small number of disciplined and knowledgeable officers in high ranking positions, and Saakashvili's government had no military background.

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actions which had a strong effect on the local populations of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. For the first time, a Russian Armed Forces spokesman was provided by the Russian authorities to give TV interviews about the war. Despite these tactics and domestic success, the Russian information operation against Georgia was not successful internationally. In response to the information war, the Georgian government halted the broadcasting of Russian television channels in Georgia and blocked access to Russian websites. The information skirmishes between Georgia and Russia continued after armed hostilities had ended. According to political scientist Svante Cornell, the Kremlin spent millions in an international information campaign to blame Georgia for the war; however, there is evidence,

2480: 660: 3944:" in South Ossetia. Russian authorities initially claimed that up to 2,000 ethnic Ossetian civilians of Tskhinvali were killed by Georgian forces; according to Russia, the reason for the Russian involvement in the conflict in Georgia was this large number of fatalities. Public opinion among Ossetians was impacted by claims of high casualties; according to HRW, some Ossetian civilians said in interviews that they approved of burning and pillaging of Georgian villages because of the "thousands of civilian casualties in South Ossetia" announced by Russian television. In December 2008, the figures were revised down to a total of 162 South Ossetian casualties by the Investigative Committee of the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation. 3137: 3482:) and approved a six-point proposal. The proposal originally had four points, but Russia firmly requested to add two more. Georgia requested that the additions be parenthesised; Russia objected and Sarkozy prevailed upon Saakashvili to accept the agreement. According to Sarkozy and Saakashvili, a sixth point in the Sarkozy proposal was removed with Medvedev's consent. On 14 August, South Ossetian President Eduard Kokoity and Abkhaz President Sergei Bagapsh also endorsed the plan. The following day Condoleezza Rice travelled to Tbilisi, where Saakashvili signed the document in her presence. On 16 August, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed the agreement. 3900: 1730: 2936:(the Georgian Minister for Reintegration) arrived in Tskhinvali for a previously arranged meeting with South Ossetians and Russian diplomat Yuri Popov; however, Russia's emissary, who blamed a flat tire, did not appear; and neither did the Ossetians. One day earlier the South Ossetians rejected direct negotiations with Georgian authorities, demanding a meeting of the Joint Control Commission for Georgian–Ossetian Conflict Resolution. Tbilisi had left the Commission in March, demanding that a new mediation scheme included the European Union, the OSCE and the Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia. Iakobashvili contacted General 3058:

west of South Ossetia by Georgian special police forces was thwarted by South Ossetian troops occupying reinforced posts, and several Georgians were wounded. The Georgian 4th Brigade advanced on the left side of Tskhinvali early in the morning on 8 August; the 3rd Brigade advanced on the right side. The purpose of these actions was to advance to the north after capturing key positions. The Georgian troops would secure the Gupta bridge and the road to the Roki Tunnel, barring the Russian military from moving southward. By the morning, the South Ossetian authorities had reported that the Georgian shelling had killed at least 15 civilians.

2945:"All the evidence available to the country team supports Saakashvili's statement that this fight was not Georgia's original intention. Key Georgian officials who would have had responsibility for an attack on South Ossetia have been on leave, and the Georgians only began mobilizing August 7 once the attack was well underway. As late as 2230 last night Georgian MOD and MFA officials were still hopeful that the unilateral cease-fire announced by President Saakashvili would hold. Only when the South Ossetians opened up with artillery on Georgian villages, did the offensive to take Tskhinvali begin." 72: 3876:

targeted by Georgian artillery fire. Georgia stated that its strikes only intended to "neutralize firing positions from where Georgian positions were being targeted". HRW documented witness accounts of the usage of civilian objects by South Ossetian fighters. Such usage made civilian objects permissible military aims, and HRW concluded that South Ossetian fighters put non-combatant population at risk by setting up military positions near or in civilian structures. Georgia was responsible for the indiscriminate use of force by using inaccurate weapons to target military targets in civilian areas.

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Russia, it suffered its first casualties at around 12:00 when two servicemen were killed and five injured following an attempt by the Georgian troops to storm the northern peacekeeping base in Tskhinvali. Georgia has stated that it only targeted Russian peacekeepers in self-defence, after coming under fire from them. Most of Tskhinvali and several villages had been secured by Georgian troops by the afternoon; however, they failed to blockade the Gupta bridge and the key roads linking Tshkinvali with the Roki Tunnel and the Russian military base in

3709:(EUMM) monitors the Administrative Boundary Lines of both South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Although the mission is mandated to operate in the entire territory of Georgia, it is not admitted into South Ossetia and Abkhazia by the local de facto authorities. Besides monitoring the mission is also involved in confidence building and incident mediation by providing an incident hotline. As of December 2021, 220 EUMM monitors from 26 EU member states operate in Georgia based in 3 Field Offices and the Tbilisi Headquarters, while 2 support staff operate from 1891: 520: 508: 496: 4914: 806: 3613: 2208: 92: 5043: 1012: 786: 274: 3026: 3538: 112: 3042: 2925:

the South Ossetian armed forces were ready to go on the offensive in the next few hours. At 14:00 on 7 August, two Georgian peacekeepers in Avnevi became casualties of Ossetian shelling. At about 14:30, Georgian tanks, 122 mm howitzers and 203 mm self-propelled artillery began heading towards South Ossetia to dissuade separatists from additional attacks. During the afternoon, OSCE monitors noted Georgian military traffic, including artillery, on roads near Gori. In the afternoon, Georgian personnel left the

2607: 2680: 2856: 101: 1898: 476: 456: 444: 432: 3165: 759: 3149: 2126:. Russia recognised the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia from Georgia on 26 August and the Georgian government severed diplomatic relations with Russia. Russia mostly completed its withdrawal of troops from undisputed parts of Georgia on 8 October. Russian international relations were largely unharmed. The war displaced 192,000 people. While many returned to their homes after the war, 20,272 people, mostly ethnic Georgians, remained displaced as of 2014. In 2021, the 5012:

Russia's "armed forces have emerged from years of neglect as a formidable fighting force, but revealed important deficiencies." He stated that Russia fell short of its role of a first-rate military power due to these faults. Unlike the Second Chechen War, Russia's force in Georgia was composed primarily of professional soldiers instead of conscripts. Reuters journalists in Georgia stated that they found the Russian forces to be well-outfitted and orderly forces. CAST director

949: 772: 261: 3094:, the column had begun moving towards South Ossetia at the same time as President Medvedev was giving a televised speech. At around 17:00 MSK, Russian tank columns surrounded Tskhinvali and began bombing the Georgian positions. The Russian Air Force mounted attacks on Georgian infantry and artillery on 8 August, but suspended sorties for two days after taking early losses from anti-aircraft fire. Georgian troops left the centre of the town in the evening. Military expert 746: 3722: 3459: 18584: 1884: 866: 635: 623: 611: 599: 587: 575: 561: 546: 3157: 3860: 1045: 290: 81: 3289: 2764:, known for his strong ties with the Russian military and intelligence, suggested at a press conference in South Ossetia on 30 June that the existence of Georgian enclaves in South Ossetia was the last remaining barrier to the recognition and South Ossetia had to solve this problem. He further stated that South Ossetia's independence would block Georgia's NATO membership and the recognition must take place before December 2008. The 4107:'s actions, "No state has the right to intervene militarily in the territory of another state simply because there are individuals there with a passport issued by that state or who are nationals of the state. Attempts to apply such a doctrine have plunged Europe into war in the past... And we have reason to remember how Hitler used this very doctrine little more than half a century ago to undermine and attack substantial parts of 5173: 2832:, including the 58th Army, took part. The exercise included training to aid peacekeeping forces stationed in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. During exercises, a pamphlet named "Soldier! Know your probable enemy!" was circulated among the Russian soldiers. The pamphlet described the Georgian Armed Forces. Russian troops stayed near the border with Georgia after the end of their exercise on 2 August, instead of going back to their 1905: 413: 401: 389: 377: 365: 353: 341: 327: 313: 2365:'s (JCC) mandate. Some, mostly ethnically Georgian parts of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast remained under the Georgian control. The Tskhinvali-based separatist authorities of the self-proclaimed Republic of South Ossetia were in control of one third of the territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast before the 2008 war, Georgia controlled another third and the rest was not controlled by anyone. 902: 248: 4384:, ten light infantry battalions of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th infantry brigades, special forces and an artillery brigade, totalling approximately 12,000 troops, had been concentrated by the start of the conflict. The primary task of securing Tskhinvali was accomplished by the 4th Brigade with support from the 2nd and 3rd Brigades. According to the EU fact-finding mission, 10,000–11,000 soldiers took part in the war. 3369:, Russian deputy chief of the General staff, denied the Russian presence in Poti the following day. One day after Russia's declaration of the beginning of the withdrawal from Georgia, 70 Russian soldiers moved into the seaport on the morning of 19 August. Russian soldiers took twenty-one Georgian troops prisoner and grabbed five US Humvees in Poti, taking them to a Russian-occupied military base in Senaki. 2885:, the South Ossetian separatists evacuated more than 20,000 civilians, which represented more than 90 per cent of the civilian population of the future combat zone. On 4 August, South Ossetian president Eduard Kokoity said that about 300 volunteers had arrived from North Ossetia to help fight the Georgians and thousands more were expected from the North Caucasus. On 5 August, South Ossetian presidential 3672:), with the latter being expanded to over 2,000 in the months leading to the 2008 war. With these mechanisms becoming obsolete after the 2008 war, the Russian recognition of the independence of both regions was a prerequisite to legitimise the post-war stay of Russian armed forces with the conclusion of "bilateral" military cooperation and integration agreements with the newly recognised "states". 2877:

now fifteen, among them several civilians; the Georgian casualties were six wounded civilians and one wounded policeman. According to the OSCE mission, the incident was the worst outbreak of violence since 2004. On 2–3 and again on 3–4 August, firing recommenced during the night. A 1992 ceasefire agreement was breached by Ossetian artillery attacks.

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Russia claimed that it had to conduct peacekeeping operations according to the international mandates, in reality such accords had only arranged the ceasefire observer status; according to political scientist Roy Allison, Russia could evacuate its peacekeepers if attacked. At around 16:00 MSK, it became known that two heavy armoured columns of the

4380:, the Georgian troops included the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Infantry Brigades, the Artillery Brigade, part of the 1st Infantry Brigade and the standalone Gori Tank Battalion. Additionally, special forces and Ministry of Internal Affairs troops were deployed. The total number of troops was 16,000 according to the magazine. According to the 3583:. On 12 December 2008, Russian forces withdrew; eight hours later they re-entered the village and Georgian police withdrew after the Russians warned they would fire. Russian forces then set up three stations in the village. On 18 October 2010, all Russian forces in Perevi withdrew to South Ossetia and Georgian soldiers entered. 3011:

guidance and did not want to aggravate tensions. The entrance of second batch of Russian military through the Roki Tunnel during the night of 7/8 August pressured Georgian president Saakashvili to respond militarily around 23:00 to check Russian all-out incursion near the Roki Tunnel before the Western response would be late.

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hindered Georgia's prospects for joining NATO for the foreseeable future. Medvedev stated in November 2011 that NATO would have accepted former Soviet republics if Russia had not attacked Georgia. "If you ... had faltered back in 2008, the geopolitical situation would be different now," Medvedev told the officers of a

2800:, to Georgia on the next day nearly coincided with the timing of the flight. Georgia summoned back its ambassador to Russia after Russia admitted its jets had flown in Georgia's airspace to "let hot heads in Tbilisi cool down". This was the first time in the 2000s that Russia had confessed to an overflight of Georgia. 4331:. NATO said that its presence in the Black Sea was not related to the Georgian crisis; its vessels were carrying out typical visits and preplanned naval trainings with Romania and Bulgaria. Russian General Anatoliy Nogovitsyn recalled the limit on the number of vessels admitted into the Black Sea under the 1936 2975:, the centre of the Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia. The escalated assaults forced Georgian civilians to flee their homes. A high-ranking officer of the Georgian Ministry of Defence said late on 7 August that his country was going to "restore constitutional order" in response to the shelling. 3684:

these so called "militarized border guard bases" have been constructed near the boundary line of both regions with Tbilisi controlled Georgia. In each region an estimated 3,500 Russian military servicemen and around 1,500 FSB personnel are deployed. Georgia considers the two regions occupied by Russia.

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When the history of the conflict comes to be written, it may be that a small incident on the road linking Georgia to Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, will be identified as the starting point of war. The US State Department's internal timeline of the crisis pinpoints the explosion on August 1

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The RIA Novosti editorial also said that Russian Su-25 ground-attack jets did not have radar vision and ground-target coordinate computing. They also did not have long-range surface-to-air missiles that could be fired beyond the air-defence zones of an adversary. Opposition-affiliated Russian analyst

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and Buk anti-aircraft missile systems, bought by Georgia from Ukraine, were responsible for shooting down Russian aircraft during the war. A Russian assessment, reported by Roger McDermott, said that Russian losses would have been significantly higher if the Georgians had not left behind a portion of

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The BBC reported that "the EU may welcome the report itself, but may want to distance itself from the content." The report was heavily criticised for some of its pro-Kremlin statements by independent Russian and American researchers who pointed out that the report had omitted facts implicating Russia

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said on late 11 August, "Russia has invaded a sovereign neighbouring state and threatens a democratic government elected by its people. Such an action is unacceptable in the 21st century." Bush also said, "There's evidence that Russian forces may soon begin bombing the civilian airport in the capital

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by the Georgians and RBK 250 cluster bombs by the Russians caused fatalities among civilians. Georgia reportedly used cluster munitions twice to hit non-combatants escaping via the important Dzara road and confessed attacking Russian forces and the vicinity of the Roki Tunnel by cluster bombs. Russia

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The war also affected Georgia's ongoing and future memberships in international organisations. On 12 August 2008 the country proclaimed that it would quit the Commonwealth of Independent States, which it held responsible for not avoiding the war. Its departure became effective in August 2009. The war

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states also became apparent over the relationship with Russia. Ukraine and other ex-Soviet countries received a clear message from the Russian leadership that the possible accession to NATO would cause a foreign incursion and the break-up of the country. Effective takeover of Abkhazia was also one of

3218:. Escaping Georgians blamed Russian president Medvedev for their suffering because they, trusting Medvedev's statement on ceasefire, had remained in their homes before the Russian advance. The Russian military captured Gori on 13 August. The destruction of Georgian military bases began. Major General 3109:

In the afternoon of 9 August, a Georgian effort to push deeper into Tskhinvali was repulsed with Georgian losses and they withdrew. According to the Georgian Defence Minister, the Georgian military had tried to push into Tskhinvali three times by 9 August. During the last attempt they were met with a

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South Ossetian separatists began intensively shelling Georgian villages on 1 August. This caused Georgian peacekeepers and servicemen in the area to return fire. Grenades and mortar fire were exchanged during the night of 1/2 August. The total Ossetian fatalities became six and the total wounded were

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Damaged furniture, partially documents and stationery strewn across the offices of the harbourmaster and the coastguard headquarters bore testament to frenzied looting. Computers had been prized from their sockets, patches of dirt on kitchen walls showed where fridges once stood and office doors had

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stated that "protecting the lives and dignity of our citizens, wherever they may be, is an unquestionable priority for our country". The presence of Russian citizens in foreign countries would form a doctrinal foundation for invasion. Medvedev's statement on the existence of territories with Russian

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On 8 September, Sarkozy and Medvedev signed another agreement on a Russian pullback from Georgia. After meeting with the French president, Medvedev said the withdrawal depended on assurances that Georgia would not use force; Russian forces would withdraw "from the zones adjacent to South Ossetia and

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and Russian forces were in charge of Gori together. He also said that Russian troops would begin leaving Gori in two days. Combined guard efforts by the Russian Army and Georgian police in Gori soon broke down. The next day, Russian forces pushed to about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Tbilisi, the

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on 8 August that after Ossetians had responded to the ceasefire by shelling, "it became clear" that South Ossetians wouldn't stop firing and that the Georgian casualties were 10 killed and 50 wounded. According to Pavel Felgenhauer, the Ossetians intentionally provoked the Georgians, so Russia would

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While there are no official figures, Russian ground equipment losses in the war are estimated to be three tanks, at least 20 armoured and 32 non-armoured vehicles lost in combat. Several more vehicles were impaired in accidents. During one engagement, Georgian forces destroyed 25 out of 30 vehicles

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detailed some cases of bias in the Tagliavini commission's work, such as the omission of the Russian troop deployments to South Ossetia before the Georgian counterattack on Tskhinvali, and concluded that "the flexible Swiss diplomat and her minions made it seem like Georgia was the provocateur" and

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that Western policy makers did not want to alienate Russia because its support was necessary to solve "international problems". The May 2015 report by the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the European Parliament stated that "the reaction of the EU to Russia's aggression towards, and violation of the

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in Abkhazia were established, formalised in an agreement valid for 49 years. Then, Russia started the construction of border guard bases under the command of the Russian FSB Border Guard Service to demarcate and "protect the state border" of both South Ossetia and Abkhazia. In total more than 30 of

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is an important city in the centre of Georgia, located about 25 km (16 mi) from Tskhinvali. On 9 August, Russia indiscriminately bombed Gori, with targets ranging from a military garrison to several large civilian apartment buildings and a school. The Georgian government reported that the

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Mortar and artillery exchange between the South Ossetian and Georgian forces erupted in the afternoon of 6 August across almost the entire front line, which lasted until the dawn of 7 August. Exchanges resumed following a brief gap in the morning. South Ossetian leader Eduard Kokoity announced that

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detonated on the road near Tskhinvali near a Georgian police vehicle, wounding five police officers. In response, Georgian snipers fired on South Ossetian positions, killing four Ossetians and wounding seven. According to the majority of reports, the South Ossetians were responsible for instigating

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provided a higher estimate for air force losses, saying that Russian Air Force total losses during the war were one Tu-22M3 long-range bomber, one Su-24M Fencer fighter-bomber, one Su-24MR Fencer E reconnaissance plane and four Su-25 attack planes. Anton Lavrov listed one Su-25SM, two Su-25BM, two

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Swedish analysts Carolina Vendil Pallin and Fredrik Westerlund said that although the Russian Black Sea Fleet did not meet significant resistance, it proved effective at implementing elaborate operations. Mechanised infantry opened a new front in Abkhazia, which contributed to the quickness of the

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article, "Georgia's Army fled ahead of the Russian Army's advance, turning its back and leaving Georgian civilians in an enemy's path. Its planes did not fly after the first few hours of contact. Its navy was sunk in the harbor, and its patrol boats were hauled away by Russian trucks on trailers."

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Georgian forces started moving in the direction of Tskhinvali following several hours of bombardment and engaged South Ossetian forces and militia near Tskhinvali at 04:00 on 8 August, with Georgian tanks remotely shelling South Ossetian positions. An attempt to take the village of Kvaysa from the

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adopted a resolution on 5 June which condemned the deployment of Russian forces to Abkhazia. The resolution stated that the peacekeeping structure should be changed because Russia was no longer an unbiased player. Russian railroad troops started to withdraw from Abkhazia on 30 July after attending

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In late April, the Russian government said that Georgia was assembling 1,500 troops and policemen in the upper Kodori Gorge area and was planning to "invade" Abkhazia, and that Russia would "retaliate" against Georgian offensive and had deployed more military in the separatist regions. No boost in

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According to Russian expert Anton Lavrov, on 8 August, Russian and South Ossetian troops deployed in South Ossetia were unaware that Russian aviation was involved in the war. Russian troops and South Ossetians often assessed Russian aircraft as enemy and shot at them before precise identification

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editorial said that Russian forces were without reliable aerial-reconnaissance systems, once using a Tupolev Tu-22M3 bomber instead. However, Russian reconnaissance battalions and regiments were also deployed during the war. Deputy chief of the General staff of Russia, General Anatoly Nogovitsyn,

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The war displaced 192,000 people, including 127,000 within the undisputed parts of Georgia and 65,000 within South Ossetia or from South Ossetia to North Ossetia. Many were able to go back to their homes after the war, but a year later around 30,000 ethnic Georgians were still uprooted. As of May

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A direct result of the war has been the increased and emboldened Russian military presence in both South Ossetia and Abkhazia. While Russian armed forces were present in both regions before the outbreak of the war, in the capacity of peacekeeping forces since the civil wars in the 1990s, this was

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reported that Russian military was being deployed to the Georgian border on 6 August and that "there is no doubt that Russia thus demonstrates determination to protect its citizens in South Ossetia. Up until the operation to enforce peace is carried out." On the evening of 6 August, an attempt by

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during the summit. At the conclusion of the summit on 4 April, Putin said that NATO's enlargement towards Russia "would be taken in Russia as a direct threat to the security of our country". Following the Bucharest summit, Russian hostility increased and Russia started to actively prepare for the

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coast and being adjacent to Turkey as invaluable strategic attributes of Georgia. Russia had more vested interests in Abkhazia than in South Ossetia, since the Russian military deployment on the Black Sea coast was seen as vital to Russian influence in the Black Sea. Before the early 2000s, South

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said that "the victory over the Georgian army ... should become for Russia not a cause for euphoria and excessive joy, but serve to speed up military transformations." Roger McDermott wrote that slight dissimilarity in criticism by civilian and official references after the conflict was "an

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A sweeping Russian offensive caught Georgia by surprise, who had never got ready for confronting such invasion. Many managerial and procedural problems surfaced during the war. According to a Western officer, Georgian logistical readiness was mediocre; there was interference between subdivisions

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minister Batu Kutelia, Georgia was required to have a complex, multi-layered air-defence system to protect its airspace. Western officers involved with Georgia's military indicated that Georgian military deficiencies were too great to be eliminated by new weapons. According to a 2 September 2008

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Georgia has said that its key deficiencies were ineffective communication during action and its lacking air strength. Konstantin Makienko of CAST saw substandard instruction of pilots as the primary reason for the paltry conduct of Georgian air sorties. According to Georgian first deputy defence

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The war was accompanied by a media battle between Russia and Georgia. The Russian military took Russian journalists to the combat zone to report news discrediting Georgia and portraying Russia as the saviour of Russian citizens in the conflict zone. Russia also aired records on TV supporting its

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of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, entered Tskhinvali after taking the high points near the town. The centre of the town was reached by 1,500 Georgian infantrymen by 10:00. The Russian air force began raiding targets inside South Ossetia and Georgia proper after 10:00 on 8 August. According to

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on 7 August as saying: "I have spoken to the president of South Ossetia. It has more or less stabilized now. A battalion from the North Caucasus District has entered the area." Georgian authorities did not announce Russian military incursion in public on 7 August since they relied on the Western

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to do so. The South Ossetian separatists were aided by the former Soviet military units now controlled by Russia. By June 1992, the possibility of a full-scale war between Russia and Georgia increased as bombing of Georgian capital Tbilisi in support of South Ossetian separatists was promised by

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and caused many fatalities among civilians. HRW reported that no proof of intentional attacks on non-combatants by Georgian troops had been discovered. The South Ossetian parliament and several schools and nurseries were used as military posts by South Ossetian troops and volunteer militias and

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Abkhaz forces opened a second front by attacking the Kodori Gorge, held by Georgia. Abkhaz artillery and aircraft began a bombardment against Georgian troops in the upper Kodori Gorge on 9 August. Three days later, a military offensive against the Kodori Gorge was officially initiated by Abkhaz

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had been convened by Russian president Dmitry Medvedev and Russia's options regarding the conflict had been discussed. Russia accused Georgia of "aggression" against South Ossetia. Russia has stated it was defending both peacekeepers and South Ossetian civilians who were Russian citizens. While

2634:. However, Germany and France said that offering a MAP to Ukraine and Georgia would be "an unnecessary offence" for Russia. NATO stated that Ukraine and Georgia would be admitted in the alliance and pledged to review the requests for MAP in December 2008. Russian President Vladimir Putin was in 3360:

is the crucial seaport of Georgia on the Black Sea and serves as an essential entrance for Transcaucasia and the landlocked Central Asia. Russian aircraft attacked the town of Poti on 8 August, causing a two-day shutdown of the seaport. Russia positioned ships in the vicinity of Poti and other

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After Georgian troops had left Tskhinvali on 10 August, the Russians indiscriminately bombed the civilian areas in Gori on 11 August. The Georgian forces withdrew from Gori on 11 August. A Georgian official said that the troops were ordered to secure Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia. By late 11

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into South Ossetia at 23:35 on 7 August. This was followed by a 15-minute intermission, which purportedly enabled the civilians to escape, before the Georgian forces began bombarding hostile positions. Georgian military intentionally targeted South Ossetian military objects, not civilian ones.

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researchers said in their assessment of the preparation of Russian general-staff that the manoeuvres were planned and implemented effectively, with a crucial confusion being engineered by the Russians. A Reuters analyst described Russia's army as "strong but flawed"; the war demonstrated that

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president of South Ossetia in December 2001; he was endorsed by Russia since he would subvert the peaceful reunification of South Ossetia with Georgia. The Russian government began massive allocation of Russian passports to the residents of Abkhazia and South Ossetia in 2002 without Georgia's

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flew it to Georgia. The best Georgian troops were overdue from Iraq and could not participate in the fighting. The presence of prime 2,000 Georgian military and the bulk of Georgian high-level government officials abroad before the war meant that Georgia did not intend to begin hostilities.

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Abkhazia to the line preceding the start of hostilities". However, a military withdrawal from South Ossetia and Abkhazia was not proclaimed. On 13 September, Russian troops began withdrawing from western Georgia and by 11:00 Moscow Time, the posts near Poti were abandoned. Withdrawals from

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Georgia began proposing the placement of international peacekeepers in the separatist regions when Russia began to apply more force on Georgia after April 2008. The West launched new initiatives for peace settlement, with peace proposals being offered and discussions being organised by the

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During the war, hackers attacked Georgian government and news websites and disabled host servers. Some Russian news websites were also attacked. Some experts noted this as the first time in history that a notable cyberattack and an actual military engagement happened at the same time.

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at Kaczyński's initiative, appeared at a 12 August 2008 Tbilisi rally held in front of the parliament which was attended by nearly 150,000 people. The crowd responded enthusiastically to the Polish president's speech, chanting "Poland, Poland", "Friendship, Friendship" and "Georgia,

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and special troops. Due to the failure of the Russian Air Force to penetrate Georgian air defence, airborne troops could not be airlifted behind Georgian lines. A surprise attack on a land-forces commander, in which only five of thirty vehicles in his convoy made it, demonstrated

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were swapped by the two countries on 19 August. A Georgian official said that although his country swapped five Russian soldiers for fifteen Georgians, among them two non-combatants, Georgia suspected that Russia kept two more Georgians. On 22 August, Russian forces withdrew from

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said on 11 April that Russia would carry out "steps of a different nature" in addition to military action if Ukraine and Georgia join NATO. General Baluyevsky said in 2012 that after President Putin had decided to wage the war against Georgia prior to the May 2008 inauguration of

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for premeditated military invasion. According to Felgenhauer's analysis, Russia could not wage the war against Georgia after August since the Caucasus mountains would be covered with snow already in October. Russian military was participating in the attacks on Georgian villages.

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at the same time as Condoleezza Rice was received by Saakashvili. In 2014, Anatoly Khrulyov, the commander of the 58th Army, said that Russian troops had to act in accordance with operational objective and plan issued before 8 August 2008. If Khrulyov had not contacted the

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Konstantin Makienko observed the substandard conduct of the Russian Air Force: "It is totally unbelievable that the Russian Air Force was unable to establish air superiority almost to the end of the five-day war, despite the fact that the enemy had no fighter aviation".

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The number of Russian peacekeepers deployed in Abkhazia was boosted to 2,542 in early May. But Russian troop levels remained under the cap of 3,000 troops imposed by a 1994 decision of CIS heads of state. Georgia demonstrated video footage captured by a drone to the

5001:, commander-in-chief of the Air Force, did not set foot in the command post, instead running Air-force operations on a mobile phone from his workroom without any help from his air-defence aides. The air force was blamed of rendering no assistance to land campaign. 5163:

In 2009, Russian Army Chief of General Staff Nikolai Makarov stated that Georgia was rearming, although the armament was not directly provided by the United States. According to Makarov, the Georgian Armed Forces had exceeded their pre-war strength by 2009.

5073:

tanks, of which 75 were deployed into South Ossetia. Georgia lost at least 10 T-72 tanks destroyed in and near Tskhinvali. After the end of hostilities, the Russian military seized a total of 65 Georgian tanks. About 20 of those were subsequently destroyed.

4068:

expressed its concern over recent incidents in the South Ossetian conflict zone and that the start of the conflict demonstrated ineffectiveness of the existing (Russian-dominated) peacekeeping format. After Russia's full-scale invasion of Georgia, President

2699:

session on 23 April convened at Georgia's demand, the United States, the United Kingdom, France and Germany stated in a declaration: "We call on the Russian Federation to revoke or not to implement its decision." However, this was labelled a "tall order" by

2412:. The strategic importance of the region has made it a security concern for Russia. Significant economic reasons, including access to major petroleum reserves, further affects interest in Transcaucasia. Rule over Transcaucasia, according to Swedish academic 2940:(the Russian commander of the Joint Peacekeeping Force) who said that Ossetians could not be restrained by Russian peacekeepers and Georgia should implement a ceasefire. "Nobody was in the streets – no cars, no people," Iakobashvili later told journalists. 3117:

A ceasefire was unilaterally announced on 10 August by Georgian authorities, who stated an aim to pull Georgian troops out of South Ossetia. However, Russia did not embrace this truce offer. After the ceasefire agreement was negotiated by French president

3879:

Russia deliberately attacked fleeing civilians in South Ossetia and the Gori district of Georgia. Russian warplanes bombed civilian population centres in Georgia proper and villages of ethnic Georgians in South Ossetia. Armed militias engaged in looting,

4938:

short-range self-propelled anti-aircraft system. The Georgian air-defence early-warning and command-control tactical system was linked via Turkey to a NATO Air Situation Data Exchange (ASDE), which provided Georgia with intelligence during the conflict.

529: 4152:

would cause a new conflict involving Russia: "After the Russian Army invaded the nation of Georgia, Senator Obama's reaction was one of indecision and moral equivalence, the kind of response that would only encourage Russia's Putin to invade Ukraine

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was attacked and three persons were killed. The Georgian government vacated their offices on 9 August. Georgian authorities reported on 9 August that Russian air attacks had targeted the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, but missed. Reporters for

2880:

Nikolay Pankov, the Russian deputy defence minister, had a confidential meeting with the separatist authorities in Tskhinvali on 3 August. An evacuation of Ossetian women and children to Russia began on the same day. According to researcher

2783:

In early July, the conditions in South Ossetia aggravated, when a South Ossetian separatist militia official was killed by blasts on 3 July and several hours later an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Dmitry Sanakoyev, the leader of the

4121:

said on 9 August, "Russia has extended the fighting today well beyond South Ossetia, attacking the Georgian port of Poti, and the town of Gori, while Abkhaz forces have been shelling Georgian positions in the Upper Kodori valley. I deplore

2525:

in January 2005, Georgian president Saakashvili proposed a peace settlement for South Ossetia within a unified Georgian state. The proposal was rejected by South Ossetian leader Eduard Kokoity. In 2006, Georgia sent security forces to the

2569:. The separatists dismissed the German project for Abkhazia approved by Georgia. Russia and the separatists did not attend an EU-backed meeting regarding Abkhazia. They also dismissed an OSCE offer to renew talks regarding South Ossetia. 2431:

became president of the Russian Federation in 2000, which had a profound impact on Russo-Georgian relations. The conflict between Russia and Georgia began to escalate in December 2000, when Georgia became the first and sole member of the

2905:

Yuri Popov declared that his country would be involved in the conflict on the side of South Ossetia. About 50 Russian journalists had come to Tskhnivali for "something to happen". A pro-government Russian newspaper reported on 6 August:

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on the grounds that it violated Georgia's territorial integrity, United Nations Security Council resolutions and the ceasefire agreement. In response to Russia's action, the Georgian government severed diplomatic relations with Russia.

3928:

were "virtually fully burnt down". South Ossetian president Eduard Kokoity said in an interview that Georgian villages had been demolished and no Georgian refugees would be allowed to return. The Georgian civilians, who resided in the

3635:

of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by President Medvedev. On 26 August, Medvedev issued orders recognising the two states, saying that recognising the independence of the two entities "represents the only possibility to save human lives."

3327:

separatists. Abkhaz defence officer said that Georgian forces were driven out of the Kodori Gorge. Although he claimed that Russians did not participate in the battle, Russian military traffic headed for the gorge was witnessed by an

2788:, wounded three police officers. On 7 July, four Georgian servicemen were captured by South Ossetian separatists. The next day, the Georgian law enforcement was ordered by the president to arrange the liberation of the soldiers. Four 13889: 2042:

On 1 August 2008, the Russian-backed South Ossetian forces started shelling Georgian villages, with a sporadic response from Georgian peacekeepers in the area. Intensifying artillery attacks by the South Ossetian separatists broke a

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states that Russia "has largely destroyed Georgia's war-fighting capability". After the ceasefire was signed on 12 August, in Georgia proper, Russian troops attempted to seize and destroy Georgian armament, a process termed by the

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Georgian ports on 10 August 2008. The next day, Georgian and Russian representatives said that Russian troops were in Poti. However, Russia claimed it had only sent a task force for surveying the area. On 13 August, six Georgian

12717:"European Parliament resolution of 17 November 2011 containing the European Parliament's recommendations to the Council, the Commission and the EEAS on the negotiations of the EU-Georgia Association Agreement (2011/2133(INI))" 4102:

said that the crisis was due to provocations from the South Ossetian side and that Georgian forces were trying to restore the constitutional order. On 9 August, Bildt compared Russia's reason for going to war with Georgia to

3911:

HRW reported that during the war, ethnic-Georgian villages in South Ossetia were set on fire and pillaged by South Ossetian militias. This impeded the comeback of 20,000 uprooted people after the conflict. According to the

2449:

permission; this "passportization" policy laid the foundation for Russia's future claim to these territories. In 2003, President Putin began to consider the possibility of a military solution to the conflict with Georgia.

4964:

performed poorly during the conflict. The Russian communication systems were outdated, with a 58th Army commander allegedly making contact with his combat troops via a journalist-owned satellite phone. Without the modern

3559:

and the Georgian police proceeded in the direction of Gori. Russia claimed that withdrawal of Russian forces was finished; however, Russian checkpoints stayed near Gori and two Russian lookout stations stayed near Poti.

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passed a motion calling for the return of all exiled and uprooted people to Abkhazia. Russia opposed the Georgian-advocated motion. The Russian Foreign Ministry said that the resolution was "a counterproductive move".

2655:

as president of Russia, a military action was planned and explicit orders were issued in advance before August 2008. According to Van Herpen, Russia aimed to stop Georgia's accession to NATO and also to bring about a

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Russian troops stole everything they could lay hands on—particularly from the Georgian army facilities they overran. Uniforms, beds, U.S.-supplied Humvees, and toilets were even pulled off the walls by Russian

3697:

ended on 16 June 2009; its extension was also blocked by Russia, which argued that the mandate did not properly reflect Russia's position on recognition of Abkhazia's independence. According to UN mission head

3114:, was ambushed by Georgian special forces near Tskhinvali; Khrulyov was wounded in the leg. The number of Russian forces deployed in South Ossetia exceeded the number of Georgian fighters already by 9 August. 2598:

countries opposed the construction of the pipeline. The pipeline circumvents both Russia and Iran. Because it has decreased Western dependence on Middle East's oil, the pipeline has been a major factor in the

3692:

The mandate of the OSCE mission in Georgia expired on 1 January 2009, after Russia refused to support its continuation. OSCE monitors had been denied access to South Ossetia since the war. The mandate of the

2711:

flying over Abkhazia was shot down by a Russian warplane on 20 April. However, Russia denied responsibility for the incident and Abkhazia claimed that an "L-39 aircraft of the Abkhaz Air Force" shot down the

3331:

correspondent. Casualties were light on both sides; Abkhaz fighters accidentally killed one of their comrades, and two Georgian soldiers were also killed. About 2,000 people living in the Kodori Gorge fled.

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Russian military forces must withdraw to the lines prior to the start of hostilities. While awaiting an international mechanism, Russian peacekeeping forces will implement additional security measures (six

3180:

August, the majority of inhabitants and Georgian troops had abandoned Gori. Georgian president Saakashvili stated that Russians had split Georgia into two by occupying an important intersection near Gori.

4335:. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev questioned the claim that ships going to Georgia were bringing only humanitarian assistance, alleging the delivery of military material. According to political analyst 4990:

took place. On 8 August, the air force performed 63 flights in support of Russian ground troops. A total of six Russian warplanes were lost during the war: one Su-25SM, two Su-25BMs, two Su-24Ms and one

7152: 3375:

said that Russian actions in Poti constituted an additional attack on the Georgian economy. The Russian military plundered and damaged properties during their presence in Poti, even ransacking toilets.

2803:

On 15 July, the United States and Russia began two parallel military trainings in the Caucasus, though Russia denied that the identical timing was intentional. The joint US-Georgian exercise was called

14811: 11674: 17842: 15061: 4929:

and contributing to the loss of some Su-25s. This view was supported by independent Russian analysis. Colonel-General Anatoliy Nogovitsyn, Russian deputy chief of general staff, said the Soviet-made

3195:

was among those killed and another foreign reporter was injured. According to Georgian authorities, the Russians aimed at the city's administrative offices. The air raids set the post office and the

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reported from Gori on 18 August that Russian troops had reportedly told Georgian civilians fleeing South Ossetia: "Putin has given us an order that everyone must be either shot or forced to leave".

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contemplated a military reaction to defend Georgia, it decided against it so as to not provoke a conflict with Russia. Instead, the US sent humanitarian assistance to Georgia on military aircraft.

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The Air Force sustained limited damage as only three transport planes and four helicopters were confirmed lost. The Georgian air force ceased all sorties after 8 August. Instead all fighter and

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the inauguration of the railroad. The fixed railroad was used to transport military equipment by at least a part of the 9,000 Russian soldiers who entered Georgia from Abkhazia during the war.

14409: 13588: 9586: 9244: 2362: 2008: 13881: 2329:

awarded this autonomy to the Ossetians in exchange for their help against the Democratic Republic of Georgia, since this area had never been a separate entity prior to the Russian invasion.

13755: 13530: 4339:, in spite of the limits on vessel's weight and length of visits set by the Montreux Convention, the US kept a continual presence in the Black Sea by alternating vessels from time to time. 3748:". The failure of the Western security organisations to react swiftly to Russia's attempt to violently revise the borders of an OSCE country revealed its deficiencies. The division between 1662: 3987:, and Presidential Representative for Human Rights of South Ossetia, at the relevant time. The fourth suspect, Russian general Vyacheslav Borisov, was not indicted as he had died in 2021. 3247:

and assaulting Georgian properties as well as abducting civilians. New checkpoints were erected by the Russian forces on the Tbilisi-Gori road on 17 August. South Ossetian forces occupied

3415:

station in Tbilisi was bombed the following day. Although an end to hostilities was declared on 12 August, Russian warplanes did not stop dropping bombs in Georgia throughout 12 August.

3054:

Although Georgian military had pledged safety to the Russian peacekeepers for their neutrality, the Russian peacekeepers had to follow the Russian command to attack the Georgian troops.

2748:

on 31 May to repair a rail line in Abkhazia. According to the Russian defence ministry, railroad troops were not armed. Georgia stated that the development was an "aggressive" act. The

14387: 4934:

their Buk-M1 systems near Senaki in western Georgia and several Osa missile launchers in South Ossetia. According to some reports, Georgia also possessed a battery of the Israeli-made

2967:

At around 19:00, Georgian President Saakashvili announced a unilateral ceasefire and no-response order. The ceasefire reportedly held for about three hours. The separatists bombarded

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said that a Russian deployment in Abkhazia and South Ossetia would prove decisive in preventing Georgia from recovering territories. Georgia considers Abkhazia and South Ossetia

2995: 12720: 10922: 7082: 4332: 2549:, Russian ambassador to NATO, hinted that Georgia's aspiration to become a NATO member would cause Russia to support the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The Russian 2063:" and "aggression against South Ossetia"—and launched a full-scale land, air and sea invasion of Georgia, including its undisputed territory, on 8 August, referring to it as a " 6472: 4285: 3515:

After the ceasefire was signed, hostilities did not immediately end. Noting that civilians were fleeing before advancing Russian armour, troops and mercenaries, a reporter for

2471:

government predominantly employed Russian citizens, who had occupied similar government posts in Russia, and Russian officers dominated South Ossetia's security organisations.

13977:"Case Concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation) Order of 2 December 2008" 10658: 5112:

of the Georgian army were destroyed in combat and two DANAs were captured in and near Gori. Further 20 artillery pieces, including 120 mm mortars, were left behind. Six

4261:

said, "We cannot create an anti-Russia coalition in Europe, and on this point we are close to Putin's position." He emphasised that Vladimir Putin and Italian Prime Minister

3788:

According to academic Martin Malek, western countries did not feel it was necessary to aggravate tensions with Russia over "tiny and insignificant" Georgia. He wrote in the

3388:

near the city was hit by two bombs. Prior to the war, the bombed base near Tbilisi had housed the Russian military before the government of Georgia forced their withdrawal.

3384:

During the fighting in South Ossetia, the Russian Air Force repeatedly attacked Tbilisi and its surrounding areas. On 8 August, the Georgian Interior Ministry reported that

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by 5 UN member states (two other states previously recognised it but then withdrew their recognition), while the remainder of the international community recognizes it as

3403:

in Tbilisi reported hearing three explosions in the early-morning hours of 10 August and a Georgian Interior Ministry representative said that three bombs were dropped on

2266:. According to one theory, they first migrated there during the 13th and 14th centuries AD, and resided alongside the Georgians peacefully for hundreds of years. In 1918, 8537: 3233: 1308: 9427: 3183: 2736:

allegedly proving that Russian forces used heavy weaponry in Abkhazia and were combat troops, rather than peacekeepers; Russia rejected the accusations. On 15 May, the

19256: 17900: 17397: 13781: 13381: 11443: 11078: 2514:. Tensions were further escalated by South Ossetian authorities. Intense fighting took place between Georgian forces and the South Ossetians between 8 and 19 August. 18136: 13732: 9927: 9161: 4323:

NATO increased its naval presence in the Black Sea significantly following the Russian invasion, with ships dropping anchors in Georgian ports, and according to the

1655: 1318: 11295: 10456: 8795: 7550: 5069:, including tanks, were destroyed in the fighting. Before the conflict, Georgia possessed 230–240 tanks in total. At the time of the conflict, Georgia operated 191 17756: 14207: 7110: 3740:

that the Russian military had been used against an independent state, demonstrating Russia's willingness to use military force to attain its political objectives.

3335:

Russian forces advanced into western Georgia from Abkhazia on 11 August. This marked the opening of another front. Russian troops captured the police buildings in

2011:

of Georgian, Russian, and Ossetian troops was stationed in the territory. A similar stalemate developed in the region of Abkhazia, where the separatists had waged

1180: 460: 12423: 8659: 5200:

of a Russian military unit commanded by General Anatoly Khrulyov. The Russian military had no losses in the artillery, air defence and naval forces. According to

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authorities, the tension shortly transformed into ethnic conflict. Ossetian insurgents repelled the Georgian troops in 1918 and proceeded to occupy the town of

14008: 9345: 7159: 13156: 9139: 17451: 14836: 14807: 13803: 13469: 11701: 11666: 9405: 3968: 2894: 480: 11343: 6939: 16309: 15152: 11792: 7236: 6995: 3644: 2122:, holding on to these areas beyond the ceasefire. The South Ossetians destroyed most ethnic Georgian villages in South Ossetia and were responsible for an 1648: 1246: 10827: 8716: 7176: 6246: 17500: 16546: 9993: 8095: 2562: 1808: 1803: 1798: 14711: 14511: 12072: 8568: 18194: 16411: 16293: 15191: 13293: 11848: 9105: 8917: 7566: 6176: 5024:

acknowledged that many of the professional soldiers did not have better training than the conscripts. Most of the land combat warfare was conducted by

4554:

A sizeable portion of the Russian 58th Army, one of the foremost military units in Russia, was included in the Russian order of battle. It exceeds the

4377: 3669: 3110:

serious counterattack, which Georgian officers described as "something like hell." On the same day a Russian advance column, led by Lieutenant-General

2785: 11486: 11468: 10855: 7206: 3586:

On 9 September 2008, Russia announced that Russian forces in South Ossetia and Abkhazia would remain under bilateral agreements with their respective

2720:

commented that "he'd eat his tie if it turned out that a NATO MiG-29 had magically appeared in Abkhazia and shot down a Georgian drone." On 26 May, a

14413: 13443: 12456: 11937: 9596: 8384: 8283: 3506:

Opening of international discussions on the modalities of lasting security in Abkhazia and South Ossetia (based on the decisions of the U.N. and the

3074:

on the same day that by taking control of Tskhinvali, Tbilisi wanted to demonstrate that Georgia wouldn't tolerate the killing of Georgian citizens.

524: 2901:. Georgian authorities organised a tour for diplomats and journalists to demonstrate the damage supposedly caused by separatists. That day, Russian 2059:

and advanced into the South Ossetian conflict zone by 7 August before the Georgian military response. Russia falsely accused Georgia of committing "

18120: 17466: 16796: 15103: 13077: 13051: 12479: 11586: 11239: 9611: 8483: 7809: 6125: 4133:

city." Bush urged Russia to sign the EU-mediated ceasefire agreement, otherwise Russia would "jeopardise" its standing with the West. Although the

4042: 1779: 16558: 13492: 8038: 7350: 7021: 3122:

on 12 August, 15:00 on 12 August was set as a deadline for the cessation of military action; however, Russian forces didn't stop pushing forward.

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members stated on anniversary of the war in 2021 that Russia and South Ossetia initiated the 2008 conflict and that the EU report was erroneous.

4226: 3937:

said it was likely that during the hostilities and in the aftermath of the war, an ethnic cleansing of Georgians was committed in South Ossetia.

3829: 3479: 3243:(HRW) reported that following Russian takeover of Georgian areas, Georgians from Gori and the adjacent villages reported South Ossetian militias 2518: 2453: 2067:" operation. Russian and separatist forces fought Georgian troops in and around South Ossetia for several days, until Georgian forces retreated. 1793: 1759: 1301: 16620: 6652: 2083:

coastline. The Russian air force attacked civilian targets both within and beyond the conflict zone. This was the first war in history in which

18817: 18033: 17893: 17663: 17330: 17022: 14900: 13553: 11998: 4082: 3835: 2777: 2267: 2123: 1686: 1600: 1512: 1440: 1369: 1217: 179: 11564: 10367: 7409: 4997:

Communication between the North Caucasus Military District commander and the air force was poor and their roles were unclear. Colonel-General

3947:

Georgia and South Ossetia have filed complaints about alleged war crimes committed by the other side with international courts, including the

2047:. To put an end to these attacks, Georgian army units were sent into the South Ossetian conflict zone on 7 August and took control of most of 18704: 18699: 18691: 18440: 17852: 17439: 15528: 14377: 14235: 12248: 11612: 9480: 7911: 7416: 6831: 6510: 4381: 3825: 3432: 2349: 2196: 2088: 1789: 1769: 1362: 1258: 1144: 15227: 14893: 12510: 11134: 11056: 10992: 10764: 10730: 8617: 18664: 17749: 17680: 15855: 13210:. Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts project (RULAC) of the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. 22 February 2021 12781: 12392: 12343: 11643: 10608: 10262: 6675: 3706: 3598:. In November 2011, the European Parliament passed a resolution acknowledging Abkhazia and South Ossetia as occupied Georgian territories. 3573: 2291: 1930: 1173: 14933: 14064: 13958: 12365: 11369: 6422: 6206: 4921:

United States officials said that "one of the few effective elements of the 's military" was air defence, with the analysts crediting the

19306: 19201: 18207: 17392: 17387: 16647: 15506: 13585:"REPORT on the strategic military situation in the Black Sea Basin following the illegal annexation of Crimea by Russia (2015/2036(INI))" 9268: 7780: 6338: 3659:. However, because of anxiety about secessionist areas in SCO states, especially in China, the organisation did not endorse recognition. 2951: 2541:

In early March 2008, Abkhazia and South Ossetia submitted formal requests for their recognition to Russia's parliament shortly after the

2369: 15318: 14859: 13584: 12162: 12095: 10958: 7501: 4994:; friendly fire was the cause of the loss of three aircraft. Lavrov denies that the shot-down Tu-22M was being used for reconnaissance. 4387:

The 1st Infantry Brigade, the only one instructed to NATO standards, was serving in Iraq at the beginning of the war; on 11 August, the

3339:

in spite of earlier Russian official claims of not intending to expand assault to Georgia proper. Russian forces arrived in the town of

3102:" knew that such a large-scale Russian "response" was not spontaneous since it was impossible "even to get one armored brigade over the 2687:

On 16 April 2008, official ties between the Russian authorities and the separatists in Abkhazia and South Ossetia were sanctioned by an

19109: 18720: 17847: 17308: 16708: 14742: 14682: 11904: 7714: 5999: 5832: 5141:, were tucked away. Russian bombers impaired the airstrips in Georgia. A Russian air attack on Marneuli Air Force Base destroyed three 3436: 2724:(UNOMIG) inquiry concluded that the Russian warplane, either a MiG-29 "Fulcrum" or a Su-27 "Flanker", was responsible for the downing. 2721: 2282:

backed ethnic Georgian nobility, who were legal owners. Although the Ossetians were initially discontented with the economic stance of

1774: 1620: 1294: 15028: 14086: 12716: 12316: 10914: 9966: 8175: 7582: 7078: 6550: 5160:

worth $ 250 million. According to Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili, his country saved 95 percent of its armed forces.

2510:

The Georgian government launched an initiative to curb smuggling from South Ossetia in 2004 after its success in restoring control in

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would become a cause for a possible future military incursion by Russia, which eventually did take place in 2014, in the form of an

2772:

had intelligence data that Russia was preparing a military operation against Georgia in August–September 2008 which mainly aimed to

18624: 18552: 16934: 12366:"President Medvedev signed a plan to resolve the Georgian-South Ossetia conflict, based on the six principles previously agreed on" 11743: 3204: 16625: 14266: 13207: 12131: 7380: 6805: 19291: 19251: 19046: 18888: 18680: 17742: 16789: 16774: 16273: 15292: 14163: 12214: 10696: 9001: 8417: 3572:

also took place. Russian forces pulled back from the buffer areas bordering Abkhazia and South Ossetia on 8 October 2008 and the

2976: 2716:. An allegation of an attack by a NATO MiG-29 was made by the Russian Ambassador to NATO, Dmitry Rogozin. NATO Secretary General 2695:

Vladimir Putin. The separatist-authored legislative documents and the separatist-accredited bodies were also recognised. After a

1166: 870: 823: 15390: 15347: 14951: 10294: 10183: 9454: 9027: 8336: 2840:, described the Russian exercise as "exactly what they executed in Georgia just a few weeks later a complete dress rehearsal." 2553:

adopted a resolution on 21 March, in which it called on the President of Russia and the government to consider the recognition.

19301: 19076: 18863: 18674: 18562: 18496: 18187: 17540: 17471: 16764: 16698: 15982: 14061:"Status of internally displaced persons and refugees from Abkhazia, Georgia, and the Tskhinvali region/ South Ossetia, Georgia" 13976: 11968: 11542: 9810: 9625:

of two roadside bombs, believed to have been planted by South Ossetian separatists sympathetic to Russia, as a decisive moment.

7459: 6302: 5936: 5929: 2175: 1530: 1525: 1143:

192,000 civilians displaced (including 30,000 South Ossetians who moved to Russia; and 15,000 Georgians from South Ossetia per

15001: 12598: 12188: 11508: 11105: 10523: 10084: 9510: 8529: 6723: 4000: 1119:: 162 civilians, according to Russia; 365 people killed in total, according to South Ossetia; 255 wounded, according to Russia 19286: 19052: 18904: 18568: 17068: 16495: 16474: 16453: 16349: 16328: 16241: 16220: 15818: 14764: 14431: 14289: 13785: 13268: 13243: 13061: 12624: 9845: 9543: 9431: 9053: 7986: 7661: 6387: 6155: 5956: 4777: 4308: 4096: 4065: 2669: 2534:

against Georgian authorities. In 2007, Georgia established what Russia called a "puppet government" in South Ossetia, led by

2345: 2036: 1984: 1749: 1517: 15758: 10439:"Dmitry Medvedev held an emergency meeting with permanent members of the Security Council on the situation in South Ossetia" 10216: 9549: 9214: 8249: 7667: 6835: 2357:

on 24 June 1992 to prevent the escalation of the conflict with Russia. Georgian, South Ossetian, Russian and North Ossetian

19031: 18802: 18654: 18542: 18050: 17419: 17409: 16703: 15181: 14133: 14038: 13724: 13645: 13385: 13028: 12946: 12811: 12750: 12566: 12294: 11400: 11082: 11022: 9917: 9787: 9375: 9083: 8881: 8851: 8220: 6866: 3810: 3725: 3223: 2918: 2591: 2228: 2155: 1744: 1507: 1357: 16233:

From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh

15873: 14560: 13848: 12889: 12863: 12837: 12694: 12650: 12536: 11874: 11826: 11769: 11265: 10153: 10102: 10021: 9712: 9168: 8971: 8945: 8821: 8787: 8734: 8594: 8506: 8362: 8007: 5867:): (1, P 204, destroyed) (2, P 203 scuttled and subsequently refloated but not returned to service) (3, P 205, destroyed). 3768:

of the United States. Shortly after the war, Russian president Medvedev unveiled a five-point Russian foreign policy. The

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brought the memories of the Russo-Georgian War again into a broader geopolitical focus. In an opinion piece published in

3419:

reported on 14 August that a reporter had witnessed 45 craters near the intersection of Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline and

3187:"The Price of Independence", artwork on a residential building damaged by Russian strikes during the war in downtown Gori 2955: 2640: 2600: 2542: 2479: 704: 18105: 14211: 13675: 12415: 8310: 7857: 5097:

were destroyed in combat and two were captured. At least 20 BMPs were captured after the hostilities, including several

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The occupation lasted until 22 August, when Russian troops departed and Georgian police re-entered the city. Georgia's

2849: 2816:. A total of 1,630 servicemen, including 1,000 American troops, took part in the exercise, which concluded on 31 July. 2433: 2310: 2016: 1976: 1754: 1595: 1585: 1567: 17: 16593: 16360: 13003: 12262: 8069: 3816:

stated that Russia's actions in Georgia in 2008 was one of the lessons of the past that the West has failed to learn.

2336:

endorsed South Ossetian nationalism as a counter against the Georgian independence movement. On 11 December 1990, the

19141: 19063: 18936: 18790: 18770: 18455: 18336: 18180: 17973: 17600: 17219: 17165: 17160: 17108: 17103: 17093: 17058: 17053: 17043: 17033: 17011: 17006: 16983: 16978: 16953: 16929: 16924: 16909: 16769: 16520:

Countdown to War in Georgia, Russia's Foreign Policy and Media Coverage of the Conflict in South Ossetia and Abkhazia

14000: 10482: 9191: 5062:

as the "demilitarization of the Georgian Armed Forces". Most losses of armaments were sustained after the ceasefire.

3656: 2688: 2236: 14185: 11167: 9337: 8764: 8460: 2760:

predicted that Vladimir Putin would start a war against Georgia in Abkhazia and South Ossetia supposedly in August.

18853: 18795: 17202: 17138: 16963: 16876: 16166: 15625: 14337: 13799: 7052: 6626: 5630: 5116:

were captured after the hostilities. Two Buk-M1 launch vehicles and their transport loaders, as well as up to five

5020:

The evolution of the Russian Army into a professional force was not deemed as fruitful. In September 2008, General

4973:

was unavailable, since the war zone was blacked out. Due to the negligence of Russian defence minister, the use of

4731: 4414: 4138: 3532: 3279: 2829: 2797: 2314: 2200: 1996: 1923: 1696: 1435: 1234: 726: 693: 14844: 14311: 13465: 11709: 11435: 19098: 19011: 18812: 18785: 18731: 18506: 18393: 18383: 18141: 17978: 17595: 17355: 17340: 17281: 16640: 13756:"Human Rights in Areas Affected by the South Ossetia Conflict. Special Mission to Georgia and Russian Federation" 13127: 11336: 9740: 7509: 7262: 6935: 6931: 6900: 6080: 3737: 3631:

On 25 August 2008, the Russian parliament passed a motion, with no one voting against. The motion called for the

3595: 3528: 2998:, parts of the regular (non-peacekeeping) Russian Army had already moved to South Ossetian territory through the 2737: 2696: 2131: 1988: 1831: 1691: 1391: 1381: 195: 17797: 17495: 15137: 10899: 6987: 4290:

In November 2008, Georgia called on the EU to conduct an independent inquiry who was to blame for the conflict.

19276: 19266: 19071: 18898: 18775: 18592: 18471: 17939: 17063: 17027: 12913:"The Emergence of an Expanded Forum to Replace the G8: The Silver Lining to the Cloud over Russia and the West" 11287: 10837: 8708: 7180: 6743: 6238: 5204:, the five-day war cost Russia an estimated 12.5 billion rubles, a daily cost of 2.5 billion rubles. 5017:

orchestrated effort by the government to 'sell' reform to the military and garner support among the populace."

3956: 3952: 3675:

From 2009 onwards, the Russian Federation expanded existing military infrastructure in both regions. First the

3408: 3191:

Russian bombers attacked Gori on 12 August, killing seven people and wounding over thirty. Dutch TV journalist

2298: 2161: 2127: 1847: 1672: 1347: 54: 11317: 10000: 8099: 2290:

and assault the Georgian natives. During uprisings in 1919 and 1920, the Ossetians were covertly supported by

19036: 18758: 17837: 17478: 17229: 16958: 16784: 16779: 16734: 14707: 13100:"Bases for 49 years – Federation Council ratified agreements on military bases in Abkhazia and South Ossetia" 12064: 8651: 8560: 7878: 5994: 4750: 4356: 3550:

On 17 August, Medvedev announced that Russian military would start to pull out of Georgia the following day.

3404: 2377: 2341: 2215:

In the 10th century AD, Georgia for the first time emerged as an ethnic concept in the territories where the

2012: 1992: 13285: 11852: 11590: 11472: 10859: 8924: 7202: 19311: 19194: 18919: 18893: 18841: 18780: 18481: 18215: 18110: 18078: 17862: 17832: 17782: 17555: 17525: 17520: 17461: 17350: 17345: 17313: 17254: 17175: 17133: 17016: 14687: 12446: 11494: 10832: 9238: 7586: 5127: 5123:

were also captured. The Russian military seized 1,728 firearms at the Senaki Second Infantry Brigade base.

4211: 4134: 3948: 2769: 2302: 2165: 2139: 2028: 1852: 1415: 1386: 721: 202: 31: 13439: 8392: 8275: 5187:

long-range bomber were lost. Georgia at that time claimed it had downed no less than 21 Russian aircraft.

3136: 19321: 19236: 18878: 18868: 18604: 18547: 18378: 18356: 18235: 18043: 17944: 17913: 17822: 17812: 17802: 17690: 17673: 17545: 17414: 17382: 17318: 17207: 17098: 17083: 16919: 16253:"The Russian Georgian war: a trilateral cognitive institutional approach of the crisis decision – making" 15034: 9131: 5966: 5689: 5682: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5248: 4086: 3904: 3800: 3300: 3283: 2926: 2869: 2773: 2220: 2076: 1916: 1615: 1352: 1229: 1207: 16581: 15107: 14110:МИД Украины: Развитие событий в Южной Осетии свидетельствует о неэффективности миротворческого механизма 12487: 11247: 9619: 9397: 8491: 7817: 6180: 6133: 3975:

South Ossetian officials believed to bear responsibility for war crimes committed during the 2008 war —

19241: 19210: 19103: 19041: 19016: 18537: 18290: 18095: 18008: 17934: 17590: 17128: 17118: 17088: 17078: 16693: 16633: 8030: 7846: 7025: 6761: 5811: 5086: 4328: 3980: 3777:

and the fact that Russia would feel endangered by subversion of local Russia-friendly administrations.

3082: 1342: 1273: 357: 16603: 12912: 10635: 10442: 3478:" operation in Georgia. Later that day he met French President Nicolas Sarkozy (who held the rotating 19281: 19146: 18827: 18807: 18445: 18418: 17929: 17807: 17429: 17323: 17123: 13982:. Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions, and Orders. International Court of Justice. Archived from 12100: 6656: 6019: 5675: 5126:

The Georgian Navy lost one boat at sea according to Russia. In Poti, four boats were submerged. Nine

5078: 5066: 4650: 4594: 3983:, respectively, holding the positions of Minister of Internal Affairs, head of a detention centre in 3311:

was probably responsible for the sinking. The Georgian coast was blockaded by vessels of the Russian

3251:

and one fighter said that "It will be part of an independent country within the Russian Federation."

2897:" against Georgia. The razing of the village of Nuli was ordered by South Ossetian interior minister 2337: 2052: 1500: 1495: 1337: 16580:

The EU Investigation Report on the August 2008 War and the Reactions from Georgia and Russia in the

11572: 10371: 3239:

The humanitarian conditions in Gori by 16 August was assessed as "desperate" by the United Nations.

19331: 19215: 18858: 18557: 18403: 18361: 18346: 18280: 17983: 17570: 17276: 16851: 16655: 14459: 11994: 11604: 7420: 6628:Юрий ТАНАЕВ: "Грузинская сторона по моральному духу и боеготовности не готова к активным действиям" 5853: 5839: 4974: 4767: 4699: 3676: 3639:

The recognition by Russia was condemned by the United States, France, the secretary-general of the

3299:

A naval confrontation occurred between Russian and Georgian vessels on 10 August. According to the

1542: 1410: 15536: 14225: 13316: 13178: 12240: 9472: 7904: 6503: 6042:'s status is disputed. It considers itself to be an independent state, but this is recognised by 2332:

Nationalism in Soviet Georgia gained momentum in 1989 with the weakening of the Soviet Union. The

19326: 19271: 19161: 18883: 18408: 18331: 18240: 17483: 17212: 16831: 15456: 15219: 14929: 14904: 13261:

The Military Balance. The Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics

12502: 12335: 11927: 11635: 11126: 11048: 10984: 10756: 10722: 10600: 10254: 8625: 7454: 5846: 5025: 5008: 4853: 4724: 4713: 4388: 3420: 3371: 2837: 2805: 2708: 2457: 2313:

created an autonomous administrative unit for Transcaucasian Ossetians in April 1922, called the

1867: 1706: 1475: 683: 13826:"Violations of Human Rights and Norms of Humanitarian law in the Conflict Zone in South Ossetia" 13230: 12773: 12384: 6356: 6079:

Georgian territory. Georgia continues to claim the area as its own territory, designating it as

3541:

Russian forces stayed in South Ossetia after the conflict, including at the Java base (pictured)

3257:

commented that Moscow's apparent plan to recreate Greater South Ossetia was coming to fruition.

2456:

in 2006, Russia began a full-scale diplomatic and economic war against Georgia, followed by the

2146:

for three Russian nationals because of war crimes against ethnic Georgians during the conflict.

18306: 18055: 17998: 17817: 17685: 17360: 16881: 16816: 15498: 13078:"Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces of Russia arrived on a working visit to South Ossetia" 12369: 11373: 10874: 6414: 6198: 5864: 5860: 5339: 5120: 5090: 5082: 4360: 3933:

and were willing to live in South Ossetia, were coerced into obtaining a Russian passport. The

3744:

argued that "Historians will come to view Aug. 8, 2008, as a turning point" because it "marked

3632: 3200: 2825: 2820:

action was the focal point of the joint exercise. The Georgian brigade was trained to serve in

2745: 2627: 2507:. Restoring South Ossetia and Abkhazia to Georgian control was a first concern of Saakashvili. 2344:

broke out between Georgia and South Ossetian separatists in January 1991. Georgia declared its

2072: 2004: 1625: 1447: 1396: 221: 17073: 16485: 11220: 11189: 9262: 9240:Александр Дугин:"Мы приехали как сторонники независимости Южной Осетии, а уедем её фанатиками" 7976: 7765: 7653:

Understanding Ethnopolitical Conflict: Karabakh, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia Wars Reconsidered

5394:

close air support aircraft: (1, destroyed) (1, damaged beyond economical repair and scrapped).

3176:

air raid had killed 60 civilians. No less than 5 Georgian cities had been bombed by 9 August.

3002:

before the Georgian military operation. Even the state-controlled Russian TV aired Abkhazia's

2467:, Russia supplied two-thirds of South Ossetia's yearly budget before the war. South Ossetia's 71: 18413: 18115: 18088: 18023: 17956: 17615: 17575: 17335: 17264: 16713: 15310: 13134: 12994: 12154: 10948: 7534: 6809: 6785: 6706: 6065:

The political status of Abkhazia is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from

5874: 5668: 4555: 4348: 3385: 3152:

Destroyed apartment building in Gori after Russian air raid, picture taken 10 September 2008.

2717: 2619: 1857: 1729: 1610: 1580: 1470: 810: 58: 14734: 14692: 14446:

The Effects of Russian Propaganda on Georgia's Diplomatic Relations: 2008 Russo-Georgian War

14060: 11896: 8167: 6679: 18822: 18316: 17148: 16821: 16718: 16688: 16598: 15186: 15038: 12320: 11568: 9973: 6558: 5849:: (1, scuttled but subsequently refloated and returned to service as a training platform.). 4863: 4372: 4352: 4286:

Responsibility for the Russo-Georgian War § EU_Independent_Fact_Finding_Mission_Report

4272: 4184: 4009: 3267: 3215: 3020: 2644: 2068: 1212: 664: 16415: 15559: 14445: 14363: 10791:"Georgia: Russia fighting on several fronts as Georgian troops withdraw to defend Tbilisi" 7410:""Little Green Men": A Primer on Modern Russian Unconventional Warfare, Ukraine 2013–2014" 6159: 4376:, an English-language magazine published by the Russian non-governmental organisation the 4233:) announced that the EU and the US would send a joint delegation to negotiate a ceasefire. 3899: 8: 18996: 18973: 18634: 18476: 18450: 18373: 18326: 18230: 18028: 17857: 17723: 17653: 17510: 17038: 16973: 16744: 16393: 16252: 13561: 12032: 9922: 7937: 5989: 5961: 5922: 5029:

information-gathering negligence. Many Russian land units reportedly were short of ammo.

4218:

France and Germany took an intermediate position, abstaining from naming a guilty party:

4196: 4012: 3934: 3796: 3565: 3463: 3390: 3366: 3067: 2912: 2902: 2749: 2692: 2504: 2496: 2488: 2240: 2096: 1592: 551: 225: 16382: 13258: 10061: 9891: 4991: 4243:

conveyed her concern about the humanitarian situation in Georgia and urged to cease war.

2728:

the Kodori Gorge or near the Abkhaz border by either party was confirmed by the UNOMIG.

2583:

One of President Saakashvili's primary aims for Georgia was to become a member state of

2340:, responding to South Ossetia's attempt at secession, annulled the region's autonomy. A 19021: 18501: 18430: 18398: 18388: 18351: 18321: 18311: 18146: 18003: 17968: 17713: 17695: 17630: 17610: 17249: 17001: 16899: 16871: 16754: 16739: 16506:

The Making of Modern Georgia, 1918–2012: The First Georgian Republic and its Successors

16371: 16303: 16264: 15476: 14258: 14155: 13882:"South Ossetian police tell Georgians to take a Russian passport, or leave their homes" 13829: 13728: 13522: 13104: 11932: 11193: 9609: 6965: 6813: 5612: 5210: 5134: 4930: 4922: 4559: 4324: 4303: 3930: 3913: 3805: 3774: 3702:, about 60,000 ethnic Georgians in Abkhazia became vulnerable after the mission's end. 3569: 3352: 3240: 3219: 3141: 3131: 3103: 3034: 2933: 2817: 2531: 2251: 2224: 2135: 2051:, a separatist stronghold, within hours. Some Russian troops had illicitly crossed the 1958: 1537: 1425: 1401: 1376: 1268: 1263: 676: 579: 405: 345: 13359: 10688: 9023: 8993: 8407: 8385:"Russia's NATO envoy says offering Georgia membership track would bolster separatists" 7306: 4913: 3612: 3210:

The Russian military was warning during the march towards Gori on 13 August that they

2463:

By 2008, most residents of South Ossetia had obtained Russian passports. According to

19091: 19086: 18982: 18951: 18583: 18425: 18366: 18341: 18270: 18203: 17993: 17951: 17766: 17620: 17560: 17367: 17293: 17271: 17170: 17048: 16861: 16841: 16836: 16826: 16661: 16491: 16470: 16449: 16345: 16324: 16237: 16216: 15814: 15480: 15343: 14947: 13923: 13921: 13919: 13619: 13264: 13239: 13057: 11159:Генерал-лейтенант Анатолий Хрулев: Мои войска могли взять Тбилиси, но не было приказа 10284: 10173: 9539: 8332: 7982: 7657: 7526: 7522: 6066: 6047: 5021: 4262: 4188: 4070: 4054: 3840: 3769: 3680: 3640: 3475: 2937: 2882: 2789: 2757: 2590:

Although Georgia has no notable gas or oil reserves, its territory hosts part of the

2216: 2064: 1954: 1883: 1452: 1420: 634: 627: 622: 615: 610: 603: 598: 586: 574: 560: 545: 421: 393: 381: 369: 295: 163: 50: 17878: 15972: 15051: 13983: 13526: 11960: 11534: 9994:"Spot Report: Update on the situation in the zone of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict" 9820: 7449: 6009:– a 2009 Russian war drama film and the first feature film on the Russo-Georgian War 4176: 3773:"privileged interests" attached to them underlined Russia's particular stake in the 2917:

Saakashvili to contact the President of Russia about the conflict was curbed by the

2207: 91: 19151: 18956: 18931: 18639: 18532: 18250: 18245: 17961: 17605: 17550: 17456: 17197: 16968: 16938: 16904: 16749: 15468: 14991: 13858: 13512: 13504: 12672: 12588: 12184: 12127: 11512: 10513: 9502: 7518: 6729: 5703: 5042: 4867: 4312: 4291: 4005: 3976: 3729: 3551: 3537: 3328: 3111: 2898: 2793: 2535: 2380:. By 2003, the population of Abkhazia was reduced from 525,000 to 216,000 after an 2318: 1560: 1555: 1490: 639: 448: 417: 14768: 14427: 13916: 12620: 10206: 9835: 9224: 9049: 8915: 5495: 5093:

before the conflict. Less than 10 armoured vehicles were destroyed in combat. Two

4307:

thus emboldened aggressive Russia's president to attack Ukraine. According to the

3485:

The plan embodied the following statutes (dismissed additions are parenthesised):

19173: 18649: 18511: 18491: 18435: 18285: 18151: 18065: 17625: 17372: 17224: 17192: 16866: 16846: 16464: 16443: 16339: 16318: 16231: 16210: 15750: 14230: 13508: 12269: 9591: 9533: 8923:. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. Archived from 8484:"Analysis: energy pipeline that supplies West threatened by war Georgia conflict" 8245: 7651: 7567:

Russia guilty of violations during 2008 war with Georgia, says Europe's top court

6005: 5882:

Trucks, Vehicles and Jeeps (44, of which destroyed: 17, damaged: 1, captured: 26)

5109: 5047: 4998: 4258: 3620: 3467: 3312: 3214:

ethnic Georgian civilians in villages if the latter did not demonstrate signs of

3196: 3119: 3090:

passed the Roki Tunnel and Java and were on the road to Tskhinvali. According to

2761: 2652: 2647: 2578: 2538:(former South Ossetian prime minister), calling it a provisional administration. 2500: 2441: 2354: 2143: 2092: 2044: 2024: 1872: 1480: 731: 566: 512: 318: 111: 15869: 15195: 14926:"Russian Forces in the Georgian War: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations" 14125: 14030: 13637: 12938: 12885: 12859: 12833: 12803: 12742: 12690: 12646: 12558: 12532: 12286: 12210: 11822: 11765: 11392: 11261: 11014: 10483:"The Russian Air Force didn't perform well during the conflict in South Ossetia" 10149: 10098: 10017: 9779: 9610:

Dmitry Beliakov; Sarah Baxter; Matthew Campbell; Nicola Smith (17 August 2008).

9367: 9303: 9075: 8967: 8941: 8873: 8843: 8817: 8730: 8590: 8358: 8212: 8003: 6858: 6827: 6314: 4207: 4077:

naval base would not be extended in 2017. Ukrainians suspected that pro-Russian

3236:

during the war and received new orders, the 58th Army would have taken Tbilisi.

2606: 2587:, which has been one of the major stumbling blocks in Georgia–Russia relations. 18968: 17921: 17708: 17535: 17298: 17288: 16665: 13928: 13697: 13612:"Opinion | Boris Johnson: 6 Steps the West Must Take to Help Ukraine Right Now" 13002:. Lynn Reinner Publishers. pp. 98–99 (4.1), 136–137 (4.16). Archived from 11866: 11509:"Abchasen räumen Minen und suchen versprengte georgische Truppen im Kodori-Tal" 11111: 10150:"'Georgia Decided to Restore Constitutional Order in S.Ossetia' – MoD Official" 9024:"General Assembly recognizes right of return of displaced to Abkhazia, Georgia" 8514: 7551:

Strasbourg court rules Russia has 'direct control' over Abkhazia, South Ossetia

5312:

Armoured Personnel Carriers (5, of which destroyed: 3, damaged: 1, captured: 1)

5215: 4336: 4230: 4192: 4180: 4129: 4118: 4108: 4019: 3871:

Human Rights Watch (HRW) states that all parties to the war seriously breached

3753: 3749: 3745: 3624: 3616: 3192: 3099: 3062: 3007: 2972: 2890: 2701: 2623: 2611: 2558: 2546: 2484: 2437: 2428: 2413: 2388:

in northeast Abkhazia remained beyond the Abkhaz separatist government's sway.

2259: 2232: 2192: 2020: 1970: 1129: 763: 500: 436: 332: 16445:

A Little War That Shook the World: Georgia, Russia, and the Future of the West

15472: 13667: 11735: 9702: 9587:"Countdown in the Caucasus: Seven days that brought Russia and Georgia to war" 9187:Россия начнет войну против Грузии предположительно в августе – П. Фельгенгауер 8681: 6399: 3963:

2014, 20,272 persons were still displaced, with their return being blocked by

3394:

described this bombing as "Russia's revenge". A Georgian military airstrip in

3222:, the commander of the Russian occupying troops, stated on 14 August that the 19230: 19131: 19026: 19003: 18961: 18873: 18744: 18156: 18038: 17668: 17505: 17143: 16529:

The Limits of Partnership: U.S.-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century

15052:

David A. Fulghum; Douglas Barrie; Robert Wall; Andy Nativi (15 August 2008).

14923: 14108: 13623: 11127:"For Russian Armor, Even With Rice in Georgia, Cease-Fire Is Not a Red Light" 10518: 8306: 7530: 6039: 5982: 5974: 5013: 4240: 3892: 3853: 3813: 3761: 3699: 3591: 3172: 2886: 2765: 2679: 2657: 2527: 2373: 2263: 2255: 2188: 2119: 1962: 1897: 1640: 1605: 777: 475: 455: 443: 431: 266: 217: 183: 133: 125: 16167:"Russia's Wars: Listing Equipment Losses During The 2008 Russo-Georgian War" 14087:"Situation in Georgia: ICC Pre-Trial Chamber delivers three arrest warrants" 13833: 13334: 10545: 8918:"Russia's War in Georgia: Causes and Implications for Georgia and the World" 4558:

in the number of forces, heavy hardware and planes. The 58th Army fought in

3643:, the president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, the 3164: 3041: 3025: 2921:, which said: "the time for presidential negotiations has not yet arrived." 2855: 2396:

Transcaucasia lies between the Russian region of the North Caucasus and the

100: 19156: 18989: 18941: 18161: 17424: 16948: 16914: 16669: 16525: 16469:. Studies of Central Asia and the Caucasus. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. 14378:"La Géorgie et la Russie s'affrontent pour le contrôle de l'Ossétie du Sud" 13493:"The Russo-Georgian war and beyond: towards a European great power concert" 13338: 13185: 10953: 10879: 9106:"European Parliament resolution of 5 June 2008 on the situation in Georgia" 8061: 7810:"Analysis: roots of the conflict between Georgia, South Ossetia and Russia" 7301: 6361: 5790: 5598: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5363: 5102: 4895: 4828: 4149: 4104: 3845: 3741: 3316: 3304: 3253: 3160:

An air raid of the Russian army in August 2008 destroyed this house in Gori

3148: 3095: 2907: 2595: 2417: 2385: 2358: 2271: 2211:

Creation of the South Ossetian AO in the place of Georgian regions in 1922.

2180: 2084: 2079:

held by Georgia, while Russian naval forces blockaded part of the Georgian

1980: 750: 698: 688: 17185: 16298:. Strategic Studies Institute. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. 12969: 12647:"MIA: Russia's Moves in Perevi Aim at 'Renewal of Military Confrontation'" 10486: 9185: 7875:"March 31: Georgia moves towards independence, first president's birthday" 7583:

Situation in Georgia: ICC Pre-Trial Chamber delivers three arrest warrants

5624:

Engineering Vehicles And Equipment (5, of which destroyed: 1, captured: 4)

4311:

think tank, the EU report was influenced by Russian state propaganda. The

3499:

Georgian military forces must withdraw to their normal bases of encampment

19126: 18083: 18073: 17787: 17530: 17259: 17180: 17113: 16943: 16547:

Chronology of Bombing Facts by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia

14993:В зону конфликта переброшены роты чеченских батальонов "Восток" и "Запад" 14788: 14480: 14193: 13747: 11157: 10286:СМИ: российские войска вошли в Южную Осетию еще до начала боевых действий 9506: 9338:"Russia says it sent warplanes over South Ossetia to 'prevent bloodshed'" 8756: 8452: 7351:"Opinion: Spark of hope that Russia's aggression will not pass this time" 5745: 4978: 4295: 4145: 3782: 3668:

limited to 500 servicemen in South Ossetia (JPKF) and 1,600 in Abkhazia (

3474:

On 12 August, Russian President Medvedev announced the cessation of the "

3078: 3050: 2999: 2968: 2401: 2397: 2056: 591: 16559:

On the situation around Abkhazia and South Ossetia @ President of Russia

15615: 14792: 14333: 13157:"Border guards completed the arrangement of the border in South Ossetia" 10788: 10659:"Georgia conflict: Screams of the injured rise from residential streets" 10085:"Georgia: Can WikiLeaks Cables Change the Russia-Georgia War Narrative?" 7048: 6632: 6313:(13). Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. Archived from 6050:

government and most of the world's other states consider South Ossetia

5650:

2 Mini MineWolf remote controlled mine clearance systems: (2, captured).

4210:

drew parallels between the Russian intervention and the crushing of the

1286: 19168: 18100: 18018: 17734: 17565: 17515: 17434: 17303: 14303: 14208:"Foreign Secretary deplores continued fighting in Georgia (09/08/2008)" 13517: 10912: 9447:"International Large-Scale Military Exercise 'Immediate Response 2008'" 7766:"Clash in the Caucasus: Georgia, Russia, and the Fate of South Ossetia" 5773: 4099: 4074: 4028: 3984: 3885: 3872: 3579:

Russia continued to maintain a single station in the border village of

3519:

wrote on 13 August that "the idea there is a ceasefire is ridiculous".

3362: 3320: 3293: 3211: 2981: 2809: 2550: 2522: 2425:

Ossetia was originally intended as a tool to retain a grip on Georgia.

2326: 2322: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2048: 1575: 1125:: 224 civilians killed and 15 missing, 547 injured according to Georgia 132:

on fire; US humanitarian supplies arriving in Georgia; Russian tank in

129: 16575: 13053:

Russia's Recognition of the Independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

12995:

New York University Center on International Cooperation (CIC) (2007).

12480:"Russian troops in partial pullout keeping checkpoints within Georgia" 10599:

Schwirtz, Michael; Barnard, Anne; Kramer, Andrew E. (11 August 2008).

9428:"Russia, U.S. hold war games on opposite sides of Caucasus: officials" 8916:

Svante E. Cornell; Johanna Popjanevski; Niklas Nilsson (August 2008).

6889: 5925:: (3, destroyed) (1, damaged) (1, damaged and captured) (2, captured). 3601: 3156: 1973:

region. It is regarded as the first European war of the 21st century.

19081: 18614: 17792: 17153: 14784:Госсовет России формулирует новую внешнеполитическую стратегию страны 13128:"Behind barbed wire: Human rights toll of "borderization" in Georgia" 13099: 9734: 5909: 5902: 5818: 5804: 5468: 5227: 5150: 5105:

armoured vehicles. Dozens of automobiles and lorries were also lost.

4969:, precision-guided munitions could not be used and the US-controlled 4633: 4160: 4073:

suggested that the contract between Ukraine and Russia regarding the

3496:

Free access to humanitarian aid (and to allow the return of refugees)

3259: 3248: 3087: 2959: 2635: 2421: 2247: 2100: 2080: 1158: 14924:

James Jay Carafano; Ariel Cohen; Lajos F. Szaszdi (20 August 2008).

13286:"Security and human rights observers to close South Ossetia mission" 10485:. Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. Archived from 7381:"In the shadow of Ukraine: seven years on from Russian-Georgian war" 6747: 5543:

Infantry Fighting Vehicles (25, of which destroyed: 6, captured: 19)

5211:

A detailed list of the destroyed and captured vehicles of both sides

5156:

Georgian Defence Minister Davit Kezerashvili said that Georgia lost

4663:

693rd Motorised Rifle Regiment of the 19th Motorised Rifle Division

3903:

Tserovani, one of the villages built by the Georgian government for

30:"Russian invasion of Georgia" redirects here. For the 1921 war, see 19136: 18739: 18172: 17910: 17718: 17580: 15309:

Cooper, Helene; Chivers, C.J.; Levy, Clifford J. (17 August 2008).

14382: 13056:. Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society (SPPS). p. 184. 12594: 12503:"Georgia Prepares for Refugees; Russians Declare Pullback Finished" 9531: 7570: 7554: 7111:"Georgia & Russia: The 'Unknown' Prelude to the 'Five Day War'" 6828:"UNHCR secures safe passage for Georgians fearing further fighting" 6467: 6394: 6013: 5895: 5731: 5710: 5571:

Armoured Personnel Carriers (3, of which destroyed: 2, captured: 1)

5461: 5454: 5426: 5419: 5277:

Infantry Fighting Vehicles (20, of which destroyed: 19, damaged: 1)

5193: 5157: 5117: 5113: 5054: 4773: 3941: 3765: 3710: 3627:(right) shortly after the recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia 3507: 3458: 3395: 2833: 2306: 2183:, showing the territory of modern South Ossetia within Georgia and 2060: 1966: 1890: 1862: 846: 791: 519: 507: 495: 279: 80: 16295:

The Russian Military and the Georgia War: Lessons and Implications

14428:"Belarus leader applauds Russian response to South Ossetia crisis" 13228: 11370:"The Russian-Georgian War: A Challenge for the U.S. and the World" 8731:"Russia Brushes off Western Call to Revoke Abkhaz, S.Ossetia Move" 7874: 7502:"Russia resurgent? Moscow's campaign to 'coerce Georgia to peace'" 5529:

Armoured Fighting Vehicles (2, of which destroyed: 1, captured: 1)

5380:

close air support aircraft: (1, damaged beyond economical repair).

5256:

Armoured Fighting Vehicles (4, of which destroyed: 3, captured: 1)

5172: 4053:

Russian actions during the war were heavily criticised by several

3411:

near the airport was also attacked by Russia that day. A civilian

2836:. Later, Dale Herspring, an expert on Russian military affairs at 2495:

The conflicts in Georgia remained at a stalemate until 2004, when

18709: 18265: 18260: 15383:"Georgia War Shows Russia Army Now a 'Force to Be Reckoned With'" 14808:"Naval Imbalance in the Black Sea After the Russian-Georgian War" 13698:"2.2 Indiscriminate Shelling of Tskhinvali and Outlying Villages" 13259:

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2018).

12860:"OSCE Chair Condemns Russia's Recognition of Abkhazia, S.Ossetia" 12451: 12128:"RIA Novosti hit by cyber-attacks as conflict with Georgia rages" 11240:"Putin has given us an order that everyone must leave or be shot" 9503:"Russian paratroopers arrive in North Caucasus for combat drills" 6075: 6052: 5888: 5870:

1 Project 1387 class patrol boat Tskhaltubo '101': (1, scuttled).

5752: 5724: 5485: 5478: 5447: 5405: 5177: 4966: 4961: 4754: 4275:

said on 19 August, "Russia acted calmly, wisely and beautifully."

4168: 4164: 3859: 3721: 3336: 3244: 2987: 2813: 2631: 2566: 2464: 2333: 2309:

in 1921 and a Soviet government was installed. The government of

2283: 2184: 2107: 14356:"Differences emerge in Europe of a response to Georgia conflict" 9430:. Canada.com. Agence France-Presse. 15 July 2008. Archived from 9248: 8709:"Russia moves toward open annexation of Abkhazia, South Ossetia" 8359:"Russia Warns Against Tbilisi's 'S.Ossetia Administration' Plan" 8150: 8148: 8135: 8133: 5697:

Self-Propelled Artillery (9, of which destroyed: 6, captured: 3)

5196:

and a Mi-24, were wrecked in an accident after the hostilities.

5183:

Russia admitted that three of its Su-25 strike aircraft and one

3888:. Attacks by militias compelled Georgian civilians to run away. 3323:

before full-scale hostilities between Russia and Georgia began.

2776:; this would be followed by the expulsion of Georgian units and 1995:

between Georgia and separatists resulted in parts of the former

18946: 18714: 18275: 18255: 16657: 13959:"South Ossetia Floods European Rights Court With Georgia Cases" 10789:

Damien McElroy; Adrian Blomfield; Jon Swaine (11 August 2008).

9473:"Russians Melded Old-School Blitz With Modern Military Tactics" 9050:"Russia says UN Abkhazian refugee resolution counterproductive" 8558: 8001: 7076: 6463:"Full scale war: Georgia fighting continues over South Ossetia" 6337:. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from 6332: 6126:"Russian-backed paramilitaries 'ethnically cleansing villages'" 5943: 5759: 5637: 5616: 5591: 5577: 5496:

Georgia (186, of which destroyed: 89, damaged: 1, captured: 96)

5440: 5398: 5325: 5318: 5269: 5262: 4935: 4926: 4172: 4078: 4035: 3925: 3917: 3864: 3849: 3694: 3580: 3556: 3340: 3228: 2511: 2405: 2111: 1904: 412: 400: 388: 376: 364: 352: 340: 326: 312: 253: 12444: 12385:"Georgian villages burned and looted as Russian tanks advance" 10913:

Kim Sengupta; Shaun Walker; Rupert Cornwell (17 August 2008).

10853: 10390: 8618:"Vladimir Putin tells summit he wants security and friendship" 6725:Мы полагаем, что мы в полной мере доказали состав преступления 4638:

Two battalions of the 135th Separate Motorised Rifle Regiment

4549: 3795:

territorial integrity of, Georgia in 2008 may have encouraged

14971: 14969: 14535:"Georgia 'triggered' war with Russia, EU investigation finds" 10629: 9967:"On the eve of war: The Sequence of events on august 7, 2008" 8145: 8130: 7325: 5644: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5535: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5241: 5184: 5146: 5138: 5098: 5094: 4735: 4522:

Regional Police units in the regions near the conflict areas

3921: 3881: 3412: 3307:

had attacked the Russian Navy ships. The Russian patrol ship

3288: 3030: 2792:

jets flew over South Ossetia on 8 July. A scheduled visit of

15707: 15705: 15703: 15701: 15699: 15455:

Pallin, Carolina Vendil; Fredrik Westerlund (24 July 2009).

15175: 15173: 13582: 12234: 12232: 10579: 10577: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10132: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10120: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9167:. International Crisis Group. 22 August 2008. Archived from 7392: 7390: 7233:"THE GOALS BEHIND MOSCOW'S PROXY OFFENSIVE IN SOUTH OSSETIA" 6806:"Civilians in the line of fire: The Georgia-Russia conflict" 6767: 6703:"Basic Facts: Consequences of Russian Aggression in Georgia" 5216:

Russia (78, of which destroyed: 74, damaged: 2, captured: 2)

3967:

authorities. The International Criminal Court concluded its

2873:

the bomb explosion which marked the opening of hostilities.

14986: 14984: 13248:– via Rowman & Littlefield International, London. 12416:"Bush, European Leaders Urge Quick Withdrawal From Georgia" 8504: 7079:"Eyewitness Accounts Confirm Shelling Of Georgian Villages" 6766:(in Russian). osetinfo.ru. 4 September 2008. Archived from 6676:"List of Casualties among the Georgian Military Servicemen" 6609: 6607: 6605: 6533: 6531: 6444: 6442: 6440: 5566:: (2, destroyed) (2, captured and destroyed) (5, captured). 5517:: (4, destroyed) (17, captured and destroyed) (8, captured) 5234: 5142: 5070: 3357: 2821: 2584: 2409: 2384:, the single largest ethnic group in the region. The upper 2115: 2106:

Russian forces temporarily occupied the Georgian cities of

16513:

Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics

16361:"The Russian-Georgian War Of 2008: Causes And Implication" 15954: 15952: 15950: 15948: 15946: 15944: 15942: 15940: 15809:

Mikaberidze, Alexander (1 February 2015). "ARMED FORCES".

14966: 13419: 13384:. International Centre for Defense Studies. Archived from 12774:"Russia defies west by recognising Georgian rebel regions" 12691:"Abkhazia, S.Ossetia Formally Declared Occupied Territory" 12621:"Russia hands over control of Georgian buffer zones to EU" 11667:"Georgia conflict: Russian troops accused of selling loot" 11565:"Russia moves into Georgian territory as conflict worsens" 11190:"Russia/Georgia: Militias Attack Civilians in Gori Region" 10350: 10348: 10333: 10036: 9671: 8632: 8106: 7956: 7845: 7824: 7592: 7450:"Evidence in Georgia Belies Russia's Claims of 'Genocide'" 7447: 6963: 6239:"Lessons and losses of Georgia's five-day war with Russia" 4982:

said that in the conflict new weapons were not tried out.

3867:, after arson attack, on the road from Tskhinvali to Java. 3319:

for the Black Sea Fleet, which had probably departed from

3303:, the Russian fleet sank one Georgian ship after Georgian 16266:

Russian Operational Art in the Russo-Georgian War of 2008

15927: 15925: 15923: 15921: 15919: 15917: 15915: 15913: 15911: 15696: 15344:"Russian Army's weaknesses exposed during war in Georgia" 15170: 15138:"Russia's Conventional Armed Forces and the Georgian War" 14647: 14561:"Independent report blames Georgia for South Ossetia war" 14484: 12229: 10574: 10414: 10402: 10117: 9736:Южная Осетия может начать против Грузии "рельсовую войну" 9654: 9283: 8968:"Russia Gives Some Details on Troop Increase in Abkhazia" 8652:"Russia army vows steps if Georgia and Ukraine join NATO" 8333:"Chronicle of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict: Fact sheet" 7474: 7387: 6631:(in Russian). Южная Осетия. 11 April 2009. Archived from 5833:

La Combattante II-class fast attack craft Dioskuria '303'

5655:

Towed Artillery (25, of which destroyed: 1, captured: 24)

5510:: (6, destroyed) (7, captured) (1, damaged and captured). 4970: 2733: 2713: 2572: 2278:

and demanded ownership of the lands they worked, and the

1969:. The fighting took place in the strategically important 15909: 15907: 15905: 15903: 15901: 15899: 15897: 15895: 15893: 15891: 15792: 15790: 15788: 15786: 15784: 15782: 15780: 15778: 15776: 15732: 15730: 15728: 15726: 15724: 15722: 15720: 15674: 15672: 15670: 15598: 15596: 15552:"ANALYSIS-Georgia rebel confidence rises after fighting" 15454: 15426: 15424: 14981: 14948:"What will be the outcome of the Georgian-Ossetian war?" 14290:"Russia might invade Ukraine if Obama wins, Palin warns" 11511:(in German). RIA Novosti. 14 August 2008. Archived from 10985:"Russia Vows to Support Two Enclaves, in Retort to Bush" 9762: 9760: 9758: 8942:"UNOMIG Denies Military Buildup in Abkhaz Conflict Zone" 8190: 7158:. Swedish Defence University. p. 50. Archived from 6784:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. Archived from 6705:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. Archived from 6602: 6573: 6528: 6460: 6437: 6092:

The war is known by a variety of other names, including

5739:

Surface-To-Air Missile Systems (6, of which captured: 6)

3764:

in revising international relations and undermining the

3168:

Woman crying for help during the Russian bombing of Gori

2262:. Controversy surrounds the date of Ossetian arrival in 16251:

Chifu, Iulian; Nantoi, Oazu; Sushko, Oleksandr (2009).

16212:

The Politics of Ethnic Separatism in Russia and Georgia

15937: 15645: 15643: 15583: 15581: 15579: 15577: 15575: 15573: 15571: 15569: 15533:

German Institute for International and Security Affairs

15030:В Цхинвали вошли подразделения Воздушно-десантных войск 14611: 14599: 14587: 14575: 14491: 13929:"2.7 The Issue of Civilian Casualties in South Ossetia" 13904: 13784:. Amnesty International. 1 October 2008. Archived from 11849:"Fighting with Russia spreads to cities across Georgia" 11415: 10562: 10345: 10231: 9860: 9642: 9569: 9567: 8168:"FACTBOX-What is Georgia's rebel South Ossetia region?" 8098:. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Archived from 6890:"Post-Mortem on Europe's First War of the 21st Century" 6655:. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Archived from 6592: 6590: 6588: 5434:

Trucks, Vehicles and Jeeps (32, of which destroyed: 32)

4962:

Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence (C³I)

4302:

and South Ossetians in starting the war. An article by

3971:

in December 2022, delivering arrest warrants for three

3648: 3608:

International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

16570: 14635: 14623: 14460:"EU asked to pinpoint aggressor in Russia-Georgia war" 12013: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9905: 9903: 9704:В Цхинвали прибыли 300 добровольцев из Северной Осетии 8960: 8118: 7978:

Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus

7733: 7616: 7604: 7313: 7260: 7077:

Eka Tsamalashvili; Brian Whitmore (14 November 2008).

6988:"Georgia calls on EU for independent inquiry into war" 6199:"Russian troops to stay in Abkhazia and South Ossetia" 5352:

1 1V13(M) battery fire control center: (1, destroyed).

3379: 3207:

was struck by a rocket. The attack killed one doctor.

2971:

and Prisi. They razed Avnevi and a police building in

2416:, would allow Russia to manage Western involvement in 2361:

were posted in South Ossetian conflict zone under the

17908: 17452:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

15888: 15773: 15717: 15684: 15667: 15593: 15436: 15421: 15397: 15362: 15182:"Georgia's Air Defense in the War with South Ossetia" 14919: 14917: 13961:. Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 6 October 2008. 12336:"Russian convoy moves deeper inside Georgia: witness" 11736:"Russian bombing kills 3 at Georgian airbase-Georgia" 10875:"Russians march into Georgia as full-scale war looms" 10757:"I got my children out minutes before the bombs fell" 10598: 10370:. Agence France-Presse. 7 August 2008. Archived from 9755: 9683: 9264:Чеченцы расписали сценарий войны России против Грузии 9132:"Russia railway soldiers leave Georgian rebel region" 8002:

Giorgi Sepashvili; Nino Khutsidze (5 February 2006).

7851:"Georgia's South Ossetia Conflict: Make Haste Slowly" 7745: 7694: 7682: 7203:"Russian Federation: Legal Aspects of War in Georgia" 7153:"Competing Powers: U.S.-Russian Relations, 2006–2016" 5347:

Artillery Support Vehicles (1, of which destroyed: 1)

5333:

Armoured Recovery Vehicles (1, of which destroyed: 1)

4087:

full-scale invasion of the whole territory of Ukraine

3819: 3292:

Russian guided-missile ship 12341 Mirazh (Mirage) in

2436:(CIS) on which the Russian visa regime was enforced. 2420:, an area of geopolitical importance. Russia saw the 2372:

in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, where the

15751:"საქართველოს არმიის დანაკარგები ჯერაც დაუზუსტებელია" 15655: 15640: 15566: 15409: 15254: 15242: 15220:"Georgia Eager to Rebuild Its Defeated Armed Forces" 14870: 14334:"Orbánnak 56 jutott eszébe az orosz hadmûveletekrõl" 14304:"Lech Kaczyński: jesteśmy tu po to, by podjąć walkę" 14186:"Sweden evokes Hitler in condemning Russian assault" 13818: 13725:"Georgia: International Groups Should Send Missions" 11897:"Tbilisi civilian airport hit in Russian air strike" 11793:"Georgia conflict: Roar of war as jets fill the air" 11487:"Abkhazia says Georgian troops pushed from province" 11318:"Russian navy sinks Georgian boat: Defence ministry" 11288:"Russian navy sinks Georgian boat: Defence ministry" 11221:"Tanks and Katyushas bristle round isolated Tbilisi" 11049:"Russia Pulls the Bulk of Its Forces Out of Georgia" 10856:"Russia opens new front, drives deeper into Georgia" 10849: 10847: 10828:"Dutch journalist killed in Russian bombing of Gori" 10493: 10378: 10321: 10309: 10099:"Saakashvili Appeals for Peace in Televised Address" 10060:. Russian Reporter. 29 November 2010. Archived from 9942: 9872: 9630: 9564: 9532:

Svante E. Cornell; S. Frederick Starr, eds. (2009).

8269: 8267: 7628: 7294: 7049:"West told Ukraine to abandon Crimea, document says" 6585: 6333:

Alexander Nicoll; Sarah Johnstone (September 2008).

6253: 5585:

Infantry Mobility Vehicles (3, of which captured: 3)

3655:

Russia sought approval for its recognition from the

2391: 15492: 15490: 15457:"Russia's war in Georgia: lessons and consequences" 15311:"U.S. Watched as a Squabble Turned into a Showdown" 15101: 13049: 12445:Margarita Antidze; Matt Robinson (19 August 2008). 12185:"Russia's president says operation in Georgia over" 11928:"Russia, in Accord With Georgians, Sets Withdrawal" 11337:"The Russian Black Sea Fleet After The Georgia War" 11103: 10896:"Victims of Last Year's Tragedy Remembered in Gori" 10854:Christopher Torchia; David Nowak (11 August 2008). 10480: 9900: 9304:"Georgia plans operation to free detained soldiers" 8432: 8246:"Profile: President Mikheil Saakashvili of Georgia" 6728:(in Russian). Interfax. 3 July 2009. Archived from 6551:"Russia lost 64 troops in Georgia war, 283 wounded" 6415:"Abkhazia: Moscow sends troops into second enclave" 6197:Harding, Luke; Percival, Jenny (9 September 2008). 5826:

Naval Ships (9, of which destroyed: 7, captured: 2)

5357:

Self-Propelled Artillery (1, of which destroyed: 1)

3602:

Recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by Russia

2563:

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

1035:

163–170 killed, 354 wounded, 1 missing, 39 captured

16412:Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies 16341:Putin's Wars: The Rise of Russia's New Imperialism 16317:Maria Raquel Freire; Roger E. Kanet, eds. (2012). 15499:"Georgia war shows Russian army strong but flawed" 15374: 15218:Chivers, C. J.; Shanker, Thom (2 September 2008). 15192:Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies 15104:"War Reveals Russia's Military Might and Weakness" 15023: 15021: 15019: 14914: 14843:. Associated Press. 19 August 2008. Archived from 14765:"Black Sea Fleet ships start tracking NATO guests" 14668:"The 2008 Russo-Georgian War: Putin's green light" 14510: 14475: 14473: 11926:Kramer, Andrew E.; Barry, Ellen (12 August 2008). 11784: 11636:"Russia Sends Mixed Signs on Pullout From Georgia" 11634:Schwirtz, Michael; Barry, Ellen (19 August 2008). 11493:. Associated Press. 12 August 2008. Archived from 11436:"Abkhaz separatists strike disputed Georgia gorge" 11387: 11385: 11383: 10836:. Associated Press. 12 August 2008. Archived from 10784: 10782: 9833: 9398:"Overflights question Russia's Georgia role: NATO" 9042: 8559:Steven Erlanger; Steven Lee Myers (3 April 2008). 8405: 7898: 7896: 7019: 6381: 6379: 6177:"Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev" 5145:aircraft. Russian airborne forces set fire to two 4378:Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies 2859:Map of the Georgian and Russian military offensive 19257:Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union 15617:Россия забрала себе пятую часть грузинских танков 15308: 15097: 15095: 15093: 15091: 14412:. Bundeskanzlerin. 11 August 2008. Archived from 14210:. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from 13753: 13382:"The Russian Bear on the Warpath Against Georgia" 13317:"Georgia angry after Russia vetoes U.N. monitors" 12997:"Global Peace Operations – Annual Review of 2007" 12241:"Peace Plan Offers Russia a Rationale to Advance" 12096:"Georgian websites forced offline in 'cyber war'" 11699: 11471:. Associated Press. 9 August 2008. Archived from 10949:"Amid promise of peace, Georgians live in terror" 10844: 10630:Elizabeth Owen; Giorgi Lomsadze (8 August 2008). 10601:"Russian Forces Capture Military Base in Georgia" 10204: 9301: 9212: 8818:"UN Probe Says Russian Jet Downed Georgian Drone" 8391:. Associated Press. 11 March 2008. Archived from 8304: 8264: 8096:"Georgian-Abkhaz Tensions Rise Over Kodori Gorge" 7803: 7801: 7773:Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective 6800: 6798: 6718: 6716: 5986:– a 2012 Russian war drama film depicting the war 4318: 3125: 2404:" between Russia and the Middle East. It borders 2270:between the landless Ossetian peasants living in 2219:was used to perform Christian rituals. After the 1104:180 killed, 1,174 wounded, 4 missing, 49 captured 19228: 17467:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 16797:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 16466:The Guns of August 2008: Russia's War in Georgia 16463:Cornell, Svante E.; Starr, S. Frederick (2009). 16308:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 15487: 15380: 15089: 15087: 15085: 15083: 15081: 15079: 15077: 15075: 15073: 15071: 14831: 14829: 14735:"Russia suspends military cooperation with Nato" 14512:"EU blames Georgia for starting war with Russia" 14053: 13850:Эдуард Кокойты: мы там практически выровняли все 13846: 13554:"Russia says Georgia war stopped NATO expansion" 12967: 11961:"Raids Suggest Russia Targeted Energy Pipelines" 11664: 11334: 10656: 10594: 10592: 10368:"Heavy fighting as Georgia attacks rebel region" 10167: 10165: 10163: 9808: 9535:The Guns of August 2008: Russia's War in Georgia 9335: 8561:"NATO Allies Oppose Bush on Georgia and Ukraine" 8240: 8238: 8093: 8059: 7712: 7348: 6763:Список погибших граждан Южной Осетии на 04.09.08 6678:. Ministry of Defence of Georgia. Archived from 6350: 6348: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6192: 6190: 5640:armoured vehicle-launched bridge: (1, captured). 5501:Tanks (44, of which destroyed: 27, captured: 17) 5192:Su-24M and one Tu-22M3 lost. Two helicopters, a 4043:International reaction to the Russo-Georgian War 2243:, Georgia declared independence on 26 May 1918. 180:Ethnic cleansing of Georgians from South Ossetia 18051:Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) 17586:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 17501:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 15970: 15016: 14857: 14837:"US trainers say Georgian troops weren't ready" 14665: 14470: 14287: 14123: 13800:"Russia: Protect Civilians in Occupied Georgia" 13437: 12383:Harding, Luke; Meikle, James (13 August 2008). 11919: 11380: 11155: 10779: 10082: 9444: 8530:"Georgia's oil pipeline is key to U.S. support" 7893: 7448:Andrew Osborn; Jeanne Whalen (15 August 2008). 6964:Marc Champion; Andrew Osborn (16 August 2008). 6887: 6376: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6196: 5101:that were upgraded to BMP-1U. Georgia lost two 3830:Humanitarian response to the Russo-Georgian War 2519:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 1150:Estimate by Georgian official: at least 230,000 128:; Russian forces moving into Georgia; House in 15496: 15338: 15336: 15217: 15054:"Georgian Military Folds Under Russian Attack" 14901:Centre for Strategic and International Studies 14805: 12709: 12376: 12062: 11992: 11766:"Georgia Says Russian Jet Bombed Vaziani Base" 11463: 11461: 10893: 10873:Harding, Luke; Traynor, Ian (12 August 2008). 10872: 10255:"Georgia Offers Fresh Evidence on War's Start" 10248: 10246: 10208:Это была не спонтанная, а спланированная война 10142: 8706: 8591:"What NATO Summit Declaration Says on Georgia" 7974: 7798: 7378: 7290: 7288: 7230: 7150: 7072: 7070: 7046: 6929: 6795: 6713: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6071:is formally recognised as an independent state 5779:1 ST86U/36D6-M ''Tin Shield'': (1, destroyed). 5300:: (1, destroyed ) (3, destroyed) (1, damaged). 4845:Elements of the 20th Motorised Rifle Division 3836:Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in South Ossetia 2594:supplying oil to Turkey. Russia, Iran and the 2091:was also waged during and after the conflict. 1670: 18188: 17894: 17750: 17440:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 16641: 15870:"Russian Army Chief Says Georgia is Rearming" 15131: 15129: 15127: 15125: 15123: 15121: 15119: 15117: 15068: 15045: 14826: 14410:"Angela Merkel calls for immediate ceasefire" 13690: 13551: 13490: 13440:"The Medvedev Doctrine and American Strategy" 13314: 13229:Thomas de Waal; Nikolaus von Twickel (2020). 12447:"Russian, Georgian forces exchange prisoners" 12382: 12368:. The Kremlin. 16 August 2008. Archived from 12319:. The Kremlin. 14 August 2008. Archived from 11867:"Russia bombs Tbilisi airport, says official" 11823:"MIA: Three Die in Marneuli Airfield Bombing" 11633: 11469:"Abkhazia moves to flush out Georgian troops" 11433: 11124: 11042: 11040: 10632:"Georgia: All-Out War Looms in South Ossetia" 10589: 10457:"Statement on the Situation in South Ossetia" 10160: 9988: 9986: 9893:Конфликт в Южной Осетии: переговоров не будет 9466: 9464: 9360: 9068: 8986: 8866: 8836: 8700: 8505:Emin Makhmudov; Mikhail Zygar (25 May 2005). 8450: 8298: 8235: 7935: 7763: 7417:United States Army Special Operations Command 6832:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 6345: 6321: 6187: 6179:. The Kremlin. 26 August 2008. Archived from 6149: 4382:International Institute for Strategic Studies 3826:Humanitarian impact of the Russo-Georgian War 3433:Information war during the Russo-Georgian War 2893:, declared that South Ossetia would start a " 1961:and the Russian-backed separatist regions of 1924: 1656: 1302: 1174: 18106:Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) 16462: 15275: 15271: 15269: 14457: 14349: 14347: 14226:"Moscow threatens Georgia regime, says Bush" 14089:. International Criminal Court. 30 June 2022 13583:Committee on Foreign Affairs (21 May 2015). 13406: 12673:"Russian troops withdraw from Georgian town" 11605:"Russian tanks in Georgia's Poti: witnesses" 11589:. Al Jazeera. 14 August 2008. Archived from 11218: 11079:"Russian Military Will Leave Gori in 2 Days" 11046: 10946: 10511: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10459:. The Kremlin. 8 August 2008. Archived from 10441:. The Kremlin. 8 August 2008. Archived from 9961: 9959: 9957: 9827: 9190:(in Russian). Gruziya Online. 20 June 2008. 8788:"Russia's Moves Add To Strains With Georgia" 8749: 8273: 8028: 7938:"Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988–1994" 7226: 7224: 7108: 6985: 6650: 6619: 6412: 6145: 6143: 5718:Anti-Aircraft Guns (2, of which captured: 2) 5032: 4148:warned in October 2008 that the election of 3924:, Achabeti, Tamarasheni, Eredvi, Vanati and 3662: 3574:European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia 3315:on 10 August. This was first activity since 3098:later noted that anyone "above the grade of 2368:This situation was mirrored in Abkhazia, an 2132:"direct control" over the separatist regions 17393:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 17388:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 16487:Russia, the West, and Military Intervention 15808: 15333: 15213: 15211: 15209: 15207: 15205: 14860:"U.S. takes Georgian troops home from Iraq" 14708:"Navy ships wait to deliver aid to Georgia" 13379: 13159:(in Russian). Interfax Russia. 12 July 2012 12972:. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Analyst. 12910: 12093: 12058: 12056: 11925: 11579: 11458: 11367: 11237: 10716: 10714: 10243: 9896:(in Russian). Radio Svoboda. 7 August 2008. 9390: 9331: 9329: 8527: 8498: 7649: 7499: 7285: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7067: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6357:"Armed Cossacks pour in to fight Georgians" 6354: 6303:"The August War between Russia and Georgia" 6265: 5854:Stenka class patrol boat P-21 Giorgi Toreli 5387:close air support aircraft: (2, destroyed). 5167: 4730:104th and 234th Paratroop Regiments of the 4550:Russo-South Ossetian-Abkhaz order of battle 4365: 4247:A few leaders supported Russia's position: 3863:A burning house in the Georgian village of 3268:principal highway connecting east with west 2808:and also included servicemen from Ukraine, 2774:expel Georgian forces from the Kodori Gorge 2346:restoration of independence on 9 April 1991 175:Russian, South Ossetian and Abkhaz victory 18195: 18181: 17901: 17887: 17858:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's sack of Tbilisi 17778:Scytho-Cimmerian invasions of the Caucasus 17757: 17743: 16709:Military history of the Russian Federation 16648: 16634: 16490:. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. 16392: 16337: 16292:Cohen, Ariel; Hamilton, Robert E. (2011). 15521: 15278:"Russia's Military Performance in Georgia" 15114: 14975: 14705: 14336:(in Hungarian). index.hu. 14 August 2008. 13208:"Military occupation of Georgia by Russia" 11958: 11532: 11361: 11081:. redOrbit. 14 August 2008. Archived from 11037: 10978: 10976: 10915:"The new Cold War: Crisis in the Caucasus" 10408: 10396: 10042: 10010: 9983: 9915: 9677: 9579: 9461: 8638: 8481: 8154: 8139: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7261:Alex Rodriguez; Bay Fang (9 August 2008). 7256: 7254: 7235:. The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from 6646: 6644: 6642: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6461:Misha Dzhindzhikhashvili (9 August 2008). 6236: 6000:Military history of the Russian Federation 5647:heavy engineering vehicle: (1, destroyed). 5601:: (1, captured) (1, damaged and captured). 4015:at a Tbilisi press conference, August 2008 3995: 3736:The 2008 war was the first time since the 3437:Cyberattacks during the Russo-Georgian War 2722:United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia 2350:first non-Baltic state of the Soviet Union 1931: 1917: 1663: 1649: 1309: 1295: 1181: 1167: 16959:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 16381: 15813:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 139. 15748: 15266: 15135: 14344: 14256: 14250: 13516: 13080:(in Russian). Vesti Kavkaza. 11 July 2012 13029:"Extra Russian troops arrive in Abkhazia" 12771: 12719:. European Parliament. 17 November 2011. 12037:(in Russian). Interfax. 21 October 2008. 11988: 11986: 11889: 11790: 11372:. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from 10750: 10748: 10583: 10467: 10425: 10136: 9954: 9918:"A Two-Sided Descent into Full-Scale War" 9665: 9289: 9243:(in Russian). South Ossetian part of the 8207: 8205: 8196: 8089: 8087: 7841: 7839: 7443: 7441: 7295:Nikolaus von Twickel (17 November 2008). 7221: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7177:"2008 Georgia Russia Conflict Fast Facts" 7116:Caucasian Review of International Affairs 7022:"The Conflict Between Russia and Georgia" 6579: 6543: 6448: 6385: 6300: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6171: 6169: 6140: 5633:armoured recovery vehicle: (1, captured). 4802:Units of the 22nd Special Forces Brigade 4791:Units of the 10th Special Forces Brigade 4049:Protests regarding the Russo-Georgian War 3969:investigation in the Situation in Georgia 3797:Russia to act in a similar way in Ukraine 3791:Caucasian Review of International Affairs 3687: 3343:that day and took a military base there. 2683:Situation in Georgia before the 2008 war. 1316: 422: 198:established in Abkhazia and South Ossetia 18079:Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) 17764: 16370: 16358: 15202: 14892:Hamilton, Robert E. (4 September 2008). 14891: 14887: 14885: 14767:. Regnum. 27 August 2008. Archived from 14641: 14629: 14617: 14605: 14593: 14581: 14497: 14353: 13910: 13802:. Human Rights Watch. 25 November 2008. 13792: 13719: 13717: 13715: 12834:"CoE, PACE Chairs Condemn Russia's Move" 12613: 12500: 12203: 12177: 12146: 12053: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11522: 11427: 11182: 10942: 10940: 10822: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10723:"Georgia and Russia Nearing All-Out War" 10711: 10568: 10481:Konstantin Makienko (15 November 2008). 10339: 10237: 10171: 9866: 9648: 9326: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8899: 7902: 7656:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 112–113. 7480: 7396: 7383:. European Council on Foreign Relations. 7344: 7342: 7340: 7200: 7139: 7104: 7102: 7100: 6981: 6979: 6932:"Is The Clock Ticking For Saakashvili?'" 6918: 6736: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6670: 6668: 6666: 5171: 5041: 4912: 4018: 3999: 3898: 3858: 3839: 3720: 3611: 3536: 3457: 3446:, that Russia actually started the war. 3287: 3182: 3163: 3155: 3147: 3135: 3040: 3024: 2994:According to Georgian intelligence, and 2854: 2678: 2605: 2478: 2353:Russian authorities. Georgia endorsed a 2206: 2191:corresponds to "Ossia" (Ossetia) in the 2174: 27:2008 conflict between Russia and Georgia 18121:Macedonian inter-ethnic violence (2012) 16920:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 16790:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 16483: 16262: 16229: 16194: 16160: 16158: 16156: 16154: 16152: 16150: 16148: 16146: 16144: 16142: 16140: 16138: 16136: 16134: 16132: 16130: 16128: 16126: 16124: 16122: 16120: 16118: 16116: 16114: 16112: 16110: 16108: 16106: 16104: 16102: 16100: 16098: 16096: 16094: 16092: 16090: 16088: 16086: 16084: 16082: 16080: 16078: 16076: 16074: 16072: 16070: 16068: 16066: 16064: 16062: 16060: 16058: 16056: 16054: 16052: 16050: 16048: 16046: 16044: 16042: 16040: 16038: 16036: 16034: 16032: 16030: 16028: 16026: 16024: 16022: 16020: 15549: 15448: 15276:Tor Bukkvoll (November–December 2009). 14370: 14259:"U.S. pondered military use in Georgia" 13935:. Human Rights Watch. 23 January 2009. 13879: 13704:. Human Rights Watch. 23 January 2009. 13674:. Human Rights Watch. 23 January 2009. 13609: 13466:"Georgia Finalizes Withdrawal From CIS" 13283: 13179:"EUMM Monitor Bulletin #7 October 2018" 12970:"Georgia: The split that split the SCO" 12152: 12019: 11627: 10973: 10754: 10720: 10252: 9470: 8682:"8 августа 2008 года - Потерянный день" 8124: 8112: 7995: 7962: 7830: 7751: 7739: 7715:"South Ossetia's unwanted independence" 7700: 7688: 7645: 7643: 7610: 7598: 7486: 7374: 7372: 7263:"Georgian conflict puts U.S. in middle" 7251: 7020:Jean-Rodrigue Paré (13 February 2009). 7015: 7013: 6959: 6957: 6850: 6774: 6639: 6487: 6259: 5606:Command Posts (1, of which captured: 1) 5207:South Ossetian forces lost two BMP-2s. 3227:nearest during the war, and stopped in 3014: 2474: 705:Chechen Battalions "Vostok" and "Zapad" 192:of South Ossetia and Abkhazia by Russia 124:Ruins of a burnt apartment building in 14: 19229: 17541:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 17472:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 17331:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 17309:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 17023:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 16699:Military history of the Russian Empire 16316: 16263:Colonel George T. Donovan Jr. (2009). 16018: 16016: 16014: 16012: 16010: 16008: 16006: 16004: 16002: 16000: 15848:"History of the Air Forces of Georgia" 15842: 15840: 15838: 15836: 15834: 15832: 15830: 15102:Vladimir Isachenkov (18 August 2008). 14680: 14653: 14434:from the original on 3 September 2008. 14340:from the original on 23 December 2010. 14126:"Russia's Neighbours Go Their Own Way" 14067:from the original on 27 September 2018 13754:Thomas Hammarberg (8 September 2008). 13678:from the original on 30 September 2012 13296:from the original on 27 September 2018 12976:from the original on 12 September 2008 12931: 12784:from the original on 27 September 2018 12653:from the original on 14 September 2017 12477: 12413: 12395:from the original on 27 September 2018 12333: 12279: 12238: 12108:from the original on 14 September 2008 11983: 11746:from the original on 24 September 2015 11700:Reuben F. Johnson (24 November 2008). 11446:from the original on 24 September 2015 11298:from the original on 24 September 2015 11268:from the original on 14 September 2017 11110:(in Russian). Interfax. Archived from 11104:Mariya Khristianova (14 August 2008). 10745: 10699:from the original on 23 September 2008 10360: 9766: 9689: 9408:from the original on 24 September 2015 9314:from the original on 24 September 2015 9142:from the original on 24 September 2015 9112:from the original on 30 September 2018 8974:from the original on 14 September 2017 8948:from the original on 14 September 2017 8597:from the original on 14 September 2017 8305:Sergey Markedonov (16 November 2008). 8286:from the original on 20 September 2012 8202: 8160: 8094:Giorgi Kupatadze (26 September 2006). 8084: 8072:from the original on 27 September 2018 8041:from the original on 27 September 2018 7836: 7807: 7438: 7331: 7187: 7085:from the original on 23 September 2016 7024:. Parliament of Canada. Archived from 6998:from the original on 13 September 2017 6856: 6754: 6425:from the original on 27 September 2018 6237:Liklikadze, Koba (26 September 2008). 6221: 6166: 5840:Matka-class missile boat Tbilisi '302' 5798:Helicopters (3, of which destroyed: 3) 5429:transport helicopter: (1, destroyed ). 5422:transport helicopter: (1, destroyed ). 5413:Helicopters (2, of which destroyed: 2) 4649:503rd Motorised Rifle Regiment of the 4568:Deployed units: South Ossetian sector 4066:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine 3940:Russia accused Georgia of committing " 3716: 3590:governments. Russian Foreign Minister 3453: 3426: 2979:official later told Russian newspaper 2954:report sent on August 8, 2008, by the 2756:In late June, Russian military expert 2573:Relations between Georgia and the West 1687:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 1188: 937:North Ossetian and Cossack volunteers: 18176: 17930:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) 17882: 17843:Shah Tahmasp I's invasions of Georgia 17738: 17691:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 17069:Russian colonization of North America 16629: 16441: 16403: 16291: 16279:from the original on 19 February 2018 16250: 16208: 15958: 15931: 15796: 15736: 15711: 15690: 15678: 15661: 15649: 15602: 15587: 15442: 15430: 15415: 15403: 15368: 15260: 15248: 15158:from the original on 16 February 2013 14936:from the original on 14 October 2009. 14882: 14876: 14523:from the original on 11 January 2022. 14296: 14238:from the original on 22 December 2016 13712: 13425: 13308: 12968:Niklas Swanström (3 September 2008). 12697:from the original on 3 September 2008 12407: 12251:from the original on 23 December 2018 12075:from the original on 24 February 2019 11877:from the original on 17 February 2019 11535:"Russia Briefly Seizes Georgian Port" 11519: 11421: 11349:from the original on 26 February 2019 11118: 10995:from the original on 14 December 2018 10937: 10813: 10681: 10526:from the original on 15 December 2018 10499: 10384: 10354: 10327: 10315: 9999:. OSCE. 7 August 2008. Archived from 9948: 9878: 9848:from the original on 9 September 2008 9790:from the original on 28 February 2019 9739:(in Russian). Regnum. 5 August 2008. 9636: 9573: 9378:from the original on 28 February 2019 8896: 8854:from the original on 28 February 2019 8615: 8438: 8365:from the original on 4 September 2008 8339:from the original on 13 February 2009 8010:from the original on 4 September 2008 7944:from the original on 27 November 2012 7721:from the original on 25 December 2014 7634: 7622: 7357:from the original on 28 December 2015 7337: 7319: 7097: 7081:. Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 6976: 6942:from the original on 3 September 2014 6838:from the original on 15 December 2018 6820: 6686: 6663: 6613: 6596: 6537: 6156:Institute for War and Peace Reporting 6123: 5957:List of invasions in the 21st century 5807:transport helicopter: (1, destroyed). 4778:45th Detached Reconnaissance Regiment 4507:M/R Department, I Operative Division 4309:European Council on Foreign Relations 3545: 3466:Dmitry Medvedev and French President 3365:were sunk by Russian troops in Poti. 3346: 3045:Destroyed Georgian tank in Tskhinvali 2670:2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis 2454:deported four suspected Russian spies 1644: 1290: 1162: 18202: 18074:Slovenian War of Independence (1991) 17989:Russian constitutional crisis (1993) 17957:Transnistria conflict (1990–present) 16704:Military history of the Soviet Union 16366:. Estonian National Defence College. 15985:from the original on 2 December 2008 15321:from the original on 21 October 2018 14954:from the original on 4 December 2008 14814:from the original on 27 January 2019 14732: 14314:from the original on 11 January 2012 14269:from the original on 6 February 2010 14156:"Carl Bildt oroad över utvecklingen" 14113:(in Russian). Regnum. 5 August 2008. 13806:from the original on 5 December 2014 13762:from the original on 15 October 2009 13735:from the original on 21 October 2014 13648:from the original on 26 January 2009 13472:from the original on 15 January 2016 13438:George Friedman (2 September 2008). 12627:from the original on 12 October 2008 12501:Schwirtz, Michael (23 August 2008). 12346:from the original on 10 January 2009 12239:Kramer, Andrew E. (13 August 2008). 12041:from the original on 1 December 2010 11940:from the original on 9 November 2012 11907:from the original on 7 November 2017 11851:. CNN. 8 August 2008. Archived from 11677:from the original on 5 November 2018 11587:"Russian forces sink Georgian ships" 11200:from the original on 9 November 2008 11025:from the original on 20 October 2016 10983:Levy, Clifford J. (14 August 2008). 10982: 10558:from the original on 11 August 2009. 10205:Pavel Felgenhauer (14 August 2008). 10105:from the original on 19 October 2014 9930:from the original on 6 November 2012 9834:Marina Perevozkina (8 August 2008). 9267:(in Russian). MIGnews. 5 July 2008. 9108:. European Parliament. 5 June 2008. 8785: 8662:from the original on 17 October 2015 8420:from the original on 27 January 2019 8406:Marina Perevozkina (24 March 2008). 8178:from the original on 11 January 2009 8062:"Self-Determination for the Kremlin" 7640: 7369: 7273:from the original on 16 October 2014 7209:from the original on 10 January 2019 7151:Håkan Karlsson (12 September 2016). 7010: 6954: 6930:Brian Whitmore (12 September 2008). 6906:from the original on 7 December 2014 6881: 6516:from the original on 12 October 2017 6209:from the original on 19 October 2018 5784:Aircraft (3, of which destroyed: 3). 5678:Rapira anti-tank gun: (2, captured). 4903: 4493:Logistic Support Department of Army 4225:– On 8 August, France (who held the 3811:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 2910:prepare to fight in South Ossetia". 2325:and Arsène Saparov believe that the 2156:Background of the Russo-Georgian War 2031:between Russia and Georgia began to 2023:in Russia in 2000 and a pro-Western 18034:Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) 17853:Shah Abbas I's invasions of Georgia 17445:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 15997: 15827: 15628:from the original on 17 August 2014 15509:from the original on 9 January 2009 15381:Sebastian Alison (27 August 2008). 15136:McDermott, Roger N. (Spring 2009). 14806:Vladimir Socor (27 November 2008). 14745:from the original on 9 January 2019 14714:from the original on 4 October 2018 14563:. Deutsche Welle. 30 September 2009 14481:"Georgia 'started unjustified war'" 14354:Bennhold, Katrin (12 August 2008). 14288:Blake Hounshell (22 October 2008). 14166:from the original on 9 October 2012 14011:from the original on 5 January 2018 14001:"South Ossetians Complain to Court" 13965:from the original on 8 August 2009. 13847:Aleksandr Gabuev (15 August 2008). 13832:. 11 September 2008. Archived from 12949:from the original on 6 October 2014 12919:from the original on 3 October 2018 12804:"West condemns Russia over Georgia" 12743:"Russian MPs back Georgia's rebels" 12559:"Russians 'agree Georgia deadline'" 12414:Kunkle, Fredrick (18 August 2008). 12297:from the original on 12 August 2008 12287:"Georgia and Russia agree on truce" 12217:from the original on 12 August 2008 12191:from the original on 23 August 2013 12134:from the original on 12 August 2008 12065:"Georgia feels Russia's heavy hand" 11993:Matthew Collin (24 November 2008). 11791:Blomfield, Adrian (8 August 2008). 11665:Adrian Blomfield (24 August 2008). 11646:from the original on 10 August 2012 11393:"Day-by-day: Georgia-Russia crisis" 10689:"Russian jets attack Georgian town" 10297:from the original on 2 January 2016 10253:Chivers, C.J. (15 September 2008). 10219:from the original on 20 August 2016 10186:from the original on 23 August 2008 10083:Giorgi Lomsadze (1 December 2010). 10024:from the original on 29 August 2008 9368:"Russia admits Georgia overflights" 9348:from the original on 13 August 2008 9271:from the original on 18 August 2016 9194:from the original on 5 October 2018 9086:from the original on 9 January 2019 9076:"Russia army unit sent to Abkhazia" 9056:from the original on 9 October 2014 8884:from the original on 15 August 2008 8874:"Georgia-Russia tensions ramped up" 8824:from the original on 12 August 2008 8798:from the original on 3 October 2018 8737:from the original on 13 August 2008 8482:Pagnamenta, Robin (8 August 2008). 7786:from the original on 6 October 2018 7047:Andrew Rettman (24 February 2016). 6869:from the original on 20 August 2008 6859:"Despair among Georgia's displaced" 6386:Krasnogir, Sergey (8 August 2008). 5371:Aircraft (8, of which destroyed: 8) 4536:Constitutional Security Department 4256:Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs 4195:), who met with Georgian president 4143:Vice President of the United States 3760:The war in Georgia showed Russia's 3493:Definitive cessation of hostilities 3380:Bombing of Tbilisi and surroundings 2786:Georgian-backed Ossetian government 2087:coincided with military action. An 1979:declared its independence from the 24: 19297:Georgia (country)–Russia relations 18487:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 18029:Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) 17491:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 16857:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 16435: 15971:Vladimir Ivanov (20 August 2008). 15761:from the original on 7 August 2017 15749:ლიკლიკაძე, კობა (24 August 2008). 15179: 14858:Michael Hoffman (11 August 2008). 14791:. 6 September 2008. Archived from 14683:"NATO ships cause alarm in Moscow" 14390:from the original on 9 August 2008 14124:Bridget Kendall (21 August 2008). 14041:from the original on 8 August 2014 14031:"Georgia marks anniversary of war" 13880:McElroy, Damien (30 August 2008). 13782:"The human cost of war in Georgia" 13638:"S Ossetia 'war crimes' condemned" 13591:from the original on 7 August 2018 13552:Denis Dyomkin (21 November 2011). 12886:"Scheffer 'Rejects' Russia's Move" 12814:from the original on 20 April 2010 12723:from the original on 5 August 2015 12165:from the original on 30 March 2019 12155:"Before the Gunfire, Cyberattacks" 12001:from the original on 15 April 2019 11403:from the original on 20 April 2010 11335:Dmitry Gorenburg (December 2008). 11170:from the original on 7 August 2018 11015:"Violence flares in Georgian town" 10858:. Associated Press. Archived from 10733:from the original on 24 March 2019 10657:Adrian Blomfield (9 August 2008). 9809:Maria Bogdarenko (6 August 2008). 9743:from the original on 7 August 2018 9213:Andrey Illarionov (28 June 2009). 8994:"Georgia condemns Russian actions" 8767:from the original on 22 March 2014 8757:"Russia 'shot down Georgia drone'" 8719:from the original on 21 June 2010. 8540:from the original on 22 April 2019 8463:from the original on 14 April 2016 8451:James Rodgers (28 November 2006). 8252:from the original on 7 August 2018 8223:from the original on 10 March 2019 8060:Oleksandr Kramar (16 April 2014). 8004:"S.Ossetia: Mapping Out Scenarios" 7881:from the original on 10 April 2015 7462:from the original on 7 August 2018 7419:. 2016. p. 14. Archived from 6897:Centre for European Policy Studies 6812:. 18 November 2008. Archived from 6557:. 21 February 2009. Archived from 6022:, initiated as a result of the war 5821:attack helicopter: (1, destroyed). 5814:attack helicopter: (1, destroyed). 5755:TELAR (for Buk-M1): (2, captured). 4852:Two battalions of Black Sea Fleet 4465:Separate Light Infantry Battalion 3820:Humanitarian impact and war crimes 2850:Timeline of the Russo-Georgian War 2674: 2622:in April 2008, American president 2601:United States' backing for Georgia 2434:Commonwealth of Independent States 2376:separated from Georgia during the 822:10,000–11,000 soldiers (including 25: 19343: 18337:Unification of the Georgian realm 17356:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 16582:Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 10 16535: 15876:from the original on 3 March 2016 15550:Sweeney, Conor (13 August 2008). 15497:Christian Lowe (20 August 2008). 15346:. RIA Novosti. 9 September 2008. 15230:from the original on 5 March 2019 15004:from the original on 26 July 2012 14681:Kramer, Andrew (27 August 2008). 14666:Peter Dickinson (7 August 2021). 14458:Luke Harding (18 November 2008). 14136:from the original on 6 April 2019 13939:from the original on 16 July 2009 13892:from the original on 6 April 2018 13533:from the original on 14 July 2014 13446:from the original on 24 June 2017 13284:Parfitt, Tom (22 December 2008). 12939:"Georgia breaks ties with Russia" 12753:from the original on 1 April 2019 12601:from the original on 15 July 2015 12569:from the original on 7 April 2014 12539:from the original on 7 April 2014 12513:from the original on 5 March 2019 12426:from the original on 30 June 2017 11995:"Media war flares over S Ossetia" 11971:from the original on 6 March 2019 11803:from the original on 9 April 2019 11702:"Tennis Shoes and Stolen Toilets" 11615:from the original on 14 July 2009 11156:Viktor Baranets (8 August 2014). 11137:from the original on 5 March 2019 11059:from the original on 5 March 2019 10894:Goga Aptsiauri (12 August 2009). 10801:from the original on 2 April 2019 10767:from the original on 5 March 2017 10669:from the original on 2 April 2019 10611:from the original on 22 June 2017 10293:(in Russian). 11 September 2008. 10265:from the original on 16 June 2017 10156:from the original on 7 June 2011. 9780:"Russia vows to defend S Ossetia" 9715:from the original on 8 March 2016 9513:from the original on 27 July 2008 9483:from the original on 5 March 2019 9445:Tea Kerdzevadze (1 August 2008). 9336:Mikheil Svanidze (11 July 2008). 9302:Margarita Antidze (8 July 2008). 9030:from the original on 25 June 2017 8844:"Georgia 'plans war in Abkhazia'" 8571:from the original on 5 March 2019 8313:from the original on 16 July 2011 8029:Luke Harding (1 September 2008). 7808:Lieven, Anatol (11 August 2008). 7713:Stephen F. Jones (10 June 2014). 7349:Ramūnas Bogdanas (28 July 2015). 7127:from the original on 15 June 2014 7055:from the original on 20 June 2018 6986:Luke Harding (19 November 2008). 6746:. Ossetia-war.com. Archived from 6475:from the original on 4 March 2017 6249:from the original on 5 June 2011. 6150:Irma Choladze (22 January 2009). 5793:utility aircraft: (3, destroyed). 5767:Radars (2, of which destroyed: 2) 5488:: (1, destroyed) (1, destroyed ). 5443:: (9, destroyed) (2, destroyed ). 5408:strategic bomber: (1, destroyed). 4838:76th Pskov Air Assault Divisions 4085:, which in 2022 escalated into a 4023:Georgian Coast Guard patrol boat 3707:European Union Monitoring Mission 3657:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 2824:. The Russian exercise was named 2545:which Russia had been resisting. 2530:region of Abkhazia, when a local 2392:Russian interests and involvement 2138:taking place there. In 2022, the 737:Total in Abkhazia: 9,000 soldiers 19262:Wars involving Georgia (country) 18582: 18456:Absorption by the Russian Empire 17410:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 17203:Russian conquest of Central Asia 17139:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 16935:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 16877:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 16621:Andre Nekrasov's Russian Lessons 16599:Fighting in South Ossetia Photos 16576:OSCE Mission to Georgia (closed) 16571:EU Monitoring Mission in Georgia 16448:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 16164: 15964: 15862: 15811:Historical Dictionary of Georgia 15802: 15742: 15608: 15543: 15350:from the original on 24 May 2009 15302: 14940: 14894:"A Resolute Strategy on Georgia" 14851: 14799: 14775: 14757: 14726: 14699: 14674: 14659: 14553: 14527: 14503: 14451: 14438: 14420: 14402: 14326: 14281: 14218: 14200: 14178: 14148: 14117: 14101: 14079: 14023: 13993: 13969: 13951: 13873: 13840: 13774: 13708:from the original on 4 May 2009. 13660: 13630: 13603: 13576: 13545: 13484: 13458: 13442:. Stratfor Global Intelligence. 13431: 13400: 13373: 13360:"EUMM Mission Facts And Figures" 13352: 13327: 13277: 13252: 13222: 13200: 13171: 13149: 13120: 13092: 13070: 13043: 13021: 12988: 12961: 12904: 12892:from the original on 7 June 2011 12878: 12866:from the original on 7 June 2011 12852: 12840:from the original on 7 June 2011 12826: 12796: 12765: 12735: 12683: 12665: 12639: 12581: 12551: 12525: 12494: 12471: 12438: 12358: 12334:Kilner, James (15 August 2008). 12327: 12309: 12211:"Russia Endorses Six-Point Plan" 12153:Markoff, John (12 August 2008). 12120: 12087: 12025: 11952: 11859: 11841: 11829:from the original on 7 June 2011 11815: 11772:from the original on 7 June 2011 11758: 11728: 11693: 11658: 11597: 11571:. 11 August 2008. Archived from 11557: 11545:from the original on 7 July 2017 11501: 11479: 11328: 11310: 11280: 11254: 11231: 11212: 11149: 11125:C. J. Chivers (15 August 2008). 11097: 11071: 11007: 10961:from the original on 7 July 2013 10925:from the original on 8 July 2018 10906: 10887: 10866: 10755:Harding, Luke (11 August 2008). 10650: 10623: 10538: 10505: 10449: 10431: 10277: 10198: 10172:Allenova, Olga (8 August 2008). 10091: 10076: 10048: 9884: 9802: 9772: 9727: 9695: 9603: 9595:. 26 August 2008. Archived from 9525: 9495: 9471:Shanker, Thom (16 August 2008). 9438: 9420: 9295: 9255: 9231: 9206: 9178: 9162:"RUSSIA VS GEORGIA: THE FALLOUT" 9154: 9124: 9098: 9016: 9004:from the original on 20 May 2008 8934: 8810: 8779: 8723: 8707:Vladimir Socor (18 April 2008). 8674: 8644: 8609: 8583: 8552: 8521: 8453:"Georgia's Nato bid irks Russia" 7917:from the original on 1 June 2010 7670:from the original on 14 May 2016 7523:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00762.x 7379:Gustav Gressel (6 August 2015). 7231:Vladimir Socor (8 August 2008). 6857:Fawkes, Helen (20 August 2008). 6152:"Kodori Gorge Refugees in Limbo" 5905:: (10, destroyed) (3, captured). 5762:TEL (for Buk-M1): (2, captured). 5491:2 Unknown truck: (2, destroyed). 5401:strike aircraft: (2, destroyed). 5265:: (1, destroyed) (1, captured ). 5221:Tanks (4, of which destroyed: 4) 5077:The Georgian army possessed 154 4732:76th Guards Air Assault Division 4279: 3873:international laws governing war 3533:Geneva International Discussions 3280:Battle off the coast of Abkhazia 2868:At 8:00 am on 1 August, an 2830:North Caucasus Military District 2704:, Russian Ambassador to the UN. 2315:South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast 2075:forces opened a second front by 1997:South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast 1903: 1896: 1889: 1882: 1728: 1697:Georgian-Ossetian Crisis of 2004 1043: 1010: 947: 900: 864: 804: 784: 770: 757: 744: 727:76th Guards Air Assault Division 694:42nd Guards Motor Rifle Division 658: 633: 621: 609: 597: 585: 573: 559: 544: 518: 506: 494: 474: 454: 442: 430: 411: 399: 387: 375: 363: 351: 339: 325: 311: 288: 272: 259: 246: 110: 99: 90: 79: 70: 18142:List of ongoing armed conflicts 17984:East Prigorodny conflict (1992) 17696:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 17341:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 17282:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 15535:. November 2008. Archived from 15037:. 9 August 2008. Archived from 14430:. RIA Novosti. 19 August 2008. 14192:. 9 August 2008. Archived from 13610:Johnson, Boris (6 March 2022). 13407:Robert Kagan (11 August 2008). 13108:(in Russian). 29 September 2011 12623:. RIA Novosti. 9 October 2008. 12478:Halpin, Tony (23 August 2008). 12459:from the original on 5 May 2009 12187:. RIA Novosti. 12 August 2008. 12130:. RIA Novosti. 10 August 2008. 12063:Svante Cornell (17 June 2009). 11434:Ilya Kachayev (9 August 2008). 11219:Luke Harding (18 August 2008). 11047:C.J. Chivers (22 August 2008). 10947:Luke Harding (14 August 2008). 10721:Barnard, Anne (9 August 2008). 10512:Ralph Peters (12 August 2008). 9552:from the original on 2 May 2016 9026:. UN News Centre. 15 May 2008. 8616:Evans, Michael (5 April 2008). 8475: 8444: 8399: 8377: 8351: 8335:. RIA Novosti. 13 August 2008. 8325: 8274:Charles King (25 August 2004). 8053: 8022: 7968: 7929: 7867: 7764:Stephen Jones (November 2008). 7757: 7706: 7576: 7560: 7544: 7402: 7169: 7040: 6936:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 6888:Michael Emerson (August 2008). 6651:Inal Khashig (14 August 2008). 6504:"Human Rights Watch – Appendix" 6454: 6413:Luke Harding (11 August 2008). 6406: 6124:Hider, James (27 August 2008). 6086: 5978:– a 2011 film depicting the war 5939:: (3, destroyed) (1, captured). 5891:: (1, destroyed) (6, captured). 5713:: (4, destroyed) (1, captured). 5706:: (2, destroyed) (2, captured). 5580:: (2, destroyed) (1, captured). 5366:: (1, captured and destroyed ). 3809:on 6 March 2022, the incumbent 3529:Occupied territories of Georgia 3490:No recourse to the use of force 3444:including some in Russian media 3273: 2986:use the Georgian response as a 2863: 2848:For a chronological guide, see 2738:United Nations General Assembly 2697:United Nations Security Council 2458:persecution of ethnic Georgians 2037:diplomatic crisis by April 2008 1989:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1832:Occupied territories of Georgia 19307:Russia–South Ossetia relations 19252:Invasions of Georgia (country) 18472:Democratic Republic of Georgia 18111:Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) 18004:Second Chechen War (1999–2009) 17969:Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) 17378:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 17028:War of the Austrian Succession 16609:Russian air attacks in Georgia 16522:(2008); a Russian perspective. 16338:Van Herpen, Marcel H. (2014). 16320:Russia and its Near Neighbours 16198:Small Nations and Great Powers 15872:. Civil.Ge. 11 November 2009. 15624:(in Russian). 16 August 2008. 15151:. US Army War College: 65–80. 15000:(in Russian). 11 August 2008. 14950:. RIA Novosti. 8 August 2008. 14063:. United Nations. 7 May 2014. 13315:Matt Robinson (16 June 2009). 12911:Jun Okumura (29 August 2008). 12649:. Civil.Ge. 13 December 2008. 12535:. Civil.Ge. 8 September 2008. 12094:Asher Moses (12 August 2008). 11368:Ariel Cohen (11 August 2008). 11238:Tony Halpin (18 August 2008). 10554:(in Russian). 15 August 2008. 8409:Дума разочаровала непризнанных 8213:"Q&A: Conflict in Georgia" 7940:. Vrije Universiteit Brussel. 6117: 6059: 6056:a part of Georgia's territory. 6033: 5918:1 MAN KAT1 4x4: (1, captured). 5671:divisional gun: (4, captured). 5538:: (1, destroyed) (1, captured) 5328:: (3, destroyed) (1, damaged). 5053:After the ceasefire agreement 4811:Deployed units: Abkhaz sector 4686:71st Motorised Rifle Regiment 4675:70th Motorised Rifle Regiment 4672:42nd Motorised Rifle Division 4529:Special Operations Department 4319:NATO reaction in the Black Sea 4206:– Hungarian opposition leader 4034:on its arrival at the port of 3957:European Court of Human Rights 3953:International Court of Justice 3746:the official return of history 3470:after negotiations on the plan 3126:Bombing and occupation of Gori 2843: 2499:came to power after Georgia's 2299:Democratic Republic of Georgia 2294:, but even so, were defeated. 2221:Mongol invasions of the region 2134:and was responsible for grave 2128:European Court of Human Rights 2003:control of Russian-backed but 1522:Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 13: 1: 18137:List of Post-Soviet conflicts 18089:Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) 18056:Wagner Group rebellion (2023) 17994:First Chechen War (1994–1996) 17952:Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) 17601:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 17479:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 17230:Russian invasion of Manchuria 17220:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 17166:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 17161:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 17104:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 17094:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 17059:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 17054:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 17044:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 17034:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 17012:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 17007:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 16984:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 16979:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 16954:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 16930:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 16925:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 16910:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 16785:List of wars involving Russia 16780:Sino-Russian border conflicts 16359:Laaneots, Ants (April 2016). 15461:Small Wars & Insurgencies 14733:Tran, Mark (21 August 2008). 14706:Mike Mount (20 August 2008). 14310:(in Polish). 12 August 2008. 14162:(in Swedish). 8 August 2008. 11959:Guy Chazan (14 August 2008). 11533:Guy Chazan (19 August 2008). 9916:Peter Finn (17 August 2008). 9711:(in Russian). 4 August 2008. 9247:. 2 July 2008. Archived from 8528:Anne Gearan (9 August 2008). 8507:"Revolutions in the Pipeline" 8307:"Regional Conflicts Reloaded" 7297:"Moscow Claims Media War Win" 6782:"A Summary of Russian Attack" 6355:Tom Parfitt (9 August 2008). 6111: 5995:Kosovo independence precedent 5847:Lindau-class minesweeper Aeti 5110:DANA self-propelled howitzers 5089:and 86 multi-purpose tracked 4751:98th Guards Airborne Division 4651:19th Motorised Rifle Division 4512:Ministry of Internal Affairs 4458:Military Engineering Brigade 4357:Armed Forces of South Ossetia 4342: 3844:South Ossetian refugees in a 3757:Russia's geopolitical goals. 3576:would now oversee the areas. 3405:Tbilisi International Airport 3070:. One Georgian diplomat told 2996:several Russian media reports 2778:population from South Ossetia 2382:ethnic cleansing of Georgians 2199:in 1921 and was renamed into 2195:. Ossetia became part of the 2149: 2130:ruled that Russia maintained 2124:ethnic cleansing of Georgians 1077:Ministry of Internal Affairs: 997:Ministry of Internal Affairs: 987: 876: 18732:Russian-occupied territories 18563:Timeline of Georgian history 18024:Revolution of Dignity (2014) 18009:Tuzla Island conflict (2003) 17962:Transnistria War (1990–1992) 17868:Russian intervention of 2008 17863:Red Army invasion of Georgia 17793:Sasanian invasion of 541–562 17788:Sasanian invasion of 526–532 17556:Eritrean War of Independence 17526:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 17521:East German uprising of 1953 17462:Eastern Front (World War II) 17351:Red Army invasion of Georgia 17346:Red Army invasion of Armenia 17314:Estonian War of Independence 17255:Russian occupation of Tabriz 17176:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 17134:War of the Seventh Coalition 17017:War of the Polish Succession 16964:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 16394:"IIFFMCG Report. Volume III" 16344:. Rowman & Littlefield. 14841:International Herald Tribune 14688:International Herald Tribune 14386:(in French). 8 August 2008. 14360:International Herald Tribune 13857:(in Russian). Archived from 13509:10.1080/09662839.2012.656595 13491:Henrik Larsen (March 2012). 13050:Nikoloz Samkharadze (2021). 12888:. Civil.Ge. 26 August 2008. 12862:. Civil.Ge. 26 August 2008. 12836:. Civil.Ge. 26 August 2008. 12772:Mark Tran (26 August 2008). 12693:. Civil.Ge. 28 August 2008. 12213:. Civil.Ge. 12 August 2008. 11491:International Herald Tribune 11264:. Civil.Ge. 23 August 2008. 10833:International Herald Tribune 10634:. EurasiaNet. Archived from 9837:Это не конфликт, это – война 9819:(in Russian). Archived from 9223:(in Russian). Archived from 9052:. RIA Novosti. 16 May 2008. 8715:. The Jamestown Foundation. 8389:International Herald Tribune 8309:. Russia in Global Affairs. 7877:. Agenda.ge. 31 March 2015. 7587:International Criminal Court 6653:"Abkhaz Open 'Second Front'" 6398:(in Russian). Archived from 6245:. The Jamestown Foundation. 5474:9 KamAZ 6x6: (9, destroyed). 5037: 4608:Russian peacekeeping forces 4515:Special Tasks Main Division 4212:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 4159:– The presidents of Poland, 4117:– British Foreign Secretary 4097:Minister for Foreign Affairs 4095:– On 8 August 2008, Swedish 3990: 3949:International Criminal Court 3896:denied using cluster bombs. 3596:Russian-occupied territories 3522: 3409:military manufacturing plant 3106:" without lengthy planning. 3061:Georgian forces, among them 3049:Georgian artillery launched 2929:headquarters in Tskhinvali. 2768:reported in early July that 2614:at the 2008 Bucharest Summit 2592:Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline 2543:West's recognition of Kosovo 2237:took over the Georgian lands 2179:Fragment of the 1856 map by 2140:International Criminal Court 2005:internationally unrecognised 1815:International recognition of 1147:who moved to Georgia proper) 871:Ministry of Internal Affairs 722:7th Guards Airborne Division 32:Red Army invasion of Georgia 7: 18044:Russian invasion of Ukraine 17979:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 17974:South Ossetia War (1991–92) 17783:Georgian campaign of Pompey 17596:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 17546:Sino-Soviet border conflict 17415:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 17383:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 17319:Latvian War of Independence 17208:Russian conquest of Bukhara 17099:War of the Fourth Coalition 17084:War of the Second Coalition 16383:"IIFFMCG Report. Volume II" 16195:Cornell, Svante E. (2001). 15035:Russian Ministry of Defence 14007:. Reuters. 7 October 2008. 11825:. Civil.Ge. 8 August 2008. 11768:. Civil.Ge. 8 August 2008. 10175:Первая миротворческая война 10152:. Civil.Ge. 8 August 2008. 10101:. Civil.Ge. 7 August 2008. 10020:. Civil.Ge. 6 August 2008. 9538:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 71. 8733:. Civil.Ge. 24 April 2008. 8688:(in Russian). 12 March 2013 8361:. Civil.Ge. 29 March 2007. 7109:Martin Malek (March 2009). 6966:"Smoldering Feud, Then War" 6301:Barabanov, Mikhail (2009). 6102:Russian invasion of Georgia 6044:only a few other countries 5967:Russian invasion of Ukraine 5950: 5915:1 KamAZ 6x6: (1, captured). 4611:496 from Russian battalion 4227:rotating Council presidency 3801:Russian invasion of Ukraine 3301:Russian Ministry of Defence 3284:Battle of the Kodori Valley 2870:improvised explosive device 2440:, an alleged member of the 2231:. In the 19th century, the 1983:in April 1991, following a 1951:Russian invasion of Georgia 1863:Belarusian–Russian Milk War 1826:South Ossetian independence 1824:Controversy over Abkhaz and 838:10,000 reservists mobilised 10: 19348: 19292:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 18291:Christianization of Iberia 17591:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 17129:War of the Sixth Coalition 17119:War of the Fifth Coalition 17089:War of the Third Coalition 16694:Military history of Russia 16656:Armed conflicts involving 16399:. IIFFMCG. September 2009. 16388:. IIFFMCG. September 2009. 16377:. IIFFMCG. September 2009. 16372:"IIFFMCG Report. Volume I" 15974:Цена победы в Южной Осетии 15106:. Aviation. Archived from 14257:Ben Smith (2 March 2010). 13468:. RFE/RL. 18 August 2009. 13263:. Routledge. p. 224. 10898:. Media.ge. Archived from 9612:"The new cold war hots up" 8786:Finn, Peter (1 May 2008). 8593:. Civil.Ge. 4 April 2008. 8248:. BBC. 27 September 2012. 8031:"Russia's cruel intention" 7847:International Crisis Group 7650:Souleimanov, Emil (2013). 6081:Russian-occupied territory 5067:armoured fighting vehicles 5005:Russian military success. 4908: 4543:Special Operations Centre 4346: 4283: 4171:and the prime minister of 4046: 4040: 3833: 3823: 3605: 3526: 3462:Joint press conference by 3430: 3350: 3277: 3270:was now free for transit. 3129: 3083:Security Council of Russia 3018: 2977:Georgian Interior Ministry 2847: 2667: 2663: 2641:Chief of the General Staff 2626:campaigned for offering a 2576: 2239:. In the aftermath of the 2227:eventually was split into 2201:North Ossetia only in 1924 2170: 2162:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 2159: 2153: 2099:, personally negotiated a 2077:attacking the Kodori Gorge 1953:, was a war waged against 1848:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 1817:Abkhazia and South Ossetia 1674:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 55:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 29: 19317:Military of South Ossetia 19302:Abkhazia–Russia relations 19247:2008 in Georgia (country) 19188: 19119: 19062: 18927: 18918: 18849: 18840: 18766: 18757: 18730: 18690: 18600: 18591: 18580: 18525: 18464: 18446:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 18419:Principality of Mingrelia 18299: 18223: 18214: 18129: 18096:Albanian Civil War (1997) 18064: 18014:Russo-Georgian War (2008) 17920: 17798:Turkic-Byzantine invasion 17773: 17704: 17639: 17430:Soviet invasion of Poland 17240: 17124:French invasion of Russia 16992: 16890: 16809: 16735:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 16727: 16684: 16677: 16442:Asmus, Ronald D. (2010). 16272:. U.S. Army War College. 15473:10.1080/09592310902975539 13066:– via ibidem Press. 12101:The Sydney Morning Herald 11342:. PONARS Eurasia Policy. 10018:"S.Ossetia Rejects Talks" 8820:. Civil.Ge. 26 May 2008. 7910:. Georgetown University. 6335:"Russia's rapid reaction" 6020:New Look military reforms 5692:howitzer: (1, destroyed). 5685:howitzer: (17, captured). 5033:Equipment losses and cost 4955: 4917:Buk-M1 air defence system 4878: 4810: 4567: 4415:Special Operations Forces 4397: 3679:in South Ossetia and the 3663:Russian military presence 2639:invasion of Georgia. The 2503:, which ousted president 2338:Supreme Soviet of Georgia 1692:1991–92 South Ossetia War 1682: 1436:North Caucasus insurgency 1328: 1200: 1108: 980:Reservists and militiamen 889: 879:5,000 MIA police officers 833:In Georgia proper (Gori): 648: 301: 236: 216:Georgia loses control of 144: 64: 48: 43: 19287:Abkhaz–Georgian conflict 18700:Administrative divisions 18441:Shah Abbas I's invasions 18404:Principality of Abkhazia 18347:First Kingdom of Kakheti 18152:List of frozen conflicts 17848:Ottoman invasion of 1578 17571:South African Border War 17496:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 17398:Chechen uprising of 1932 17079:Russo-Persian War (1796) 16230:Saparov, Arsène (2014). 16209:George, Julie A (2009). 15973: 15616: 15029: 14992: 14783: 14109: 13849: 12589: 12533:"New Agreement in Force" 12033: 11158: 11106: 10546: 10285: 10207: 10174: 10056: 9892: 9836: 9811: 9735: 9703: 9263: 9239: 9215: 9186: 8970:. Civil.Ge. 8 May 2008. 8944:. Civil.Ge. 8 May 2008. 8408: 6762: 6724: 6627: 6388: 6026: 5168:Russia and South Ossetia 5137:aircraft, including the 4975:unmanned aerial vehicles 4700:Special Battalion Vostok 4472:Separate Tank Battalion 4366:Georgian order of battle 3738:fall of the Soviet Union 3677:4th Guards Military Base 3407:by Russian warplanes. A 2927:Joint Peacekeeping Force 2919:Russian Foreign Ministry 2620:NATO summit in Bucharest 2363:Joint Control Commission 2166:Georgia–Russia relations 2103:agreement on 12 August. 2045:1992 ceasefire agreement 2009:joint peacekeeping force 2007:separatists. In 1992, a 1853:Abkhaz–Georgian conflict 780:: 3,000 regular soldiers 220:in Abkhazia, as well as 203:Georgia–Russia relations 121:Clockwise from top left: 18409:Principality of Svaneti 18332:Kingdom of the Iberians 18236:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 18116:Unrest in Kosovo (2004) 18084:Bosnian War (1992–1995) 17213:Khivan campaign of 1873 17064:Russo-Polish War (1792) 16258:. Editura Curtea Veche. 15291:(6): 58. Archived from 14930:The Heritage Foundation 13587:. European Parliament. 13137:. July 2019. p. 14 12261:The translation of the 12034:Рунет вернулся в Грузию 11965:The Wall Street Journal 11539:The Wall Street Journal 8534:San Francisco Chronicle 7975:Hooman Peimani (2009). 7455:The Wall Street Journal 7334:, pp. 94, 96, 101. 7205:. Library of Congress. 6970:The Wall Street Journal 6744:"Deceased victims list" 5083:reconnaissance vehicles 5026:Russian Airborne Troops 4977:was not sanctioned; an 4714:Special Battalion Zapad 4622:488 from North Ossetia 4389:United States Air Force 4329:humanitarian assistance 4271:– President of Belarus 3996:International reactions 3979:, Gamlet Guchmazov and 3705:Since October 2008 the 3647:chairman, NATO and the 3417:The Wall Street Journal 3372:The Wall Street Journal 3081:, an urgent session of 2838:Kansas State University 2806:Immediate Response 2008 2532:militia leader rebelled 2487:and Georgian President 2274:, who were affected by 1707:Murder of Tamaz Ginturi 684:Russian Airborne Troops 680:(about 70,000 soldiers) 18307:Principality of Iberia 18101:Kosovo War (1998–1999) 18019:Maidan Uprising (2013) 17999:War in Abkhazia (1998) 17818:Great Turkish Invasion 17686:Western Libya campaign 17361:East Karelian uprising 16882:Wagner Group rebellion 16817:Uprising of Bolotnikov 16414:. 2010. Archived from 16323:. Palgrave Macmillan. 16215:. Palgrave Macmillan. 14448:, GFSIS: 2019, page 16 13409:"Putin Makes His Move" 13232:Beyond Frozen Conflict 13031:. France24. 1 May 2008 12268:14 August 2008 at the 7936:Alexei Zverev (1996). 6509:. Human Rights Watch. 5861:Zhuk class patrol boat 5180: 5128:rigid-hull inflatables 5050: 4918: 4361:Abkhazian Armed Forces 4038: 4016: 4004:US Secretary of State 3908: 3907:from the conflict zone 3868: 3856: 3733: 3688:International monitors 3633:diplomatic recognition 3628: 3542: 3513: 3471: 3296: 3201:Gori Military Hospital 3188: 3169: 3161: 3153: 3145: 3140:Nearly-intact Russian 3046: 3038: 2947: 2860: 2684: 2628:Membership Action Plan 2615: 2492: 2378:war in the early 1990s 2212: 2204: 1809:Reconstruction efforts 1780:International reaction 1626:Wagner Group rebellion 1132:) killed and 3 wounded 1056:Georgian Armed Forces: 794:: 1,000 special troops 302:Commanders and leaders 222:Akhalgori Municipality 196:Russian military bases 19277:2008 in South Ossetia 19267:Wars involving Russia 18451:1795 Persian Invasion 18414:Principality of Guria 17828:Azat Mousa's invasion 17681:Intervention in Syria 17616:Tajikistani Civil War 17324:Lithuanian–Soviet War 17265:Battle of Robat Karim 16714:Post-Soviet conflicts 16484:Allison, Roy (2013). 16405:"The Tanks of August" 15529:"The Caucasus Crisis" 14910:on 10 September 2008. 14847:on 19 September 2008. 14795:on 12 September 2008. 14519:. 30 September 2009. 13758:. Council of Europe. 13238:. CEPS. p. 196. 13135:Amnesty International 12597:. 13 September 2008. 12317:"President of Russia" 11262:"Police Back in Gori" 9599:on 20 September 2008. 8395:on 17 September 2008. 7510:International Affairs 7179:. CNN. Archived from 6810:Amnesty International 5774:P-18 ''Spoon Rest D'' 5175: 5045: 4925:with shooting down a 4916: 4831:Air Assault Division 4772:One Battalion of the 4595:South Ossetian troops 4451:5th Infantry Brigade 4444:4th Infantry Brigade 4437:3rd Infantry Brigade 4430:2nd Infantry Brigade 4423:1st Infantry Brigade 4349:Georgian Armed Forces 4022: 4003: 3902: 3862: 3843: 3724: 3615: 3540: 3487: 3480:EU Council presidency 3461: 3386:Vaziani Military Base 3291: 3186: 3167: 3159: 3151: 3139: 3044: 3028: 2956:US Embassy in Tbilisi 2943: 2858: 2798:US Secretary of State 2718:Jaap de Hoop Scheffer 2682: 2630:(MAP) to Georgia and 2609: 2482: 2317:. Historians such as 2210: 2178: 2053:Georgia–Russia border 1858:Transnistria conflict 1804:Infrastructure damage 1581:Revolution of Dignity 1518:Dungan–Kazakh clashes 1320:Post-Soviet conflicts 913:Russian Armed Forces: 890:Casualties and losses 811:Georgian Armed Forces 689:4th Air Force Command 59:Post-Soviet conflicts 19047:World Heritage Sites 18630:Environmental issues 17664:Annexation of Crimea 17368:Central Asian Revolt 17277:Ukrainian–Soviet War 17149:Russo-Circassian War 16832:Pugachev's Rebellion 16775:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 16719:Russian Armed Forces 16689:Early modern warfare 16518:Niedermaier, Ana K. 15562:on 2 September 2008. 15298:on 21 December 2009. 15187:Moscow Defence Brief 15110:on 20 November 2008. 14487:. 30 September 2009. 13861:on 13 September 2008 13428:, pp. vii–viii. 13380:Kaarel Kaas (2009). 13335:"EUMM – Our Mandate" 12565:. 8 September 2008. 11688:large holes in them. 11569:Agence France-Presse 11164:Komsomolskaya Pravda 10463:on 22 February 2012. 10445:on 10 February 2015. 9434:on 26 February 2015. 9216:Как готовилась война 8517:on 7 September 2008. 8494:on 3 September 2008. 8219:. 11 November 2008. 7500:Roy Allison (2008). 6816:on 11 December 2008. 6770:on 5 September 2008. 6307:Moscow Defence Brief 6183:on 2 September 2008. 5664:divisional gun: (1). 5189:Moscow Defence Brief 5149:helicopters and one 5060:Moscow Defence Brief 4879:Deployed units: Air 4411:Ministry of Defence 4373:Moscow Defence Brief 4353:Russian Armed Forces 4273:Alexander Lukashenko 4239:– German chancellor 4185:Toomas Hendrik Ilves 4083:annexation of Crimea 4064:– On 5 August 2008, 4010:President of Georgia 3730:Nabucco gas pipeline 3728:(green) and planned 3021:Battle of Tskhinvali 3015:Battle of Tskhinvali 2709:reconnaissance drone 2645:Russian Armed Forces 2491:in Tbilisi, May 2005 2475:Unresolved conflicts 2348:, thus becoming the 2280:Menshevik government 2033:severely deteriorate 2027:in Georgia in 2003, 1949:, also known as the 1601:annexation of Crimea 1128:Foreign journalist ( 965:Ministry of Defence: 665:Russian Armed Forces 19312:Invasions by Russia 18497:Independent Georgia 18327:Kingdom of Abkhazia 18241:Kura–Araxes culture 18231:Prehistoric Georgia 17914:conflicts in Europe 17724:Sphere of influence 17654:Russo-Ukrainian War 17511:First Indochina War 17484:Soviet–Japanese War 17420:Xinjiang War (1937) 17289:Kazakhstan Campaign 17074:Kościuszko Uprising 16974:Second Northern War 16852:Coup attempt (1991) 16745:Soviet-Finnish wars 15979:Nezavisimaya Gazeta 15858:on 13 October 2013. 15755:radiotavisupleba.ge 15714:, pp. 110–111. 15539:on 1 December 2008. 14670:. Atlantic Council. 14541:. 30 September 2009 13668:"Executive Summary" 13644:. 23 January 2009. 13413:The Washington Post 12915:. GLOCOM Platform. 12420:The Washington Post 11706:The Weekly Standard 10514:"Russia Goes Rogue" 10399:, pp. 370–371. 9923:The Washington Post 9842:Nezavisimaya Gazeta 9817:Nezavisimaya Gazeta 9622:on 17 August 2008. 8792:The Washington Post 8414:Nezavisimaya Gazeta 8157:, pp. 233–235. 8142:, pp. 206–209. 8115:, pp. 331–332. 8102:on 20 October 2014. 7965:, pp. 157–158. 7833:, pp. 154–155. 7601:, pp. 131–135. 7540:on 29 January 2011. 7165:on 22 January 2017. 6616:, pp. 136–137. 6561:on 25 February 2009 6540:, pp. 130–135. 6341:on 21 October 2008. 6162:on 11 October 2014. 5990:For Enforcing Peace 5962:Russo-Ukrainian War 5923:Land Rover Defender 5202:Nezavisimaya Gazeta 5009:Heritage Foundation 4333:Montreux convention 4265:were near partners. 4197:Mikheil Saakashvili 4135:Bush administration 4013:Mikheil Saakashvili 3717:Geopolitical impact 3454:Ceasefire agreement 3427:Media and cyber war 3421:Baku–Supsa Pipeline 3391:The Daily Telegraph 3367:Anatoliy Nogovitsyn 2913:Nezavisimaya Gazeta 2903:Ambassador-at-Large 2770:Chechen separatists 2750:European Parliament 2505:Eduard Shevardnadze 2497:Mikheil Saakashvili 2489:Mikheil Saakashvili 2370:autonomous republic 2355:ceasefire agreement 2136:human rights abuses 2097:President of France 1868:Russo–Ukrainian War 1790:Humanitarian impact 1487:Kyrgyz revolutions 1253:Uncontested Georgia 1110:Civilian casualties 552:Mikheil Saakashvili 481:Anatoly Barankevich 226:Tskhinvali District 19322:August 2008 events 19237:Russo-Georgian War 18889:Telecommunications 18517:Russo-Georgian War 18431:Kingdom of Kakheti 18399:Kingdom of Imereti 18394:Turkmen incursions 18389:Samtskhe atabegate 18352:Kingdom of Georgia 18322:Emirate of Tbilisi 18312:Bagrationi dynasty 18147:List of proxy wars 17838:Turkoman invasions 17813:Byzantine invasion 17714:Russian Revolution 17649:Russo-Georgian War 17631:Second Chechen War 17611:Georgian Civil War 17250:Russo-Japanese War 17002:Great Northern War 16900:Russo-Crimean Wars 16872:Second Chechen War 16770:Russo-Turkish wars 16765:Russo-Swedish wars 16755:Russo-Persian Wars 16740:Russo-Crimean Wars 16604:Boston.com Gallery 16511:Mankoff, Jeffrey. 16504:Jones, Stephen F. 16421:on 28 January 2011 16204:. RoutledgeCurzon. 15315:The New York Times 15224:The New York Times 15041:on 12 August 2008. 14771:on 28 August 2008. 14695:on 31 August 2008. 14656:, pp. 89–103. 14416:on 31 August 2008. 14366:on 21 August 2008. 14234:. 12 August 2008. 14214:on 28 August 2008. 14196:on 10 August 2008. 14005:The New York Times 13788:on 2 October 2008. 13731:. 18 August 2008. 13729:Human Rights Watch 13616:The New York Times 13564:on 9 November 2015 13009:on 19 January 2022 12945:. 29 August 2008. 12810:. 26 August 2008. 12749:. 25 August 2008. 12679:. 19 October 2010. 12507:The New York Times 12490:on 27 August 2008. 12293:. 13 August 2008. 12245:The New York Times 12159:The New York Times 11933:The New York Times 11903:. 10 August 2008. 11855:on 22 August 2008. 11712:on 14 January 2019 11640:The New York Times 11611:. 14 August 2008. 11575:on 17 August 2008. 11515:on 18 August 2008. 11497:on 13 August 2008. 11475:on 12 August 2008. 11399:. 21 August 2008. 11294:. 10 August 2008. 11250:on 18 August 2008. 11196:. 16 August 2008. 11194:Human Rights Watch 11131:The New York Times 11114:on 14 August 2008. 11053:The New York Times 11021:. 13 August 2008. 10989:The New York Times 10862:on 14 August 2008. 10840:on 13 August 2008. 10727:The New York Times 10605:The New York Times 10374:on 22 August 2008. 10259:The New York Times 10064:on 21 October 2020 9477:The New York Times 9457:on 13 August 2008. 8565:The New York Times 8066:The Ukrainian Week 7905:"The Five-Day War" 7820:on 12 August 2008. 6834:. 15 August 2008. 6659:on 14 August 2008. 6136:on 27 August 2008. 6069:in 1992, Abkhazia 5615:command post (for 5471:: (11, destroyed). 5464:D: (1, destroyed). 5293:P: (4, destroyed). 5286:: (10, destroyed). 5272:M: (2, destroyed). 5237:M: (1, destroyed). 5230:: (1, destroyed ). 5181: 5051: 4927:Tupolev-22M bomber 4919: 4587:Initially present 4560:Second Chechen War 4039: 4017: 3931:Akhalgori district 3916:, the villages of 3909: 3869: 3857: 3806:The New York Times 3775:post-Soviet states 3734: 3629: 3546:Russian withdrawal 3543: 3472: 3423:south of Tbilisi. 3353:Occupation of Poti 3347:Occupation of Poti 3297: 3241:Human Rights Watch 3220:Vyacheslav Borisov 3189: 3170: 3162: 3154: 3146: 3132:Occupation of Gori 3104:Caucasus Mountains 3047: 3039: 2934:Temur Iakobashvili 2861: 2818:Counter-insurgency 2685: 2616: 2610:Russian President 2493: 2460:living in Russia. 2400:, constituting a " 2241:Russian revolution 2225:Kingdom of Georgia 2213: 2205: 2035:, reaching a full 2013:a war in 1992–1993 1959:Russian Federation 1947:Russo-Georgian War 1722:Russo-Georgian War 1702:Russo-Georgian War 1586:pro-Russian unrest 1192:Russo-Georgian War 580:Davit Kezerashvili 406:Vyacheslav Borisov 346:Anatoliy Serdyukov 44:Russo-Georgian War 18:Russo-Georgian war 19242:Conflicts in 2008 19224: 19223: 19184: 19183: 19077:Ethnic minorities 19006: 18999: 18992: 18985: 18914: 18913: 18836: 18835: 18818:Political parties 18781:Foreign relations 18753: 18752: 18578: 18577: 18482:Red Army invasion 18426:Kingdom of Kartli 18384:Timur's invasions 18367:Battle of Didgori 18342:Kingdom of Hereti 18271:Kingdom of Iberia 18170: 18169: 17876: 17875: 17833:Timurid invasions 17732: 17731: 17621:First Chechen War 17576:Soviet–Afghan War 17561:Angolan Civil War 17336:Polish–Soviet War 17294:Finnish Civil War 17272:Russian Civil War 17171:November Uprising 17109:Anglo-Russian War 17049:Bar Confederation 16862:First Chechen War 16842:Russian Civil War 16837:Decembrist revolt 16827:Bulavin Rebellion 16822:Razin's Rebellion 16805: 16804: 16760:Russo-Polish Wars 16728:Lists by opponent 16497:978-0-19-959063-6 16476:978-0-7656-2509-0 16455:978-0-230-10228-6 16351:978-1-4422-3138-2 16330:978-0-230-39017-1 16243:978-1-317-63784-4 16222:978-0-230-10232-3 16188:Books and Reports 15961:, pp. 28–29. 15820:978-1-4422-4145-9 14292:. Foreign Policy. 14037:. 7 August 2009. 13497:European Security 13270:978-1-85743-955-7 13245:978-1-5381-4418-3 13063:978-3-8382-1414-6 11873:. 9 August 2008. 11742:. 8 August 2008. 11593:on 22 March 2014. 11424:, pp. 11–12. 11376:on 25 April 2009. 11324:. 10 August 2008. 10695:. 9 August 2008. 10489:on 27 March 2009. 10357:, pp. 50–51. 10342:, pp. 58–59. 9786:. 5 August 2008. 9545:978-0-7656-2942-5 9227:on 21 April 2012. 9138:. 2 August 2008. 8880:. 30 April 2008. 8850:. 29 April 2008. 8763:. 21 April 2008. 8658:. 11 April 2008. 8174:. 8 August 2008. 7988:978-1-59884-054-4 7717:. openDemocracy. 7663:978-1-137-28023-7 7625:, pp. 97–99. 7573:, 26 January 2021 7557:, 21 January 2021 7483:, pp. 26–27. 7399:, pp. 56–57. 7322:, pp. 53–54. 7028:on 2 January 2016 6791:on 2 August 2014. 6709:on 2 August 2014. 6402:on 9 August 2008. 6317:on 16 April 2009. 5912:6: (1, captured). 5898:B: (1, captured). 5863:(Operated by the 5856:: (1, destroyed). 5776:: (1, destroyed). 5619:): (1, captured). 5559:: (14, captured). 5481:: (1, destroyed). 5457:: (1, destroyed). 5450:: (3, destroyed). 5342:: (1, destroyed). 5307:: (1, destroyed). 5251:: (1, destroyed). 5244:: (1, destroyed). 5091:armoured vehicles 5022:Vladimir Boldyrev 4904:Military analysis 4901: 4900: 4874: 4873: 4806: 4805: 4547: 4546: 4370:According to the 4263:Silvio Berlusconi 4189:Viktor Yushchenko 4071:Viktor Yushchenko 4055:Western countries 3770:Medvedev Doctrine 3681:7th Military Base 3641:Council of Europe 3476:peace enforcement 3464:Russian president 2938:Marat Kulakhmetov 2883:Andrey Illarionov 2828:and units of the 2790:Russian Air Force 2758:Pavel Felgenhauer 2693:Russian president 2342:military conflict 2258:, located in the 2217:Georgian language 2065:peace enforcement 1941: 1940: 1715: 1714: 1638: 1637: 1284: 1283: 1157: 1156: 817:In South Ossetia: 671:In South Ossetia: 628:Vano Merabishvili 616:Mamuka Kurashvili 604:David Nairashvili 394:Vladimir Shamanov 382:Marat Kulakhmetov 370:Vladimir Boldyrev 232: 231: 228:in South Ossetia. 224:and parts of the 51:Abkhazia conflict 16:(Redirected from 19339: 19282:2008 in Abkhazia 19204: 19197: 19002: 18995: 18988: 18981: 18925: 18924: 18847: 18846: 18764: 18763: 18705:Cities and towns 18640:Greater Caucasus 18598: 18597: 18586: 18548:Military history 18533:Names of Georgia 18379:Mongol invasions 18251:Colchian culture 18246:Trialeti culture 18221: 18220: 18197: 18190: 18183: 18174: 18173: 17903: 17896: 17889: 17880: 17879: 17823:Mongol invasions 17803:Umayyad invasion 17759: 17752: 17745: 17736: 17735: 17606:Transnistria War 17551:War of Attrition 17457:Continuation War 17406: 17198:January Uprising 17039:Seven Years' War 16939:Time of Troubles 16905:Russo-Kazan Wars 16750:Russo-Kazan Wars 16682: 16681: 16650: 16643: 16636: 16627: 16626: 16526:Stent, Angela E. 16501: 16480: 16459: 16430: 16428: 16426: 16420: 16409: 16400: 16398: 16389: 16387: 16378: 16376: 16367: 16365: 16355: 16334: 16313: 16307: 16299: 16288: 16286: 16284: 16278: 16271: 16259: 16257: 16247: 16226: 16205: 16203: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16177: 16162: 15995: 15994: 15992: 15990: 15968: 15962: 15956: 15935: 15929: 15886: 15885: 15883: 15881: 15866: 15860: 15859: 15854:. Archived from 15844: 15825: 15824: 15806: 15800: 15794: 15771: 15770: 15768: 15766: 15746: 15740: 15734: 15715: 15709: 15694: 15688: 15682: 15676: 15665: 15659: 15653: 15647: 15638: 15637: 15635: 15633: 15612: 15606: 15600: 15591: 15585: 15564: 15563: 15558:. Archived from 15547: 15541: 15540: 15525: 15519: 15518: 15516: 15514: 15494: 15485: 15484: 15452: 15446: 15440: 15434: 15428: 15419: 15413: 15407: 15401: 15395: 15394: 15389:. Archived from 15378: 15372: 15366: 15360: 15359: 15357: 15355: 15340: 15331: 15330: 15328: 15326: 15306: 15300: 15299: 15297: 15282: 15273: 15264: 15258: 15252: 15246: 15240: 15239: 15237: 15235: 15215: 15200: 15199: 15198:on 11 July 2009. 15194:. Archived from 15177: 15168: 15167: 15165: 15163: 15157: 15142: 15133: 15112: 15111: 15099: 15066: 15065: 15060:. Archived from 15049: 15043: 15042: 15025: 15014: 15013: 15011: 15009: 14988: 14979: 14973: 14964: 14963: 14961: 14959: 14944: 14938: 14937: 14921: 14912: 14911: 14909: 14903:. Archived from 14898: 14889: 14880: 14874: 14868: 14867: 14855: 14849: 14848: 14833: 14824: 14823: 14821: 14819: 14803: 14797: 14796: 14779: 14773: 14772: 14761: 14755: 14754: 14752: 14750: 14730: 14724: 14723: 14721: 14719: 14703: 14697: 14696: 14691:. Archived from 14678: 14672: 14671: 14663: 14657: 14651: 14645: 14639: 14633: 14627: 14621: 14615: 14609: 14603: 14597: 14591: 14585: 14579: 14573: 14572: 14570: 14568: 14557: 14551: 14550: 14548: 14546: 14531: 14525: 14524: 14514: 14507: 14501: 14495: 14489: 14488: 14477: 14468: 14467: 14455: 14449: 14444:Olivia Hayward. 14442: 14436: 14435: 14424: 14418: 14417: 14406: 14400: 14399: 14397: 14395: 14374: 14368: 14367: 14362:. Archived from 14351: 14342: 14341: 14330: 14324: 14323: 14321: 14319: 14300: 14294: 14293: 14285: 14279: 14278: 14276: 14274: 14254: 14248: 14247: 14245: 14243: 14222: 14216: 14215: 14204: 14198: 14197: 14182: 14176: 14175: 14173: 14171: 14152: 14146: 14145: 14143: 14141: 14121: 14115: 14114: 14105: 14099: 14098: 14096: 14094: 14083: 14077: 14076: 14074: 14072: 14057: 14051: 14050: 14048: 14046: 14027: 14021: 14020: 14018: 14016: 13997: 13991: 13990: 13989:on 6 March 2009. 13988: 13981: 13973: 13967: 13966: 13955: 13949: 13948: 13946: 13944: 13925: 13914: 13908: 13902: 13901: 13899: 13897: 13877: 13871: 13870: 13868: 13866: 13844: 13838: 13837: 13822: 13816: 13815: 13813: 13811: 13796: 13790: 13789: 13778: 13772: 13771: 13769: 13767: 13751: 13745: 13744: 13742: 13740: 13721: 13710: 13709: 13694: 13688: 13687: 13685: 13683: 13664: 13658: 13657: 13655: 13653: 13634: 13628: 13627: 13607: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13596: 13580: 13574: 13573: 13571: 13569: 13560:. Archived from 13549: 13543: 13542: 13540: 13538: 13520: 13488: 13482: 13481: 13479: 13477: 13462: 13456: 13455: 13453: 13451: 13435: 13429: 13423: 13417: 13416: 13404: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13393: 13377: 13371: 13370: 13368: 13366: 13356: 13350: 13349: 13347: 13345: 13331: 13325: 13324: 13312: 13306: 13305: 13303: 13301: 13281: 13275: 13274: 13256: 13250: 13249: 13237: 13226: 13220: 13219: 13217: 13215: 13204: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13193: 13183: 13175: 13169: 13168: 13166: 13164: 13153: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13142: 13132: 13124: 13118: 13117: 13115: 13113: 13096: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13085: 13074: 13068: 13067: 13047: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13036: 13025: 13019: 13018: 13016: 13014: 13008: 13001: 12992: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12981: 12965: 12959: 12958: 12956: 12954: 12935: 12929: 12928: 12926: 12924: 12908: 12902: 12901: 12899: 12897: 12882: 12876: 12875: 12873: 12871: 12856: 12850: 12849: 12847: 12845: 12830: 12824: 12823: 12821: 12819: 12800: 12794: 12793: 12791: 12789: 12769: 12763: 12762: 12760: 12758: 12739: 12733: 12732: 12730: 12728: 12713: 12707: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12687: 12681: 12680: 12669: 12663: 12662: 12660: 12658: 12643: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12632: 12617: 12611: 12610: 12608: 12606: 12585: 12579: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12555: 12549: 12548: 12546: 12544: 12529: 12523: 12522: 12520: 12518: 12498: 12492: 12491: 12486:. Archived from 12475: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12464: 12442: 12436: 12435: 12433: 12431: 12411: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12380: 12374: 12373: 12372:on 29 July 2012. 12362: 12356: 12355: 12353: 12351: 12331: 12325: 12324: 12313: 12307: 12306: 12304: 12302: 12283: 12277: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12236: 12227: 12226: 12224: 12222: 12207: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12196: 12181: 12175: 12174: 12172: 12170: 12150: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12139: 12124: 12118: 12117: 12115: 12113: 12091: 12085: 12084: 12082: 12080: 12060: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12046: 12029: 12023: 12017: 12011: 12010: 12008: 12006: 11990: 11981: 11980: 11978: 11976: 11956: 11950: 11949: 11947: 11945: 11923: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11912: 11893: 11887: 11886: 11884: 11882: 11863: 11857: 11856: 11845: 11839: 11838: 11836: 11834: 11819: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11808: 11788: 11782: 11781: 11779: 11777: 11762: 11756: 11755: 11753: 11751: 11732: 11726: 11725: 11719: 11717: 11708:. Archived from 11697: 11691: 11690: 11684: 11682: 11662: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11631: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11620: 11601: 11595: 11594: 11583: 11577: 11576: 11561: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11550: 11530: 11517: 11516: 11505: 11499: 11498: 11483: 11477: 11476: 11465: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11451: 11431: 11425: 11419: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11408: 11389: 11378: 11377: 11365: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11348: 11341: 11332: 11326: 11325: 11314: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11303: 11284: 11278: 11277: 11275: 11273: 11258: 11252: 11251: 11246:. Archived from 11235: 11229: 11228: 11216: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11205: 11186: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11175: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11101: 11095: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11085:on 30 March 2014 11075: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11064: 11044: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11011: 11005: 11004: 11002: 11000: 10980: 10971: 10970: 10968: 10966: 10944: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10930: 10910: 10904: 10903: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10870: 10864: 10863: 10851: 10842: 10841: 10824: 10811: 10810: 10808: 10806: 10786: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10772: 10752: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10738: 10718: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10685: 10679: 10678: 10676: 10674: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10627: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10616: 10596: 10587: 10581: 10572: 10566: 10560: 10559: 10542: 10536: 10535: 10533: 10531: 10509: 10503: 10497: 10491: 10490: 10478: 10465: 10464: 10453: 10447: 10446: 10435: 10429: 10423: 10412: 10406: 10400: 10394: 10388: 10382: 10376: 10375: 10364: 10358: 10352: 10343: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10313: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10281: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10250: 10241: 10235: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10224: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10191: 10169: 10158: 10157: 10146: 10140: 10134: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10095: 10089: 10088: 10080: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10052: 10046: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10014: 10008: 10007: 10006:on 6 March 2009. 10005: 9998: 9990: 9981: 9980: 9979:on 21 July 2011. 9978: 9972:. Archived from 9971: 9963: 9952: 9946: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9913: 9898: 9897: 9888: 9882: 9876: 9870: 9864: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9853: 9831: 9825: 9824: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9776: 9770: 9764: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9748: 9731: 9725: 9724: 9722: 9720: 9699: 9693: 9687: 9681: 9675: 9669: 9663: 9652: 9646: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9627: 9618:. Archived from 9607: 9601: 9600: 9583: 9577: 9571: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9557: 9529: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9509:. 16 July 2008. 9499: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9468: 9459: 9458: 9453:. Archived from 9442: 9436: 9435: 9424: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9404:. 15 July 2008. 9394: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9374:. 10 July 2008. 9364: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9333: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9299: 9293: 9287: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9276: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9235: 9229: 9228: 9210: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9174:on 4 March 2016. 9173: 9166: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9128: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9102: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9072: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9046: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9020: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9009: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8964: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8938: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8922: 8913: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8870: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8840: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8783: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8678: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8648: 8642: 8636: 8630: 8629: 8628:on 24 July 2008. 8624:. Archived from 8613: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8513:. Archived from 8502: 8496: 8495: 8490:. Archived from 8479: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8448: 8442: 8436: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8425: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8271: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8242: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8209: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8143: 8137: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8103: 8091: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7916: 7909: 7900: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7863:on 13 June 2007. 7862: 7856:. Archived from 7855: 7843: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7821: 7816:. Archived from 7805: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7785: 7770: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7647: 7638: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7580: 7574: 7564: 7558: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7533:. Archived from 7517:(6): 1145–1171. 7506: 7497: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7445: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7426:on 17 April 2016 7425: 7414: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7385: 7384: 7376: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7346: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7305:. Archived from 7292: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7258: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7228: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7198: 7185: 7184: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7157: 7148: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7106: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7074: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7017: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6983: 6974: 6973: 6961: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6927: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6905: 6894: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6802: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6720: 6711: 6710: 6699: 6684: 6683: 6672: 6661: 6660: 6648: 6637: 6636: 6635:on 28 July 2013. 6623: 6617: 6611: 6600: 6594: 6583: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6515: 6508: 6500: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6383: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6352: 6343: 6342: 6330: 6319: 6318: 6298: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6234: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6194: 6185: 6184: 6173: 6164: 6163: 6158:. Archived from 6147: 6138: 6137: 6132:. Archived from 6121: 6105: 6090: 6084: 6063: 6057: 6037: 5946:: (4, captured). 5932:: (6, captured). 5877:: (2, captured). 5842:: (1, scuttled). 5835:: (1, scuttled). 5748:: (2, captured). 5734:: (1, captured). 5727:: (1, captured). 5704:ShKH vz. 77 DANA 5594:: (1, captured). 5552:: (2, destroyed) 5524:: (1, captured). 5321:: (1, captured). 4876: 4875: 4808: 4807: 4780:of VDV (Moscow) 4565: 4564: 4395: 4394: 4313:Atlantic Council 4294:, a national of 4292:Heidi Tagliavini 4006:Condoleezza Rice 3977:Mikhail Mindzaev 3914:Memorial society 3891:The use of M85S 3754:Eastern European 3750:Western European 3552:Prisoners of war 3329:Associated Press 3112:Anatoly Khrulyov 3037:in South Ossetia 2963: 2899:Mikhail Mindzaev 2794:Condoleezza Rice 2744:Russia deployed 2536:Dmitry Sanakoyev 2323:Emil Souleimanov 2319:Stephen F. Jones 2297:The independent 1945:The August 2008 1933: 1926: 1919: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1799:Financial impact 1732: 1718: 1717: 1677: 1675: 1665: 1658: 1651: 1642: 1641: 1513:Gorno-Badakhshan 1508:South Kyrgyzstan 1481:Batken spillover 1338:Nagorno-Karabakh 1323: 1321: 1311: 1304: 1297: 1288: 1287: 1275:Assured Delivery 1218:Ethnic cleansing 1195: 1193: 1183: 1176: 1169: 1160: 1159: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1016: 1014: 1013: 989: 953: 951: 950: 906: 904: 903: 878: 869: 868: 867: 809: 808: 807: 790: 788: 787: 776: 774: 773: 762: 761: 760: 749: 748: 747: 663: 662: 661: 640:Alexandre Lomaia 638: 637: 626: 625: 614: 613: 602: 601: 590: 589: 578: 577: 564: 563: 555: 549: 548: 533: 523: 522: 511: 510: 499: 498: 490: 489: 479: 478: 469: 459: 458: 449:Mikhail Mindzaev 447: 446: 435: 434: 424: 418:Anatoly Khrulyov 416: 415: 404: 403: 392: 391: 380: 379: 368: 367: 356: 355: 344: 343: 330: 329: 316: 315: 294: 292: 291: 278: 276: 275: 265: 263: 262: 252: 250: 249: 152:1–16 August 2008 146: 145: 114: 103: 94: 83: 74: 41: 40: 21: 19347: 19346: 19342: 19341: 19340: 19338: 19337: 19336: 19332:2000s conflicts 19227: 19226: 19225: 19220: 19207: 19200: 19193: 19180: 19115: 19058: 19032:Public holidays 18910: 18874:Lari (currency) 18832: 18803:Law enforcement 18749: 18726: 18686: 18665:Protected areas 18650:Lesser Caucasus 18587: 18574: 18521: 18512:Rose Revolution 18507:War in Abkhazia 18492:April 9 tragedy 18460: 18436:Safavid Georgia 18295: 18286:Sasanian Iberia 18210: 18201: 18171: 18166: 18125: 18066:Southern Europe 18060: 17916: 17907: 17877: 17872: 17769: 17763: 17733: 17728: 17700: 17641: 17635: 17626:War of Dagestan 17400: 17373:August Uprising 17242: 17236: 17225:Boxer Rebellion 17193:Amur Annexation 16994: 16988: 16892: 16886: 16867:War of Dagestan 16847:August Uprising 16801: 16723: 16673: 16654: 16538: 16515:(2nd ed. 2011). 16498: 16477: 16456: 16438: 16436:Further reading 16433: 16424: 16422: 16418: 16407: 16396: 16385: 16374: 16363: 16352: 16331: 16301: 16300: 16282: 16280: 16276: 16269: 16255: 16244: 16223: 16201: 16185: 16175: 16173: 16163: 15998: 15988: 15986: 15975: 15969: 15965: 15957: 15938: 15930: 15889: 15879: 15877: 15868: 15867: 15863: 15846: 15845: 15828: 15821: 15807: 15803: 15795: 15774: 15764: 15762: 15757:(in Georgian). 15747: 15743: 15735: 15718: 15710: 15697: 15689: 15685: 15677: 15668: 15660: 15656: 15648: 15641: 15631: 15629: 15618: 15614: 15613: 15609: 15601: 15594: 15586: 15567: 15548: 15544: 15527: 15526: 15522: 15512: 15510: 15495: 15488: 15453: 15449: 15441: 15437: 15429: 15422: 15414: 15410: 15402: 15398: 15379: 15375: 15367: 15363: 15353: 15351: 15342: 15341: 15334: 15324: 15322: 15307: 15303: 15295: 15285:Military Review 15280: 15274: 15267: 15259: 15255: 15247: 15243: 15233: 15231: 15216: 15203: 15190:(#1(15)/2009). 15178: 15171: 15161: 15159: 15155: 15140: 15134: 15115: 15100: 15069: 15064:on 21 May 2011. 15050: 15046: 15031: 15027: 15026: 15017: 15007: 15005: 14994: 14990: 14989: 14982: 14976:Volume III 2009 14974: 14967: 14957: 14955: 14946: 14945: 14941: 14922: 14915: 14907: 14896: 14890: 14883: 14875: 14871: 14864:Air Force Times 14856: 14852: 14835: 14834: 14827: 14817: 14815: 14804: 14800: 14785: 14781: 14780: 14776: 14763: 14762: 14758: 14748: 14746: 14731: 14727: 14717: 14715: 14704: 14700: 14679: 14675: 14664: 14660: 14652: 14648: 14640: 14636: 14628: 14624: 14616: 14612: 14604: 14600: 14592: 14588: 14580: 14576: 14566: 14564: 14559: 14558: 14554: 14544: 14542: 14533: 14532: 14528: 14509: 14508: 14504: 14496: 14492: 14479: 14478: 14471: 14456: 14452: 14443: 14439: 14426: 14425: 14421: 14408: 14407: 14403: 14393: 14391: 14376: 14375: 14371: 14352: 14345: 14332: 14331: 14327: 14317: 14315: 14302: 14301: 14297: 14286: 14282: 14272: 14270: 14255: 14251: 14241: 14239: 14231:Financial Times 14224: 14223: 14219: 14206: 14205: 14201: 14184: 14183: 14179: 14169: 14167: 14154: 14153: 14149: 14139: 14137: 14122: 14118: 14111: 14107: 14106: 14102: 14092: 14090: 14085: 14084: 14080: 14070: 14068: 14059: 14058: 14054: 14044: 14042: 14029: 14028: 14024: 14014: 14012: 13999: 13998: 13994: 13986: 13979: 13975: 13974: 13970: 13957: 13956: 13952: 13942: 13940: 13927: 13926: 13917: 13909: 13905: 13895: 13893: 13878: 13874: 13864: 13862: 13851: 13845: 13841: 13824: 13823: 13819: 13809: 13807: 13798: 13797: 13793: 13780: 13779: 13775: 13765: 13763: 13752: 13748: 13738: 13736: 13723: 13722: 13713: 13696: 13695: 13691: 13681: 13679: 13666: 13665: 13661: 13651: 13649: 13636: 13635: 13631: 13608: 13604: 13594: 13592: 13581: 13577: 13567: 13565: 13550: 13546: 13536: 13534: 13489: 13485: 13475: 13473: 13464: 13463: 13459: 13449: 13447: 13436: 13432: 13424: 13420: 13405: 13401: 13391: 13389: 13388:on 29 June 2017 13378: 13374: 13364: 13362: 13358: 13357: 13353: 13343: 13341: 13333: 13332: 13328: 13313: 13309: 13299: 13297: 13282: 13278: 13271: 13257: 13253: 13246: 13235: 13227: 13223: 13213: 13211: 13206: 13205: 13201: 13191: 13189: 13181: 13177: 13176: 13172: 13162: 13160: 13155: 13154: 13150: 13140: 13138: 13130: 13126: 13125: 13121: 13111: 13109: 13105:Russian Gazette 13098: 13097: 13093: 13083: 13081: 13076: 13075: 13071: 13064: 13048: 13044: 13034: 13032: 13027: 13026: 13022: 13012: 13010: 13006: 12999: 12993: 12989: 12979: 12977: 12966: 12962: 12952: 12950: 12937: 12936: 12932: 12922: 12920: 12909: 12905: 12895: 12893: 12884: 12883: 12879: 12869: 12867: 12858: 12857: 12853: 12843: 12841: 12832: 12831: 12827: 12817: 12815: 12802: 12801: 12797: 12787: 12785: 12770: 12766: 12756: 12754: 12741: 12740: 12736: 12726: 12724: 12715: 12714: 12710: 12700: 12698: 12689: 12688: 12684: 12671: 12670: 12666: 12656: 12654: 12645: 12644: 12640: 12630: 12628: 12619: 12618: 12614: 12604: 12602: 12591: 12587: 12586: 12582: 12572: 12570: 12557: 12556: 12552: 12542: 12540: 12531: 12530: 12526: 12516: 12514: 12499: 12495: 12476: 12472: 12462: 12460: 12443: 12439: 12429: 12427: 12412: 12408: 12398: 12396: 12381: 12377: 12364: 12363: 12359: 12349: 12347: 12332: 12328: 12315: 12314: 12310: 12300: 12298: 12285: 12284: 12280: 12270:Wayback Machine 12254: 12252: 12237: 12230: 12220: 12218: 12209: 12208: 12204: 12194: 12192: 12183: 12182: 12178: 12168: 12166: 12151: 12147: 12137: 12135: 12126: 12125: 12121: 12111: 12109: 12092: 12088: 12078: 12076: 12061: 12054: 12044: 12042: 12035: 12031: 12030: 12026: 12018: 12014: 12004: 12002: 11991: 11984: 11974: 11972: 11957: 11953: 11943: 11941: 11924: 11920: 11910: 11908: 11895: 11894: 11890: 11880: 11878: 11865: 11864: 11860: 11847: 11846: 11842: 11832: 11830: 11821: 11820: 11816: 11806: 11804: 11789: 11785: 11775: 11773: 11764: 11763: 11759: 11749: 11747: 11734: 11733: 11729: 11715: 11713: 11698: 11694: 11680: 11678: 11663: 11659: 11649: 11647: 11632: 11628: 11618: 11616: 11603: 11602: 11598: 11585: 11584: 11580: 11563: 11562: 11558: 11548: 11546: 11531: 11520: 11507: 11506: 11502: 11485: 11484: 11480: 11467: 11466: 11459: 11449: 11447: 11432: 11428: 11420: 11416: 11406: 11404: 11391: 11390: 11381: 11366: 11362: 11352: 11350: 11346: 11339: 11333: 11329: 11316: 11315: 11311: 11301: 11299: 11286: 11285: 11281: 11271: 11269: 11260: 11259: 11255: 11236: 11232: 11217: 11213: 11203: 11201: 11188: 11187: 11183: 11173: 11171: 11160: 11154: 11150: 11140: 11138: 11123: 11119: 11108: 11102: 11098: 11088: 11086: 11077: 11076: 11072: 11062: 11060: 11045: 11038: 11028: 11026: 11013: 11012: 11008: 10998: 10996: 10981: 10974: 10964: 10962: 10945: 10938: 10928: 10926: 10919:The Independent 10911: 10907: 10902:on 24 May 2024. 10892: 10888: 10871: 10867: 10852: 10845: 10826: 10825: 10814: 10804: 10802: 10787: 10780: 10770: 10768: 10753: 10746: 10736: 10734: 10719: 10712: 10702: 10700: 10687: 10686: 10682: 10672: 10670: 10655: 10651: 10641: 10639: 10628: 10624: 10614: 10612: 10597: 10590: 10582: 10575: 10567: 10563: 10548: 10544: 10543: 10539: 10529: 10527: 10510: 10506: 10498: 10494: 10479: 10468: 10455: 10454: 10450: 10437: 10436: 10432: 10424: 10415: 10409:Volume III 2009 10407: 10403: 10397:Volume III 2009 10395: 10391: 10383: 10379: 10366: 10365: 10361: 10353: 10346: 10338: 10334: 10326: 10322: 10314: 10310: 10300: 10298: 10287: 10283: 10282: 10278: 10268: 10266: 10251: 10244: 10236: 10232: 10222: 10220: 10209: 10203: 10199: 10189: 10187: 10176: 10170: 10161: 10148: 10147: 10143: 10135: 10118: 10108: 10106: 10097: 10096: 10092: 10081: 10077: 10067: 10065: 10058: 10057:Война с Грузией 10054: 10053: 10049: 10043:Van Herpen 2014 10041: 10037: 10027: 10025: 10016: 10015: 10011: 10003: 9996: 9992: 9991: 9984: 9976: 9969: 9965: 9964: 9955: 9947: 9943: 9933: 9931: 9914: 9901: 9894: 9890: 9889: 9885: 9877: 9873: 9865: 9861: 9851: 9849: 9838: 9832: 9828: 9823:on 30 May 2009. 9813: 9807: 9803: 9793: 9791: 9778: 9777: 9773: 9765: 9756: 9746: 9744: 9737: 9733: 9732: 9728: 9718: 9716: 9705: 9701: 9700: 9696: 9688: 9684: 9678:Van Herpen 2014 9676: 9672: 9664: 9655: 9647: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9608: 9604: 9592:Financial Times 9585: 9584: 9580: 9572: 9565: 9555: 9553: 9546: 9530: 9526: 9516: 9514: 9501: 9500: 9496: 9486: 9484: 9469: 9462: 9443: 9439: 9426: 9425: 9421: 9411: 9409: 9396: 9395: 9391: 9381: 9379: 9366: 9365: 9361: 9351: 9349: 9334: 9327: 9317: 9315: 9300: 9296: 9288: 9284: 9274: 9272: 9265: 9261: 9260: 9256: 9251:on 3 July 2009. 9241: 9237: 9236: 9232: 9217: 9211: 9207: 9197: 9195: 9188: 9184: 9183: 9179: 9171: 9164: 9160: 9159: 9155: 9145: 9143: 9130: 9129: 9125: 9115: 9113: 9104: 9103: 9099: 9089: 9087: 9082:. 31 May 2008. 9074: 9073: 9069: 9059: 9057: 9048: 9047: 9043: 9033: 9031: 9022: 9021: 9017: 9007: 9005: 9000:. 18 May 2008. 8992: 8991: 8987: 8977: 8975: 8966: 8965: 8961: 8951: 8949: 8940: 8939: 8935: 8930:on 30 May 2013. 8927: 8920: 8914: 8897: 8887: 8885: 8872: 8871: 8867: 8857: 8855: 8842: 8841: 8837: 8827: 8825: 8816: 8815: 8811: 8801: 8799: 8784: 8780: 8770: 8768: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8738: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8705: 8701: 8691: 8689: 8680: 8679: 8675: 8665: 8663: 8650: 8649: 8645: 8639:Van Herpen 2014 8637: 8633: 8614: 8610: 8600: 8598: 8589: 8588: 8584: 8574: 8572: 8557: 8553: 8543: 8541: 8526: 8522: 8503: 8499: 8480: 8476: 8466: 8464: 8449: 8445: 8437: 8433: 8423: 8421: 8410: 8404: 8400: 8383: 8382: 8378: 8368: 8366: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8342: 8340: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8316: 8314: 8303: 8299: 8289: 8287: 8280:Foreign Affairs 8276:"Tbilisi Blues" 8272: 8265: 8255: 8253: 8244: 8243: 8236: 8226: 8224: 8211: 8210: 8203: 8195: 8191: 8181: 8179: 8166: 8165: 8161: 8155:Van Herpen 2014 8153: 8146: 8140:Van Herpen 2014 8138: 8131: 8123: 8119: 8111: 8107: 8092: 8085: 8075: 8073: 8058: 8054: 8044: 8042: 8027: 8023: 8013: 8011: 8000: 7996: 7989: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7947: 7945: 7934: 7930: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7907: 7901: 7894: 7884: 7882: 7873: 7872: 7868: 7860: 7853: 7849:(7 June 2007). 7844: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7806: 7799: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7768: 7762: 7758: 7750: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7724: 7722: 7711: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7673: 7671: 7664: 7648: 7641: 7633: 7629: 7621: 7617: 7609: 7605: 7597: 7593: 7581: 7577: 7565: 7561: 7549: 7545: 7537: 7504: 7498: 7487: 7479: 7475: 7465: 7463: 7446: 7439: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7403: 7395: 7388: 7377: 7370: 7360: 7358: 7347: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7309:on 23 May 2012. 7293: 7286: 7276: 7274: 7267:Chicago Tribune 7259: 7252: 7242: 7240: 7239:on 3 March 2016 7229: 7222: 7212: 7210: 7199: 7188: 7183:on 28 May 2014. 7175: 7174: 7170: 7162: 7155: 7149: 7140: 7130: 7128: 7107: 7098: 7088: 7086: 7075: 7068: 7058: 7056: 7045: 7041: 7031: 7029: 7018: 7011: 7001: 6999: 6984: 6977: 6962: 6955: 6945: 6943: 6928: 6919: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6892: 6886: 6882: 6872: 6870: 6855: 6851: 6841: 6839: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6804: 6803: 6796: 6788: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6764: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6750:on 11 May 2009. 6742: 6741: 6737: 6732:on 16 May 2011. 6726: 6722: 6721: 6714: 6701: 6700: 6687: 6682:on 7 June 2012. 6674: 6673: 6664: 6649: 6640: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6612: 6603: 6595: 6586: 6578: 6574: 6564: 6562: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6536: 6529: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6488: 6478: 6476: 6459: 6455: 6447: 6438: 6428: 6426: 6411: 6407: 6390: 6389:Расстановка сил 6384: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6353: 6346: 6331: 6322: 6299: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6235: 6222: 6212: 6210: 6195: 6188: 6175: 6174: 6167: 6148: 6141: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6108: 6091: 6087: 6064: 6060: 6038: 6034: 6029: 6006:Olympus Inferno 5953: 5557:BMP-1U 'Shkval' 5498: 5249:T-72B Obr. 1989 5218: 5213: 5170: 5130:were captured. 5040: 5035: 4999:Aleksandr Zelin 4958: 4911: 4906: 4725:Airborne Troops 4712:One company of 4698:One company of 4552: 4500:National Guard 4398:Deployed units 4368: 4363: 4345: 4321: 4288: 4282: 4259:Franco Frattini 4128:– US president 4051: 4045: 3998: 3993: 3838: 3832: 3824:Main articles: 3822: 3785:military base. 3719: 3690: 3665: 3621:Dmitry Medvedev 3610: 3604: 3548: 3535: 3525: 3468:Nicolas Sarkozy 3456: 3439: 3431:Main articles: 3429: 3382: 3355: 3349: 3313:Black Sea Fleet 3286: 3278:Main articles: 3276: 3224:Georgian police 3212:would not spare 3197:Gori University 3144:in a Gori house 3142:missile booster 3134: 3128: 3120:Nicolas Sarkozy 3023: 3017: 2965: 2949: 2866: 2853: 2846: 2762:Aleksandr Dugin 2746:railroad troops 2677: 2675:April–July 2008 2672: 2666: 2653:Dmitry Medvedev 2648:Yuri Baluyevsky 2581: 2579:Second Cold War 2575: 2501:Rose Revolution 2483:U.S. President 2477: 2394: 2173: 2168: 2158: 2152: 2144:arrest warrants 2093:Nicolas Sarkozy 2089:information war 2025:change of power 1943: 1942: 1937: 1902: 1895: 1888: 1881: 1873:Second Cold War 1828: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1770:Information war 1716: 1711: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1639: 1634: 1593:Russo-Ukrainian 1547: 1462: 1431:guerrilla phase 1416:Chechen–Russian 1324: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1285: 1280: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1153: 1136: 1135: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1073: 1044: 1042: 1031: 1028: 1011: 1009: 1005: 993: 976: 961: 948: 946: 933: 930: 901: 899: 885: 882: 865: 863: 860: 857: 841: 829: 826:special forces) 805: 803: 797: 785: 783: 771: 769: 758: 756: 745: 743: 740: 736: 732:Black Sea Fleet 712: 709: 679: 659: 657: 644: 632: 620: 608: 596: 584: 572: 567:Lado Gurgenidze 558: 543: 542: 536: 527: 525:Anatoly Zaitsev 517: 513:Mirab Kishmaria 505: 493: 483: 473: 472: 463: 453: 441: 429: 410: 398: 386: 374: 362: 358:Nikolay Makarov 350: 338: 324: 319:Dmitry Medvedev 310: 289: 287: 284: 273: 271: 260: 258: 247: 245: 212: 166: 153: 140: 139: 138: 137: 123: 117: 116: 115: 106: 105: 104: 96: 95: 86: 85: 84: 76: 75: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19345: 19335: 19334: 19329: 19327:Vladimir Putin 19324: 19319: 19314: 19309: 19304: 19299: 19294: 19289: 19284: 19279: 19274: 19272:2008 in Russia 19269: 19264: 19259: 19254: 19249: 19244: 19239: 19222: 19221: 19219: 19218: 19213: 19206: 19205: 19198: 19190: 19189: 19186: 19185: 19182: 19181: 19179: 19178: 19177: 19176: 19166: 19165: 19164: 19154: 19149: 19144: 19139: 19134: 19129: 19123: 19121: 19117: 19116: 19114: 19113: 19106: 19101: 19096: 19095: 19094: 19089: 19079: 19074: 19068: 19066: 19060: 19059: 19057: 19056: 19049: 19044: 19039: 19034: 19029: 19024: 19019: 19014: 19009: 19008: 19007: 19000: 18993: 18986: 18976: 18971: 18966: 18965: 18964: 18954: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18934: 18928: 18922: 18916: 18915: 18912: 18911: 18909: 18908: 18901: 18896: 18891: 18886: 18884:Stock Exchange 18881: 18876: 18871: 18866: 18861: 18856: 18850: 18844: 18838: 18837: 18834: 18833: 18831: 18830: 18828:Prime Minister 18825: 18820: 18815: 18810: 18805: 18800: 18799: 18798: 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18767: 18761: 18755: 18754: 18751: 18750: 18748: 18747: 18742: 18736: 18734: 18728: 18727: 18725: 18724: 18717: 18712: 18707: 18702: 18696: 18694: 18688: 18687: 18685: 18684: 18677: 18672: 18667: 18662: 18660:National parks 18657: 18652: 18647: 18642: 18637: 18632: 18627: 18622: 18617: 18612: 18607: 18601: 18595: 18589: 18588: 18581: 18579: 18576: 18575: 18573: 18572: 18565: 18560: 18555: 18550: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18529: 18527: 18523: 18522: 18520: 18519: 18514: 18509: 18504: 18499: 18494: 18489: 18484: 18479: 18474: 18468: 18466: 18462: 18461: 18459: 18458: 18453: 18448: 18443: 18438: 18433: 18428: 18423: 18422: 18421: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18370: 18369: 18359: 18357:Byzantine wars 18354: 18349: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18329: 18324: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18303: 18301: 18297: 18296: 18294: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18227: 18225: 18218: 18212: 18211: 18200: 18199: 18192: 18185: 18177: 18168: 18167: 18165: 18164: 18159: 18154: 18149: 18144: 18139: 18133: 18131: 18130:Related topics 18127: 18126: 18124: 18123: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18092: 18091: 18081: 18076: 18070: 18068: 18062: 18061: 18059: 18058: 18053: 18048: 18047: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18026: 18021: 18016: 18011: 18006: 18001: 17996: 17991: 17986: 17981: 17976: 17971: 17966: 17965: 17964: 17954: 17949: 17948: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17926: 17924: 17922:Eastern Europe 17918: 17917: 17906: 17905: 17898: 17891: 17883: 17874: 17873: 17871: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17810: 17808:Sajid invasion 17805: 17800: 17795: 17790: 17785: 17780: 17774: 17771: 17770: 17762: 17761: 17754: 17747: 17739: 17730: 17729: 17727: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17711: 17709:Russian Winter 17705: 17702: 17701: 17699: 17698: 17693: 17688: 17683: 17678: 17677: 17676: 17671: 17666: 17661: 17651: 17645: 17643: 17637: 17636: 17634: 17633: 17628: 17623: 17618: 17613: 17608: 17603: 17598: 17593: 17588: 17583: 17578: 17573: 17568: 17563: 17558: 17553: 17548: 17543: 17538: 17536:Vlora incident 17533: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17488: 17487: 17486: 17481: 17476: 17475: 17474: 17464: 17459: 17454: 17449: 17448: 17447: 17437: 17432: 17422: 17417: 17412: 17407: 17395: 17390: 17385: 17380: 17375: 17370: 17365: 17364: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17338: 17333: 17328: 17327: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17306: 17301: 17299:Sochi conflict 17296: 17291: 17286: 17285: 17284: 17269: 17268: 17267: 17257: 17252: 17246: 17244: 17238: 17237: 17235: 17234: 17233: 17232: 17222: 17217: 17216: 17215: 17210: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17189: 17188: 17178: 17173: 17168: 17163: 17158: 17157: 17156: 17151: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17025: 17020: 17014: 17009: 17004: 16998: 16996: 16990: 16989: 16987: 16986: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16946: 16941: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16912: 16907: 16902: 16896: 16894: 16888: 16887: 16885: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16813: 16811: 16807: 16806: 16803: 16802: 16800: 16799: 16794: 16793: 16792: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16742: 16737: 16731: 16729: 16725: 16724: 16722: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16701: 16696: 16691: 16685: 16679: 16675: 16674: 16653: 16652: 16645: 16638: 16630: 16624: 16623: 16612: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16585: 16584: 16578: 16573: 16562: 16561: 16550: 16549: 16537: 16536:External links 16534: 16533: 16532: 16523: 16516: 16509: 16502: 16496: 16481: 16475: 16460: 16454: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16431: 16401: 16390: 16379: 16368: 16356: 16350: 16335: 16329: 16314: 16289: 16260: 16248: 16242: 16227: 16221: 16206: 16191: 16190: 16189: 16184: 16183: 15996: 15981:(in Russian). 15963: 15936: 15934:, p. 136. 15887: 15861: 15826: 15819: 15801: 15799:, p. 112. 15772: 15741: 15739:, p. 111. 15716: 15695: 15693:, p. 114. 15683: 15681:, p. 110. 15666: 15654: 15639: 15607: 15605:, p. 113. 15592: 15565: 15542: 15520: 15486: 15467:(2): 400–424. 15447: 15445:, p. 100. 15435: 15433:, p. 104. 15420: 15408: 15406:, p. 105. 15396: 15393:on 5 May 2009. 15387:Georgian Daily 15373: 15371:, p. 142. 15361: 15332: 15301: 15265: 15253: 15241: 15201: 15180:Aminov, Said. 15169: 15113: 15067: 15044: 15033:(in Russian). 15015: 14980: 14978:, p. 371. 14965: 14939: 14913: 14881: 14869: 14850: 14825: 14798: 14787:(in Russian). 14774: 14756: 14725: 14698: 14673: 14658: 14646: 14634: 14622: 14610: 14598: 14586: 14574: 14552: 14526: 14502: 14490: 14469: 14450: 14437: 14419: 14401: 14369: 14343: 14325: 14308:Rzeczpospolita 14295: 14280: 14249: 14217: 14199: 14177: 14147: 14116: 14100: 14078: 14052: 14022: 13992: 13968: 13950: 13915: 13903: 13872: 13839: 13836:on 5 May 2009. 13817: 13791: 13773: 13746: 13711: 13689: 13659: 13629: 13602: 13575: 13544: 13503:(1): 102–121. 13483: 13457: 13430: 13418: 13399: 13372: 13351: 13326: 13307: 13276: 13269: 13251: 13244: 13221: 13199: 13188:. October 2018 13170: 13148: 13119: 13091: 13069: 13062: 13042: 13020: 12987: 12960: 12930: 12903: 12877: 12851: 12825: 12795: 12764: 12734: 12708: 12682: 12664: 12638: 12612: 12593:(in Russian). 12580: 12550: 12524: 12493: 12470: 12437: 12406: 12375: 12357: 12326: 12323:on 5 May 2009. 12308: 12278: 12228: 12202: 12176: 12145: 12119: 12086: 12052: 12024: 12012: 11997:. Al Jazeera. 11982: 11951: 11918: 11888: 11858: 11840: 11814: 11783: 11757: 11727: 11692: 11657: 11626: 11596: 11578: 11556: 11518: 11500: 11478: 11457: 11426: 11414: 11379: 11360: 11327: 11309: 11279: 11253: 11230: 11211: 11181: 11166:(in Russian). 11148: 11117: 11096: 11070: 11036: 11006: 10972: 10936: 10905: 10886: 10865: 10843: 10812: 10778: 10744: 10710: 10680: 10649: 10622: 10588: 10586:, p. 219. 10584:Volume II 2009 10573: 10561: 10537: 10504: 10492: 10466: 10448: 10430: 10428:, p. 210. 10426:Volume II 2009 10413: 10401: 10389: 10377: 10359: 10344: 10332: 10320: 10308: 10276: 10242: 10230: 10215:(in Russian). 10197: 10182:(in Russian). 10159: 10141: 10139:, p. 209. 10137:Volume II 2009 10116: 10090: 10075: 10047: 10045:, p. 222. 10035: 10009: 9982: 9953: 9941: 9899: 9883: 9871: 9859: 9844:(in Russian). 9826: 9801: 9771: 9754: 9726: 9694: 9682: 9680:, p. 214. 9670: 9668:, p. 208. 9666:Volume II 2009 9653: 9641: 9629: 9602: 9578: 9563: 9544: 9524: 9494: 9460: 9451:Georgian Daily 9437: 9419: 9389: 9359: 9325: 9294: 9292:, p. 204. 9290:Volume II 2009 9282: 9254: 9230: 9205: 9177: 9153: 9123: 9097: 9067: 9041: 9015: 8985: 8959: 8933: 8895: 8865: 8835: 8809: 8778: 8748: 8722: 8699: 8673: 8643: 8641:, p. 210. 8631: 8608: 8582: 8551: 8520: 8497: 8474: 8443: 8431: 8416:(in Russian). 8398: 8376: 8350: 8324: 8297: 8263: 8234: 8201: 8199:, p. 132. 8197:Volume II 2009 8189: 8159: 8144: 8129: 8127:, p. 334. 8117: 8105: 8083: 8052: 8021: 7994: 7987: 7967: 7955: 7928: 7903:Charles King. 7892: 7866: 7835: 7823: 7797: 7756: 7744: 7742:, p. 148. 7732: 7705: 7693: 7681: 7662: 7639: 7637:, p. 105. 7627: 7615: 7613:, p. 130. 7603: 7591: 7589:, 30 June 2022 7575: 7559: 7543: 7485: 7473: 7437: 7401: 7386: 7368: 7336: 7324: 7312: 7284: 7250: 7220: 7201:Peter Roudik. 7186: 7168: 7138: 7123:(2): 227–232. 7096: 7066: 7051:. EUobserver. 7039: 7009: 6975: 6953: 6917: 6880: 6849: 6819: 6794: 6773: 6753: 6735: 6712: 6685: 6662: 6638: 6618: 6601: 6599:, p. 137. 6584: 6582:, p. 224. 6580:Volume II 2009 6572: 6542: 6527: 6486: 6453: 6451:, p. 214. 6449:Volume II 2009 6436: 6405: 6375: 6344: 6320: 6264: 6252: 6220: 6186: 6165: 6139: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6085: 6058: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6017: 6010: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5979: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5959: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5879: 5878: 5871: 5868: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5823: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5795: 5794: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5764: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5736: 5735: 5728: 5715: 5714: 5707: 5694: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5621: 5620: 5603: 5602: 5595: 5582: 5581: 5568: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5540: 5539: 5526: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5431: 5430: 5423: 5410: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5368: 5367: 5354: 5353: 5344: 5343: 5330: 5329: 5322: 5309: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5274: 5273: 5266: 5253: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5169: 5166: 5153:on 11 August. 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 4957: 4954: 4945:New York Times 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4872: 4871: 4870:) of Abkhazia 4861: 4857: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4696: 4695:Chechen units 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4631: 4628: 4627:Reinforcement 4624: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4591: 4590:South Ossetia 4588: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4399: 4367: 4364: 4344: 4341: 4337:Vladimir Socor 4320: 4317: 4284:Main article: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4266: 4245: 4244: 4234: 4231:European Union 4223:European Union 4216: 4215: 4201: 4193:Ivars Godmanis 4181:Valdas Adamkus 4177:Lech Kaczyński 4154: 4141:candidate for 4130:George W. Bush 4123: 4119:David Miliband 4115:United Kingdom 4112: 4109:central Europe 4090: 4041:Main article: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3981:David Sanakoev 3821: 3818: 3718: 3715: 3689: 3686: 3664: 3661: 3625:Eduard Kokoity 3617:Sergey Bagapsh 3606:Main article: 3603: 3600: 3547: 3544: 3524: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3455: 3452: 3428: 3425: 3381: 3378: 3351:Main article: 3348: 3345: 3275: 3272: 3205:Red Cross flag 3193:Stan Storimans 3130:Main article: 3127: 3124: 3063:special troops 3019:Main article: 3016: 3013: 3008:Sergei Bagapsh 2942: 2891:Dmitry Medoyev 2865: 2862: 2845: 2842: 2702:Vitaly Churkin 2676: 2673: 2668:Main article: 2665: 2662: 2624:George W. Bush 2612:Vladimir Putin 2574: 2571: 2559:European Union 2547:Dmitry Rogozin 2485:George W. Bush 2476: 2473: 2452:After Georgia 2438:Eduard Kokoity 2429:Vladimir Putin 2414:Svante Cornell 2393: 2390: 2311:Soviet Georgia 2268:conflict began 2260:North Caucasus 2233:Russian Empire 2229:several states 2193:North Caucasus 2172: 2169: 2154:Main article: 2151: 2148: 2021:Vladimir Putin 1971:South Caucasus 1939: 1938: 1936: 1935: 1928: 1921: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1842: 1841: 1840:Related topics 1837: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1822: 1820: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1765:Responsibility 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1725: 1724: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1668: 1667: 1660: 1653: 1645: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1552: 1551: 1550:Eastern Europe 1546: 1545: 1543:Karakalpakstan 1540: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1458:Russo-Georgian 1455: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1413: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1384: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1370:2023 offensive 1367: 1366: 1365: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1314: 1313: 1306: 1299: 1291: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1250: 1249: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1163: 1155: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1130:Stan Storimans 1126: 1120: 1113: 1106: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1052: 1038: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1006: 1004: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 991: 983: 977: 975: 974: 971: 967: 962: 960: 959: 956: 943: 939: 934: 932: 931: 929: 928: 925: 922: 919: 915: 909: 895: 892: 891: 887: 886: 884: 883: 881: 880: 873: 861: 859: 858: 856: 855: 854:2,000 soldiers 851: 842: 840: 839: 835: 830: 828: 827: 819: 813: 800: 798: 796: 795: 781: 767: 764:Terek Cossacks 754: 741: 739: 738: 735: 734: 729: 724: 718: 713: 711: 710: 708: 707: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 673: 667: 654: 651: 650: 646: 645: 643: 642: 630: 618: 606: 594: 582: 570: 556: 539: 537: 535: 534: 515: 503: 501:Sergei Bagapsh 491: 470: 451: 439: 437:Eduard Kokoity 427: 408: 396: 384: 372: 360: 348: 336: 333:Vladimir Putin 322: 307: 304: 303: 299: 298: 285: 283: 282: 269: 256: 242: 239: 238: 234: 233: 230: 229: 214: 208: 207: 206: 205: 199: 193: 187: 172: 168: 167: 162: 160: 156: 155: 150: 142: 141: 119: 118: 109: 108: 107: 98: 97: 89: 88: 87: 78: 77: 69: 68: 67: 66: 65: 62: 61: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19344: 19333: 19330: 19328: 19325: 19323: 19320: 19318: 19315: 19313: 19310: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19298: 19295: 19293: 19290: 19288: 19285: 19283: 19280: 19278: 19275: 19273: 19270: 19268: 19265: 19263: 19260: 19258: 19255: 19253: 19250: 19248: 19245: 19243: 19240: 19238: 19235: 19234: 19232: 19217: 19214: 19212: 19209: 19208: 19203: 19199: 19196: 19192: 19191: 19187: 19175: 19172: 19171: 19170: 19167: 19163: 19160: 19159: 19158: 19155: 19153: 19150: 19148: 19145: 19143: 19140: 19138: 19135: 19133: 19132:Bolnisi cross 19130: 19128: 19125: 19124: 19122: 19118: 19112: 19111: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19093: 19090: 19088: 19085: 19084: 19083: 19080: 19078: 19075: 19073: 19070: 19069: 19067: 19065: 19061: 19055: 19054: 19050: 19048: 19045: 19043: 19040: 19038: 19035: 19033: 19030: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19018: 19015: 19013: 19010: 19005: 19001: 18998: 18994: 18991: 18987: 18984: 18980: 18979: 18977: 18975: 18972: 18970: 18967: 18963: 18960: 18959: 18958: 18955: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18933: 18930: 18929: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18917: 18907: 18906: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18892: 18890: 18887: 18885: 18882: 18880: 18877: 18875: 18872: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18855: 18852: 18851: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18839: 18829: 18826: 18824: 18821: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18806: 18804: 18801: 18797: 18794: 18793: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18768: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18756: 18746: 18745:South Ossetia 18743: 18741: 18738: 18737: 18735: 18733: 18729: 18723: 18722: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18697: 18695: 18693: 18689: 18683: 18682: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18623: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18602: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18590: 18585: 18571: 18570: 18566: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18530: 18528: 18524: 18518: 18515: 18513: 18510: 18508: 18505: 18503: 18500: 18498: 18495: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18469: 18467: 18463: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18420: 18417: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18401: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18368: 18365: 18364: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18325: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18304: 18302: 18298: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18228: 18226: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18213: 18209: 18205: 18198: 18193: 18191: 18186: 18184: 18179: 18178: 18175: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18157:War on terror 18155: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18143: 18140: 18138: 18135: 18134: 18132: 18128: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18090: 18087: 18086: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18071: 18069: 18067: 18063: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18039:War in Donbas 18037: 18035: 18032: 18031: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17963: 17960: 17959: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17940:2016 conflict 17938: 17936: 17933: 17932: 17931: 17928: 17927: 17925: 17923: 17919: 17915: 17912: 17904: 17899: 17897: 17892: 17890: 17885: 17884: 17881: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17786: 17784: 17781: 17779: 17776: 17775: 17772: 17768: 17765:Invasions of 17760: 17755: 17753: 17748: 17746: 17741: 17740: 17737: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17706: 17703: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17675: 17674:2022 invasion 17672: 17670: 17669:War in Donbas 17667: 17665: 17662: 17660: 17657: 17656: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17646: 17644: 17638: 17632: 17629: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17579: 17577: 17574: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17554: 17552: 17549: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17506:Ili Rebellion 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17473: 17470: 17469: 17468: 17465: 17463: 17460: 17458: 17455: 17453: 17450: 17446: 17443: 17442: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17427: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17404: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17311: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17290: 17287: 17283: 17280: 17279: 17278: 17275: 17274: 17273: 17270: 17266: 17263: 17262: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17247: 17245: 17239: 17231: 17228: 17227: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17205: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17187: 17184: 17183: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17146: 17145: 17144:Caucasian War 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17000: 16999: 16997: 16991: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16897: 16895: 16889: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16814: 16812: 16808: 16798: 16795: 16791: 16788: 16787: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16732: 16730: 16726: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16686: 16683: 16680: 16676: 16671: 16667: 16663: 16659: 16651: 16646: 16644: 16639: 16637: 16632: 16631: 16628: 16622: 16619: 16618: 16617: 16616: 16615:Documentaries 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16591: 16590: 16589: 16583: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16568: 16567: 16566: 16565:International 16560: 16557: 16556: 16555: 16554: 16548: 16545: 16544: 16543: 16542: 16530: 16527: 16524: 16521: 16517: 16514: 16510: 16507: 16503: 16499: 16493: 16489: 16488: 16482: 16478: 16472: 16468: 16467: 16461: 16457: 16451: 16447: 16446: 16440: 16439: 16417: 16413: 16406: 16402: 16395: 16391: 16384: 16380: 16373: 16369: 16362: 16357: 16353: 16347: 16343: 16342: 16336: 16332: 16326: 16322: 16321: 16315: 16311: 16305: 16297: 16296: 16290: 16275: 16268: 16267: 16261: 16254: 16249: 16245: 16239: 16236:. Routledge. 16235: 16234: 16228: 16224: 16218: 16214: 16213: 16207: 16200: 16199: 16193: 16192: 16187: 16186: 16172: 16168: 16161: 16159: 16157: 16155: 16153: 16151: 16149: 16147: 16145: 16143: 16141: 16139: 16137: 16135: 16133: 16131: 16129: 16127: 16125: 16123: 16121: 16119: 16117: 16115: 16113: 16111: 16109: 16107: 16105: 16103: 16101: 16099: 16097: 16095: 16093: 16091: 16089: 16087: 16085: 16083: 16081: 16079: 16077: 16075: 16073: 16071: 16069: 16067: 16065: 16063: 16061: 16059: 16057: 16055: 16053: 16051: 16049: 16047: 16045: 16043: 16041: 16039: 16037: 16035: 16033: 16031: 16029: 16027: 16025: 16023: 16021: 16019: 16017: 16015: 16013: 16011: 16009: 16007: 16005: 16003: 16001: 15984: 15980: 15976: 15967: 15960: 15955: 15953: 15951: 15949: 15947: 15945: 15943: 15941: 15933: 15928: 15926: 15924: 15922: 15920: 15918: 15916: 15914: 15912: 15910: 15908: 15906: 15904: 15902: 15900: 15898: 15896: 15894: 15892: 15875: 15871: 15865: 15857: 15853: 15849: 15843: 15841: 15839: 15837: 15835: 15833: 15831: 15822: 15816: 15812: 15805: 15798: 15793: 15791: 15789: 15787: 15785: 15783: 15781: 15779: 15777: 15760: 15756: 15752: 15745: 15738: 15733: 15731: 15729: 15727: 15725: 15723: 15721: 15713: 15708: 15706: 15704: 15702: 15700: 15692: 15687: 15680: 15675: 15673: 15671: 15664:, p. 47. 15663: 15658: 15652:, p. 19. 15651: 15646: 15644: 15627: 15623: 15619: 15611: 15604: 15599: 15597: 15590:, p. 75. 15589: 15584: 15582: 15580: 15578: 15576: 15574: 15572: 15570: 15561: 15557: 15553: 15546: 15538: 15534: 15530: 15524: 15508: 15504: 15500: 15493: 15491: 15482: 15478: 15474: 15470: 15466: 15462: 15458: 15451: 15444: 15439: 15432: 15427: 15425: 15418:, p. 57. 15417: 15412: 15405: 15400: 15392: 15388: 15384: 15377: 15370: 15365: 15349: 15345: 15339: 15337: 15320: 15316: 15312: 15305: 15294: 15290: 15286: 15279: 15272: 15270: 15263:, p. 45. 15262: 15257: 15251:, p. 63. 15250: 15245: 15229: 15225: 15221: 15214: 15212: 15210: 15208: 15206: 15197: 15193: 15189: 15188: 15183: 15176: 15174: 15154: 15150: 15146: 15139: 15132: 15130: 15128: 15126: 15124: 15122: 15120: 15118: 15109: 15105: 15098: 15096: 15094: 15092: 15090: 15088: 15086: 15084: 15082: 15080: 15078: 15076: 15074: 15072: 15063: 15059: 15058:Aviation Week 15055: 15048: 15040: 15036: 15032: 15024: 15022: 15020: 15003: 14999: 14995: 14987: 14985: 14977: 14972: 14970: 14953: 14949: 14943: 14935: 14931: 14927: 14920: 14918: 14906: 14902: 14895: 14888: 14886: 14879:, p. 57. 14878: 14873: 14865: 14861: 14854: 14846: 14842: 14838: 14832: 14830: 14813: 14810:. Ocnus.Net. 14809: 14802: 14794: 14790: 14786: 14778: 14770: 14766: 14760: 14744: 14740: 14736: 14729: 14713: 14709: 14702: 14694: 14690: 14689: 14684: 14677: 14669: 14662: 14655: 14650: 14643: 14642:Volume I 2009 14638: 14631: 14630:Volume I 2009 14626: 14620:, p. 20. 14619: 14618:Volume I 2009 14614: 14608:, p. 32. 14607: 14606:Volume I 2009 14602: 14596:, p. 11. 14595: 14594:Volume I 2009 14590: 14584:, p. 31. 14583: 14582:Volume I 2009 14578: 14562: 14556: 14540: 14536: 14530: 14522: 14518: 14517:The Telegraph 14513: 14506: 14500:, p. 19. 14499: 14498:Volume I 2009 14494: 14486: 14482: 14476: 14474: 14465: 14461: 14454: 14447: 14441: 14433: 14429: 14423: 14415: 14411: 14405: 14389: 14385: 14384: 14379: 14373: 14365: 14361: 14357: 14350: 14348: 14339: 14335: 14329: 14313: 14309: 14305: 14299: 14291: 14284: 14268: 14264: 14260: 14253: 14237: 14233: 14232: 14227: 14221: 14213: 14209: 14203: 14195: 14191: 14187: 14181: 14165: 14161: 14157: 14151: 14135: 14131: 14127: 14120: 14112: 14104: 14088: 14082: 14066: 14062: 14056: 14040: 14036: 14032: 14026: 14010: 14006: 14002: 13996: 13985: 13978: 13972: 13964: 13960: 13954: 13938: 13934: 13930: 13924: 13922: 13920: 13913:, p. 27. 13912: 13911:Volume I 2009 13907: 13891: 13887: 13886:The Telegraph 13883: 13876: 13860: 13856: 13852: 13843: 13835: 13831: 13827: 13821: 13805: 13801: 13795: 13787: 13783: 13777: 13761: 13757: 13750: 13734: 13730: 13726: 13720: 13718: 13716: 13707: 13703: 13699: 13693: 13677: 13673: 13669: 13663: 13647: 13643: 13639: 13633: 13625: 13621: 13617: 13613: 13606: 13590: 13586: 13579: 13563: 13559: 13555: 13548: 13532: 13528: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13510: 13506: 13502: 13498: 13494: 13487: 13471: 13467: 13461: 13445: 13441: 13434: 13427: 13422: 13414: 13410: 13403: 13387: 13383: 13376: 13361: 13355: 13340: 13336: 13330: 13322: 13318: 13311: 13295: 13291: 13287: 13280: 13272: 13266: 13262: 13255: 13247: 13241: 13234: 13233: 13225: 13209: 13203: 13187: 13180: 13174: 13158: 13152: 13136: 13129: 13123: 13107: 13106: 13101: 13095: 13079: 13073: 13065: 13059: 13055: 13054: 13046: 13030: 13024: 13005: 12998: 12991: 12975: 12971: 12964: 12948: 12944: 12940: 12934: 12918: 12914: 12907: 12891: 12887: 12881: 12865: 12861: 12855: 12839: 12835: 12829: 12813: 12809: 12805: 12799: 12783: 12779: 12775: 12768: 12752: 12748: 12744: 12738: 12722: 12718: 12712: 12696: 12692: 12686: 12678: 12674: 12668: 12652: 12648: 12642: 12626: 12622: 12616: 12600: 12596: 12592: 12584: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12554: 12538: 12534: 12528: 12512: 12508: 12504: 12497: 12489: 12485: 12481: 12474: 12458: 12454: 12453: 12448: 12441: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12410: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12379: 12371: 12367: 12361: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12330: 12322: 12318: 12312: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12282: 12275: 12271: 12267: 12264: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12235: 12233: 12216: 12212: 12206: 12190: 12186: 12180: 12164: 12160: 12156: 12149: 12133: 12129: 12123: 12107: 12103: 12102: 12097: 12090: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12059: 12057: 12040: 12036: 12028: 12022:, p. 21. 12021: 12016: 12000: 11996: 11989: 11987: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11955: 11939: 11935: 11934: 11929: 11922: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11892: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11862: 11854: 11850: 11844: 11828: 11824: 11818: 11802: 11798: 11797:The Telegraph 11794: 11787: 11771: 11767: 11761: 11745: 11741: 11737: 11731: 11724: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11696: 11689: 11676: 11672: 11671:The Telegraph 11668: 11661: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11630: 11614: 11610: 11606: 11600: 11592: 11588: 11582: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11560: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11523: 11514: 11510: 11504: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11482: 11474: 11470: 11464: 11462: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11430: 11423: 11418: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11388: 11386: 11384: 11375: 11371: 11364: 11345: 11338: 11331: 11323: 11319: 11313: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11283: 11267: 11263: 11257: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11234: 11226: 11222: 11215: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11185: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11152: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11121: 11113: 11109: 11100: 11084: 11080: 11074: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11043: 11041: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11010: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10979: 10977: 10960: 10956: 10955: 10950: 10943: 10941: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10909: 10901: 10897: 10890: 10882: 10881: 10876: 10869: 10861: 10857: 10850: 10848: 10839: 10835: 10834: 10829: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10817: 10800: 10796: 10795:The Telegraph 10792: 10785: 10783: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10751: 10749: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10717: 10715: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10684: 10668: 10664: 10663:The Telegraph 10660: 10653: 10638:on 6 May 2009 10637: 10633: 10626: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10595: 10593: 10585: 10580: 10578: 10571:, p. 21. 10570: 10569:Volume I 2009 10565: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10541: 10525: 10521: 10520: 10519:New York Post 10515: 10508: 10502:, p. 55. 10501: 10496: 10488: 10484: 10477: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10462: 10458: 10452: 10444: 10440: 10434: 10427: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10411:, p. 69. 10410: 10405: 10398: 10393: 10387:, p. 54. 10386: 10381: 10373: 10369: 10363: 10356: 10351: 10349: 10341: 10340:Laaneots 2016 10336: 10330:, p. 59. 10329: 10324: 10318:, p. 60. 10317: 10312: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10280: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10249: 10247: 10240:, p. 57. 10239: 10238:Laaneots 2016 10234: 10218: 10214: 10213:Novaya Gazeta 10210: 10201: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10168: 10166: 10164: 10155: 10151: 10145: 10138: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10104: 10100: 10094: 10087:. EurasiaNet. 10086: 10079: 10063: 10059: 10051: 10044: 10039: 10023: 10019: 10013: 10002: 9995: 9989: 9987: 9975: 9968: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9951:, p. 46. 9950: 9945: 9929: 9925: 9924: 9919: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9906: 9904: 9895: 9887: 9881:, p. 58. 9880: 9875: 9869:, p. 37. 9868: 9867:Laaneots 2016 9863: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9830: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9805: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9775: 9769:, p. 95. 9768: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9742: 9738: 9730: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9698: 9692:, p. 93. 9691: 9686: 9679: 9674: 9667: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9651:, p. 35. 9650: 9649:Laaneots 2016 9645: 9639:, p. 53. 9638: 9633: 9626: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9606: 9598: 9594: 9593: 9588: 9582: 9576:, p. 44. 9575: 9570: 9568: 9551: 9547: 9541: 9537: 9536: 9528: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9498: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9467: 9465: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9441: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9393: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9363: 9347: 9343: 9342:The Messenger 9339: 9332: 9330: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9298: 9291: 9286: 9270: 9266: 9258: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9234: 9226: 9222: 9221:Novaya Gazeta 9218: 9209: 9193: 9189: 9181: 9170: 9163: 9157: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9127: 9111: 9107: 9101: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9071: 9055: 9051: 9045: 9029: 9025: 9019: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8989: 8973: 8969: 8963: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8926: 8919: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8869: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8839: 8823: 8819: 8813: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8782: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8752: 8736: 8732: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8703: 8687: 8683: 8677: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8647: 8640: 8635: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8612: 8596: 8592: 8586: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8555: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8524: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8501: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8478: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8447: 8441:, p. 15. 8440: 8435: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8402: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8380: 8364: 8360: 8354: 8338: 8334: 8328: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8270: 8268: 8251: 8247: 8241: 8239: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8208: 8206: 8198: 8193: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8156: 8151: 8149: 8141: 8136: 8134: 8126: 8121: 8114: 8109: 8101: 8097: 8090: 8088: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8056: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8025: 8009: 8005: 7998: 7990: 7984: 7980: 7979: 7971: 7964: 7959: 7943: 7939: 7932: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7897: 7880: 7876: 7870: 7859: 7852: 7848: 7842: 7840: 7832: 7827: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7804: 7802: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7754:, p. 77. 7753: 7748: 7741: 7736: 7720: 7716: 7709: 7703:, p. 82. 7702: 7697: 7691:, p. 74. 7690: 7685: 7669: 7665: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7646: 7644: 7636: 7631: 7624: 7619: 7612: 7607: 7600: 7595: 7588: 7584: 7579: 7572: 7568: 7563: 7556: 7552: 7547: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7511: 7503: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7482: 7481:Volume I 2009 7477: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7451: 7444: 7442: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7405: 7398: 7397:Laaneots 2016 7393: 7391: 7382: 7375: 7373: 7356: 7352: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7333: 7328: 7321: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7291: 7289: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7257: 7255: 7238: 7234: 7227: 7225: 7208: 7204: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7084: 7080: 7073: 7071: 7054: 7050: 7043: 7027: 7023: 7016: 7014: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6982: 6980: 6971: 6967: 6960: 6958: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6799: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6769: 6765: 6757: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6731: 6727: 6719: 6717: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6634: 6630: 6622: 6615: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6598: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6581: 6576: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6539: 6534: 6532: 6512: 6505: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6382: 6380: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6351: 6349: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6262:, p. 11. 6261: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6191: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6144: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6116: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6082: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6040:South Ossetia 6036: 6032: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5983:August Eighth 5980: 5977: 5976: 5975:5 Days of War 5972: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5174: 5165: 5161: 5159: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5129: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5049: 5048:DANA howitzer 5044: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5015: 5014:Ruslan Pukhov 5010: 5006: 5002: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4915: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4556:Georgian Army 4542: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4479:Naval Forces 4478: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4280:The EU report 4274: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4241:Angela Merkel 4238: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4126:United States 4124: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4021: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3935:EU Commission 3932: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3894: 3893:cluster bombs 3889: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3854:North Ossetia 3851: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3814:Boris Johnson 3812: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3778: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3762:assertiveness 3758: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3700:Johan Verbeke 3696: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3660: 3658: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3634: 3626: 3623:(middle) and 3622: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3592:Sergey Lavrov 3589: 3584: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3234:General Staff 3230: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3199:on fire. The 3198: 3194: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3166: 3158: 3150: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3115: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2989: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2922: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2857: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2826:Caucasus 2008 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2766:Kavkaz Center 2763: 2759: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2681: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2658:regime change 2654: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2580: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2528:Kodori Valley 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2444:, became the 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2292:Soviet Russia 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264:Transcaucasia 2261: 2257: 2256:North Ossetia 2253: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2209: 2202: 2198: 2197:Mountain ASSR 2194: 2190: 2189:North Ossetia 2186: 2182: 2177: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085:cyber warfare 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1963:South Ossetia 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1899: 1892: 1885: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1676: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1616:2022 invasion 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1441:IS insurgency 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1411:North Ossetia 1409: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1382:South Ossetia 1380: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1358:Border crisis 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1322: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1230:Kodori Valley 1228: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1208:Liakhvi Gorge 1206: 1205: 1204: 1203:South Ossetia 1199: 1194: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1139: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1117:South Ossetia 1115: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1051: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1007: 1001: 1000: 998: 995: 985: 984: 981: 978: 972: 969: 968: 966: 963: 957: 955: 954:South Ossetia 944: 942:Killed: 10–15 941: 940: 938: 935: 926: 923: 920: 918:Killed: 65–67 917: 916: 914: 911: 910: 908: 897: 896: 894: 893: 888: 875: 874: 872: 862: 853: 852: 850: 848: 843: 837: 836: 834: 831: 825: 821: 820: 818: 815: 814: 812: 802: 801: 799: 793: 782: 779: 778:South Ossetia 768: 765: 755: 752: 742: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 719: 717: 714: 706: 703: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 678: 675: 674: 672: 669: 668: 666: 656: 655: 653: 652: 647: 641: 636: 631: 629: 624: 619: 617: 612: 607: 605: 600: 595: 593: 588: 583: 581: 576: 571: 569: 568: 562: 557: 554: 553: 547: 541: 540: 538: 531: 526: 521: 516: 514: 509: 504: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 471: 467: 462: 457: 452: 450: 445: 440: 438: 433: 428: 425: 419: 414: 409: 407: 402: 397: 395: 390: 385: 383: 378: 373: 371: 366: 361: 359: 354: 349: 347: 342: 337: 335: 334: 328: 323: 321: 320: 314: 309: 308: 306: 305: 300: 297: 286: 281: 270: 268: 267:South Ossetia 257: 255: 244: 243: 241: 240: 235: 227: 223: 219: 218:Kodori Valley 215: 210: 209: 204: 201:Severance of 200: 197: 194: 191: 188: 185: 181: 178: 177: 176: 173: 170: 169: 165: 161: 158: 157: 151: 148: 147: 143: 135: 134:South Ossetia 131: 127: 122: 113: 102: 93: 82: 73: 63: 60: 56: 52: 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 19157:Saint George 19142:Coat of arms 19108: 19064:Demographics 19051: 18937:Architecture 18903: 18859:Central bank 18791:Human rights 18771:Constitution 18719: 18692:Subdivisions 18679: 18567: 18516: 18477:Armenian War 18162:War on drugs 18013: 17867: 17648: 17425:World War II 16949:Smolensk War 16915:Livonian War 16614: 16613: 16587: 16586: 16564: 16563: 16552: 16551: 16540: 16539: 16528: 16519: 16512: 16505: 16486: 16465: 16444: 16423:. 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H. Colton 2105: 2055:through the 2041: 2017:the election 2015:. Following 2000: 1981:Soviet Union 1975: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1792: / 1775:Cyberattacks 1721: 1701: 1611:Kerch Strait 1556:Transnistria 1465:Central Asia 1457: 1363:2022 clashes 1274: 1252: 1251: 1240: 1239: 1223: 1222: 1202: 1190: 1137: 1122: 1116: 1109: 1101: 1085:Wounded: 227 1076: 1064:Wounded: 947 1055: 1041: 1032: 1008: 996: 979: 964: 945: 936: 921:Wounded: 283 912: 898: 844: 832: 816: 751:Don Cossacks 716:In Abkhazia: 715: 699:Spetsnaz GRU 670: 565: 550: 461:Vasily Lunev 331: 317: 237:Belligerents 184:Kodori Gorge 174: 120: 49:Part of the 36: 19099:Health care 18854:Agriculture 18625:Earthquakes 18362:Seljuk wars 17531:Vietnam War 17401: [ 17260:World War I 17181:Crimean War 17114:Finnish War 17030:(1740–1748) 17019:(1733–1738) 16944:Ingrian War 16660:(including 15989:11 February 15852:Geo-Army.ge 14789:Pervy Kanal 14654:Dunlop 2012 14242:22 December 14160:Aftonbladet 14093:18 December 13518:10419/44636 13365:28 December 13344:28 December 13214:28 December 13192:28 December 13163:28 December 13141:28 December 13112:28 December 13084:28 December 13035:29 December 13013:29 December 12980:30 December 12590:Вывод войск 11029:22 December 10703:11 November 10642:25 November 9852:9 September 9767:Dunlop 2012 9690:Dunlop 2012 9507:RIA Novosti 9060:10 December 8741:10 December 7361:25 December 7332:Dunlop 2012 6946:27 February 5944:M99A1 HMMWV 5865:Coast Guard 5746:9K33 Osa-AK 5690:2A65 Msta-B 4979:RIA Novosti 4884:Allegiance 4816:Allegiance 4576:Allegiance 4573:Deployment 4486:Air Forces 4327:, bringing 4296:Switzerland 4146:Sarah Palin 4027:passes the 3886:kidnappings 3783:Vladikavkaz 3732:(tangerine) 3203:carrying a 3051:smoke bombs 3000:Roki Tunnel 2969:Tamarasheni 2889:to Moscow, 2844:Hostilities 2707:A Georgian 2618:During the 2565:(OSCE) and 2402:buffer zone 2398:Middle East 2057:Roki Tunnel 1991:. However, 1987:during the 1737:Main topics 1568:1993 Moscow 1061:Killed: 169 973:Wounded: 69 592:Zaza Gogava 528: [ 484: [ 464: [ 211:Territorial 190:Recognition 186:in Abkhazia 19231:Categories 19169:Saint Nino 18997:Mingrelian 18978:Languages 18813:Parliament 18786:Government 18374:Golden Age 17945:Second War 17566:Ogaden War 17516:Korean War 17435:Winter War 17304:Heimosodat 16891:Tsardom of 16425:12 January 15959:Cohen 2011 15932:Tanks 2010 15797:Tanks 2010 15737:Tanks 2010 15712:Tanks 2010 15691:Tanks 2010 15679:Tanks 2010 15662:Tanks 2010 15650:Tanks 2010 15603:Tanks 2010 15588:Tanks 2010 15443:Tanks 2010 15431:Tanks 2010 15416:Tanks 2010 15404:Tanks 2010 15369:Tanks 2010 15261:Chifu 2009 15249:Chifu 2009 15145:Parameters 14958:2 February 14877:Chifu 2009 14273:5 February 13855:Kommersant 13766:15 January 13426:Cohen 2011 12631:10 October 12272:is by the 12263:six points 11422:Cohen 2011 10500:Tanks 2010 10385:Tanks 2010 10355:Tanks 2010 10328:Chifu 2009 10316:Chifu 2009 10180:Kommersant 9949:Tanks 2010 9879:Chifu 2009 9637:Chifu 2009 9574:Tanks 2010 9556:12 October 8511:Kommersant 8439:Cohen 2011 7725:3 December 7674:12 October 7635:Julie 2009 7623:Julie 2009 7320:Chifu 2009 7277:12 October 6910:3 December 6614:Tanks 2010 6597:Tanks 2010 6538:Tanks 2010 6368:6 November 6112:References 6098:August War 5522:T-72 SIM-1 4868:air forces 4866:(land and 4347:See also: 4343:Combatants 4139:Republican 4100:Carl Bildt 4075:Sevastopol 4047:See also: 3985:Tskhinvali 3955:, and the 3834:See also: 3527:See also: 3363:watercraft 3321:Sevastopol 3294:Sevastopol 3092:Kommersant 3072:Kommersant 3006:president 2982:Kommersant 2932:At 16:00, 2810:Azerbaijan 2577:See also: 2551:State Duma 2523:Strasbourg 2327:Bolsheviks 2288:Tskhinvali 2276:Bolshevism 2252:indigenous 2235:gradually 2160:See also: 2150:Background 2049:Tskhinvali 1999:under the 1985:referendum 1745:Background 1576:Euromaidan 1538:Kazakhstan 1476:Uzbekistan 1471:Tajikistan 1453:Ingushetia 1213:Tskhinvali 1082:Killed: 11 1025:Wounded: 2 1002:Killed: 10 970:Killed: 27 766:: Hundreds 753:: Hundreds 130:Tskhinvali 19082:Georgians 19072:Education 19022:Mythology 18899:Transport 18864:Companies 18823:President 18776:Elections 18675:Volcanoes 18615:Black Sea 18593:Geography 18502:Civil War 18317:Arab rule 18281:Roman era 17935:First War 17186:Åland War 17154:Murid War 16993:18th–19th 16304:cite book 16283:12 August 16176:4 October 15481:144985466 14318:4 January 14190:The Local 13624:0362-4331 12896:26 August 12870:26 August 12844:26 August 12818:26 August 12484:The Times 12301:12 August 12138:11 August 12112:31 August 11244:The Times 10068:1 October 9616:The Times 8713:Jamestown 8622:The Times 8488:The Times 7814:The Times 7531:0020-5850 7353:. Delfi. 6873:20 August 6243:Jamestown 6130:The Times 5910:Ural-4320 5903:KrAZ-6322 5681:17 122mm 5469:Ural-4320 5455:KrAZ-225B 5114:2S7 Pions 5065:About 20 5046:Georgian 4936:SPYDER-SR 4860:Abkhazia 4766:Units of 4749:Units of 4634:58th Army 4582:Subunits 4200:Georgia". 4161:Lithuania 4029:USS 3991:Reactions 3523:Aftermath 3260:The Times 3249:Akhalgori 3245:pillaging 3216:surrender 3088:58th Army 3077:By 15:00 3035:58th Army 3033:from the 2960:WikiLeaks 2636:Bucharest 2422:Black Sea 2248:Ossetians 2187:. Modern 2101:ceasefire 2081:Black Sea 2029:relations 1760:Aftermath 1596:(outline) 1235:Black Sea 1138:Refugees: 1022:Killed: 1 677:58th Army 154:(16 days) 19211:Category 19137:Borjgali 19092:Diaspora 19037:Religion 18983:Georgian 18974:Gambling 18932:Alphabet 18808:Military 18759:Politics 18740:Abkhazia 18635:Glaciers 18538:Monarchs 18526:By topic 18208:articles 17911:Cold War 17719:Cold War 17581:Gulf War 16937:and the 16810:Internal 16666:Imperial 16274:Archived 15983:Archived 15880:26 April 15874:Archived 15765:7 August 15759:Archived 15632:30 March 15626:Archived 15622:Lenta.ru 15513:26 April 15507:Archived 15354:26 April 15348:Archived 15325:26 April 15319:Archived 15234:26 April 15228:Archived 15162:26 April 15153:Archived 15008:26 April 15002:Archived 14998:Lenta.ru 14952:Archived 14934:Archived 14818:26 April 14812:Archived 14749:26 April 14743:Archived 14718:26 April 14712:Archived 14567:7 August 14545:7 August 14539:France24 14521:Archived 14432:Archived 14394:8 August 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