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Romanesque Revival architecture in the United Kingdom

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The early years of the 1840s saw a considerable upsurge of interest in the developing Romanesque revival style by some of the leading architects of the period. During the 19th century the architecture selected for Anglican churches depended on the churchmanship of particular congregations. Whereas
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or round arched style. In Britain the style was introduced by architects and their patrons, who had been on tours in Europe and it appears that the German and British styles of Romanesque developed largely independently. Initially in Britain the style was used for church building, but as the 19th.
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Lochawe, Agyll and Bute is an extraordinary early 20th century church on the shore of Loch Awe, built by Walter Douglas Campbell, brother of the 1st Lord Blythswood, was started in 1881, but not completed until 1930. The kirk is largely Romanesque in style, but is also mixed with other completely
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This statement suggests that at the time of its design Losh was not aware of Thomas Rickman’s re-classification of Saxon and Norman architecture. While the appearance and layout of the church may be considered as Romanesque, her free interpretation of the decoration on the woodwork and the arched
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church built in the tradition of Waterhouse, using red terracotta brickwork. The design was won by competition in 1889 and the church was built between 1891 and 1894 by the Newcastle architects RJ Johnson and A Crawford Hick. The style is a hybrid of Italian, French and German Romanesque and the
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arch appears to have been close to collapse. Cockerell encased the chancel, keeping the arch in position but the outer walls were completely re-built and the exterior ornamentation of arcades and round headed windows were replaced in new stonework. A new tower over a porch was built on the south
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and opened the way for the Romanesque style to be used for other buildings, apart from churches. Waterhouse tended to mix the architectural styles, often using decorative Romanesque arches to provide impressive entrances for his buildings, and popularised the deep red terracotta produced by
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was completely re-built using some new romanesque mot is and copying others, such as the engaged columns, from those on the exterior of the chancel. This style of Romanesque revival architecture is very similar to the style that emerges in the 1840s under architectects such as
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terracotta for the Lincoln Christ's Hospital Girls School of 1893. An earlier building by Watkins of 1873, was originally built as a warehouse at 42 Silver Street, Lincoln. This uses artificial stone for Romanesque columns and arches to embellish the frontage.
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century progressed it was adapted for public buildings, museums, schools and commercial buildings, but rarely for domestic buildings. By the start of the 20th. century it had gone out of fashion and only occasionally were examples of the style built.
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The Neo-Norman style did not catch on for domestic buildings, though many country houses and mock castles were built in the Castle Gothic or Castellated style during the Victorian period, which were mixed Gothic styles.
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In the United Kingdom it started to appear as an architectural style in the 18th. century but reached its greatest popularity in the mid to latter years of the 19th. century. The style can be viewed as a strand of
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The Romanesque revival was also a style of architecture that appealed to Jewish communities and there are examples of Synagogues in this style. One of these is the synagogue built adjacent to the docks at
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In the 20th.century the use of the Romanesque revival style in church architecture appears to be restricted to brick built churches and often these churches have similarities with churches built in the
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of the period were often built in the Romanesque Revival style. The architects specialising in Romanesque revival took their designs from different local styles of the European Romanesque.
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in his many writings and he was using the term by 1950 in his Broadcast Talks (page 190) to describe architecture and designs based closely on illustrations of actual buildings or objects.
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An even later example of the style is St Francis, Linden Road, Bournville, consecrated in 1925. This church was designed by Harvey and Wicks, the architects of the Bournville Estate
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styles of architecture that became popular in both Europe and Britain during the 19th. century. Early examples of the style in Germany of the 1820s and 1830s are referred to as
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and built between 1841 and 1842. Losh had travelled widely on the Continent and particularly in Italy and drew inspiration from Romanesque sources. Losh is known to have read
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was largely Romanesque in the British Isles and came to be described as Norman rather than Saxon. This distinction was finally recognised when Rickman’s article in
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with information. However, Sharpe despite being an architectural historian of some note, built churches that were much freer interpretations of the Romanesque and
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can be considered to be similar to that of Thomas Penson, based on the English and French Romanesque traditions. An early example is his church of St Nicholas at
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The earliest example of Romanesque revival architecture in Scotland is the West Kirk, Sandgate, Ayr. By the architect William Gale for the Presbyterian
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At Eastnor Smirke combines a rugged Romanesque with more subtle Gothic window tracery. The elements of Eastnor are further developed about 1840 at
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turned out to be little more than rectangular 'preaching boxes'… with no frills and little ornamentation; and many of them were later enlarged
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and built in 1844–45. The columns used for the windows are very similar to those used by Edmund Sharpe at Scotford church. In Scotland the
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to produce decorative Romanesque mouldings, saving on the expense of stonework. Penson’s last church in the Romanesque Revival style was
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decoration over the entrance door. Central crossing tower and arcaded windows on the west frontis approached through a stone Romanesque
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area of North-East Wales. This included parts of the Prudential Insurance building in London and the entrance to Strangeways Prison.
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A further example of church building in the Romanesque revival style took place in 1792 when Elisa Wingfield commissioned plans from
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in Dorset of 1845–46. This has a heavy crossing tower and in many respects resembles the Church of St. James the Great at Morpeth.
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in Sicily, was built between 1844 and 1846. The unusual arched gate is acceptably Sicilian in inspiration and is similar to the
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for the style brought into Italy from the early Christian churches of Constantinople, and she described St Mary's as being an
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in the apse and a multi-coloured marble font with Romanesque arcading. The interior columns of the basilica have ornamental
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churches and they are often referred to as churches rather than chapels. This form of architecture was often chosen by the
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in Wiltshire, built in 1842–44. Here the chancel terminates in an apse and the west has overlapping arcading and
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in Yorkshire St Martin’s Church was re-built for Richard Arundell in 1745. The church has been described as a
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combines the Castellated gothic style of Eastnor with a Romanesque entrance arch and Romanesque windows.
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in its use of arched windows and the entrance door. A Baptist Chapel of 1870 by the Lincoln architects
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in Hertfordshire. Proctor added a neo-Norman gatehouse, summerhouse and curtain wall to the site of a
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The Terracotta Revival: Building Innovation and the Industrial City in Britain and Northern America
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An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation
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Front entrance to Eastnor Castle, Herefordshire, combining Romanesque and Gothic features, 1812–20
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It was at this point that the Norman Revival became a recognisable architectural style. In 1817
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in Kensington, which was built between 1873 and 1881. It was built in shades of buff coloured
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of the 1880s is similar in bright red brick and was built in the 1880s. It is noticeably more
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chapels. Possibly this was intended to give the impression that they were churches similar to
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Waterhouse inspired other architects to build using terracotta and this material was used by
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near Bangor in North Wales. This was built for the Pennant family, between 1820 and 1837.
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in Rutland. The church which contained much notable Romanesque decoration and an elaborate
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occasionally built in the Romanesque revival style, but only later in the 19th century.
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St Cuthbert's Polish Church, Bedford. Rebuilt 1845–47 by James Woodroffe of Bedford.
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in south Lancaster (1874–6). Sharpe's final essay in the Romanesque Revival style
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In the 1860s, Romanesque architecture became a popular style of architecture for
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Old Baptist Church in Hertfordshire in 1859. The Baptist Church in Brown Street
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rather than Norman and examples of buildings with round arched windows include
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A window of St Mary's Church, surrounded with reliefs of shells and pine cones
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in Sweden. The inside is sumptuously decorated with mosaic decoration by Sir
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In Scotland the style started to emerge with the Duke of Argyll’s castle at
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In the 18th century the use of round arched windows was thought of as being
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All Saints Church, Grinshill, Doorway 1839–40 by John Carline of Shrewsbury
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Other Early Victorian architects working in the Romanesque revival style
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A more important work by Ferrey is the Church of St James the Great at
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Church of SS Mary and Nicholas, Wilton, Wiltshire, by TH Wyatt, 1841–4
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See Stratton, 1993, pages 50–52 for a discussion of the early use of
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and presumably of the polymath and architectural historian Professor
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Another architect who popularised the Romanesque revival style was
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Morpeth, Northumberland, The Church of St James The Great, 1844–46
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Survey of Lincoln, City Building Applications no. 413- 04/03/1873
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Tickencote Church 1792 Early example of church Romanesque revival
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Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral of the Holy Family in Exile, London
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Interest in Romanesque Revival Architecture was renewed by Sir
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took place over a long time in the British Isles starting with
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St Martin's Church, Allerton Mauleverer. - by John Vardy, 1745
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styles of building in the United Kingdom were inspired by the
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Holborn, Prudential Assurance building, 142 Holborn Bars, EC1
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Christ Church, Welshpool. Chancel arcade in apse behind altar
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An example of Romanesque revival architecture being used for
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side, which gave added stability to the older structure. The
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O'Donoghue, F. M. (1897), rev. Geoffrey K. Brandwood (2004)
1836:. Vol. II. London: St Catherine Press. pp. 275–281 1659:, a Lincoln architect who very successfully used a deep red 470:
A most remarkable example of Romanesque church building was
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Sir Alfred Waterhouse and developed Romanesque Architecture
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All Saints, Grinshill 1839–40 by John Carline of Shrewsbury
504: 195: 2472:. Buildings of England. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2390:. The Buildings of England (revised ed.). New Haven: 1878:
A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600–1840.
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East Grafton - St Nicholas Church chancel and apse 1842–44
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stone windows and doors is anticipating the styles of the
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St Thomas of Canterbury, West Hyde, by Thomas Smith, 1844
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Norman Revival can be recognised in the architecture of
2164: 1967:. The Buildings of Wales. London: Penguin. p. 264. 1940:. National Trust Guide. National Trust. pp. 89–90. 2228:
A Historical Guide to the Church of St James the Great
2035:(3rd ed.). London: John Murray. pp. 170–73. 1944: 1339:. This architecture is an adapted and debased form of 1168:
St Laurence, Upton, Slough, 1850–51 by Benjamin Ferrey
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Gateway to The Church of St James the Great in Morpeth
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in Armagh in Ireland, but far more successful was his
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Romanesque Revival architecture in the United Kingdom
2519:"St Mary's Church, Wreay, by Sarah Losh (1785-1853)" 1983:"St Mary's Church, Wreay, by Sarah Losh (1785–1853)" 1860:
The Norman Revival in British Architecture 1790–1870
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in 1835. At Cambridge he had been a great friend of
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most approximates to early Saxon or modified Lombard
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Romanesque portal to Strangeways Prison, Manchester
1880:Yale University Press, 3rd. edition London,415-16. 1144:St Andrew, Claxby St Andrew by G R Willoughby 1846 1421:unrelated styles. Another church is Cranshaws in 1404:West Kirk, Sandgate, Ayr, by William Gale 1844–45 1204:Christ Church, Consett, Durham, 1866, by J A Cory 678:no style can be worked so cheap as the Romanesque 166:nave roof. The architect is thought to have been 3212: 1108:St Thomas of Canterbury, West Hyde, Doorway 1844 2444:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2439: 2282:"Church of St Michael (Grade I) (1148993)" 2158: 2379: 2144:. Vol. 2 The Rural North. Harmondsworth: 1634: 402:Church architecture and the Romanesque Revival 2541: 1388:Later Romanesque Revival churches in Scotland 1192:St James, Rigsby, near Alford by Fowler, 1863 465: 438:did catch on for church architecture. It was 2467: 2440:Hartwell, Clare; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2009) . 2370: 1811: 2442:Lancashire: North, The Buildings of England 2047:, and also Cambridge Camden Society (1841), 1976: 1974: 1936:(1991). "Penrhryn and the Norman Revival". 1744:St Francis' Church, Linden Road, Bournville 1667: 1156:St Andrew's Church, Claxby (by Alford) 1846 952: 150:in Oxfordshire, Wentworth in Yorkshire and 2548: 2534: 1521: 936: 801:East Grafton - St Nicholas Church, 1842–44 660:Four of Sharpe's earliest churches – 2398: 2386:Antram, N; Pevsner, N; Harris, J (1989). 2170: 2096: 1264:St.Lucia's church, Dembleby, Lincolnshire 569:Inside St Mary's arcaded, apsidal chancel 343:. His first attempt at this style was at 311:Penrhyn Castle, by Thomas Hopper, 1820–37 111:in 1637–38 and work at Windsor Castle by 2486: 2337: 1971: 1950: 1775: 1739: 1731: 1687: 1679: 1671: 1646: 1638: 1488: 1480: 1399: 1391: 1365: 1318: 1310: 1302: 1240:Wisley Church, Wisley Lane, Wisley. 1872 804: 796: 734:Porch, Parish of Christ Church, Chatburn 651: 643: 425: 417: 405: 361: 353: 306: 298: 256: 248: 172: 133: 125: 82: 79:St. Nicholas, Kenilworth, west door 1570 74: 61: 36: 16:18th to 19th century architectural style 2240: 2132: 2072:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1962: 1643:Christ's Hospital Girls School, Lincoln 1323:Baptist Church, Brown Street, Salisbury 859: 715: 185:for the conservation and rebuilding of 3213: 2458: 2201:"Church of St. Nicholas, East Grafton" 2120: 2108: 2061: 2059: 1736:Former church of All Saints, Petersham 1298: 474:, near Carlisle. This was designed by 303:GosfordCastle, Armagh by Thomas Hopper 2529: 2027: 1995: 1712:below the eaves was based on that of 1288:St Denys, Pailton, Warwickshire, 1882 1065: 656:St Paul's, Scotforth, doorway, 1874–6 533:South side of St Mary's Church, Wreay 514: 2516: 2001:The Pinecone: the Story of Sara Losh 1980: 1932: 1854: 1822: 1307:Baptist Church, Mint Street, Lincoln 983:Main door of Michael and all Angels 710:an anachronism, almost beyond belief 648:St Mark's Church, Whitton, Blackburn 503:movement, while the arcading of the 66:Aubourn Church, Lincolnshire, 1862–3 2563:in architecture and decorative arts 2225: 2056: 1908: 130:Culzean Castle by Robert Adam, 1771 34:of the 11th and 12th centuries AD. 13: 2287:National Heritage List for England 1829:A History of the County of Rutland 1180:St Paul's Church, Hooton, Cheshire 792: 358:Bennington Lordship Castle Gateway 214:, started in 1744, and castles by 14: 3257: 2510: 2350:Antram, Pevsner & Harris 1989 2312:Antram, Pevsner & Harris 1989 1800:Antram, Pevsner & Harris 1989 1612:St Elisabeths, Reddish, Stockport 782:St Paul's Scotforth, arcaded apse 414:. Romanesque Tower by Penson 1845 374:in 1832 was by George Proctor at 170:surveyor to the Office of Works. 1919:Society of Antiquaries of London 1684:Font at St Aidan's Church, Leeds 1617: 1605: 1593: 1581: 1569: 1557: 1545: 1533: 1459: 1447: 1435: 1281: 1269: 1257: 1245: 1233: 1221: 1209: 1197: 1185: 1173: 1161: 1149: 1137: 1125: 1113: 1101: 1089: 1077: 1048: 1036: 1024: 1012: 1000: 988: 976: 964: 919: 907: 895: 883: 871: 775: 763: 758:St Paul's Church, Farington Moss 751: 739: 727: 608: 562: 550: 538: 526: 484:Historical Study of Architecture 331:(1832–33), was published by the 2461:Edmund Sharpe: Man of Lancaster 2355: 2317: 2294: 2270: 2234: 2219: 2193: 2176: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2090: 2021: 1989: 1956: 1926: 1727: 1228:St John's Church, Charlton 1872 1216:West door, Earl's Croome Church 593:, which were influenced by the 253:Entrance, Devizes Castle c.1840 3246:Victorian architectural styles 2190:churches of Sharpe and Penson. 2079:, Retrieved 18 February 2012 ( 2049:A Few Words to Church-builders 1902: 1883: 1870: 1848: 1816: 1805: 1781: 1315:Potters Bar Old Baptist Church 926:Christ Church, Melplash, Doset 662:St Saviour, Bamber Bridge 422:Rhosllanerchrugog Church, 1852 366:Benington Lordship-Summerhouse 242:in Herefordshire was built by 1: 2468:Leach, P; Pevsner, N (2009). 2459:Hughes, John Michael (2010). 2425:(3rd ed.). John Murray. 1763: 1529: 1431: 1374: 1073: 960: 867: 723: 637:and might be considered less 617:, who set up his practice at 545:Main door of St Mary's Church 522: 230:used round arched windows at 187:St Peter's Church, Tickencote 3241:Revival architectural styles 3231:British architectural styles 2399:Brandwood, Geoffrey (2012). 2083:UK public library membership 1826:, ed. (1935). "Tickencote". 1019:St Michael Barton-le-Street 1007:St Michael Barton-le-Street 995:St Michael Barton-le-Street 486:(1815), which uses the term 7: 2380:Sources and further reading 2246:Yorkshire: the North Riding 2205:Wiltshire Community History 2159:Hartwell & Pevsner 2009 1635:Later 19th and 20th century 947:Hugo Francis Meynell-Ingram 770:St Paul's Church, Scotforth 698:St Paul's Church, Scotforth 686:St Mary's Church, Conistone 599:Gothic Revival architecture 492:unpolished mode of building 323:. It was now realised that 269:, where the Bath architect 48:Gothic Revival architecture 10: 3262: 2301:Potters Bar Baptist Church 2067:Sharpe, Edmund (1809–1877) 1891:archaeological correctness 1485:Natural History Museum 001 1466:St Conan's Church, Lochawe 1343:Romanesque as seen at the 1252:St Marys Church Burghfield 941:St Michael and All Angels 466:Sara Losh and Wreay Church 107:of the White Tower of the 87:North Scarle, Lincolnshire 70: 52:Historicist or Historismus 3127: 3111: 3095: 3064: 3048: 3032: 3006: 2975: 2959: 2938: 2922: 2837: 2796: 2725: 2568: 1651:42 Silver Street, Lincoln 1600:Royal Liverpool Infirmary 1276:Bampton, church at Petton 914:St James' Church, Morpeth 472:St Mary’s Church at Wreay 390:that was manufactured by 3195:Richardsonian Romanesque 2797:Germany, Austria-Hungary 2707:Spanish Colonial Revival 2401:Sharpe, Paley and Austin 2371:Leach & Pevsner 2009 2250:The Buildings of England 2184:architectural terracotta 2142:The Buildings of England 1938:Penrhryn Castle, Gwynedd 1812:Leach & Pevsner 2009 1724:in the Byzantine style. 1697:St Aidan's Church, Leeds 1692:St Aidan's Church, Leeds 1676:St Aidan's Church, Leeds 1668:St Aidan's Church, Leeds 1353:archaeologically correct 1055:Barton-le-Street Church 1031:Barton-le-Street Church 971:Barton-le-Street Church 953:Barton le Street Gallery 890:East Grafton - Lych Gate 639:archaeologically correct 452:Christ Church, Welshpool 448:St. Salvator's Cathedral 337:archaeologically correct 282:archaeologically correct 246:between 1812 and 1820. 3103:Serbo-Byzantine Revival 3065:Russian Empire and USSR 2988:National Romantic style 2914:Black-and-white Revival 2077:Oxford University Press 1834:Victoria County History 1751:Byzantine revival style 1522:Buildings by Waterhouse 1454:St Conan's Kirk Lochawe 1442:Cranshaws Parish Church 1043:Barton-le-Street Church 937:William Perkin of Leeds 746:Christ Church, Chatburn 694:St Paul, Scotforth 670:St Paul, Farington 380:Motte-and-bailey castle 325:round-arch architecture 91:The development of the 32:Romanesque architecture 3236:Edwardian architecture 3185:Polish cathedral style 3150:Dutch Colonial Revival 2870:Indo-Saracenic Revival 2517:Banerjee, Jacqueline. 2470:Yorkshire, West Riding 1981:Banerjee, Jacqueline. 1909:Rickman, Thomas. "'". 1745: 1737: 1693: 1685: 1677: 1652: 1644: 1564:Natural History Museum 1552:Natural History Museum 1540:Natural History Museum 1510:manufacturer's in the 1503:Natural History Museum 1494: 1486: 1405: 1397: 1371: 1324: 1316: 1308: 810: 802: 657: 649: 431: 423: 415: 367: 359: 333:Society of Antiquaries 312: 304: 262: 254: 183:Samuel Pepys Cockerell 178: 139: 131: 88: 80: 67: 42: 3226:Architectural history 3170:Mediterranean Revival 3024:Soft Portuguese style 2967:Traditionalist School 2392:Yale University Press 1743: 1735: 1691: 1683: 1675: 1650: 1642: 1492: 1484: 1403: 1395: 1369: 1322: 1314: 1306: 838:Cathedral of Monreale 808: 800: 655: 647: 429: 421: 409: 365: 357: 310: 302: 260: 252: 176: 137: 129: 86: 78: 65: 40: 3135:American Renaissance 3077:Neoclassical Revival 2778:Louis Philippe style 2487:Stratton, M (1993). 2403:. English Heritage. 1866:University of Oxford 1576:Manchester town hall 860:Romanesque by Ferrey 844:at the cathedral at 716:Romanesque by Sharpe 666:St Mark, Witton 392:James Pulham and Son 3200:Territorial Revival 2783:Second Empire style 2655:Renaissance Revival 2493:Victor Gollancz Ltd 2207:. Wiltshire Council 2148:. pp. 29, 224. 1963:Hubbard, E (1986). 1893:was popularised by 1396:Cranshaws Kirk door 1299:Chapel architecture 700:, was described by 635:German Brick Gothic 601:; low churches and 226:(1792). In England 156:Allerton Mauleverer 2900:Romanesque Revival 2890:Queen Anne Revival 2712:Swiss chalet style 2682:Romanesque Revival 2423:The Gothic Revival 2327:. Britain Express. 2226:Tweddle, Marilyn. 2033:The Gothic Revival 1746: 1738: 1694: 1686: 1678: 1653: 1645: 1495: 1487: 1406: 1398: 1372: 1357:Drury and Mortimer 1325: 1317: 1309: 1066:Romanesque gallery 811: 803: 658: 650: 515:Sarah Losh gallery 462:, Wrexham of 1852 460:Rhosllannerchrugog 432: 424: 416: 376:Benington Lordship 368: 360: 335:. The start of an 313: 305: 263: 255: 179: 140: 132: 89: 81: 68: 43: 20:Romanesque Revival 3208: 3207: 3140:Collegiate Gothic 2998:Nordic Classicism 2930:Mycenaean Revival 2905:Scottish Baronial 2855:Edwardian Baroque 2850:Bristol Byzantine 2819:Nazi architecture 2616:French Provincial 2451:978-0-300-12667-9 2410:978-1-84802-049-8 2373:, pp. 525–7. 2340:, pp. 70–77. 2325:"St Conan's Kirk" 2252:. Harmondsworth: 2242:Pevsner, Nikolaus 2134:Pevsner, Nikolaus 2081:(subscription or 1876:Colvin H. (2008) 1790:, 12 January 2016 1778:, pp. 54–56. 1632: 1631: 1499:Alfred Waterhouse 1474: 1473: 1384:in Lincolnshire. 1370:Grimsby Synagogue 1296: 1295: 1063: 1062: 934: 933: 790: 789: 577: 576: 232:Sandleford Priory 95:revival style or 3253: 3190:Queen Anne style 3145:Colonial Revival 3056:Romanian Revival 2976:Nordic countries 2865:Georgian Revival 2860:Egyptian Revival 2768:Directoire style 2743:Louis XIII style 2611:Egyptian Revival 2606:Carpenter Gothic 2550: 2543: 2536: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2521:. Victorian Web. 2506: 2483: 2464: 2455: 2436: 2414: 2395: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2321: 2315: 2314:, p. 521–2. 2309: 2303: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2278:Historic England 2274: 2268: 2267: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2197: 2191: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2099:, pp. 12–15 2094: 2088: 2086: 2063: 2054: 2046: 2025: 2019: 2018: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1985:. Victorian Web. 1978: 1969: 1968: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1930: 1924: 1922: 1906: 1900: 1895:Nikolaus Pevsner 1889:The idea of the 1887: 1881: 1874: 1868: 1863: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1820: 1814: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1621: 1609: 1597: 1585: 1573: 1561: 1549: 1537: 1526: 1463: 1451: 1439: 1428: 1285: 1273: 1261: 1249: 1237: 1225: 1213: 1201: 1189: 1177: 1165: 1153: 1141: 1129: 1117: 1105: 1093: 1081: 1070: 1052: 1040: 1028: 1016: 1004: 992: 980: 968: 957: 943:Barton le Street 923: 911: 899: 887: 875: 864: 779: 767: 755: 743: 731: 720: 706:strange building 702:Nikolaus Pevsner 597:, were built in 566: 554: 542: 530: 519: 507:certainly has a 296: 295: 291: 160:proto-Neo-Norman 154:in Somerset. At 50:and part of the 3261: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3175:Mission Revival 3123: 3107: 3091: 3082:Russian Revival 3060: 3044: 3028: 3002: 2993:Gustavian style 2971: 2955: 2946:Stile Umbertino 2934: 2918: 2833: 2792: 2758:Louis XVI style 2748:Louis XIV style 2721: 2640:Moorish Revival 2591:Baroque Revival 2586:Arts and Crafts 2564: 2554: 2513: 2503: 2480: 2463:. J. M. Hughes. 2452: 2433: 2417: 2411: 2382: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2295: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2239: 2235: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2080: 2064: 2057: 2043: 2026: 2022: 2015: 2007:. p. 231. 2005:Faber and Faber 1994: 1990: 1979: 1972: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1945: 1931: 1927: 1907: 1903: 1888: 1884: 1875: 1871: 1853: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1821: 1817: 1810: 1806: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1730: 1670: 1657:William Watkins 1637: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1613: 1610: 1601: 1598: 1589: 1586: 1577: 1574: 1565: 1562: 1553: 1550: 1541: 1538: 1524: 1479: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1455: 1452: 1443: 1440: 1418:St Conan’s Kirk 1390: 1377: 1301: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1277: 1274: 1265: 1262: 1253: 1250: 1241: 1238: 1229: 1226: 1217: 1214: 1205: 1202: 1193: 1190: 1181: 1178: 1169: 1166: 1157: 1154: 1145: 1142: 1133: 1130: 1121: 1118: 1109: 1106: 1097: 1094: 1085: 1082: 1068: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1044: 1041: 1032: 1029: 1020: 1017: 1008: 1005: 996: 993: 984: 981: 972: 969: 955: 939: 930: 927: 924: 915: 912: 903: 900: 891: 888: 879: 876: 862: 815:Benjamin Ferrey 795: 793:Benjamin Ferrey 786: 783: 780: 771: 768: 759: 756: 747: 744: 735: 732: 718: 668:(1836–38); and 623:William Whewell 611: 595:Oxford Movement 582: 573: 570: 567: 558: 555: 546: 543: 534: 531: 517: 501:Arts and Crafts 468: 404: 297: 293: 289: 287: 286: 280:Development of 276: 271:Henry Goodridge 205:Benjamin Ferrey 148:Shirburn Castle 121:Queen Elizabeth 109:Tower of London 105:re-fenestration 73: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3259: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3180:Pueblo Revival 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3040:Zakopane Style 3036: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2753:Louis XV style 2750: 2745: 2740: 2738:Henry IV style 2735: 2733:Henry II style 2729: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2700:North American 2697: 2692: 2686:Second Empire 2684: 2679: 2677:Rococo Revival 2674: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2623: 2621:Gothic Revival 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2553: 2552: 2545: 2538: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2512: 2511:External links 2509: 2508: 2507: 2502:978-0575054332 2501: 2484: 2479:978-0300126655 2478: 2465: 2456: 2450: 2437: 2431: 2419:Clark, Kenneth 2415: 2409: 2396: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2363: 2354: 2352:, p. 509. 2342: 2330: 2316: 2304: 2293: 2269: 2262: 2256:. p. 73. 2233: 2218: 2192: 2175: 2171:Brandwood 2012 2163: 2161:, p. 401. 2151: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2097:Brandwood 2012 2089: 2055: 2041: 2029:Clark, Kenneth 2020: 2014:978-0571269501 2013: 1988: 1970: 1955: 1943: 1925: 1901: 1882: 1869: 1847: 1815: 1804: 1802:, p. 587. 1792: 1780: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1729: 1726: 1718:Frank Brangwyn 1714:Lund Cathedral 1669: 1666: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1532: 1523: 1520: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1434: 1389: 1386: 1376: 1373: 1363:Gothic style. 1300: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1256: 1254: 1251: 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69: 24:Norman Revival 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3258: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3155:Federal style 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3128:United States 3126: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3072:Neo-Byzantine 3070: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3014:Neo-Manueline 3012: 3011: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2911: 2910:Tudor Revival 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2885:Neo-Palladian 2883: 2881: 2878: 2874:British India 2873: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838:Great Britain 2836: 2830: 2829:Rundbogenstil 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2763:Neoclassicism 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670:Palazzo style 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2650:New Classical 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2635:Mayan Revival 2633: 2631: 2627: 2626:Greek Revival 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2601:Neo-Byzantine 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569:International 2567: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2520: 2515: 2514: 2504: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2383: 2372: 2367: 2358: 2351: 2346: 2339: 2338:Stratton 1993 2334: 2326: 2320: 2313: 2308: 2302: 2297: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2265: 2263:0-14-071029-9 2259: 2255: 2254:Penguin Books 2251: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2229: 2222: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2173:, p. 47. 2172: 2167: 2160: 2155: 2147: 2146:Penguin Books 2143: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2123:, p. 125 2122: 2117: 2111:, p. 116 2110: 2105: 2098: 2093: 2084: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2062: 2060: 2052: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2016: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1984: 1977: 1975: 1966: 1959: 1953:, p. 13. 1952: 1951:Stratton 1993 1947: 1939: 1935: 1934:Mowl, Timothy 1929: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1856:Mowl, Timothy 1851: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1824:Page, William 1819: 1813: 1808: 1801: 1796: 1789: 1784: 1777: 1776:Stratton 1993 1772: 1768: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1742: 1734: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1699:is a massive 1698: 1690: 1682: 1674: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1649: 1641: 1620: 1615: 1608: 1603: 1596: 1591: 1584: 1579: 1572: 1567: 1560: 1555: 1548: 1543: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1491: 1483: 1462: 1457: 1450: 1445: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1414:Presbyterians 1411: 1402: 1394: 1385: 1383: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1321: 1313: 1305: 1284: 1279: 1272: 1267: 1260: 1255: 1248: 1243: 1236: 1231: 1224: 1219: 1212: 1207: 1200: 1195: 1188: 1183: 1176: 1171: 1164: 1159: 1152: 1147: 1140: 1135: 1128: 1123: 1116: 1111: 1104: 1099: 1092: 1087: 1080: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1051: 1046: 1039: 1034: 1027: 1022: 1015: 1010: 1003: 998: 991: 986: 979: 974: 967: 962: 961: 959: 958: 950: 948: 944: 922: 917: 910: 905: 898: 893: 886: 881: 874: 869: 868: 866: 865: 857: 855: 851: 850:Christ Church 847: 843: 839: 835: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 807: 799: 778: 773: 766: 761: 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Index

Romanesque architecture

Gothic Revival architecture
Historicist or Historismus
Rundbogenstil



Inigo Jones
re-fenestration
Tower of London
Hugh May
Charles II
Queen Elizabeth


Saxon
Shirburn Castle
Enmore Castle
Allerton Mauleverer
hammerbeam
John Vardy

Samuel Pepys Cockerell
St Peter's Church, Tickencote
chancel
nave
Thomas Penson
Benjamin Ferrey
Inverary

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