580:
1617:
93:
84:
1629:
637:
three-language manuscript was almost completely incorrect. Utilizing the expertise of A. Van
Lantschoot at the Biblioteca Vaticana, the discrepancies were clarified. The first text, written in Coptic (contrary to Raffray's assertion of Greek), is a brief statement attributed to Abuna Bartolomeo, dated during the reign of Dawit (1380-1409). The second text, in Arabic, is serves as a land charter confirming specific rights of the church. The third text, in Ge'ez, appears to have been written during the reign of Lebna Dengel (1508-1540). Contrary to Raffray's claims, there is no mention of Sidi-Maskal or foreign builders in the texts.
180:
1581:
73:
104:
829:
147:
1557:
576:
power I am, that all that is written is the truth, and there is much more than what I have written, and I have left it that they may not tax me with its being falsehood. And because no other
Portuguese went to these works except myself, and I went twice to see them from what I had heard of them. I swear by God, in Whose power I am, that all I have written is the truth". Although Ramuso included the plans of several of these churches in his 1550 printing of Álvares' book, it is unknown who provided him with the drawings.
308:
213:
841:
817:
1593:
288:
1605:
1569:
879:
729:
927:
2810:
1645:
220:
187:
154:
810:
stone and usually having two stories. The second are the single-story "chika" buildings which are round and built of earth and wattle, which he feels reflects more "scarcity". Angel's report also included an inventory of
Lalibela's traditional buildings, placing them in categories rating their state of conservation.
683:(EPDM), in 1984 they briefly held ten foreigners captive. On March 3 1985 they briefly captured the crew of a French transport aircraft carrying supplies before releasing them a couple days later. These attacks significantly reduced foreign tourism to Lalibela, and by 1990 most of the tourists were Ethiopians.
619:
and left
Ethiopia in 1544. Castanhoso states: "There are here certain churches cut out of the living rock, which are attributed to angels. Indeed, the work appears superhuman, because, though they are of the size of the large ones in this country, they are each excavated with its pillars, its altars,
809:
earthen architecture on the
Lalibela World Heritage Site, including the characteristics of the traditional earth houses and analysis of their state of conservation. His report described two types of vernacular housing found in the area. One type are a group he calls the "tukuls", round huts built of
636:
at
Lalibela, which adds that the King Lalibela and his wife Meskal-Kebra brought from Alexandria (Egypt) and Jerusalem about five hundred workers whom we still refer to them as Europeans, headed by someone named Sidi-Meskal. However, according to Monti della Corte (1940) Raffray's translation of the
595:
burned one of the churches of
Lalibela during his invasion of Ethiopia. Sihab ad-Din Ahmad (Arab Faqih) provided a detailed description of a rock-hewn church "It was carved out of the mountain. Its pillars were likewise cut from the mountain." Ahmed then gathered the monks of Lalibela and had a fire
575:
in the 1520s. After
Alvares described the unique church structures he wrote: "I weary of writing more about these buildings, because it seems to me that I shall not be believed if I write more because as to what I have already written they may accuse me of untruth, therefore I swear by God, in whose
498:
established the generally accepted chronology, noting that "two of them follow, with great fidelity of detail, the tradition represented by Debra Damo as modified at
Yemrahana Kristos." Since the time spent to carve these structures from the living rock must have taken longer than the few decades of
775:
the presence of
Aksumite style architecture does not necessarily imply that the churches were constructed during the Aksumite era, as Aksumite features could have been incorporated long after the fall of Aksum, but it does indicate a strong continuity with Aksumite cultural tradition. There is also
801:
further attests to this by pointing out that "there are clearly signs of Coptic influence in some decorative details", however he is adamant about the native origins of these churches: "But the significant fact is remains that the rock-churches continue to follow the style of the local built-up
796:
finding that many locals considered the churches to be mainly the work of foreigners. However, Stuart Munro-Hay argues that since the architecture of the churches were built in the Aksumite style, the foreign influence seems to have largely been limited to "decorative techniques".
1092:
The churches are also a significant engineering feat, given that they are all associated with water (which fills the wells next to many of the churches), exploiting an artesian geological system that brings the water up to the top of the mountain ridge on which the city rests.
527:. Pre-Christian carved animal friezes were also found on the lower walls of the nearby Washa Mika'el cave and Christian paintings were subsequently added on to the upper walls, suggesting that this region was still going through a process of Christianization during this time.
620:
and its vaults, out of a single rock, with no mixture of any outside stone. When the Moors overran this country they wished to destroy these churches, but could not either with crowbars, or with the gunpowder which they exploded in them, doing no damage at all."
1986:
703:. On 1 December 2021, the Ethiopian army recaptured the town. The town was recaptured again by Tigrayan forces on 12 December. On 19 December, Ethiopian state media announced the town was recaptured for a second time, though it was unclear when.
522:
Recent archeological excavations of Lalibela finds abundant pottery and faunal remains dating between 900 A.D and 1100 A.D, which indicates that the site was largely a secular settlement before being transformed into a religious center by
604:, which mention Ahmad al-Ghazi's laying waste to the district between July and September 1531, are silent about him ravaging the churches. He concludes by stating that had Ahmad al-Ghazi burned a church at Lalibela, it was most likely
511:, has proposed that the churches of Merkorios, Gabriel-Rufael, and Danagel were initially carved out of the rock half a millennium earlier, as fortifications or other palace structures between 600 and 800 A.D, during the days of the
938:. Though the dating of the churches is not well established, most are thought to have been built during the reign of Lalibela, namely during the 12th and 13th centuries. Unesco identifies 11 churches, assembled in four groups:
1125:
in 2005, the town had an estimated total population of 14,668 of whom 7,049 were males and 7,619 were females. The 1994 national census recorded its population to be 8,484 of whom 3,709 were males and 4,775 were females.
515:, and that Lalibela's name simply came to be associated with them after his death. On the other hand, local historian Getachew Mekonnen credits Meskel Kibra, Lalibela's wife, with having one of the rock-hewn churches,
608:; and if the Adalites was either mistaken or misled by the locals, then the church he set fire to was Gannata Maryam, "10 miles east of Lalibela which likewise has a colonnade of pillars cut from the mountain."
1821:
2704:
1889:
Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier; Bruxelles, Laurent; Mensan, Romain; Bosc-Tiessé, Claire; Derat, Marie-Laure; Fritsch, Emmanuel (1 December 2010). "Rock-cut stratigraphy: sequencing the Lalibela churches".
1628:
1616:
494:(r. ca. 1181–1221 AD), although it is more likely that the churches evolved into their current form over the course of several phases of construction and alteration of preexisting structures.
401:
designed in contrast to the earlier monolithic churches in Ethiopia. The whole of Lalibela is a large and important site for the antiquity, medieval, and post-medieval civilization of
579:
2338:
653:
made a pilgrimage to the churches at Lalibela, at considerable risk of capture, before returning to his capital in April 1936. Italian forces captured the town shortly after.
596:
lit in the church, saying to them "let one of yours and one of ours enter there". A nun then threw herself onto the fire before being pulled out by Ahmad's soldiers. However,
784:, many Coptic Egyptians emigrated to Ethiopia and may have assisted in construction of the churches, or at least those that date to his reign. Many foreign travelers such as
2711:
2774:
965:
612:
474:
There is some controversy as to when some of the churches were constructed. According to local tradition, in Ethiopia prior to his accession to the throne,
2667:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009). Chapter 5, "Lalibela: Eastern Complex and Beta Giyorgis"; Chapter 6, "Lalibela: Northern Complex and Conclusions"
934:
This rural town is known around the world for its churches carved from within the earth from "living rock," which play an important part in the history of
412:
Ethiopia was one of the earliest nations to adopt Christianity in the first half of the 4th century, and its historical roots date to the time of the
2524:
2261:
1121:
According to the 2007 Census Data, the population was 17,367, of whom 8,112 were males and 9,255 were females. Based on previous figures from the
2759:
2276:
2143:
988:
438:. This has led some experts to date the current church construction to the years following the capture of Jerusalem in 1187 by the Muslim leader
2183:
2235:
2097:
434:
The layout and names of the major buildings in Lalibela are widely accepted, especially by local clergy, to be a symbolic representation of
2562:
248:
1987:"The rock-cut churches of Lalibela and the cave church of Washa Mika'el: troglodytism and the Christianisation of the Ethiopian Highlands"
1580:
2209:
2427:
486:, and instructed to build a second Jerusalem in Ethiopia. Accordingly Lalibela (traditionally known as Roha) was founded during the
179:
1679:
2697:
2071:, 1961), p. 226. Beckingham and Huntingford added an appendix that discusses Alvarez's description of these churches, pp. 526–42.
1858:
Sani, Federico; Moratti, Giovanna; Coli, Massimo; Laureano, Pietro; Rovero, Luisa; Tonietti, Ugo; Coli, Niccolò (27 March 2012).
2887:
2672:
2440:
2410:
2321:
1842:
1804:
1774:
1122:
828:
1860:"Integrated geological-architectural pilot study of the Biet Gabriel-Rufael rock hewn church in Lalibela, northern Ethiopia"
669:
1684:
747:
displays a stone imitation of wooden architectural features, which can still be seen in some of the ancient churches of
2824:
2857:
2644:
2026:
146:
2769:
2064:
999:
884:
732:
707:
633:
120:
1720:
840:
776:
signs of eastern Christian influences, particularly Syrian and Coptic. The pitched roof and linear moldings of
416:. The churches themselves date from the 7th to 13th centuries, and are traditionally dated to the reign of the
31:
17:
413:
893:
212:
2741:
2733:
2601:
1674:
857:
816:
755:. The framed doors and windows appear as a repeated motif, since they seem to mimic the shape of stelae in
597:
454:
114:
1556:
2637:
African Ark – Peoples of the Horn, Chapter I: Prayers of Stone/The Christian Highlands: Lalibela and Axum
2535:
2470:
970:
868:
646:
592:
2285:
92:
2060:
35:
1082:
917:
723:
2127:
2839:
2045:. University of California Libraries. London : Printed for the Hakluyt society. p. 130.
806:
508:
83:
2579:
2559:
2799:
1020:
616:
280:
2369:
1592:
30:
This article is about the place in Ethiopia. For an eponymous emperor in medieval period, see
2844:
2829:
1664:
975:(House of Golgotha Mikael), known for its arts and said to contain the tomb of King Lalibela)
959:
935:
781:
692:
657:
524:
500:
491:
475:
421:
395:
2503:
2877:
2764:
2525:"The 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Statistical Report for Amhara Region""
1040:
760:
793:
568:
8:
2653:(Shama Books, Addis Ababa, 2004). Chapter 3: "Medieval Ethiopia: isolation and expansion"
1048:
1028:
676:
458:
300:
2040:
1644:
2789:
2749:
2137:
1915:
1635:
1034:
945:
802:
prototypes, which themselves retain clear evidence of their basically Axumite origin."
798:
605:
516:
495:
391:
132:
128:
2684:
962:), possibly the oldest of the churches, and a replica of the Tombs of Adam and Christ.
805:
In a 1970 report of the historic dwellings of Lalibela, Sandro Angelini evaluated the
2882:
2834:
2720:
2640:
2436:
2406:
2317:
1919:
1907:
1838:
1800:
1770:
1669:
1604:
1568:
785:
398:
320:
1735:
72:
2381:
2350:
1998:
1899:
1871:
1830:
1790:
1760:
1102:
772:
740:
512:
504:
387:
367:
354:
325:
1834:
1655:
Three-dimensional site scans of the Lalibela churches are also accessible online.
2689:
2566:
2400:
2311:
2157:
2068:
1794:
1764:
1066:
1024:
982:
2504:"Lalibela and Libanos: The King and the Hydro-Engineer of 13th Century Ethiopia"
2184:"Ethiopian government says it has recaptured Lalibela, U.N. World Heritage site"
103:
2660:(Lalibela House, Essex, 1955). Chapter 9, "The monolithic churches of Lalibela"
2499:
2085:
949:
711:
661:
650:
405:. To Christians, Lalibela is one of Ethiopia's holiest cities, and a center of
2354:
1903:
2871:
2754:
1911:
1468:
1010:
780:
suggests a Syrian influence. Stuart Munro-Hay notes that during the reign of
768:
748:
744:
739:
The architecture of the churches contain significant Aksumite influences, as
706:
In early November 2023, Lalibela was the site of fierce fighting between the
700:
665:
629:
552:
487:
417:
375:
313:
263:
250:
2385:
2794:
2784:
2042:
Narrative of the Portuguese embassy to Abyssinia during the years 1520-1527
978:
955:
777:
764:
124:
2262:"Ethiopian troops force armed group out of Orthodox holy site of Lalibela"
2088:
with annotations by Richard Pankhurst (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003), pp. 346f.
2779:
2632:, translated by Rita Graham-Hortmann. (Cologne: DuMont Schaumburg, 1958).
2471:"Mission Report:Earthen architecture on the Lalibela World Heritage Site"
2002:
1058:
789:
1888:
1875:
1085:(possibly eleventh century, built in the Aksumite fashion, but within a
503:, Buxton assumes that the work extended into the 14th century. However,
2673:
Popular Archeology - Through Pilgrim Eyes: The Creation of Significance
696:
406:
2236:"Ethiopian military again controls religious town of Lalibela - media"
1859:
1078:
1062:
483:
446:
435:
345:
2158:"Lalibela: Ethiopia's Tigray rebels take Unesco world heritage town"
1712:
906:
1014:
878:
728:
572:
402:
379:
293:
1002:, thought to be the most finely executed and best preserved church
2809:
1044:
926:
752:
571:(1465–1540), accompanied the Portuguese Ambassador on a visit to
540:
439:
2429:
Ethiopia and Alexandria: The Metropolitan Episcopacy of Ethiopia
2370:"Où en est notre connaissance des églises rupestres d'Éthiopie"
2039:
Alvares, Francisco; Stanley, Henry Edward John Stanley (1881).
2029:
The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 29 November 2023)
1820:
Taddesse, Tamrat (1977). "Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn".
1052:
479:
449:. It is the main town in Lasta, which was formerly part of the
350:
756:
536:
450:
383:
792:
credited most of the monuments to Egyptian architects, with
1638:, believed to be the largest monolithic church in the world
1110:
1106:
1086:
680:
600:
has expressed skepticism about this, pointing out that the
583:
Ethiopian Orthodox priests holding a procession in Lalibela
2210:"Tigray rebels retake Ethiopian heritage town of Lalibela"
2129:
Les églises monolithes de la ville de Lalibéla (Abyssinie)
2861:
2858:
Dagmawi Lalibela: Stunning photos of a new African wonder
2339:"Rock-cut stratigraphy: sequencing the Lalibela churches"
2284:. Edinburgh: University Press. p. 57. Archived from
1796:
Ancient Churches of Ethiopia: Fourth-fourteenth Centuries
1766:
Ancient Churches of Ethiopia: Fourth-fourteenth Centuries
714:
fighters. The town is currently under Ethiopian control.
2112:
De Castanhoso's account is translated in R.S. Whiteway,
1733:
699:
as a response to the invasion of Amhara forces into the
1857:
519:, built as a memorial for her husband after his death.
445:
Lalibela is roughly 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) above
679:, the town was the target of frequent attacks by the
551:
Its name was first used in a European publication in
2635:
Graham Hancock, Carol Beckwith & Angela Fisher,
2125:
1975:(Addis Ababa: Nigd Matemiya Bet, 1992), p. 24.
1113:LLI), a large market, two schools, and a hospital.
1051:) possibly a former royal palace, linked to a holy
2719:
2639:. Harvill, An Imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers,
539:visited the churches sometime during the reign of
1958:"Medieval Houses of God, or Ancient Fortresses?"
948:(House of the Saviour of the World), home to the
2869:
2278:Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity
2116:(London: The Hakluyt Society, 1902), pp. 94–98.
2336:
2038:
1622:Priest with processional crosses at St. Mary's
2705:
2630:Lalibela: The Monolithic Churches of Ethiopia
2462:
1586:Ritual drums in a side track of Bete Giyorgis
834:Tukul showing exterior steps to second floor
2142:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1734:Windmuller-Luna, Kristen (September 2014),
2712:
2698:
2498:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1789:
1759:
1742:, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
877:
759:, examples can be seen in the arcading of
611:The next reported visitor to Lalibela was
2425:
2274:
2098:Pankhurst, "Did the Imam Reach Lalibela?"
2082:Futuh al-Habasa: The conquest of Ethiopia
2074:
1823:The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 3
2398:
2337:Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier (2010).
2309:
2216:. Agence France-Presse. 12 December 2021
1819:
1727:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1680:List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia
925:
727:
578:
2009:
14:
2870:
2367:
2080:Sihab ad-Din Ahmad bin 'Abd al-Qader,
1962:(November/December, 2004), p. 10.
1936:(New York: Praeger, 1970), p. 110
1799:. Yale University Press. p. 179.
1769:. Yale University Press. p. 181.
1723:from the original on 24 December 2023.
695:fighters captured the town during the
681:Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement
632:explorer Achille Raffray was given an
2693:
2651:Layers of time: a history of Ethiopia
2126:Raffray (1844-1923), Achille (1882).
2114:The Portuguese Expedition to Ethiopia
1984:
1696:
735:hewn into the rocky hills of Lalibela
507:, professor of African archeology at
2602:"Site - Lalibela Rock-Hewn Churches"
1736:"The Rock-hewn Churches of Lalibela"
1541:Source: National Meteorology Agency
1017:), possibly the former royal chapel.
664:visited the churches, the next year
2734:List of Lalibela rock-hewn churches
2572:
2399:Finneran, Niall (8 November 2007).
2310:Finneran, Niall (8 November 2007).
1851:
1685:List of colossal sculptures in situ
1070:
846:Chika, an earth and wattle building
555:made in Venice 1457-59, written as
24:
2825:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
2622:
2468:
199:Location within the Horn of Africa
25:
2899:
2678:
1740:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
1634:Man standing beside the walls of
1096:
2808:
2065:George Wynn Brereton Huntingford
1643:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
839:
827:
815:
708:Ethiopian National Defense Force
306:
286:
219:
218:
211:
186:
185:
178:
153:
152:
145:
102:
91:
82:
71:
2594:
2553:
2517:
2492:
2449:
2419:
2392:
2361:
2330:
2303:
2268:
2254:
2228:
2202:
2176:
2150:
2119:
2106:
2091:
2057:The Prester John of the Indies,
2049:
2032:
1978:
1965:
1952:
1116:
1031:), which may be a former prison
822:Tukul, two-story stone building
717:
686:
640:
623:
562:
546:
530:
27:Town in Amhara Region, Ethiopia
1939:
1926:
1882:
1864:Italian Journal of Geosciences
1813:
1783:
1753:
1713:"Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela"
32:Lalibela (Emperor of Ethiopia)
13:
1:
2582:. National Meteorology Agency
2534:. 31 May 2010. Archived from
2426:Munro-Hay, Stuart C. (1997).
1835:10.1017/CHOL9780521209816.004
1690:
425:
2888:Cities and towns in Ethiopia
2665:Ancient Churches of Ethiopia
2658:Ethiopia: a cultural history
2560:CSA 2005 National Statistics
1717:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1675:Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela
1101:Lalibela is also home to an
887:, showing its base and walls
863:Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela
858:Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela
7:
2580:"Climate of City: Lalibela"
2402:The Archaeology of Ethiopia
2313:The Archaeology of Ethiopia
2027:"Local History in Ethiopia"
1985:Derat, Marie-Laure (2021).
1658:
1327:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1257:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
851:
672:would also visit Lalibela.
10:
2904:
2685:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2532:Central Statistical Agency
2316:. Routledge. p. 232.
2275:Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991).
1548:
1540:
1138:Climate data for Lalibela
1137:
1129:
1123:Central Statistical Agency
958:(House of Miriam/House of
870:UNESCO World Heritage Site
855:
721:
647:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
615:, who was a soldier under
593:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
469:
464:
202:Show map of Horn of Africa
29:
2817:
2806:
2740:
2731:
2405:. Routledge. p. 15.
2355:10.1017/S0003598X00067132
2061:Charles Fraser Beckingham
1971:Getachew Mekonnen Hasen,
1904:10.1017/S0003598X00067132
1466:
1396:
1326:
1256:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
912:
902:
892:
876:
867:
743:notes that the church of
490:, under the rule of King
371:
344:
336:
331:
319:
299:
279:
244:
139:
65:
58:
48:
36:Lalibela (disambiguation)
2513:, (May–June 2007): 16–21
2435:. Zaś Pan. p. 180.
1878:– via Silverchair.
1083:Yemrehana Krestos Church
1077:Farther afield, lie the
1037:(House of Abbot Libanos)
771:. However, according to
724:Architecture of Ethiopia
166:Location within Ethiopia
43:Town in Amhara, Ethiopia
2840:Monolithic architecture
2386:10.3406/ethio.1963.1336
660:accompanied by Emperor
591:of Sihab ad-Din Ahmad,
509:University of Cambridge
2800:Biete Qeddus Mercoreus
2368:Sauter, Roger (1963).
1081:of Ashetan Maryam and
1021:Biete Qeddus Mercoreus
1000:Church of Saint George
931:
885:Church of Saint George
736:
733:Church of Saint George
693:Tigrayan Defense Force
691:In early August 2021,
584:
535:Abuna Bartolomeo from
232:Location within Africa
121:Church of Saint George
34:. For other uses, see
2845:Rock-cut architecture
2830:Gebre Meskel Lalibela
2775:Biete Golgotha Mikael
2663:David W. Phillipson,
2086:Paul Lester Stenhouse
1665:Rock-cut architecture
1043:(House of the angels
966:Biete Golgotha Mikael
941:The Northern Group:
936:rock-cut architecture
929:
782:Gebre Meskel Lalibela
731:
658:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
582:
567:A Portuguese priest,
501:Gebre Meskel Lalibela
492:Gebre Meskel Lalibela
476:Gebre Meskel Lalibela
422:Gebre Meskel Lalibela
264:12.03167°N 39.04111°E
2765:Biete Gabriel-Rufael
2469:Odiaua, Ishanlosen.
2003:10.15184/aqy.2021.20
1187:Record high °C (°F)
1041:Biete Gabriel-Rufael
1006:The Eastern Group:
995:The Western Group:
898:Cultural: i, ii, iii
761:Biete Gabriel-Rufael
634:Ethiopian manuscript
613:Miguel de Castanhoso
169:Show map of Ethiopia
2055:Francisco Alvarez,
1876:10.3301/IJG.2011.26
1829:. pp. 98–182.
1397:Record low °C (°F)
1029:Mark the Evangelist
864:
767:and the windows of
677:Ethiopian Civil War
459:World Heritage Site
399:monolithic churches
374:) is a town in the
260: /
2790:Biete Medhane Alem
2750:Biete Abba Libanos
2721:Rock-hewn churches
2656:Sylvia Pankhurst,
2565:2008-07-31 at the
2541:on 19 January 2017
2511:Construction Ahead
2374:Annales d'Éthiopie
2349:(326): 1135–1150.
2291:on 23 January 2013
2242:. 19 December 2021
2103:, 21 November 2003
1973:Wollo, Yager Dibab
1898:(326): 1135–1150.
1636:Biete Medhane Alem
1073:"House of Bread").
1035:Biete Abba Libanos
991:(House of Virgins)
946:Biete Medhane Alem
932:
862:
737:
606:Biete Medhane Alem
585:
517:Biete Abba Libanos
455:rock-hewn churches
337: • Total
269:12.03167; 39.04111
235:Show map of Africa
133:Biete Abba Libanos
129:Biete Medhane Alem
115:Rock-Hewn Churches
2853:
2852:
2835:Monolithic church
2606:zamaniproject.org
2442:978-83-901809-3-9
2412:978-1-136-75552-1
2323:978-1-136-75552-1
2190:. 1 December 2021
1844:978-1-139-05457-7
1806:978-0-300-14156-6
1791:Phillipson, David
1776:978-0-300-14156-6
1761:Phillipson, David
1670:Monolithic church
1598:Bete Abba Libanos
1562:Bete Medhane Alem
1545:
1544:
930:Lalibela area map
924:
923:
794:Francisco Álvares
786:Manuel de Almeida
763:, the doorway of
617:Cristóvão da Gama
598:Richard Pankhurst
587:According to the
569:Francisco Álvares
382:. Located in the
361:
360:
16:(Redirected from
2895:
2812:
2742:List of churches
2714:
2707:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2628:Irmgard Bidder,
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2576:
2570:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2475:
2466:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2434:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2283:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2133:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2095:
2089:
2084:, translated by
2078:
2072:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2007:
2006:
1997:(380): 467–486.
1982:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1828:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1709:
1647:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1135:
1134:
1072:
974:
881:
871:
865:
861:
843:
831:
819:
773:David Phillipson
741:Stuart Munro-Hay
602:Royal Chronicles
513:Kingdom of Aksum
505:David Phillipson
457:were declared a
430:
429: 1181–1221
427:
394:for its famous
388:North Wollo Zone
373:
312:
310:
309:
292:
290:
289:
275:
274:
272:
271:
270:
265:
261:
258:
257:
256:
253:
236:
222:
221:
215:
203:
189:
188:
182:
170:
156:
155:
149:
106:
95:
86:
75:
46:
45:
21:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2868:
2867:
2854:
2849:
2813:
2804:
2736:
2727:
2718:
2681:
2649:Paul B. Henze,
2625:
2623:Further reading
2620:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2567:Wayback Machine
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2506:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2457:The Abyssinians
2454:
2450:
2443:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2397:
2393:
2366:
2362:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2164:. 5 August 2021
2156:
2155:
2151:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2096:
2092:
2079:
2075:
2069:Hakluyt Society
2054:
2050:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2010:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1953:
1947:The Abyssinians
1944:
1940:
1934:The Abyssinians
1931:
1927:
1887:
1883:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1732:
1728:
1711:
1710:
1697:
1693:
1661:
1651:
1650:Genneta Maryam
1648:
1639:
1632:
1623:
1620:
1611:
1608:
1599:
1596:
1587:
1584:
1575:
1572:
1563:
1560:
1551:
1546:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1132:
1119:
1099:
1025:Saint Mercurius
968:
888:
869:
860:
854:
847:
844:
835:
832:
823:
820:
726:
720:
689:
670:Prince Bernhard
643:
626:
589:Futuh al-Habaša
565:
549:
533:
472:
467:
428:
307:
305:
287:
285:
268:
266:
262:
259:
254:
251:
249:
247:
246:
240:
239:
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
228:
227:
223:
206:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
195:
194:
190:
173:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
162:
161:
157:
135:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
98:
97:
96:
88:
87:
78:
77:
76:
61:
54:
51:
44:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2901:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2866:
2865:
2864:18 August 2023
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2679:External links
2677:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2633:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2593:
2571:
2552:
2516:
2500:Mark Jarzombek
2491:
2478:whc.unesco.org
2461:
2448:
2441:
2418:
2411:
2391:
2380:(1): 235–292.
2360:
2329:
2322:
2302:
2267:
2253:
2227:
2201:
2175:
2149:
2118:
2105:
2090:
2073:
2059:translated by
2048:
2031:
2008:
1977:
1964:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1881:
1870:(2): 171–186.
1850:
1843:
1812:
1805:
1782:
1775:
1752:
1726:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1118:
1115:
1098:
1097:Other features
1095:
1075:
1074:
1056:
1038:
1032:
1018:
1004:
1003:
993:
992:
986:
976:
963:
953:
950:Lalibela Cross
922:
921:
914:
910:
909:
904:
900:
899:
896:
890:
889:
882:
874:
873:
856:Main article:
853:
850:
849:
848:
845:
838:
836:
833:
826:
824:
821:
814:
722:Main article:
719:
716:
688:
685:
662:Haile Selassie
651:Haile Selassie
642:
639:
625:
622:
564:
561:
548:
545:
532:
529:
478:was guided by
471:
468:
466:
463:
451:Bugna district
384:Lasta district
359:
358:
348:
342:
341:
338:
334:
333:
329:
328:
323:
317:
316:
303:
297:
296:
283:
277:
276:
242:
241:
231:
225:
224:
217:
216:
210:
209:
208:
207:
198:
192:
191:
184:
183:
177:
176:
175:
174:
165:
159:
158:
151:
150:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
112:
101:
100:
99:
90:
89:
81:
80:
79:
70:
69:
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
55:
52:
49:
42:
26:
18:Roha, Ethiopia
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2900:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:Biete Giorgis
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Biete Denagel
2758:
2756:
2755:Biete Amanuel
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2645:0-00-272780-3
2642:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2581:
2575:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2520:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2459:, p. 113
2458:
2452:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2257:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2102:
2101:Addis Tribune
2099:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1949:, p. 108
1948:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1469:precipitation
1465:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1141:
1136:
1127:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:Biete Amanuel
1009:
1008:
1007:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
990:
989:Biete Denagel
987:
984:
980:
977:
972:
967:
964:
961:
957:
954:
951:
947:
944:
943:
942:
939:
937:
928:
919:
915:
911:
908:
905:
901:
897:
895:
891:
886:
880:
875:
872:
866:
859:
842:
837:
830:
825:
818:
813:
812:
811:
808:
803:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
770:
769:Biete Amanuel
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:Biete Amanuel
742:
734:
730:
725:
715:
713:
709:
704:
702:
701:Tigray region
698:
694:
684:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
666:Queen Juliana
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
638:
635:
631:
621:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
594:
590:
581:
577:
574:
570:
560:
558:
554:
553:Fra Mauro map
544:
543:(1382–1413).
542:
538:
528:
526:
525:King Lalibela
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
493:
489:
488:Zagwe dynasty
485:
482:on a tour of
481:
477:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
432:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:Amhara Region
369:
365:
356:
352:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
327:
324:
322:
318:
315:
304:
302:
298:
295:
284:
282:
278:
273:
245:Coordinates:
243:
214:
181:
148:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:from top left
116:
105:
94:
85:
74:
64:
57:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2795:Biete Meskel
2785:Biete Maryam
2724:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2636:
2629:
2609:. Retrieved
2605:
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2574:
2555:
2545:29 September
2543:. Retrieved
2536:the original
2531:
2519:
2510:
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2477:
2464:
2456:
2451:
2428:
2421:
2401:
2394:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2312:
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2286:the original
2277:
2270:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2239:
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:The Guardian
2213:
2204:
2192:. Retrieved
2187:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2161:
2152:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2093:
2081:
2076:
2067:(Cambridge:
2056:
2051:
2041:
2034:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1972:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1946:
1941:
1933:
1928:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1822:
1815:
1795:
1785:
1765:
1755:
1744:, retrieved
1739:
1729:
1716:
1654:
1574:Bete Amanuel
1471:mm (inches)
1120:
1117:Demographics
1100:
1091:
1076:
1005:
994:
979:Biete Meskel
956:Biete Maryam
940:
933:
804:
799:David Buxton
778:Biete Maryam
765:Biete Maryam
738:
718:Architecture
705:
690:
687:21st century
674:
655:
644:
641:20th century
627:
624:19th century
610:
601:
588:
586:
566:
563:16th century
556:
550:
547:15th century
534:
531:14th century
521:
496:David Buxton
473:
444:
433:
420:(Agaw) king
411:
392:tourist site
363:
362:
125:Biete Maryam
113:
40:
2878:Holy cities
2780:Biete Lehem
2569:, Table B.3
2246:20 December
2220:20 December
2168:20 December
1960:Archaeology
1610:Bete Maryam
1109:code HALL,
1071:בֵּית לֶחֶם
1059:Biete Lehem
969: [
913:Inscription
790:Hiob Ludolf
710:(ENDF) and
675:During the
645:During the
326:North Wollo
267: /
2872:Categories
2295:1 February
2194:5 December
1691:References
1027:/House of
1023:(House of
1013:(House of
981:(House of
916:1978 (2nd
807:vernacular
697:Tigray War
407:pilgrimage
390:, it is a
332:Population
255:39°02′28″E
252:12°01′54″N
2343:Antiquity
2138:cite book
1991:Antiquity
1920:130648151
1912:0003-598X
1892:Antiquity
1079:monastery
1063:Bethlehem
983:the Cross
903:Reference
656:In 1968,
628:In 1882,
499:reign of
484:Jerusalem
461:in 1978.
447:sea level
436:Jerusalem
346:Time zone
2883:Lalibela
2725:Lalibela
2563:Archived
2480:. UNESCO
2455:Buxton,
2162:BBC News
1945:Buxton,
1932:Buxton,
1793:(2009).
1763:(2009).
1721:Archived
1659:See also
1536:(46.44)
1511:(10.94)
1506:(10.20)
1467:Average
1015:Immanuel
894:Criteria
852:Churches
573:Dawit II
557:Lalabeda
414:Apostles
403:Ethiopia
396:rock-cut
380:Ethiopia
364:Lalibela
294:Ethiopia
226:Lalibela
193:Lalibela
160:Lalibela
50:Lalibela
2818:Related
2586:21 June
2484:25 July
2240:Reuters
2188:Reuters
1746:27 July
1549:Gallery
1531:(0.39)
1526:(0.31)
1521:(1.61)
1516:(6.85)
1501:(4.88)
1496:(2.99)
1491:(3.50)
1486:(2.68)
1481:(1.42)
1476:(0.67)
1462:(35.6)
1457:(36.1)
1452:(35.6)
1447:(41.0)
1442:(44.6)
1437:(47.3)
1432:(46.2)
1427:(47.5)
1422:(47.5)
1417:(47.1)
1412:(41.0)
1407:(38.8)
1402:(36.9)
1392:(51.0)
1387:(46.6)
1382:(47.7)
1377:(49.8)
1372:(51.8)
1367:(52.2)
1362:(52.3)
1357:(52.2)
1352:(54.1)
1347:(53.6)
1342:(52.9)
1337:(50.5)
1332:(48.2)
1322:(73.1)
1317:(73.0)
1312:(72.7)
1307:(72.1)
1302:(70.3)
1297:(69.1)
1292:(69.1)
1287:(73.0)
1282:(75.9)
1277:(75.6)
1272:(76.6)
1267:(75.7)
1262:(73.9)
1252:(87.8)
1247:(80.2)
1242:(80.1)
1237:(83.5)
1232:(79.9)
1227:(79.2)
1222:(79.9)
1217:(84.0)
1212:(87.8)
1207:(86.9)
1202:(86.0)
1197:(86.0)
1192:(81.7)
1130:Climate
1103:airport
1049:Raphael
1045:Gabriel
918:Session
753:Eritrea
541:Dawit I
470:Origins
465:History
440:Saladin
368:Amharic
281:Country
2643:
2611:21 May
2439:
2409:
2320:
1918:
1910:
1841:
1803:
1773:
1143:Month
1067:Hebrew
1053:bakery
1047:, and
749:Tigray
630:French
480:Christ
453:. The
340:17,367
314:Amhara
311:
301:Region
291:
2539:(PDF)
2528:(PDF)
2507:(PDF)
2474:(PDF)
2433:(PDF)
2289:(PDF)
2282:(PDF)
1916:S2CID
1827:(PDF)
1534:1,180
1514:174.0
1509:278.0
1504:259.0
1499:124.0
1182:Year
973:]
757:Aksum
537:Egypt
418:Zagwe
351:UTC+3
2641:ISBN
2613:2023
2588:2024
2547:2016
2486:2014
2437:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2318:ISBN
2297:2013
2248:2021
2222:2021
2196:2021
2170:2021
2144:link
2063:and
1908:ISSN
1839:ISBN
1801:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1748:2017
1529:10.0
1519:41.0
1494:76.0
1489:89.0
1484:68.0
1479:36.0
1474:17.0
1390:10.6
1370:11.0
1365:11.2
1360:11.3
1355:11.2
1350:12.3
1345:12.0
1340:11.6
1335:10.3
1320:22.8
1315:22.8
1310:22.6
1305:22.3
1300:21.3
1295:20.6
1290:20.6
1285:22.8
1280:24.4
1275:24.2
1270:24.8
1265:24.3
1260:23.3
1250:31.0
1245:26.8
1240:26.7
1235:28.6
1230:26.6
1225:26.2
1220:26.6
1215:28.9
1210:31.0
1205:30.5
1200:30.0
1195:30.0
1190:27.6
1179:Dec
1176:Nov
1173:Oct
1170:Sep
1167:Aug
1164:Jul
1161:Jun
1158:May
1155:Apr
1152:Mar
1149:Feb
1146:Jan
1111:IATA
1107:ICAO
1087:cave
960:Mary
883:The
788:and
751:and
712:Fano
668:and
424:(r.
386:and
372:ላሊበላ
321:Zone
60:Town
53:ላሊበላ
2862:BBC
2723:of
2382:doi
2351:doi
1999:doi
1900:doi
1872:doi
1868:131
1831:doi
1524:8.0
1460:2.0
1455:2.3
1450:2.0
1445:5.0
1440:7.0
1435:8.5
1430:7.9
1425:8.6
1420:8.6
1415:8.4
1410:5.0
1405:3.8
1400:2.7
1385:8.1
1380:8.7
1375:9.9
1330:9.0
1089:).
1065:",
431:).
409:.
378:of
355:EAT
2874::
2860:–
2604:.
2530:.
2509:,
2502:,
2476:.
2376:.
2372:.
2347:84
2345:.
2341:.
2238:.
2212:.
2186:.
2160:.
2140:}}
2136:{{
2011:^
1995:95
1993:.
1989:.
1914:.
1906:.
1896:84
1894:.
1866:.
1862:.
1837:.
1738:,
1719:.
1715:.
1698:^
1069::
1061:("
971:fr
907:18
649:,
559:.
442:.
426:c.
370::
131:;
127:;
123:;
119::
2713:e
2706:t
2699:v
2615:.
2590:.
2549:.
2488:.
2445:.
2415:.
2388:.
2384::
2378:5
2357:.
2353::
2326:.
2299:.
2264:.
2250:.
2224:.
2198:.
2172:.
2146:)
2132:.
2005:.
2001::
1922:.
1902::
1874::
1847:.
1833::
1809:.
1779:.
1105:(
1055:.
985:)
952:.
920:)
366:(
357:)
353:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.