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Lalibela

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three-language manuscript was almost completely incorrect. Utilizing the expertise of A. Van Lantschoot at the Biblioteca Vaticana, the discrepancies were clarified. The first text, written in Coptic (contrary to Raffray's assertion of Greek), is a brief statement attributed to Abuna Bartolomeo, dated during the reign of Dawit (1380-1409). The second text, in Arabic, is serves as a land charter confirming specific rights of the church. The third text, in Ge'ez, appears to have been written during the reign of Lebna Dengel (1508-1540). Contrary to Raffray's claims, there is no mention of Sidi-Maskal or foreign builders in the texts.
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power I am, that all that is written is the truth, and there is much more than what I have written, and I have left it that they may not tax me with its being falsehood. And because no other Portuguese went to these works except myself, and I went twice to see them from what I had heard of them. I swear by God, in Whose power I am, that all I have written is the truth". Although Ramuso included the plans of several of these churches in his 1550 printing of Álvares' book, it is unknown who provided him with the drawings.
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stone and usually having two stories. The second are the single-story "chika" buildings which are round and built of earth and wattle, which he feels reflects more "scarcity". Angel's report also included an inventory of Lalibela's traditional buildings, placing them in categories rating their state of conservation.
683:(EPDM), in 1984 they briefly held ten foreigners captive. On March 3 1985 they briefly captured the crew of a French transport aircraft carrying supplies before releasing them a couple days later. These attacks significantly reduced foreign tourism to Lalibela, and by 1990 most of the tourists were Ethiopians. 619:
and left Ethiopia in 1544. Castanhoso states: "There are here certain churches cut out of the living rock, which are attributed to angels. Indeed, the work appears superhuman, because, though they are of the size of the large ones in this country, they are each excavated with its pillars, its altars,
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earthen architecture on the Lalibela World Heritage Site, including the characteristics of the traditional earth houses and analysis of their state of conservation. His report described two types of vernacular housing found in the area. One type are a group he calls the "tukuls", round huts built of
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at Lalibela, which adds that the King Lalibela and his wife Meskal-Kebra brought from Alexandria (Egypt) and Jerusalem about five hundred workers whom we still refer to them as Europeans, headed by someone named Sidi-Meskal. However, according to Monti della Corte (1940) Raffray's translation of the
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burned one of the churches of Lalibela during his invasion of Ethiopia. Sihab ad-Din Ahmad (Arab Faqih) provided a detailed description of a rock-hewn church "It was carved out of the mountain. Its pillars were likewise cut from the mountain." Ahmed then gathered the monks of Lalibela and had a fire
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in the 1520s. After Alvares described the unique church structures he wrote: "I weary of writing more about these buildings, because it seems to me that I shall not be believed if I write more because as to what I have already written they may accuse me of untruth, therefore I swear by God, in whose
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established the generally accepted chronology, noting that "two of them follow, with great fidelity of detail, the tradition represented by Debra Damo as modified at Yemrahana Kristos." Since the time spent to carve these structures from the living rock must have taken longer than the few decades of
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the presence of Aksumite style architecture does not necessarily imply that the churches were constructed during the Aksumite era, as Aksumite features could have been incorporated long after the fall of Aksum, but it does indicate a strong continuity with Aksumite cultural tradition. There is also
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further attests to this by pointing out that "there are clearly signs of Coptic influence in some decorative details", however he is adamant about the native origins of these churches: "But the significant fact is remains that the rock-churches continue to follow the style of the local built-up
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finding that many locals considered the churches to be mainly the work of foreigners. However, Stuart Munro-Hay argues that since the architecture of the churches were built in the Aksumite style, the foreign influence seems to have largely been limited to "decorative techniques".
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The churches are also a significant engineering feat, given that they are all associated with water (which fills the wells next to many of the churches), exploiting an artesian geological system that brings the water up to the top of the mountain ridge on which the city rests.
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and its vaults, out of a single rock, with no mixture of any outside stone. When the Moors overran this country they wished to destroy these churches, but could not either with crowbars, or with the gunpowder which they exploded in them, doing no damage at all."
1986: 703:. On 1 December 2021, the Ethiopian army recaptured the town. The town was recaptured again by Tigrayan forces on 12 December. On 19 December, Ethiopian state media announced the town was recaptured for a second time, though it was unclear when. 522:
Recent archeological excavations of Lalibela finds abundant pottery and faunal remains dating between 900 A.D and 1100 A.D, which indicates that the site was largely a secular settlement before being transformed into a religious center by
604:, which mention Ahmad al-Ghazi's laying waste to the district between July and September 1531, are silent about him ravaging the churches. He concludes by stating that had Ahmad al-Ghazi burned a church at Lalibela, it was most likely 511:, has proposed that the churches of Merkorios, Gabriel-Rufael, and Danagel were initially carved out of the rock half a millennium earlier, as fortifications or other palace structures between 600 and 800 A.D, during the days of the 938:. Though the dating of the churches is not well established, most are thought to have been built during the reign of Lalibela, namely during the 12th and 13th centuries. Unesco identifies 11 churches, assembled in four groups: 1125:
in 2005, the town had an estimated total population of 14,668 of whom 7,049 were males and 7,619 were females. The 1994 national census recorded its population to be 8,484 of whom 3,709 were males and 4,775 were females.
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Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier; Bruxelles, Laurent; Mensan, Romain; Bosc-Tiessé, Claire; Derat, Marie-Laure; Fritsch, Emmanuel (1 December 2010). "Rock-cut stratigraphy: sequencing the Lalibela churches".
1628: 1616: 494:(r. ca. 1181–1221 AD), although it is more likely that the churches evolved into their current form over the course of several phases of construction and alteration of preexisting structures. 401:
designed in contrast to the earlier monolithic churches in Ethiopia. The whole of Lalibela is a large and important site for the antiquity, medieval, and post-medieval civilization of
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made a pilgrimage to the churches at Lalibela, at considerable risk of capture, before returning to his capital in April 1936. Italian forces captured the town shortly after.
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lit in the church, saying to them "let one of yours and one of ours enter there". A nun then threw herself onto the fire before being pulled out by Ahmad's soldiers. However,
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There is some controversy as to when some of the churches were constructed. According to local tradition, in Ethiopia prior to his accession to the throne,
2667:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009). Chapter 5, "Lalibela: Eastern Complex and Beta Giyorgis"; Chapter 6, "Lalibela: Northern Complex and Conclusions" 934:
This rural town is known around the world for its churches carved from within the earth from "living rock," which play an important part in the history of
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Ethiopia was one of the earliest nations to adopt Christianity in the first half of the 4th century, and its historical roots date to the time of the
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According to the 2007 Census Data, the population was 17,367, of whom 8,112 were males and 9,255 were females. Based on previous figures from the
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The layout and names of the major buildings in Lalibela are widely accepted, especially by local clergy, to be a symbolic representation of
2562: 248: 1987:"The rock-cut churches of Lalibela and the cave church of Washa Mika'el: troglodytism and the Christianisation of the Ethiopian Highlands" 1580: 2209: 2427: 486:, and instructed to build a second Jerusalem in Ethiopia. Accordingly Lalibela (traditionally known as Roha) was founded during the 179: 1679: 2697: 2071:, 1961), p. 226. Beckingham and Huntingford added an appendix that discusses Alvarez's description of these churches, pp. 526–42. 1858:
Sani, Federico; Moratti, Giovanna; Coli, Massimo; Laureano, Pietro; Rovero, Luisa; Tonietti, Ugo; Coli, Niccolò (27 March 2012).
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displays a stone imitation of wooden architectural features, which can still be seen in some of the ancient churches of
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signs of eastern Christian influences, particularly Syrian and Coptic. The pitched roof and linear moldings of
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African Ark – Peoples of the Horn, Chapter I: Prayers of Stone/The Christian Highlands: Lalibela and Axum
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This article is about the place in Ethiopia. For an eponymous emperor in medieval period, see
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prototypes, which themselves retain clear evidence of their basically Axumite origin."
798: 605: 516: 495: 391: 132: 128: 2684: 962:), possibly the oldest of the churches, and a replica of the Tombs of Adam and Christ. 805:
In a 1970 report of the historic dwellings of Lalibela, Sandro Angelini evaluated the
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Three-dimensional site scans of the Lalibela churches are also accessible online.
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suggests a Syrian influence. Stuart Munro-Hay notes that during the reign of
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The architecture of the churches contain significant Aksumite influences, as
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In early November 2023, Lalibela was the site of fierce fighting between the
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Narrative of the Portuguese embassy to Abyssinia during the years 1520-1527
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with annotations by Richard Pankhurst (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003), pp. 346f.
2779: 2632:, translated by Rita Graham-Hortmann. (Cologne: DuMont Schaumburg, 1958). 2471:"Mission Report:Earthen architecture on the Lalibela World Heritage Site" 2002: 1058: 789: 1888: 1875: 1085:(possibly eleventh century, built in the Aksumite fashion, but within a 503:, Buxton assumes that the work extended into the 14th century. However, 2673:
Popular Archeology - Through Pilgrim Eyes: The Creation of Significance
696: 406: 2236:"Ethiopian military again controls religious town of Lalibela - media" 1859: 1078: 1062: 483: 446: 435: 345: 2158:"Lalibela: Ethiopia's Tigray rebels take Unesco world heritage town" 1712: 906: 1014: 878: 728: 572: 402: 379: 293: 1002:, thought to be the most finely executed and best preserved church 2809: 1044: 926: 752: 571:(1465–1540), accompanied the Portuguese Ambassador on a visit to 540: 439: 2429:
Ethiopia and Alexandria: The Metropolitan Episcopacy of Ethiopia
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Alvares, Francisco; Stanley, Henry Edward John Stanley (1881).
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The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 29 November 2023)
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Taddesse, Tamrat (1977). "Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn".
1052: 479: 449:. It is the main town in Lasta, which was formerly part of the 350: 756: 536: 450: 383: 792:
credited most of the monuments to Egyptian architects, with
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has expressed skepticism about this, pointing out that the
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Ethiopian Orthodox priests holding a procession in Lalibela
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Les églises monolithes de la ville de Lalibéla (Abyssinie)
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Dagmawi Lalibela: Stunning photos of a new African wonder
2339:"Rock-cut stratigraphy: sequencing the Lalibela churches" 2284:. Edinburgh: University Press. p. 57. Archived from 1796:
Ancient Churches of Ethiopia: Fourth-fourteenth Centuries
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Ancient Churches of Ethiopia: Fourth-fourteenth Centuries
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fighters. The town is currently under Ethiopian control.
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De Castanhoso's account is translated in R.S. Whiteway,
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as a response to the invasion of Amhara forces into the
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Lalibela is roughly 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) above
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Its name was first used in a European publication in
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Graham Hancock, Carol Beckwith & Angela Fisher,
2125: 1975:(Addis Ababa: Nigd Matemiya Bet, 1992), p. 24. 1113:LLI), a large market, two schools, and a hospital. 1051:) possibly a former royal palace, linked to a holy 2719: 2639:. Harvill, An Imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers, 539:visited the churches sometime during the reign of 1958:"Medieval Houses of God, or Ancient Fortresses?" 948:(House of the Saviour of the World), home to the 2869: 2278:Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity 2116:(London: The Hakluyt Society, 1902), pp. 94–98. 2336: 2038: 1622:Priest with processional crosses at St. Mary's 2705: 2630:Lalibela: The Monolithic Churches of Ethiopia 2462: 1586:Ritual drums in a side track of Bete Giyorgis 834:Tukul showing exterior steps to second floor 2142:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1734:Windmuller-Luna, Kristen (September 2014), 2712: 2698: 2498: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 1789: 1759: 1742:, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art 877: 759:, examples can be seen in the arcading of 611:The next reported visitor to Lalibela was 2425: 2274: 2098:Pankhurst, "Did the Imam Reach Lalibela?" 2082:Futuh al-Habasa: The conquest of Ethiopia 2074: 1823:The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 3 2398: 2337:Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier (2010). 2309: 2216:. Agence France-Presse. 12 December 2021 1819: 1727: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1680:List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia 925: 727: 578: 2009: 14: 2870: 2367: 2080:Sihab ad-Din Ahmad bin 'Abd al-Qader, 1962:(November/December, 2004), p. 10. 1936:(New York: Praeger, 1970), p. 110 1799:. Yale University Press. p. 179. 1769:. Yale University Press. p. 181. 1723:from the original on 24 December 2023. 695:fighters captured the town during the 681:Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement 632:explorer Achille Raffray was given an 2693: 2651:Layers of time: a history of Ethiopia 2126:Raffray (1844-1923), Achille (1882). 2114:The Portuguese Expedition to Ethiopia 1984: 1696: 735:hewn into the rocky hills of Lalibela 507:, professor of African archeology at 2602:"Site - Lalibela Rock-Hewn Churches" 1736:"The Rock-hewn Churches of Lalibela" 1541:Source: National Meteorology Agency 1017:), possibly the former royal chapel. 664:visited the churches, the next year 2734:List of Lalibela rock-hewn churches 2572: 2399:Finneran, Niall (8 November 2007). 2310:Finneran, Niall (8 November 2007). 1851: 1685:List of colossal sculptures in situ 1070: 846:Chika, an earth and wattle building 555:made in Venice 1457-59, written as 24: 2825:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 2622: 2468: 199:Location within the Horn of Africa 25: 2899: 2678: 1740:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History 1634:Man standing beside the walls of 1096: 2808: 2065:George Wynn Brereton Huntingford 1643: 1627: 1615: 1603: 1591: 1579: 1567: 1555: 839: 827: 815: 708:Ethiopian National Defense Force 306: 286: 219: 218: 211: 186: 185: 178: 153: 152: 145: 102: 91: 82: 71: 2594: 2553: 2517: 2492: 2449: 2419: 2392: 2361: 2330: 2303: 2268: 2254: 2228: 2202: 2176: 2150: 2119: 2106: 2091: 2057:The Prester John of the Indies, 2049: 2032: 1978: 1965: 1952: 1116: 1031:), which may be a former prison 822:Tukul, two-story stone building 717: 686: 640: 623: 562: 546: 530: 27:Town in Amhara Region, Ethiopia 1939: 1926: 1882: 1864:Italian Journal of Geosciences 1813: 1783: 1753: 1713:"Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela" 32:Lalibela (Emperor of Ethiopia) 13: 1: 2582:. National Meteorology Agency 2534:. 31 May 2010. Archived from 2426:Munro-Hay, Stuart C. (1997). 1835:10.1017/CHOL9780521209816.004 1690: 425: 2888:Cities and towns in Ethiopia 2665:Ancient Churches of Ethiopia 2658:Ethiopia: a cultural history 2560:CSA 2005 National Statistics 1717:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1675:Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela 1101:Lalibela is also home to an 887:, showing its base and walls 863:Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela 858:Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela 7: 2580:"Climate of City: Lalibela" 2402:The Archaeology of Ethiopia 2313:The Archaeology of Ethiopia 2027:"Local History in Ethiopia" 1985:Derat, Marie-Laure (2021). 1658: 1327:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1257:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 851: 672:would also visit Lalibela. 10: 2904: 2685:UNESCO World Heritage Site 2532:Central Statistical Agency 2316:. Routledge. p. 232. 2275:Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). 1548: 1540: 1138:Climate data for Lalibela 1137: 1129: 1123:Central Statistical Agency 958:(House of Miriam/House of 870:UNESCO World Heritage Site 855: 721: 647:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 615:, who was a soldier under 593:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi 469: 464: 202:Show map of Horn of Africa 29: 2817: 2806: 2740: 2731: 2405:. Routledge. p. 15. 2355:10.1017/S0003598X00067132 2061:Charles Fraser Beckingham 1971:Getachew Mekonnen Hasen, 1904:10.1017/S0003598X00067132 1466: 1396: 1326: 1256: 1186: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 912: 902: 892: 876: 867: 743:notes that the church of 490:, under the rule of King 371: 344: 336: 331: 319: 299: 279: 244: 139: 65: 58: 48: 36:Lalibela (disambiguation) 2513:, (May–June 2007): 16–21 2435:. Zaś Pan. p. 180. 1878:– via Silverchair. 1083:Yemrehana Krestos Church 1077:Farther afield, lie the 1037:(House of Abbot Libanos) 771:. However, according to 724:Architecture of Ethiopia 166:Location within Ethiopia 43:Town in Amhara, Ethiopia 2840:Monolithic architecture 2386:10.3406/ethio.1963.1336 660:accompanied by Emperor 591:of Sihab ad-Din Ahmad, 509:University of Cambridge 2800:Biete Qeddus Mercoreus 2368:Sauter, Roger (1963). 1081:of Ashetan Maryam and 1021:Biete Qeddus Mercoreus 1000:Church of Saint George 931: 885:Church of Saint George 736: 733:Church of Saint George 693:Tigrayan Defense Force 691:In early August 2021, 584: 535:Abuna Bartolomeo from 232:Location within Africa 121:Church of Saint George 34:. For other uses, see 2845:Rock-cut architecture 2830:Gebre Meskel Lalibela 2775:Biete Golgotha Mikael 2663:David W. Phillipson, 2086:Paul Lester Stenhouse 1665:Rock-cut architecture 1043:(House of the angels 966:Biete Golgotha Mikael 941:The Northern Group: 936:rock-cut architecture 929: 782:Gebre Meskel Lalibela 731: 658:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 582: 567:A Portuguese priest, 501:Gebre Meskel Lalibela 492:Gebre Meskel Lalibela 476:Gebre Meskel Lalibela 422:Gebre Meskel Lalibela 264:12.03167°N 39.04111°E 2765:Biete Gabriel-Rufael 2469:Odiaua, Ishanlosen. 2003:10.15184/aqy.2021.20 1187:Record high °C (°F) 1041:Biete Gabriel-Rufael 1006:The Eastern Group: 995:The Western Group: 898:Cultural: i, ii, iii 761:Biete Gabriel-Rufael 634:Ethiopian manuscript 613:Miguel de Castanhoso 169:Show map of Ethiopia 2055:Francisco Alvarez, 1876:10.3301/IJG.2011.26 1829:. pp. 98–182. 1397:Record low °C (°F) 1029:Mark the Evangelist 864: 767:and the windows of 677:Ethiopian Civil War 459:World Heritage Site 399:monolithic churches 374:) is a town in the 260: /  2790:Biete Medhane Alem 2750:Biete Abba Libanos 2721:Rock-hewn churches 2656:Sylvia Pankhurst, 2565:2008-07-31 at the 2541:on 19 January 2017 2511:Construction Ahead 2374:Annales d'Éthiopie 2349:(326): 1135–1150. 2291:on 23 January 2013 2242:. 19 December 2021 2103:, 21 November 2003 1973:Wollo, Yager Dibab 1898:(326): 1135–1150. 1636:Biete Medhane Alem 1073:"House of Bread"). 1035:Biete Abba Libanos 991:(House of Virgins) 946:Biete Medhane Alem 932: 862: 737: 606:Biete Medhane Alem 585: 517:Biete Abba Libanos 455:rock-hewn churches 337: • Total 269:12.03167; 39.04111 235:Show map of Africa 133:Biete Abba Libanos 129:Biete Medhane Alem 115:Rock-Hewn Churches 2853: 2852: 2835:Monolithic church 2606:zamaniproject.org 2442:978-83-901809-3-9 2412:978-1-136-75552-1 2323:978-1-136-75552-1 2190:. 1 December 2021 1844:978-1-139-05457-7 1806:978-0-300-14156-6 1791:Phillipson, David 1776:978-0-300-14156-6 1761:Phillipson, David 1670:Monolithic church 1598:Bete Abba Libanos 1562:Bete Medhane Alem 1545: 1544: 930:Lalibela area map 924: 923: 794:Francisco Álvares 786:Manuel de Almeida 763:, the doorway of 617:Cristóvão da Gama 598:Richard Pankhurst 587:According to the 569:Francisco Álvares 382:. Located in the 361: 360: 16:(Redirected from 2895: 2812: 2742:List of churches 2714: 2707: 2700: 2691: 2690: 2628:Irmgard Bidder, 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2576: 2570: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2540: 2529: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2508: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2475: 2466: 2460: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2434: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2290: 2283: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2133: 2123: 2117: 2110: 2104: 2095: 2089: 2084:, translated by 2078: 2072: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2007: 2006: 1997:(380): 467–486. 1982: 1976: 1969: 1963: 1956: 1950: 1943: 1937: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1828: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1709: 1647: 1631: 1619: 1607: 1595: 1583: 1571: 1559: 1135: 1134: 1072: 974: 881: 871: 865: 861: 843: 831: 819: 773:David Phillipson 741:Stuart Munro-Hay 602:Royal Chronicles 513:Kingdom of Aksum 505:David Phillipson 457:were declared a 430: 429: 1181–1221 427: 394:for its famous 388:North Wollo Zone 373: 312: 310: 309: 292: 290: 289: 275: 274: 272: 271: 270: 265: 261: 258: 257: 256: 253: 236: 222: 221: 215: 203: 189: 188: 182: 170: 156: 155: 149: 106: 95: 86: 75: 46: 45: 21: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2868: 2867: 2854: 2849: 2813: 2804: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2681: 2649:Paul B. Henze, 2625: 2623:Further reading 2620: 2610: 2608: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2567:Wayback Machine 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2506: 2497: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2473: 2467: 2463: 2457:The Abyssinians 2454: 2450: 2443: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2397: 2393: 2366: 2362: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2193: 2191: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2164:. 5 August 2021 2156: 2155: 2151: 2135: 2134: 2124: 2120: 2111: 2107: 2096: 2092: 2079: 2075: 2069:Hakluyt Society 2054: 2050: 2037: 2033: 2025: 2010: 1983: 1979: 1970: 1966: 1957: 1953: 1947:The Abyssinians 1944: 1940: 1934:The Abyssinians 1931: 1927: 1887: 1883: 1856: 1852: 1845: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1758: 1754: 1745: 1743: 1732: 1728: 1711: 1710: 1697: 1693: 1661: 1651: 1650:Genneta Maryam 1648: 1639: 1632: 1623: 1620: 1611: 1608: 1599: 1596: 1587: 1584: 1575: 1572: 1563: 1560: 1551: 1546: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1132: 1119: 1099: 1025:Saint Mercurius 968: 888: 869: 860: 854: 847: 844: 835: 832: 823: 820: 726: 720: 689: 670:Prince Bernhard 643: 626: 589:Futuh al-Habaša 565: 549: 533: 472: 467: 428: 307: 305: 287: 285: 268: 266: 262: 259: 254: 251: 249: 247: 246: 240: 239: 238: 237: 234: 233: 230: 229: 228: 227: 223: 206: 205: 204: 201: 200: 197: 196: 195: 194: 190: 173: 172: 171: 168: 167: 164: 163: 162: 161: 157: 135: 111: 110: 109: 108: 107: 98: 97: 96: 88: 87: 78: 77: 76: 61: 54: 51: 44: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2901: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2866: 2865: 2864:18 August 2023 2851: 2850: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2746: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2717: 2716: 2709: 2702: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2680: 2679:External links 2677: 2676: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2661: 2654: 2647: 2633: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2618: 2593: 2571: 2552: 2516: 2500:Mark Jarzombek 2491: 2478:whc.unesco.org 2461: 2448: 2441: 2418: 2411: 2391: 2380:(1): 235–292. 2360: 2329: 2322: 2302: 2267: 2253: 2227: 2201: 2175: 2149: 2118: 2105: 2090: 2073: 2059:translated by 2048: 2031: 2008: 1977: 1964: 1951: 1938: 1925: 1881: 1870:(2): 171–186. 1850: 1843: 1812: 1805: 1782: 1775: 1752: 1726: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1642: 1640: 1633: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1118: 1115: 1098: 1097:Other features 1095: 1075: 1074: 1056: 1038: 1032: 1018: 1004: 1003: 993: 992: 986: 976: 963: 953: 950:Lalibela Cross 922: 921: 914: 910: 909: 904: 900: 899: 896: 890: 889: 882: 874: 873: 856:Main article: 853: 850: 849: 848: 845: 838: 836: 833: 826: 824: 821: 814: 722:Main article: 719: 716: 688: 685: 662:Haile Selassie 651:Haile Selassie 642: 639: 625: 622: 564: 561: 548: 545: 532: 529: 478:was guided by 471: 468: 466: 463: 451:Bugna district 384:Lasta district 359: 358: 348: 342: 341: 338: 334: 333: 329: 328: 323: 317: 316: 303: 297: 296: 283: 277: 276: 242: 241: 231: 225: 224: 217: 216: 210: 209: 208: 207: 198: 192: 191: 184: 183: 177: 176: 175: 174: 165: 159: 158: 151: 150: 144: 143: 142: 141: 140: 137: 136: 112: 101: 100: 99: 90: 89: 81: 80: 79: 70: 69: 68: 67: 66: 63: 62: 59: 56: 55: 52: 49: 42: 26: 18:Roha, Ethiopia 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2900: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2770:Biete Giorgis 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2760:Biete Denagel 2758: 2756: 2755:Biete Amanuel 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2645:0-00-272780-3 2642: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2581: 2575: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2556: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2520: 2512: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2479: 2472: 2465: 2459:, p. 113 2458: 2452: 2444: 2438: 2431: 2430: 2422: 2414: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2395: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2306: 2287: 2280: 2279: 2271: 2263: 2257: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2145: 2139: 2131: 2130: 2122: 2115: 2109: 2102: 2101:Addis Tribune 2099: 2094: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2044: 2043: 2035: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1981: 1974: 1968: 1961: 1955: 1949:, p. 108 1948: 1942: 1935: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1846: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1824: 1816: 1808: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1778: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1756: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1695: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1656: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1625: 1618: 1613: 1606: 1601: 1594: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1570: 1565: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1539: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1469:precipitation 1465: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1141: 1136: 1127: 1124: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1011:Biete Amanuel 1009: 1008: 1007: 1001: 998: 997: 996: 990: 989:Biete Denagel 987: 984: 980: 977: 972: 967: 964: 961: 957: 954: 951: 947: 944: 943: 942: 939: 937: 928: 919: 915: 911: 908: 905: 901: 897: 895: 891: 886: 880: 875: 872: 866: 859: 842: 837: 830: 825: 818: 813: 812: 811: 808: 803: 800: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 770: 769:Biete Amanuel 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 745:Biete Amanuel 742: 734: 730: 725: 715: 713: 709: 704: 702: 701:Tigray region 698: 694: 684: 682: 678: 673: 671: 667: 666:Queen Juliana 663: 659: 654: 652: 648: 638: 635: 631: 621: 618: 614: 609: 607: 603: 599: 594: 590: 581: 577: 574: 570: 560: 558: 554: 553:Fra Mauro map 544: 543:(1382–1413). 542: 538: 528: 526: 525:King Lalibela 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 493: 489: 488:Zagwe dynasty 485: 482:on a tour of 481: 477: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 443: 441: 437: 432: 423: 419: 415: 410: 408: 404: 400: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 376:Amhara Region 369: 365: 356: 352: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 327: 324: 322: 318: 315: 304: 302: 298: 295: 284: 282: 278: 273: 245:Coordinates: 243: 214: 181: 148: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 117:from top left 116: 105: 94: 85: 74: 64: 57: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 2795:Biete Meskel 2785:Biete Maryam 2724: 2664: 2657: 2650: 2636: 2629: 2609:. Retrieved 2605: 2596: 2584:. Retrieved 2574: 2555: 2545:29 September 2543:. Retrieved 2536:the original 2531: 2519: 2510: 2494: 2482:. Retrieved 2477: 2464: 2456: 2451: 2428: 2421: 2401: 2394: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2346: 2342: 2332: 2312: 2305: 2293:. Retrieved 2286:the original 2277: 2270: 2256: 2244:. Retrieved 2239: 2230: 2218:. Retrieved 2214:The Guardian 2213: 2204: 2192:. Retrieved 2187: 2178: 2166:. Retrieved 2161: 2152: 2128: 2121: 2113: 2108: 2100: 2093: 2081: 2076: 2067:(Cambridge: 2056: 2051: 2041: 2034: 1994: 1990: 1980: 1972: 1967: 1959: 1954: 1946: 1941: 1933: 1928: 1895: 1891: 1884: 1867: 1863: 1853: 1822: 1815: 1795: 1785: 1765: 1755: 1744:, retrieved 1739: 1729: 1716: 1654: 1574:Bete Amanuel 1471:mm (inches) 1120: 1117:Demographics 1100: 1091: 1076: 1005: 994: 979:Biete Meskel 956:Biete Maryam 940: 933: 804: 799:David Buxton 778:Biete Maryam 765:Biete Maryam 738: 718:Architecture 705: 690: 687:21st century 674: 655: 644: 641:20th century 627: 624:19th century 610: 601: 588: 586: 566: 563:16th century 556: 550: 547:15th century 534: 531:14th century 521: 496:David Buxton 473: 444: 433: 420:(Agaw) king 411: 392:tourist site 363: 362: 125:Biete Maryam 113: 40: 2878:Holy cities 2780:Biete Lehem 2569:, Table B.3 2246:20 December 2220:20 December 2168:20 December 1960:Archaeology 1610:Bete Maryam 1109:code HALL, 1071:בֵּית לֶחֶם 1059:Biete Lehem 969: [ 913:Inscription 790:Hiob Ludolf 710:(ENDF) and 675:During the 645:During the 326:North Wollo 267: / 2872:Categories 2295:1 February 2194:5 December 1691:References 1027:/House of 1023:(House of 1013:(House of 981:(House of 916:1978 (2nd 807:vernacular 697:Tigray War 407:pilgrimage 390:, it is a 332:Population 255:39°02′28″E 252:12°01′54″N 2343:Antiquity 2138:cite book 1991:Antiquity 1920:130648151 1912:0003-598X 1892:Antiquity 1079:monastery 1063:Bethlehem 983:the Cross 903:Reference 656:In 1968, 628:In 1882, 499:reign of 484:Jerusalem 461:in 1978. 447:sea level 436:Jerusalem 346:Time zone 2883:Lalibela 2725:Lalibela 2563:Archived 2480:. UNESCO 2455:Buxton, 2162:BBC News 1945:Buxton, 1932:Buxton, 1793:(2009). 1763:(2009). 1721:Archived 1659:See also 1536:(46.44) 1511:(10.94) 1506:(10.20) 1467:Average 1015:Immanuel 894:Criteria 852:Churches 573:Dawit II 557:Lalabeda 414:Apostles 403:Ethiopia 396:rock-cut 380:Ethiopia 364:Lalibela 294:Ethiopia 226:Lalibela 193:Lalibela 160:Lalibela 50:Lalibela 2818:Related 2586:21 June 2484:25 July 2240:Reuters 2188:Reuters 1746:27 July 1549:Gallery 1531:(0.39) 1526:(0.31) 1521:(1.61) 1516:(6.85) 1501:(4.88) 1496:(2.99) 1491:(3.50) 1486:(2.68) 1481:(1.42) 1476:(0.67) 1462:(35.6) 1457:(36.1) 1452:(35.6) 1447:(41.0) 1442:(44.6) 1437:(47.3) 1432:(46.2) 1427:(47.5) 1422:(47.5) 1417:(47.1) 1412:(41.0) 1407:(38.8) 1402:(36.9) 1392:(51.0) 1387:(46.6) 1382:(47.7) 1377:(49.8) 1372:(51.8) 1367:(52.2) 1362:(52.3) 1357:(52.2) 1352:(54.1) 1347:(53.6) 1342:(52.9) 1337:(50.5) 1332:(48.2) 1322:(73.1) 1317:(73.0) 1312:(72.7) 1307:(72.1) 1302:(70.3) 1297:(69.1) 1292:(69.1) 1287:(73.0) 1282:(75.9) 1277:(75.6) 1272:(76.6) 1267:(75.7) 1262:(73.9) 1252:(87.8) 1247:(80.2) 1242:(80.1) 1237:(83.5) 1232:(79.9) 1227:(79.2) 1222:(79.9) 1217:(84.0) 1212:(87.8) 1207:(86.9) 1202:(86.0) 1197:(86.0) 1192:(81.7) 1130:Climate 1103:airport 1049:Raphael 1045:Gabriel 918:Session 753:Eritrea 541:Dawit I 470:Origins 465:History 440:Saladin 368:Amharic 281:Country 2643:  2611:21 May 2439:  2409:  2320:  1918:  1910:  1841:  1803:  1773:  1143:Month 1067:Hebrew 1053:bakery 1047:, and 749:Tigray 630:French 480:Christ 453:. The 340:17,367 314:Amhara 311:  301:Region 291:  2539:(PDF) 2528:(PDF) 2507:(PDF) 2474:(PDF) 2433:(PDF) 2289:(PDF) 2282:(PDF) 1916:S2CID 1827:(PDF) 1534:1,180 1514:174.0 1509:278.0 1504:259.0 1499:124.0 1182:Year 973:] 757:Aksum 537:Egypt 418:Zagwe 351:UTC+3 2641:ISBN 2613:2023 2588:2024 2547:2016 2486:2014 2437:ISBN 2407:ISBN 2318:ISBN 2297:2013 2248:2021 2222:2021 2196:2021 2170:2021 2144:link 2063:and 1908:ISSN 1839:ISBN 1801:ISBN 1771:ISBN 1748:2017 1529:10.0 1519:41.0 1494:76.0 1489:89.0 1484:68.0 1479:36.0 1474:17.0 1390:10.6 1370:11.0 1365:11.2 1360:11.3 1355:11.2 1350:12.3 1345:12.0 1340:11.6 1335:10.3 1320:22.8 1315:22.8 1310:22.6 1305:22.3 1300:21.3 1295:20.6 1290:20.6 1285:22.8 1280:24.4 1275:24.2 1270:24.8 1265:24.3 1260:23.3 1250:31.0 1245:26.8 1240:26.7 1235:28.6 1230:26.6 1225:26.2 1220:26.6 1215:28.9 1210:31.0 1205:30.5 1200:30.0 1195:30.0 1190:27.6 1179:Dec 1176:Nov 1173:Oct 1170:Sep 1167:Aug 1164:Jul 1161:Jun 1158:May 1155:Apr 1152:Mar 1149:Feb 1146:Jan 1111:IATA 1107:ICAO 1087:cave 960:Mary 883:The 788:and 751:and 712:Fano 668:and 424:(r. 386:and 372:ላሊበላ 321:Zone 60:Town 53:ላሊበላ 2862:BBC 2723:of 2382:doi 2351:doi 1999:doi 1900:doi 1872:doi 1868:131 1831:doi 1524:8.0 1460:2.0 1455:2.3 1450:2.0 1445:5.0 1440:7.0 1435:8.5 1430:7.9 1425:8.6 1420:8.6 1415:8.4 1410:5.0 1405:3.8 1400:2.7 1385:8.1 1380:8.7 1375:9.9 1330:9.0 1089:). 1065:", 431:). 409:. 378:of 355:EAT 2874:: 2860:– 2604:. 2530:. 2509:, 2502:, 2476:. 2376:. 2372:. 2347:84 2345:. 2341:. 2238:. 2212:. 2186:. 2160:. 2140:}} 2136:{{ 2011:^ 1995:95 1993:. 1989:. 1914:. 1906:. 1896:84 1894:. 1866:. 1862:. 1837:. 1738:, 1719:. 1715:. 1698:^ 1069:: 1061:(" 971:fr 907:18 649:, 559:. 442:. 426:c. 370:: 131:; 127:; 123:; 119:: 2713:e 2706:t 2699:v 2615:. 2590:. 2549:. 2488:. 2445:. 2415:. 2388:. 2384:: 2378:5 2357:. 2353:: 2326:. 2299:. 2264:. 2250:. 2224:. 2198:. 2172:. 2146:) 2132:. 2005:. 2001:: 1922:. 1902:: 1874:: 1847:. 1833:: 1809:. 1779:. 1105:( 1055:. 985:) 952:. 920:) 366:( 357:) 353:( 38:. 20:)

Index

Roha, Ethiopia
Lalibela (Emperor of Ethiopia)
Lalibela (disambiguation)




Rock-Hewn Churches
Church of Saint George
Biete Maryam
Biete Medhane Alem
Biete Abba Libanos
Lalibela is located in Ethiopia
Lalibela is located in Horn of Africa
Lalibela is located in Africa
12°01′54″N 39°02′28″E / 12.03167°N 39.04111°E / 12.03167; 39.04111
Country
Ethiopia
Region
Amhara
Zone
North Wollo
Time zone
UTC+3
EAT
Amharic
Amhara Region
Ethiopia
Lasta district
North Wollo Zone

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