955:
inserting its wedge-shaped bill and opening its mandibles, as other starlings and crows do. This ability supports
Tafforet's observation that the bird fed on eggs and dead tortoises. It could have torn dead, presumably juvenile, turtles and tortoises out of their shells. Tafforet did not see any Rodrigues starlings on the mainland, but he stated that they could easily be reared by feeding them meat, which indicates that he brought young birds from a breeding population on Île Gombrani. Tafforet was marooned on Rodrigues during the summer and was apparently able to procure juvenile individuals; some other Rodrigues birds are known to breed at this time, so it is likely that the starling did the same.
399:
886:(bony beak) of the upper jaw was long and relatively wide, and the premaxilla (the frontmost bone of the upper jaw) was robust and relatively straight. The bony nasal openings were large and oval, measuring 12–13 mm (0.47–0.51 in) in length. The rostrum of the lower mandible was wide and sharp, and relatively deep and robust at the back, with a robust retroarticular process (the hind part that connected with the skull) that was directed towards the midline. The mandible was about 52–60 mm (2.0–2.4 in) long and 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) deep at the back. The
7507:
775:), have similarities with these extinct species in colouration and other features. As the Rodrigues and Mauritius starlings seem to be more closely related to each other than to the hoopoe starling, which appears to be closer to Southeast Asian starlings, there may have been two separate colonisations of starlings in the Mascarenes from Asia, with the hoopoe starling being the latest arrival. Apart from Madagascar, the Mascarenes were the only islands in the south-west Indian Ocean that contained native starlings. This is probably due to the isolation, varied
932:
7531:
842:
827:
813:
of the fishing birds which feed there, for they feed on nothing else but eggs or turtles dead of hunger, which they well know how to tear out of their shells. These birds are a little larger than a blackbird , and have white plumage, part of the wings and tail black, the beak yellow as well as the feet, and make a wonderful warbling. I say a warbling, since they have many and altogether different notes. We brought up some with cooked meat, cut up very small, which they eat in preference to seed.
87:
1050:
facilité de oefs ou quelques tortues mortes de faim qu'ils savent assez bien déchirer. Ces ouiseaux sont un peu plus gros qu'un merle et ont le plumage blanc, une partie des aîles et de la queue noire, le bec jaune aussi bein que les pattes, et ont un ramage merveillex; je dis un ramage quoiqu'ils en aient plusieurs, et tous différents, et chacun de plus jolis. Nous en avons nourri quelques uns avec de la viande cuite hachée bien menu, qu'ils mangeaient préférablement aux graines de bois.
7483:
33:
7519:
3447:
61:
3471:
1864:
792:
7495:
902:
wing and leg bones did not differ much from those of the hoopoe starling and other starlings; the length of the forearm of the hoopoe starling was somewhat longer relatively to the humerus than that of the
Rodrigues starling, while other measurements were roughly the same. The humerus was gracile and had a curved shaft, and measured 32–35 mm (1.3–1.4 in). The ulna was small, relatively gracile, and had distinct
3483:
3459:
1850:
7471:
586:
379:, a Frenchman who was also marooned on Rodrigues from 1691 to 1693 and had written about several species there (his account was published in 1708), did not have a boat, and therefore could not explore the various islets as Tafforet did. No people who later traveled to the island mentioned the bird. In an article written in 1875, the British ornithologist
958:
Many other species endemic to
Rodrigues became extinct after humans arrived, and the island's ecosystem is now heavily damaged. Before humans arrived, forests completely covered the island, but very little remains today. The Rodrigues starling lived alongside other recently extinct birds, such as the
854:
The skull of the
Rodrigues starling was similar to and about the same size as that of the hoopoe starling, but the skeleton was smaller. Though the Rodrigues starling was clearly able to fly, its sternum was smaller compared to that of other starlings; it may not have required powerful flight, due to
1023:
The large populations of tortoises and marine turtles on
Rodrigues resulted in the export of thousands of animals, and cats were introduced to control the rats, but the cats attacked the native birds and tortoises as well. The Rodrigues starling was already extinct on the mainland by this time. Rats
817:
Tafforet was familiar with the fauna of Réunion, where the related hoopoe starling lived. He made several comparisons between the faunas of different locations, so the fact that he did not mention a crest on the
Rodrigues starling indicates that it was absent. His description of their colouration is
954:
The stouter build and more bent shape of the mandible suggest that the
Rodrigues starling used greater force than the hoopoe starling when searching and perhaps digging for food. It probably also had the ability to remove objects and forcefully open entrances when searching for food; it did this by
951:
pigeons only bred on the islets due to persecution from rats on the mainland; the starling may have also done this. Originally, the
Rodrigues starling may have been widely distributed on Rodrigues, with seasonal visits to the islets. Tafforet's description also indicates that it had a complex song.
812:
A little bird is found which is not common, for it is not found on the mainland. One sees it on the islet au Mât , which is to the south of the main island, and I believe it keeps to that islet on account of the birds of prey which are on the mainland, as also to feed with more facility on the eggs
509:
credits Slater rather than Günther and Newton for the name. Günther and Newton determined that the
Rodrigues starling was closely related to the hoopoe starling, and they only kept it in a separate genus due to what they termed "present ornithological practice". Due to the strongly built bill, they
950:
land tortoises, as well as marine turtles, which would have provided a large amount of food for the starling, particularly during the breeding seasons. Tafforet reported that the pigeons and parrots on the offshore southern islets only came to the mainland to drink water, and Leguat noted that the
226:
1007:
Leguat mentioned that pigeons only bred on islets off
Rodrigues, due to predation from rats on the mainland. This may be the reason why Tafforet only observed the Rodrigues starling on an islet. By Tafforet's visit in 1726, the bird must have either been absent or very rare on mainland Rodrigues.
943:
Little is known about the behaviour of the Rodrigues starling, apart from Tafforet's description, from which various inferences can be made. The robustness of its limbs and the strong jaws with the ability to gape indicates that it foraged on the ground. Its diet may have consisted of the various
901:
The coracoid of the Rodrigues starling was small, relatively gracile, and was otherwise identical to that of the hoopoe starling, measuring 27.5 mm (1.08 in). The keel of the sternum (breast-bone) was similar to that of the hoopoe starling, though the front part was 1 mm lower. The
346:
The Rodrigues starling was 25–30 centimetres (10–12 inches) long, and had a stout beak. It was described as having a white body, partially black wings and tail, and a yellow bill and legs. Little is known about its behaviour. Its diet included eggs and dead tortoises, which it processed with its
1049:
On trouve un petit oiseau qui n'est pas fort commun, car il ne se trouve pas sur la grande terre; on en vout sur l'île au Mât, qui est au sud de la grande terre, et je crois qu'il se tient sur cette île à cause des oiseaux de proie qui sont à la grande terre, comme aussi pur vivre avec plus de
504:
was originally proposed by Slater in an 1874 manuscript he sent to Günther and Newton. Slater had prepared the manuscript for an 1879 publication, which was never released, but Günther and Newton quoted Slater's unpublished notes in their own 1879 article, and credited him for the name.
863:. Subfossils show a disparity in size between specimens, but this may be due to individual variation, as the differences are gradual, with no distinct size classes. There is a difference in bill length and shape between two Rodrigues starling specimens, which could indicate dimorphism.
914:
was small, and measured 22.5 mm (0.89 in). The femur (thigh-bone) was large and robust, particularly ant the upper and lower ends, and it shaft was straight and expanded at the upper end. The femur measured around 33 mm (1.3 in). The
807:
The Rodrigues starling was large for a starling, being 25–30 cm (10–12 in) in length. Its body was white or greyish white, with blackish-brown wings, and a yellow bill and legs. Tafforet's complete description of the bird reads as follows:
687:, with Testudophaga meaning "tortoise eater", and coined the common name "bi-coloured chough". Hachisuka's assumptions are disregarded today, and modern ornithologists find Tafforet's bird to be identical to the one described from subfossil remains.
557:), based on subfossils from Mauritius. It was shown to be closer to the Rodrigues starling than to the hoopoe starling, due to the features of its skull, sternum and humerus. Until then, the Rodrigues starling was the only Mascarene
1012:- could have arrived in 1601, when a Dutch fleet surveyed Rodrigues. The islets would have been the last refuge for the bird, until the rats colonised them, too. The Rodrigues starling was extinct by the time French scientist
756:); he concluded this based on the colouration of the birds. A 2008 study, which analysed the DNA of various starlings, confirmed that the hoopoe starling was a starling, but with no close relatives among the sampled species.
347:
strong bill. Predation by rats introduced to the area was probably responsible for the bird's extinction some time in the 18th century. It first became extinct on mainland Rodrigues, then on Île Gombrani, its last refuge.
342:
remains found on the mainland were described in 1879, and were suggested to belong to the bird mentioned by Tafforet. There was much confusion about the bird and its taxonomic relations throughout the 20th century.
371:. In the report, he described encounters with various indigenous species, including a white and black bird which fed on eggs and dead tortoises. He stated that it was confined to the offshore islet of
537:, due to the similarity of the species. More subfossils found in 1974 added support to the claim that the Rodrigues bird was a distinct genus of starling. The stouter bill is mainly what warrants
882:
was more delicate, with a larger hole in its centre. The bill was about 36–39 mm (1.4–1.5 in) long, less curved and proportionally a little deeper than in the hoopoe starling. The
859:
of the Rodrigues starling was shorter, less curved, had a less slender tip, and had a stouter mandible. Not enough remains of the Rodrigues starling have been found to assess whether it was
1615:
Cheke, A. S. (1987). "An ecological history of the Mascarene Islands, with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates". In Diamond, A. W. (ed.).
1323:
Hume, J. P.; Steel, L.; André, A. A.; Meunier, A. (2014). "In the footsteps of the bone collectors: Nineteenth-century cave exploration on Rodrigues Island, Indian Ocean".
1479:
Proceedings of the International Symposium "Insular Vertebrate Evolution: The Palaeontological Approach". Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears
1286:
887:
1806:"Systematics, morphology, and ecological history of the Mascarene starlings (Aves: Sturnidae) with the description of a new genus and species from Mauritius"
907:
800:
675:, and therefore concluded that the bones described by Günther and Newton did not belong to the bird mentioned by Tafforet. Hachisuka was reminded of
356:
327:
372:
335:
5752:
2359:
736:) and the Mascarene starlings. According to Amadon, the Rodrigues and hoopoe starlings were related to Asiatic starlings, such as some species of
7695:
5382:
417:
7833:
1444:
866:
Compared to the other Mascarene starlings, the skull of the Rodrigues starling was relatively compressed from top to bottom, and it had a wide
702:, based on an incomplete sternum found in a cave on Rodrigues. In 1989, the name was mistakenly published before the description, making it a
6313:
4758:
4625:
870:. The skull was shaped somewhat differently and longer than that of the hoopoe starling, being about 29 mm (1.1 in) long from the
5821:
4838:
4724:
5669:
4199:
671:
habits described by Tafforet to be unlikely for a starling, and thought the lack of a crest suggested that it was not closely related to
891:
1710:
Zuccon, D.; Pasquet, E.; Ericson, P. G. P. (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships among Palearctic-Oriental starlings and mynas (genera
7669:
1498:"On an apparently new, and supposed to be extinct, species of bird from the Mascarene Islands, provisionally referred to the genus
577:. Hume also identified other bones depicted by Günther and Newton among museum collections, and designated them as paralectotypes.
326:
from nearby islands; all three are extinct and appear to be of Southeast Asian origin. The bird was only reported by French sailor
7808:
874:; it was also narrower, being 21–22 mm (0.83–0.87 in) wide. The eyes were set slightly lower, and the upper rims of the
7708:
2354:
1523:
7798:
1854:
992:
855:
the small area and topography of Rodrigues. The two starlings differed mainly in details of the skull, jaws, and sternum. The
1785:
1387:
1199:
1144:
7713:
944:
snails and invertebrates of Rodrigues, as well as scavenged items. Rodrigues had large colonies of seabirds and now-extinct
7818:
7813:
910:
attached). The ulna was somewhat shorter than that of the hoopoe starling, measuring 37–40 mm (1.5–1.6 in). The
7828:
3521:
1640:
919:(lower leg bone) was large, robust, with a broad and expanded shaft, and was 52–59 mm (2.0–2.3 in) long. The
1428:
7803:
939:'s 1708 memoir, showing his settlement on Rodrigues, with tortoises (which this bird fed on) and rats at the bottom
7585:
1898:
1868:
383:
attempted to identify the bird from Tafforet's description, and hypothesised that it was related to the extinct
988:
923:(ankle bone) was long, robust, with a relatively straight shaft, and measured 36–41 mm (1.4–1.6 in).
574:
1030:
starlings have become extinct in islands of the Pacific Ocean, and rats also contributed to their demise.
7838:
7823:
3487:
2344:
1281:
1024:
are adept at crossing water, and inhabit almost all islets off Rodrigues today. At least five species of
1687:
1660:
1477:(2005). "Contrasting taphofacies in ocean island settings: the fossil record of Mascarene vertebrates".
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region below it was conspicuous. This indicates that the starling had strong neck and jaw muscles.
1412:
652:. In a 2005 DNA analysis, the specimen was eventually identified as an albinistic specimen of the
4795:
3514:
2372:
1762:
The Voyage of François Leguat of Bresse, to Rodriguez, Mauritius, Java, and the Cape of Good Hope
1166:
The Voyage of François Leguat of Bresse, to Rodriguez, Mauritius, Java, and the Cape of Good Hope
1017:
833:
7752:
3499:
2046:
1013:
476:. In 1879, the bones became the basis of a scientific description of the bird by ornithologists
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7607:
7547:
3463:
2339:
2151:
2101:
1756:
1161:
617:
590:
506:
7726:
1624:
533:
suggested that the Rodrigues starling should belong in the same genus as the hoopoe starling,
7762:
7747:
7739:
2176:
980:
768:
514:
501:
254:
199:
1616:
1404:
679:
because of the black-and-white plumage, and assumed the bird seen by Tafforet was a sort of
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1295:
968:
8:
7535:
6075:
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1891:
1405:
1382:. New York: American Committee for International Wild Life Protection. pp. 129–132.
996:
976:
960:
879:
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bird named from fossil material. Hume noted that Günther and Newton had not designated a
330:, who was marooned on the island from 1725 to 1726. Tafforet observed it on the offshore
50:
1805:
1299:
1077:
510:
considered the new species likely the same as the bird mentioned in Tafforet's account.
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1778:
Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion & Rodrigues
1361:
The birds of Africa comprising all the species which occur in the Ethiopian region
565:
among the fossils they based the specific name on, and chose the skull from their
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1946:
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367:
for nine months, and his report of his time there was later published as
624:. He suggested that this was the bird mentioned by Tafforet, instead of
413:
bones of a starling-like bird were first discovered on Rodrigues by the
32:
7770:
7674:
7390:
7362:
7272:
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299:
65:
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1565:
Olson, S. L.; Fleischer, R. C.; Fisher, C. T.; Bermingham, E. (2005).
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364:
360:
339:
315:
311:
234:
138:
98:
41:
7648:
7541:
1403:
Cowles, G. S. (1987). "The fossil record". In Diamond, A. W. (ed.).
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5366:
5212:
5198:
5101:
5056:
5049:
5007:
4993:
4951:
4944:
4847:
4788:
4648:
4529:
4489:
4456:
4372:
4281:
4113:
3658:
3605:
3550:
3325:
3055:
3030:
2976:
2887:
2859:
2749:
2713:
2705:
2687:
2582:
2567:
2551:
2298:
2261:
2094:
1863:
441:
433:
406:'s tent outside a cave on Rodrigues wherein he searched for fossils
303:
148:
118:
728:-like species could have arrived in Africa, and given rise to the
7594:
7335:
7279:
7245:
7086:
6995:
6872:
6824:
6768:
6748:
6728:
6397:
6341:
6303:
6201:
5844:
5761:
5727:
5513:
5355:
5341:
5299:
5184:
5115:
4882:
4868:
4861:
4823:
4549:
4540:
4509:
4229:
4050:
3888:
3757:
3678:
3647:
3562:
3529:
3235:
3088:
2967:
2852:
2818:
2756:
2577:
2431:
2423:
2116:
1988:
1973:
1813:
1026:
856:
724:
566:
445:
437:
429:
307:
7661:
7425:
7376:
6355:
6173:
6103:
6026:
5964:
5678:
5520:
5478:
5430:
5278:
5160:
3544:
3365:
3304:
3080:
3072:
3001:
2941:
2825:
2763:
2646:
2313:
2308:
2186:
1849:
1780:. New Haven and London: T. & A. D. Poyser. pp. 49–52.
680:
676:
593:(left), partially based on a specimen that turned out to be an
267:
108:
1564:
1071:
1069:
7643:
7397:
6535:
6472:
6465:
5992:
4584:
4290:
4059:
3854:
3743:
3556:
3251:
3038:
2601:
461:
457:
331:
640:
species supposedly from Mauritius. In 1953, Japanese writer
585:
7121:
3227:
2594:
2557:
2527:
1941:
1907:
1220:"Additional Evidence as to the Original Fauna of Rodriguez"
1066:
453:
128:
1194:(revised ed.). New York: Comstock. pp. 366–367.
44:
skull and other bones as depicted in the 1879 description
3349:
2206:
1968:
1287:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
424:
in 1874. They were found in caves on the Plaine Coral, a
428:
plain in south-west Rodrigues. These bones included the
1046:
Tafforet's original French description is as follows: "
706:. Later examination of the sternum by Hume showed that
1755:
Tafforet, J. (1891). "Relation de l'ile Rodrigue". In
1075:
694:
prepared a manuscript that described a new species of
7459:
1322:
620:, specimen D.1792, which was labelled as coming from
16:
Extinct species of bird that was endemic to Rodrigues
6309:
5378:
5239:
5166:
5149:
4205:
4195:
4110:
1765:. Vol. 2. London: Hakluyt Society. p. 335.
1709:
2498:
1598:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
1571:: archives, morphology and molecules topple a myth"
1623:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1257:
468:of several birds; the bones were deposited in the
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1101:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710836A94263302.en
890:on the skull was quite strongly developed, and a
7790:
420:In 1866 and 1871, and by the British naturalist
1451:
1224:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
878:were about 8 mm (0.31 in) apart. The
1234:
648:was distinct enough to warrant its own genus,
3515:
1892:
1661:"Genera of starlings and their relationships"
1279:
1180:
1139:. London: A & C Black. pp. 273–274.
484:(the brother of Alfred). They named the bird
2406:
1688:"Remarks on the starlings, family Sturnidae"
1575:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
1549:, The Extinct Birds of the Mascarene Islands
1532:. London: Hutchinson & Co. pp. 5–6.
1115:
1047:
1649:
1373:
1371:
1213:
1211:
1134:
803:'s account, subfossils, and related species
496:are Greek for "dead" and "starling", while
3522:
3508:
1899:
1885:
1608:
1522:
1516:
1443:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
224:
59:
31:
1775:
1769:
1591:
1542:
1536:
1467:
1307:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1099:
759:Extant East Asian starlings, such as the
710:was identical to the Rodrigues starling.
632:believed the Liverpool specimen to be an
1754:
1560:
1558:
1396:
1380:Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World
1377:
1368:
1208:
1168:. Vol. 1. London: Hakluyt Society.
1040:
930:
926:
790:
584:
500:refers to the island of Rodrigues. This
397:
1906:
1357:
545:. In 2014, the British palaeontologist
7791:
1495:
1402:
1264:
1217:
1186:
1159:
993:saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise
573:; specimen NMHUK A9050, housed at the
529:. In 1967, the American ornithologist
525:; he attributed the name to zoologist
7834:Extinct birds of Indian Ocean islands
7546:
7545:
5557:
3980:
3581:
3503:
2391:
1880:
1614:
1555:
580:
549:described a new extinct species, the
3458:
1803:
1567:"Expunging the 'Mascarene starling'
1473:
1016:visited Rodrigues during the French
718:In 1943, the American ornithologist
3482:
1364:. London: R.H. Porter. p. 342.
1087:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
690:In 1987, the British ornithologist
391:), which formerly inhabited nearby
13:
1776:Cheke, A. S.; Hume, J. P. (2008).
1551:. London: H. F. & G. Witherby.
14:
7855:
2360:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
1842:
1619:Studies of Mascarene Island Birds
1506:Bulletin of the Liverpool Museums
1407:Studies of Mascarene Island Birds
1135:Hume, J. P.; Walters, M. (2012).
318:. Its closest relatives were the
7529:
7517:
7505:
7493:
7481:
7469:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3446:
3445:
3336:(New World vultures and condors)
1862:
1848:
1734:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00339.x
1682:
1655:
1282:"The extinct birds of Rodriguez"
1280:Günther, A.; Newton, E. (1879).
1018:1761 Transit of Venus expedition
840:
825:
604:In 1898, the British naturalist
375:, which was then called au Mât.
85:
3981:
1748:
1703:
1676:
1594:"Extinct chough from Rodriguez"
1585:
1489:
1076:BirdLife International (2016).
987:. Extinct reptiles include the
513:In 1900, the English scientist
5558:
2392:
1797:
1464:Hume, J. P. (2014). pp. 55–58.
1351:
1316:
1261:Hume, J. P. (2014). pp. 44–51.
1153:
989:domed Rodrigues giant tortoise
786:
608:described a second species of
575:Natural History Museum, London
521:in a book, thereby creating a
1:
7799:IUCN Red List extinct species
3582:
1060:
1002:
7809:Taxa named by Albert Günther
1633:10.1017/CBO9780511735769.003
1545:The Dodo and Kindred Birds,
1421:10.1017/CBO9780511735769.004
1337:10.1080/08912963.2014.886203
713:
7:
7819:Bird extinctions since 1500
7814:Taxa named by Alfred Newton
3400:(woodpeckers and relatives)
355:In 1725, the French sailor
350:
10:
7860:
7829:Endemic fauna of Mauritius
3262:(cormorants and relatives)
2355:Extinct species since 1500
218:Günther & Newton, 1879
7554:
7345:
7262:
7235:
7215:
6978:
6958:
6938:
6834:
6758:
6738:
6718:
6663:
6573:
6448:
6421:
6251:
6231:
6211:
6016:
5947:
5878:
5858:
5820:
5751:
5668:
5659:
5625:
5570:
5566:
5553:
5447:
5399:
5374:
5365:
5084:
4899:
4837:
4757:
4723:
4714:
4624:
4615:
4539:
4519:
4499:
4479:
4470:
4320:
4300:
4280:
4246:
4219:
4186:
4177:
4139:
4109:
4089:
4069:
4049:
4029:
4020:
3993:
3989:
3976:
3945:
3925:
3905:
3864:
3830:
3809:
3788:
3677:
3657:
3636:
3615:
3594:
3590:
3577:
3539:
3441:
3392:(kingfishers and rollers)
3324:
3279:
3246:(albatrosses and petrels)
3218:
3189:
3160:
3139:
3130:(swifts and hummingbirds)
3112:(nightjars and relatives)
3100:
3063:
3054:
3021:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2962:
2936:(pheasants and relatives)
2911:
2835:
2794:
2732:
2704:
2680:
2656:
2629:
2550:
2537:
2494:
2467:
2463:
2402:
2398:
2387:
2383:
2322:
2225:
2125:
2075:
2002:
1932:
1919:
1827:10.11646/zootaxa.3849.1.1
1696:American Museum Novitates
1669:American Museum Novitates
894:muscle attachment in the
847:Wing (left) and leg bones
628:from mainland Rodrigues.
616:, based on a skin in the
247:
240:
232:
223:
205:
198:
82:Scientific classification
80:
68: (mid-18th century)
57:
48:
39:
30:
25:
3534:and their extinct allies
3291:(seriemas and relatives)
3270:(pelicans and relatives)
1378:Greenway, J. C. (1967).
1094:: e.T22710836A94263302.
1033:
658:Cinclocerthia gutturalis
555:Cryptopsar ischyrhynchus
7804:Birds described in 1879
3384:(hornbills and hoopoes)
3299:(falcons and relatives)
1358:Shelley, G. E. (1900).
1174:10.5962/bhl.title.46034
1008:Rats - constituting an
834:temporomandibular joint
708:Rodriguites microcarina
700:Rodriguites microcarina
683:. In 1937, he named it
667:Hachisuka believed the
569:series of bones as the
369:Relation d'île Rodrigue
3368:(trogons and quetzals)
3180:(cranes and relatives)
2450:(emus and cassowaries)
2340:Glossary of bird terms
2152:Confuciusornithiformes
1592:Hachisuka, M. (1937).
1543:Hachisuka, M. (1953).
1496:Forbes, H. O. (1898).
1411:. Cambridge. pp.
1309:10.1098/rstl.1879.0043
1160:Leguat, F. O. (1891).
1048:
940:
815:
804:
618:World Museum Liverpool
601:
591:John Gerrard Keulemans
507:BirdLife International
407:
7776:Necropsar-rodericanus
7748:Paleobiology Database
7586:Necropsar rodericanus
7556:Necropsar rodericanus
3209:(kagu and sunbittern)
3172:(gulls and relatives)
2177:Songlingornithiformes
2142:Omnivoropterygiformes
1870:Necropsar rodericanus
1856:Necropsar rodericanus
1080:Necropsar rodericanus
981:Rodrigues night heron
934:
927:Behaviour and ecology
906:(where the secondary
810:
794:
769:white-headed starling
765:Leucopsar rothschildi
588:
515:George Ernest Shelley
486:Necropsar rodericanus
401:
295:Necropsar rodericanus
262:Necrospar rodericanus
212:Necropsar rodericanus
3031:Phoenicopteriformes
1859:at Wikimedia Commons
1804:Hume, J. P. (2014).
1014:Alexandre Guy Pingré
888:supraoccipital ridge
773:Sturnia erythropygia
748:) of Africa and the
685:Testudophaga bicolor
589:1907 restoration by
359:was marooned on the
276:Testudophaga bicolor
251:Necrospa rodericanus
3002:Mesitornithiformes
2996:(doves and pigeons)
2330:Families and orders
2192:Ichthyornithiformes
2167:Patagopterygiformes
1300:1879RSPT..168..423G
1218:Newton, A. (1875).
997:Rodrigues day gecko
977:Rodrigues scops owl
961:Rodrigues solitaire
880:interorbital septum
750:Madagascar starling
734:Creatophora cinerea
191:N. rodericanus
51:Conservation status
26:Rodrigues starling
7839:Fauna of Rodrigues
7824:Birds of Mauritius
3344:(eagles and hawks)
3244:Procellariiformes
3149:Opisthocomiformes
3118:Steatornithiformes
2345:List by population
2182:Hongshanornithidae
2107:Evolution of birds
1325:Historical Biology
941:
861:sexually dimorphic
805:
783:of these islands.
740:, rather than the
602:
581:Misidentifications
551:Mauritius starling
539:generic separation
517:used the spelling
408:
320:Mauritius starling
290:Rodrigues starling
7786:
7785:
7735:Open Tree of Life
7548:Taxon identifiers
7457:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7449:
7448:
6760:Paradoxornithidae
5854:
5853:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5080:
5079:
4833:
4832:
4466:
4465:
4173:
4172:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3497:
3496:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3230:(loons or divers)
3199:Phaethontiformes
3191:Phaethontimorphae
3141:Opisthocomiformes
3110:Caprimulgiformes
3050:
3049:
3039:Podicipediformes
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2676:
2675:
2459:
2458:
2416:Struthioniformes
2284:Waterfowl hunting
2217:Gastornithiformes
2212:Aepyornithiformes
2202:Lithornithiformes
1853:Media related to
1787:978-0-7136-6544-4
1721:Zoologica Scripta
1569:Necropsar leguati
1389:978-0-486-21869-4
1201:978-0-8014-3954-4
1146:978-1-4081-5725-1
969:Newton's parakeet
872:occipital condyle
754:Saroglossa aurata
696:Old World babbler
642:Masauji Hachisuka
630:Walter Rothschild
563:holotype specimen
415:police magistrate
402:1874 painting of
389:Fregilupus varius
286:
285:
280:
272:
258:
179:
75:
7851:
7779:
7778:
7766:
7765:
7756:
7755:
7743:
7742:
7730:
7729:
7717:
7716:
7704:
7703:
7691:
7690:
7678:
7677:
7665:
7664:
7652:
7651:
7639:
7638:
7626:
7625:
7616:
7615:
7603:
7602:
7600:C66353E1FF12E4E7
7590:
7589:
7588:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7543:
7542:
7534:
7533:
7532:
7522:
7521:
7520:
7510:
7509:
7508:
7498:
7497:
7486:
7485:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7465:
6311:
5666:
5665:
5568:
5567:
5555:
5554:
5380:
5372:
5371:
5241:
5168:
5151:
4721:
4720:
4622:
4621:
4477:
4476:
4207:
4197:
4184:
4183:
4112:
4027:
4026:
3991:
3990:
3978:
3977:
3592:
3591:
3579:
3578:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3485:
3484:
3473:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3374:Leptosomiformes
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3342:Accipitriformes
3337:
3316:
3315:(perching birds)
3308:
3300:
3292:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3236:Sphenisciformes
3231:
3210:
3202:
3181:
3173:
3170:Charadriiformes
3152:
3131:
3113:
3092:
3084:
3081:Musophagiformes
3076:
3061:
3060:
3042:
3034:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2982:
2981:
2973:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2937:
2924:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2691:
2604:
2597:
2561:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2465:
2464:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2252:Bird collections
2207:Dinornithiformes
2112:Darwin's finches
2102:Origin of flight
2042:Seabird breeding
2032:Sexual selection
1901:
1894:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1867:Data related to
1866:
1852:
1838:
1810:
1792:
1791:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1622:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1434:
1410:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1277:
1262:
1259:
1232:
1231:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1132:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1073:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1010:Invasive species
985:Rodrigues pigeon
965:Rodrigues parrot
935:Frontispiece to
844:
829:
797:life restoration
742:glossy starlings
730:wattled starling
692:Graham S. Cowles
606:Henry Ogg Forbes
474:Cambridge Museum
278:
264:
253:
228:
214:
210:
167:
160:
90:
89:
69:
63:
62:
35:
23:
22:
7859:
7858:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7789:
7788:
7787:
7782:
7774:
7769:
7761:
7759:
7751:
7746:
7738:
7733:
7725:
7720:
7712:
7707:
7699:
7694:
7686:
7681:
7673:
7668:
7660:
7655:
7647:
7642:
7634:
7629:
7621:
7619:
7611:
7606:
7598:
7593:
7584:
7583:
7578:
7569:
7568:
7563:
7550:
7540:
7530:
7528:
7518:
7516:
7506:
7504:
7492:
7480:
7470:
7468:
7460:
7458:
7445:
7419:Tephrozosterops
7341:
7258:
7231:
7211:
6974:
6954:
6934:
6830:
6754:
6734:
6714:
6659:
6569:
6444:
6417:
6247:
6233:Erythrocercidae
6227:
6207:
6012:
5943:
5903:Cryptosylvicola
5874:
5850:
5816:
5747:
5655:
5621:
5562:
5533:
5443:
5395:
5361:
5076:
4895:
4829:
4753:
4710:
4611:
4535:
4515:
4495:
4462:
4331:Campylorhynchus
4316:
4296:
4276:
4242:
4215:
4169:
4141:Ptiliogonatidae
4135:
4105:
4085:
4065:
4045:
4016:
3985:
3964:
3941:
3921:
3901:
3860:
3826:
3805:
3784:
3673:
3653:
3632:
3611:
3586:
3573:
3535:
3528:
3498:
3493:
3405:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3382:Bucerotiformes
3376:(cuckoo-roller)
3375:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3334:Cathartiformes
3320:
3314:
3306:
3305:Psittaciformes
3298:
3290:
3275:
3269:
3268:Pelecaniformes
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3214:
3208:
3207:Eurypygiformes
3200:
3185:
3179:
3171:
3156:
3150:
3135:
3129:
3111:
3096:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3046:
3040:
3032:
3017:
3011:
3010:Pterocliformes
3003:
2995:
2946:
2935:
2922:
2907:
2831:
2790:
2728:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2652:
2625:
2602:
2595:
2555:
2554:
2542:
2541:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2448:Casuariiformes
2441:
2440:Apterygiformes
2433:
2425:
2417:
2394:
2379:
2350:Lists by region
2318:
2228:
2221:
2162:Chaoyangiformes
2147:Jeholornithidae
2121:
2085:Origin of birds
2071:
2052:Brood parasites
1998:
1928:
1915:
1905:
1845:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1774:
1770:
1753:
1749:
1718:: Sturnidae)".
1708:
1704:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1663:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1613:
1609:
1590:
1586:
1563:
1556:
1541:
1537:
1521:
1517:
1494:
1490:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1452:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1376:
1369:
1356:
1352:
1321:
1317:
1278:
1265:
1260:
1235:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1185:
1181:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1133:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1005:
937:François Leguat
929:
921:tarsometatarsus
912:carpometacarpus
908:remige feathers
852:
851:
850:
849:
848:
845:
837:
836:
830:
801:Julien Tafforet
789:
722:suggested that
716:
644:suggested that
583:
422:Henry H. Slater
404:Henry H. Slater
385:hoopoe starling
377:François Leguat
357:Julien Tafforet
353:
328:Julien Tafforet
324:hoopoe starling
279:Hachisuka, 1937
219:
216:
208:
207:
194:
166:
158:
84:
76:
64:
60:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7857:
7847:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7780:
7767:
7757:
7744:
7731:
7718:
7705:
7692:
7679:
7666:
7653:
7640:
7627:
7617:
7604:
7591:
7576:
7560:
7558:
7552:
7551:
7539:
7538:
7526:
7514:
7502:
7490:
7478:
7455:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7436:
7429:
7422:
7415:
7408:
7401:
7394:
7387:
7380:
7373:
7366:
7359:
7351:
7349:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7339:
7332:
7325:
7318:
7311:
7304:
7297:
7290:
7283:
7276:
7268:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7256:
7249:
7241:
7239:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7221:
7219:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7202:
7199:Thescelocichla
7195:
7188:
7181:
7174:
7167:
7160:
7153:
7150:Phyllastrephus
7146:
7139:
7132:
7125:
7118:
7111:
7104:
7097:
7090:
7083:
7076:
7069:
7062:
7055:
7048:
7041:
7034:
7027:
7020:
7013:
7006:
6999:
6992:
6984:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6964:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6944:
6942:
6940:Phylloscopidae
6936:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6925:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6862:
6855:
6848:
6845:Gampsorhynchus
6840:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6764:
6762:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6744:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6724:
6722:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6677:
6669:
6667:
6665:Macrosphenidae
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6587:
6579:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6560:
6557:Trochalopteron
6553:
6546:
6539:
6532:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6454:
6452:
6450:Leiothrichidae
6446:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6435:
6427:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6408:
6405:Stelgidopteryx
6401:
6394:
6387:
6380:
6377:Pseudochelidon
6373:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6317:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6272:
6265:
6257:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6237:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6217:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6022:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5953:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5884:
5882:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5864:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5826:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5757:
5755:
5753:Certhilaudinae
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5674:
5672:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5631:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5588:Calamonastides
5584:
5576:
5574:
5572:Acrocephalidae
5564:
5563:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5465:Chlamydochaera
5461:
5453:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5405:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5386:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5164:
5157:
5147:
5140:
5137:Cinnyricinclus
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5090:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4843:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4763:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4729:
4727:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4628:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4485:
4483:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4306:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4203:
4192:
4190:
4188:incertae sedis
4181:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4145:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4118:
4116:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4095:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4075:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4055:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4035:
4033:
4024:
4022:Bombycilloidea
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4007:
3999:
3997:
3987:
3986:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3951:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3816:
3814:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3795:
3793:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3641:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3622:
3620:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3599:
3588:
3587:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3395:
3390:Coraciiformes
3387:
3379:
3371:
3366:Trogoniformes
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:Passeriformes
3310:
3302:
3297:Falconiformes
3294:
3289:Cariamiformes
3285:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3252:Ciconiiformes
3249:
3241:
3233:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3175:
3166:
3164:
3162:Cursorimorphae
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3069:
3067:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3027:
3025:
3023:Mirandornithes
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2994:Columbiformes
2990:
2988:
2986:Columbimorphae
2979:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2926:
2921:Meleagridinae
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2841:
2839:
2837:Odontophoridae
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2616:Stictonettinae
2613:
2611:Dendrocygninae
2608:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2564:
2562:
2545:
2532:
2489:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2412:
2410:
2396:
2395:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2364:Notable birds
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2314:Egg collecting
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2197:Hesperornithes
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:Ambiortiformes
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Enantiornithes
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1873:at Wikispecies
1860:
1844:
1843:External links
1841:
1840:
1839:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1768:
1747:
1728:(5): 469–481.
1702:
1675:
1648:
1642:978-0521113311
1641:
1607:
1584:
1554:
1535:
1524:Rothschild, W.
1515:
1488:
1466:
1450:
1429:
1395:
1388:
1367:
1350:
1315:
1263:
1233:
1207:
1200:
1179:
1152:
1145:
1114:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1004:
1001:
973:Rodrigues rail
928:
925:
846:
839:
838:
831:
824:
823:
822:
821:
820:
788:
785:
715:
712:
636:specimen of a
626:N. rodericanus
582:
579:
547:Julian P. Hume
531:James Greenway
527:Philip Sclater
523:junior synonym
478:Albert Günther
470:British Museum
352:
349:
284:
283:
282:
281:
273:
259:
245:
244:
238:
237:
230:
229:
221:
220:
217:
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77:
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55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7856:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7777:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7758:
7754:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7618:
7614:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7596:
7592:
7587:
7581:
7577:
7572:
7566:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7544:
7537:
7527:
7525:
7515:
7513:
7503:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7477:
7467:
7466:
7463:
7442:
7441:
7437:
7435:
7434:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7423:
7421:
7420:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7412:Sterrhoptilus
7409:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7384:Megazosterops
7381:
7379:
7378:
7374:
7372:
7371:
7367:
7365:
7364:
7360:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7338:
7337:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7305:
7303:
7302:
7298:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7289:
7288:
7284:
7282:
7281:
7277:
7275:
7274:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7261:
7255:
7254:
7250:
7248:
7247:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7238:
7234:
7228:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7217:Scotocercidae
7214:
7208:
7207:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7189:
7187:
7186:
7182:
7180:
7179:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7154:
7152:
7151:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7140:
7138:
7137:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7084:
7082:
7081:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7052:Calyptocichla
7049:
7047:
7046:
7042:
7040:
7039:
7035:
7033:
7032:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7024:Arizelocichla
7021:
7019:
7018:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7010:Altimastillas
7007:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6981:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6957:
6951:
6950:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6699:
6697:
6696:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6598:Cincloramphus
6595:
6593:
6592:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6575:Locustellidae
6572:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6512:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6487:Grammatoptila
6484:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6363:Psalidoprocne
6360:
6358:
6357:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6335:Petrochelidon
6332:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6262:Alopochelidon
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6242:Erythrocercus
6239:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6118:Micromacronus
6115:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5838:Heteromirafra
5835:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5735:Melanocorypha
5732:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5552:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5383:Meridiocichla
5377:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5321:Speculipastor
5318:
5316:
5315:
5314:Scissirostrum
5311:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5265:Onychognathus
5262:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5022:Myrmecocichla
5019:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4966:Heteroxenicus
4963:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4924:Campicoloides
4921:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4705:Xenocopsychus
4702:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4599:Ramphocinclus
4596:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4557:Cinclocerthia
4554:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Muscicapoidea
4469:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4401:Odontorchilus
4398:
4396:
4395:
4394:Microcerculus
4391:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4322:Troglodytidae
4319:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4302:Tichodromidae
4299:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4248:Polioptilidae
4245:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4210:Kischinskinia
4204:
4202:
4201:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4071:Hylocitreidae
4068:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4031:Bombycillidae
4028:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3866:Stenostiridae
3863:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:Picathartidae
3787:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3765:Pseudopodoces
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:Chloropseidae
3614:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3490:
3489:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3350:Strigiformes
3348:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3201:(tropicbirds)
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3123:Podargiformes
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3073:Cuculiformes
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2771:Macrocephalon
2768:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2658:Anseranatidae
2655:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2432:Tinamiformes
2430:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2408:Palaeognathae
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Pigeon racing
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2136:Archaeopteryx
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1757:Oliver, S. P.
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1699:(1803): 1–41.
1698:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1672:(1247): 1–16.
1671:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1529:Extinct Birds
1525:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1440:
1432:
1430:9780511735769
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1192:Extinct Birds
1189:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:Oliver, S. P.
1156:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1137:Extinct Birds
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
956:
952:
949:
948:
938:
933:
924:
922:
918:
913:
909:
905:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
843:
835:
828:
819:
814:
809:
802:
798:
795:Hypothetical
793:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:
721:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
654:grey trembler
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
599:
598:grey trembler
596:
592:
587:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:Edward Newton
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:George Jenner
416:
412:
405:
400:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:Alfred Newton
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
348:
344:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:
291:
277:
274:
270:
269:
263:
260:
256:
252:
249:
248:
246:
243:
239:
236:
231:
227:
222:
215:
213:
204:
201:
200:Binomial name
197:
193:
192:
186:
183:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
164:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:Passeriformes
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
88:
83:
79:
73:
67:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
24:
21:
19:
7555:
7536:Paleontology
7438:
7431:
7424:
7417:
7410:
7403:
7396:
7389:
7382:
7375:
7370:Dasycrotapha
7368:
7361:
7354:
7347:Zosteropidae
7334:
7327:
7320:
7315:Pomatorhinus
7313:
7306:
7301:Melanocichla
7299:
7292:
7287:Erythrogenys
7285:
7278:
7271:
7251:
7244:
7224:
7206:Tricholestes
7204:
7197:
7192:Stelgidillas
7190:
7183:
7176:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7127:
7120:
7113:
7106:
7099:
7092:
7085:
7078:
7071:
7064:
7059:Chlorocichla
7057:
7050:
7045:Brachypodius
7043:
7036:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6980:Pycnonotidae
6967:
6949:Phylloscopus
6947:
6927:
6922:Schoeniparus
6920:
6913:
6906:
6899:
6894:Malacopteron
6892:
6887:Malacocincla
6885:
6878:
6871:
6864:
6857:
6850:
6843:
6836:Pellorneidae
6823:
6816:
6811:Paradoxornis
6809:
6802:
6795:
6788:
6781:
6774:
6767:
6747:
6727:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6688:Macrosphenus
6686:
6679:
6672:
6652:
6645:
6638:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6603:
6596:
6589:
6582:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6520:
6513:
6506:
6501:Ianthocincla
6499:
6494:Heterophasia
6492:
6485:
6478:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6437:
6430:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6391:Pygochelidon
6389:
6384:Ptyonoprogne
6382:
6375:
6370:Pseudhirundo
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6281:
6274:
6267:
6260:
6253:Hirundinidae
6240:
6220:
6213:Donacobiidae
6200:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6048:Calamonastes
6046:
6041:Bathmocercus
6039:
6032:
6025:
6018:Cisticolidae
6005:
5998:
5991:
5986:Phyllergates
5984:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5867:
5843:
5836:
5831:Calendulauda
5829:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5776:Ammomanopsis
5774:
5767:
5760:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5700:Chersophilus
5698:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5650:Psaltriparus
5648:
5643:Leptopoecile
5641:
5634:
5627:Aegithalidae
5614:
5607:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5581:Acrocephalus
5579:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5486:Entomodestes
5484:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5436:
5429:
5424:Neocossyphus
5422:
5415:
5408:
5388:
5381:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5335:Streptocitta
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5232:
5225:
5220:Lamprotornis
5218:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5178:Goodfellowia
5176:
5169:
5159:
5152:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5095:Acridotheres
5093:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4910:Brachypteryx
4908:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4746:
4741:Cercotrichas
4739:
4732:
4716:Muscicapinae
4703:
4698:Swynnertonia
4696:
4689:
4682:
4677:Pogonocichla
4675:
4668:
4661:
4656:Cossyphicula
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4617:Muscicapidae
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4528:
4508:
4488:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4436:Thryorchilus
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4408:Pheugopedius
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4352:Cinnycerthia
4350:
4343:
4338:Cantorchilus
4336:
4329:
4309:
4289:
4271:Ramphocaenus
4269:
4262:
4255:
4235:
4228:
4208:
4198:
4187:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4128:
4121:
4098:
4091:Hypocoliidae
4078:
4058:
4038:
4009:
4002:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3875:Chelidorhynx
3873:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3819:
3811:Promeropidae
3798:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3737:Pardaliparus
3735:
3730:Melanochlora
3728:
3721:
3716:Machlolophus
3714:
3707:
3702:Cephalopyrus
3700:
3693:
3686:
3666:
3646:
3625:
3604:
3567:Infraorder:
3486:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3360:(mousebirds)
3358:Coliiformes
3228:Gaviiformes
3220:Aequornithes
3128:Apodiformes
3089:Otidiformes
3065:Otidimorphae
3012:(sandgrouse)
2934:Phasianinae
2900:
2893:
2886:
2881:Odontophorus
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2719:Oreophasinae
2665:
2645:
2638:
2543:(waterfowls)
2539:Anseriformes
2289:Cockfighting
2274:Conservation
2269:Bird feeding
2257:Birdwatching
2247:Ornithomancy
2187:Gansuiformes
2134:
2127:Fossil birds
2017:Intelligence
1869:
1855:
1818:
1812:
1777:
1771:
1761:
1750:
1725:
1719:
1716:Acridotheres
1715:
1711:
1705:
1694:
1678:
1667:
1651:
1618:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1406:
1398:
1379:
1360:
1353:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1291:
1285:
1227:
1223:
1191:
1182:
1165:
1155:
1136:
1105:. Retrieved
1091:
1085:
1079:
1042:
1025:
1022:
1006:
957:
953:
947:Cylindraspis
945:
942:
900:
868:frontal bone
865:
853:
816:
811:
806:
772:
764:
758:
753:
746:Lamprotornis
745:
737:
733:
723:
717:
707:
699:
689:
684:
672:
666:
657:
649:
645:
637:
625:
613:
609:
603:
554:
542:
534:
518:
512:
497:
493:
489:
485:
409:
388:
373:Île Gombrani
368:
354:
345:
336:Île Gombrani
294:
293:
289:
287:
275:
266:
261:
250:
233:Location of
211:
206:
190:
189:
175:, 1879 vide
162:
161:
20:
18:
7683:iNaturalist
7580:Wikispecies
7440:Zosterornis
7356:Apalopteron
7322:Spelaeornis
7157:Poliolophus
7129:Microtarsus
6960:Pnoepygidae
6915:Ptilocichla
6852:Graminicola
6818:Rhopophilus
6720:Nicatoridae
6702:Sphenoeacus
6654:Schoenicola
6612:Helopsaltes
6605:Elaphrornis
6584:Bradypterus
6550:Pterorhinus
6543:Montecincla
6439:Pholidornis
6412:Tachycineta
6349:Phedinopsis
6328:Orochelidon
6314:Miochelidon
6188:Schistolais
6181:Scepomycter
6139:Oreophilais
6069:Drymocichla
6055:Camaroptera
5938:Xanthomixis
5880:Bernieridae
5860:Alcippeidae
5811:Ramphocoris
5804:Pinarocorys
5797:Eremopterix
5790:Chersomanes
5783:Certhilauda
5693:Calandrella
5401:Myadestinae
5206:Hartlaubius
5144:Creatophora
5123:Arizelopsar
5043:Pinarochroa
5036:Phoenicurus
4901:Saxicolinae
4876:Leucoptilon
4803:Melaenornis
4759:Muscicapini
4691:Stiphrornis
4663:Dessonornis
4635:Chamaetylas
4626:Erithacinae
4592:Oreoscoptes
4521:Elachuridae
4450:Troglodytes
4443:Thryothorus
4429:Thryophilus
4387:Hylorchilus
4380:Henicorhina
4366:Cyphorhinus
4359:Cistothorus
4179:Certhioidea
4164:Ptiliogonys
4157:Phainoptila
4150:Phainopepla
4123:Chaetoptila
3983:Muscicapida
3958:Passeroidea
3947:Passeroidea
3936:See below ↓
3916:See below ↓
3907:Muscicapida
3841:Anthoscopus
3800:Picathartes
3723:Melaniparus
3709:Lophophanes
3596:Chaetopidae
3488:WikiProject
3398:Piciformes
3281:Australaves
3260:Suliformes
3178:Gruiformes
3033:(flamingos)
2942:Tetraoninae
2913:Phasianidae
2902:Rhynchortyx
2867:Dactylortyx
2734:Megapodidae
2724:Penelopinae
2682:Galliformes
2424:Rheiformes
2418:(ostriches)
2368:individuals
2242:Ornithology
2229:interaction
1984:Preen gland
1821:(1): 1–75.
1798:Works cited
1475:Hume, J. P.
1294:: 423–437.
1107:19 November
917:tibiotarsus
904:quill knobs
876:eye sockets
799:, based on
787:Description
720:Dean Amadon
704:nomen nudum
669:carnivorous
650:Orphanopsar
498:rodericanus
302:species of
7793:Categories
7771:Xeno-canto
7524:Madagascar
7391:Parayuhina
7363:Cleptornis
7273:Cyanoderma
7264:Timaliidae
7226:Scotocerca
7164:Pycnonotus
7094:Hypsipetes
7073:Euptilotus
7017:Andropadus
7003:Alophoixus
6989:Acritillas
6908:Pellorneum
6866:Illadopsis
6859:Gypsophila
6695:Melocichla
6681:Cryptillas
6619:Locustella
6459:Actinodura
6321:Neophedina
6290:Cheramoeca
6222:Donacobius
6195:Spiloptila
6160:Phyllolais
6153:Phragmacia
6146:Orthotomus
6097:Hypergerus
6034:Artisornis
5958:Abroscopus
5931:Thamnornis
5910:Hartertula
5896:Crossleyia
5822:Mirafrinae
5742:Spizocorys
5714:Eremophila
5707:Eremalauda
5636:Aegithalos
5595:Chloropeta
5560:Sylvioidea
5500:Hylocichla
5472:Cichlopsis
5438:Stizorhina
5390:Pinarornis
5349:Sturnornis
5328:Spodiopsar
5307:Saroglossa
5293:Rhabdornis
5258:Notopholia
5171:Fregilupus
5154:Cryptopsar
5130:Basilornis
5109:Ampeliceps
5064:Thamnolaea
4987:Leonardina
4959:Heinrichia
4938:Emarginata
4931:Cinclidium
4855:Cyanoptila
4839:Niltavinae
4817:Namibornis
4782:Empidornis
4725:Copsychini
4684:Sheppardia
4642:Cichladusa
4481:Buphagidae
4422:Thryomanes
4415:Salpinctes
4311:Tichodroma
4264:Polioptila
4257:Microbates
4221:Certhiidae
4100:Hypocolius
4080:Hylocitrea
4040:Bombycilla
3927:Sylvioidea
3896:Stenostira
3882:Culicicapa
3779:Sylviparus
3772:Sittiparus
3688:Baeolophus
3638:Hyliotidae
3627:Chloropsis
3561:Suborder:
3532:passerides
3530:Genera of
3238:(penguins)
3091:(bustards)
2929:Perdicinae
2874:Dendrortyx
2846:Callipepla
2778:Megapodius
2743:Aepypodius
2621:Tadorninae
2603:true geese
2434:(tinamous)
2393:Neornithes
2304:Pheasantry
2279:Aviculture
2047:Incubation
2037:Lek mating
1684:Amadon, D.
1657:Amadon, D.
1604:: 211–213.
1485:: 129–144.
1188:Fuller, E.
1061:References
1003:Extinction
995:, and the
983:, and the
832:Skull and
781:vegetation
777:topography
767:) and the
673:Fregilupus
662:Martinique
646:N. leguati
634:albinistic
622:Madagascar
614:N. leguati
595:albinistic
543:Fregilupus
535:Fregilupus
466:metatarsus
450:metacarpus
363:island of
314:island of
7844:Sturnidae
7433:Zosterops
7329:Stachyris
7237:Sylviidae
7136:Neolestes
7031:Baeopogon
6901:Napothera
6880:Laticilla
6776:Chrysomma
6740:Panuridae
6709:Sylvietta
6674:Achaetops
6647:Robsonius
6633:Megalurus
6591:Catriscus
6564:Turdoides
6529:Liocichla
6522:Leiothrix
6515:Leioptila
6508:Laniellus
6269:Atronanus
6167:Poliolais
6090:Euryptila
6083:Eremomela
6062:Cisticola
6007:Urosphena
6000:Tickellia
5972:Hemitesia
5949:Cettiidae
5889:Bernieria
5769:Ammomanes
5670:Alaudinae
5661:Alaudidae
5602:Hippolais
5507:Ridgwayia
5493:Geokichla
5417:Myadestes
5286:Poeoptera
5251:Neocichla
5244:Necropsar
5227:Leucopsar
5192:Gracupica
5086:Sturnidae
5071:Vauriella
5015:Myophonus
5001:Monticola
4980:Larvivora
4890:Sholicola
4810:Muscicapa
4796:Humblotia
4775:Bradornis
4748:Copsychus
4670:Erithacus
4606:Toxostoma
4578:Melanotis
4571:Margarops
4564:Dumetella
4501:Cinclidae
4345:Catherpes
4237:Salpornis
4200:Certhiops
4004:Corthylio
3995:Regulidae
3848:Auriparus
3832:Remizidae
3821:Promerops
3751:Periparus
3695:Cyanistes
3584:Passerida
3569:Passerida
3543:Kingdom:
3307:(parrots)
3151:(hoatzin)
3102:Strisores
3083:(turacos)
3075:(cuckoos)
3004:(mesites)
2923:(turkeys)
2895:Philortyx
2812:Agelastes
2805:Acryllium
2796:Numididae
2785:Talegalla
2695:gamebirds
2688:landfowls
2667:Anseranas
2631:Anhimidae
2590:Anserinae
2373:fictional
2095:dinosaurs
2090:Theropoda
2077:Evolution
2022:Migration
2004:Behaviour
1500:Necropsar
1439:cite book
1345:128901896
818:similar.
761:Bali myna
714:Evolution
638:Necropsar
610:Necropsar
571:lectotype
559:passerine
426:limestone
411:Subfossil
365:Rodrigues
361:Mascarene
340:Subfossil
316:Rodrigues
312:Mascarene
306:that was
235:Rodrigues
184:Species:
163:Necropsar
149:Sturnidae
105:Kingdom:
99:Eukaryota
42:lectotype
7727:22710836
7701:11113171
7613:22710836
7608:BirdLife
7565:Wikidata
7405:Staphida
7308:Mixornis
7294:Macronus
7185:Spizixos
7178:Setornis
7171:Rubigula
7115:Ixonotus
7080:Eurillas
7066:Criniger
6969:Pnoepyga
6929:Turdinus
6804:Myzornis
6797:Moupinia
6790:Lioparus
6783:Fulvetta
6640:Poodytes
6480:Garrulax
6423:Hyliidae
6297:Delichon
6283:Cecropis
6276:Atticora
6132:Oreolais
6125:Neomixis
6111:Malcorus
5979:Horornis
5917:Oxylabes
5721:Galerida
5686:Alaudala
5616:Nesillas
5528:Zoothera
5458:Catharus
5449:Turdinae
5410:Grandala
5367:Turdidae
5213:Hylopsar
5199:Grafisia
5102:Agropsar
5057:Tarsiger
5050:Saxicola
5029:Oenanthe
5008:Myiomela
4994:Luscinia
4952:Ficedula
4945:Enicurus
4917:Calliope
4848:Anthipes
4789:Fraseria
4768:Agricola
4649:Cossypha
4530:Elachura
4490:Buphagus
4457:Uropsila
4373:Ferminia
4282:Sittidae
4114:Mohoidae
3659:Irenidae
3606:Chaetops
3551:Chordata
3549:Phylum:
3545:Animalia
3452:Category
3326:Afroaves
3254:(storks)
3056:Passerea
3041:(grebes)
2977:Columbea
2888:Oreortyx
2860:Cyrtonyx
2750:Alectura
2714:Cracinae
2706:Cracidae
2583:Oxyurini
2573:Aythyini
2568:Anatinae
2552:Anatidae
2299:Falconry
2262:big year
2117:Seabirds
2027:Foraging
1974:Feathers
1835:25112426
1742:56403448
1686:(1956).
1659:(1943).
1581:: 31–42.
1526:(1907).
1512:: 28–35.
1331:(2): 1.
1230:: 39–43.
1190:(2001).
896:parietal
892:biventer
519:Necrospa
502:binomial
472:and the
442:coracoid
434:mandible
351:Taxonomy
322:and the
304:starling
298:) is an
242:Synonyms
145:Family:
119:Chordata
115:Phylum:
109:Animalia
95:Domain:
72:IUCN 3.1
7763:2337633
7740:3598608
7675:2489095
7662:1052511
7649:rodsta2
7623:rodsta2
7595:Avibase
7571:Q264854
7500:Biology
7488:Animals
7462:Portals
7336:Timalia
7280:Dumetia
7246:Curruca
7087:Hemixos
6996:Alcurus
6873:Kenopia
6825:Suthora
6769:Chamaea
6749:Panurus
6729:Nicator
6398:Riparia
6342:Phedina
6304:Hirundo
6202:Urolais
5869:Alcippe
5845:Mirafra
5762:Alaemon
5728:Lullula
5514:Ixoreus
5356:Sturnus
5342:Sturnia
5300:Sarcops
5185:Gracula
5116:Aplonis
4883:Niltava
4869:Eumyias
4862:Cyornis
4824:Sigelus
4550:Allenia
4541:Mimidae
4510:Cinclus
4230:Certhia
4051:Dulidae
4011:Regulus
3889:Elminia
3758:Poecile
3679:Paridae
3648:Hyliota
3563:Passeri
3555:Class:
3464:Commons
2968:Neoaves
2853:Colinus
2819:Guttera
2757:Eulipoa
2578:Mergini
2442:(kiwis)
2426:(rheas)
2237:Ringing
2062:Hybrids
2057:Nesting
2012:Singing
1989:Plumage
1964:Dactyly
1934:Anatomy
1924:Outline
1914:: Aves)
1814:Zootaxa
1759:(ed.).
1712:Sturnus
1296:Bibcode
1164:(ed.).
1027:Aplonis
884:rostrum
857:maxilla
738:Sturnus
725:Sturnus
677:corvids
660:) from
600:(right)
567:syntype
446:humerus
438:sternum
430:cranium
393:Réunion
310:to the
308:endemic
300:extinct
255:Shelley
209:†
188:†
169:Günther
155:Genus:
135:Order:
125:Class:
70: (
66:Extinct
7760:uBio:
7753:370954
7714:561475
7512:Africa
7426:Yuhina
7377:Heleia
7253:Sylvia
7108:Ixodia
6356:Progne
6174:Prinia
6104:Incana
6076:Eminia
6027:Apalis
5965:Cettia
5924:Randia
5679:Alauda
5521:Turdus
5479:Cochoa
5431:Sialia
5279:Pholia
5272:Pastor
5161:Enodes
4973:Irania
4734:Alethe
3476:Portal
3352:(owls)
2826:Numida
2764:Leipoa
2647:Chauna
2640:Anhima
2335:Genera
2309:Imping
2227:Human
2067:Colony
1994:Vision
1979:Flight
1833:
1784:
1740:
1639:
1427:
1415:–100.
1386:
1343:
1198:
1143:
991:, the
979:, the
975:, the
971:, the
963:, the
681:chough
490:Nekros
464:, and
268:lapsus
257:, 1900
177:Slater
173:Newton
171:&
7696:IRMNG
7688:15039
7644:eBird
7636:747F6
7620:BOW:
7476:Birds
7398:Rukia
7038:Bleda
6626:Malia
6536:Minla
6473:Cutia
6466:Argya
6432:Hylia
5993:Tesia
5609:Iduna
4585:Mimus
4291:Sitta
4060:Dulus
3855:Remiz
3744:Parus
3668:Irena
2596:swans
2558:ducks
2528:fowls
2323:Lists
1947:Brain
1912:class
1908:Birds
1809:(PDF)
1738:S2CID
1691:(PDF)
1664:(PDF)
1627:–89.
1341:S2CID
1034:Notes
541:from
462:tibia
458:femur
332:islet
7722:IUCN
7709:ITIS
7670:GBIF
7122:Ixos
7101:Iole
5234:Mino
4130:Moho
3956:See
3557:Aves
1969:Eggs
1957:milk
1952:Crop
1942:Beak
1831:PMID
1819:3849
1782:ISBN
1714:and
1637:ISBN
1445:link
1425:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1228:1875
1196:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1109:2021
1092:2016
779:and
494:psar
492:and
480:and
454:ulna
288:The
129:Aves
40:The
7657:EoL
7631:CoL
7143:Nok
1823:doi
1730:doi
1629:doi
1579:125
1417:doi
1333:doi
1304:doi
1292:168
1170:doi
1096:doi
334:of
7795::
7773::
7750::
7737::
7724::
7711::
7698::
7685::
7672::
7659::
7646::
7633::
7610::
7597::
7582::
7567::
1829:.
1817:.
1811:.
1736:.
1726:37
1724:.
1693:.
1666:.
1635:.
1602:50
1600:.
1596:.
1577:.
1573:.
1557:^
1547:or
1508:.
1504:.
1483:12
1481:.
1453:^
1441:}}
1437:{{
1423:.
1413:90
1370:^
1339:.
1329:27
1327:.
1302:.
1290:.
1284:.
1266:^
1236:^
1226:.
1222:.
1210:^
1117:^
1090:.
1084:.
1068:^
1020:.
999:.
967:,
698:,
664:.
612:,
488:;
460:,
456:,
452:,
448:,
444:,
440:,
436:,
432:,
395:.
338:.
7464::
6310:†
5379:†
5240:†
5167:†
5150:†
4206:†
4196:†
4111:†
3813:?
3792:?
3640:?
3619:?
3598:?
3523:e
3516:t
3509:v
2697:)
2690:-
2686:(
2560:)
2556:(
2530:)
2526:(
2522:e
2520:a
2518:r
2516:e
2514:s
2512:n
2510:a
2508:o
2506:l
2504:l
2502:a
2500:G
2487:e
2485:a
2483:h
2481:t
2479:a
2477:n
2475:g
2473:o
2471:e
2469:N
1910:(
1900:e
1893:t
1886:v
1837:.
1825::
1790:.
1744:.
1732::
1645:.
1631::
1625:5
1510:1
1502:"
1447:)
1433:.
1419::
1392:.
1347:.
1335::
1312:.
1306::
1298::
1204:.
1176:.
1172::
1149:.
1111:.
1098::
1082:"
1078:"
1053:"
771:(
763:(
752:(
744:(
732:(
656:(
553:(
387:(
292:(
271:)
265:(
159:†
74:)
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