Rockstar North - Knowledge

29: 1317: 2137: 1138:. To showcase this technology, he devised a game that saw the player control a dinosaur and destroy the city. After adding cars to make the scene more lively, a colleague suggested having the player drive these cars instead. Jones took notice of Dailly's project and passed it to a team that should turn it into a game. The Liaison and Promotion Company, which had taken on marketing for DMA Design and its games in July 1993, presented the studio with potential partners for the project. Jones consequently presented a prototype of the game, which became known as 8370: 531: 1729: 9389: 780: 1709:, in February 2000. Under Take-Two, DMA Design ceased creating several games at once and was instead made to focus on only few large projects at a time. Many staffers felt at odds with this shift, as it diminished the prior atmosphere they felt was driven by creativity. The publisher closed the Dundee studio in March 2000, relocating many of the 35 staffers to Edinburgh and laying off the rest. The move was intended to be part of a merger between DMA Design, Rockstar Games, and the 38: 1713:-based Pixel Broadband Studios, which Take-Two was acquiring at the time, under the combined brand of "Broadband Studios". Pixel Broadband Studios was developing online-focused game technology, such that the combined Broadband Studios would have increasingly focused on this market. However, the merger was quickly cancelled and DMA Design was instead integrated more closely with Rockstar Games. Jim Woods, who had become the DMA Design's 8399: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1319: 8387: 1324: 2110:. Rockstar North's 360 employees formed the core of a more than 1,000-strong team worldwide, including several other Rockstar Games studios. The core development took roughly three years, and the game was released in September 2013. The game broke the records for the best-selling and highest-grossing video game within one day and the fastest entertainment property to reach 1321: 1192:. With the acquired funds, DMA Design intended to expand its offices and increase its 40-strong headcount with 42 additional hires, quickly growing to 130 people. The company took over an additional 5,000 square feet (460 m) of office space and expanded to two adjacent buildings, therein also setting up a 1309:—that the studio perceived as unnecessary bureaucracy. Additionally, the company required that DMA Design began finishing games as quickly as possible, as opposed to Jones's prior methodology of releasing a game only once it is good. Jones received a 5% stake in Gremlin Interactive and became a member of its 2213:

following his departure. In the suit, he claimed that the Houser brothers had persuaded him to take a six-month sabbatical and fired his son and several friends during this absence. As Benzies tried to return after the planned end of his sabbatical in April 2015, his building access had been disabled

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was torn between differing demands from Nintendo and its American branch. The team sought to keep up its relationship with Nintendo and caved in to these demands. Despite stark changes to the game's design, Nintendo was dissatisfied with the result and cancelled the game. Still in financial disarray

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in relation to the deal with BMG Interactive. The judge opined that the marketing firm had been pivotal in the deal being reached and that DMA Design had taken a "rather cynical action" by excluding it from the negotiations. He therefore asserted that the actions did constitute breach of contract,

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Games will always be here. ... If you do good games, they'll always sell well. What I like is that people are not daft anymore. ... There was a time when you could sell anything in this business. Anything. That was more disappointing – when the business was bigger it was because of that.

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console, which was then called Project Reality. DMA Design signed a two-game contract—worth several million pounds—and joined Nintendo's "Dream Team" of external partners. When this partnership was announced in April 1994, DMA Design was only Nintendo's second partner for the platform. Using these

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building, built in 1893, is sometimes called the Wee Pink Nethergate House. When DMA Design inaugurated its office there on 1 August 1989, the ground floor housed Gooseberry Bush, a children's clothing store. The studio continued to expand, also hiring many students to work part-time. In 1990, DMA

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could be smaller and challenged himself to create eight-pixel-high characters. He spent a lunch break hour building a showcase animation of such characters walking in a line and being killed comically, to the amusement of the office. Kay remarked that a game could be created from this. Jones

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reused its predecessor's engine, such that the programmers were not engaged until six months before the end of the production, and lessons learned from the previous development cycle allowed the designers to plan features more efficiently. In the meantime, the programmers worked on bringing

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would be a bigger hit. With DMA Design struggling financially, Jones kept agreeing to game projects solely to receive sign-on bonuses and with no plans to complete them. At one point, the studio had seven or eight projects in development at the same time. In the latter half of 1996,

1682:. Jones was the last member of the original DMA Design team to work on this game. However, unhappy with his studio being owned by an overseas company and failing to see eye-to-eye with Take-Two, he departed the company in early 2000. With three other DMA Design employees, he formed 756:, for which he engaged Dailly and Hammond. In his search for a company name to replace the already taken "Acme", Jones discussed alternatives with the members of the DIT's computer club in 1988. Among others, "Milliard", "Visual Voyage", and "Alias Smith and Jones" (in reference to 603:

The college also hosted the Kingsway Amateur Computer Club (KACC), where attendees—including Timex employees and local youths—had to bring their computers, usually ZX Spectrum machines. Jones was the oldest member at the KACC, where he soon befriended Steve Hammond and Russell Kay.

3552: 767:" in Amiga manuals but carried no meaning in the company name. While "Direct Mind Access" was official briefly, Jones eventually began stating that the abbreviation was short for "Doesn't Mean Anything". He formally founded DMA Design in 1988, when he was 22 years old. 1545:

were released in late 1998 but were scarcely marketed, leading to meagre sales. Houser and some of his former BMG Interactive colleagues formed Rockstar Games as a publishing label for Take-Two in December 1998. The newborn company commissioned its internal studio,

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formally entered into production in March 1995. The development team consisted mostly of recent graduates with little development experience, with Hamilton as the lead programmer. As such, the team was highly unorganised and struggled with the development until

1867:, a stealth game, was released in 2003 after roughly three years in development. Due to its dark tone and focus on realistic violence, it was handled as the studio's pet project as most people at Rockstar Games wanted no part in it. Rockstar North assisted 2265:, all Rockstar Games studios pooled their resources to act as one team. Rockstar North had grown to 650 employees by the time of the game's October 2018 release. In July 2021, Rockstar North bought Barclay House, where it had become the sole tenant, for 1318: 1154:

contract in March 1995, wherein the studio would develop four games for the publisher. According to The Liaison and Promotion Company, Jones had not informed the firm of the impending deal, instead claiming he would partner with another company. such as

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upon Kay's suggestion and released in February 1991. It sold 55,000 copies on its first day and was swiftly brought to other regions and platforms. Jon Dye, another former KACC attendee, was hired later that year to bring the game to the ZX Spectrum.

812:, the difficulty of Jones's university programme spiked, leading him to drop out and pursue game development full-time, against the advice of his professors. He intended to return after one year but never finished his studies, eventually receiving an 2237:

and described Benzies's claims as "entirely without merit and in many instances downright bizarre". The claim asserted that, because Benzies had departed Rockstar North without a good cause, he was not entitled to any additional compensation. The

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concurred and thought of a design in which the player should prevent the characters from being killed. Kay wrote a demo before it was passed on to Dailly and later to Jones, who worked out the gameplay foundations with Timmons. The game was named

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he had received for Christmas. He was the youngest attendee at 14 years old. The quartet bonded over their shared interest in creating games instead of playing or copying existing ones. During their time at the KACC, Dailly and Hammond developed

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in debt. The acquisition was announced on 29 September and DMA Design was aligned with Rockstar Games, which Houser described as a "perfect match". During these ownership and managerial changes, several projects were cancelled, including

5395: 1505:, and a sequel was soon greenlit. Bertelsmann considered BMG Interactive's operations too expensive and decided to ramp down the division entirely. At the same time, Ryan Brant was looking to grow the publishing business of his company, 1451:, and Visual Sciences. In academics, Jones helped the Dundee Institute of Technology (now called the University of Abertay Dundee) to establish the world-first computer games degree in November 1997, and DMA Design developed games for a 1758:

in late 2001, it became the best-selling game of that year, as well as the second-best in 2002. The game sold 6 million copies within one year and more than 15 million in total, exceeding the development team's expectations.

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Houser subsequently moved over to Take-Two as its "vice president of worldwide product development", in charge of internal and external development studios. The company also incrementally purchased all individual publishing rights for

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partially dismissed Benzies's lawsuit in April 2018 because the profit-sharing agreement did not guarantee equal pay for the Rockstar Principals, although he remained entitled to some royalties. Take-Two later accused Benzies of

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although the damages were to be assessed in another hearing. Also in 1997, DMA Design was one of the founding members of the Scottish Game Alliance, alongside Creative Edge, Digital Animations, Inner Workings, Red Lemon Studios,

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employees from Rockstar North for his newer studio, Royal Circus Games, and argued that the company's name and trademark had been deliberately chosen to have consumers confuse the two entities. Royal Circus Games was renamed

1746:, DMA Design again expanded rapidly, forming a core team of 20 people for the game and engaging "dozens more" in some capacity. The total team encompassed 60 people. The team retained the focus on a mostly unconstrained 652:(DIT). Hammond also attended the DIT, and all four soon joined its computer club. Because Jones easily passed the course's first year, he had much time to learn to programme for the Amiga and spent one year creating the 8336: 6809: 1638:, published by Rockstar Games, was released in October 1999 and quickly sold more than 1 million copies, the first Take-Two game to do so. Shortly thereafter, DMA Design established a satellite studio in the 4343: 7798: 1159:. DMA Design and The Liaison and Promotion Company then severed ties just before the deal with BMG Interactive was finalised, such that DMA Design refused to pay the marketing firm its share of the deal. 6460: 3680: 969:

By November 1992, DMA Design had grown to 22 staff, of which 10 were former classmates of Jones, and relocated to proper offices at the Dundee Technology Park. As Kay left DMA Design in 1993 to form

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was released in October 1988 after 18 months of development. It was DMA Design's debut game and the first game under Psygnosis's Psyclapse label for budget-priced games. Although Jones only received

7570: 3857: 830:, was released in April 1989. It sold 40,000 copies. Gary Timmons joined the studio shortly after the game was completed, while Dailly developed its Commodore 64 version and began working on a 4846: 7831: 8277: 1732:

The "DMA Man" was DMA Design's longest-running logo. Designed by Stuart Graham, it was adopted in 1994 after winning an internal design competition and replaced in 2001 for the release of

4238: 2057:. At the 2008 Spike Video Game Awards, the game won "game of the year" and earned Rockstar North a nomination for "best studio". The studio followed the game up with two expansion packs— 8144: 7732: 1831:. In March 2002, DMA Design was renamed Rockstar Studios, which Houser described as the studio's "final integration" with Rockstar Games. The name was revised to Rockstar North in May. 1577:. During this year, Dailly left the company to join Kay at Visual Sciences as its head of research and development. Under the new ownership, Gremlin Interactive published DMA Design's 6769: 2148:

In 2014, Rockstar North took over 75,000 square feet (7,000 m) of office space in Barclay House on Holyrood Road in Edinburgh. The studio replaced as tenants the newspaper group

1509:. After coming across BMG Interactive, Houser pitched his vision for game development to Brant. As a result, Take-Two acquired BMG Interactive, since dormant, for 1.85 million 3608: 596:, which had boosted interest in hobbyist programming in the area. Timex employees could buy subsidised ZX Spectrum units, and the company paid for programming courses at the local 8075: 7699: 5539: 3284: 1835:

was completed in one year and released in late 2002. For its work on the game, Rockstar North won the "best in-house development studio" and "creativity" awards at the first

8211: 816:. Jones soon began hiring his friends: Dailly, who had just been expelled from college, became the first employee in 1989 and began working on a Commodore 64 conversion of 8326: 7633: 7356: 7118: 1234:

also stalled, and Nintendo cancelled the former following the low sales of the Super NES Mouse. Furthermore, the American division of BMG Interactive regularly pushed for

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outfitting all rooms with high-end devices. The partnership also led DMA Design to cease developing for the 3DO. The studio steered clear of other consoles, like the

8009: 5481: 5232: 5195: 4600: 1301:. It also expected DMA Design to become profitable within two years of the acquisition. Gremlin Interactive introduced several project management methods—including 10307: 5886: 5269: 5104: 4167: 3744: 7788: 6226: 3996: 977:. This entry focused on larger, more detailed lemmings, which Hamilton and Jones later believed diminished the game's charm. In the same year, Psygnosis released 820:. Hammond joined second on a part-time time basis as he continued his education, followed shortly by Kay and Brian Watson, one of Jones's university friends. The 7900: 7426: 4567: 4067: 7940: 7765: 7666: 6450: 4271: 7867: 3670: 7973: 7562: 7537: 7085: 5140: 5027: 4953: 6911: 6725: 5571: 4918: 10317: 6628: 448:

game presented fully in 3D, was released in 2001 and sold 6 million units in one year. Considered genre-defining, the game gave rise to a number of

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and wanting his company to focus on game development, Jones arranged for Gremlin Graphics (since renamed Gremlin Interactive) to acquire DMA Design for

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to be cancelled because the team kept missing development milestones. The game was never the sole focus of the studio, and several staffers believed

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to purchase Gremlin Interactive, with DMA Design sold to Take-Two in September 1999. The studio was aligned with Rockstar Games, which soon released

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clip running on the SNES, something previously believed impossible. At the time, the company was seeking development partners for its upcoming

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s approach to 3D open worlds has been referred to as genre-defining and inspired a number of successful titles, also spawning the category of

347:, Steve Hammond, and Russell Kay, whom he had met at the Kingsway Amateur Computer Club—and opened the company's first offices above a former 9922: 9857: 4879: 4448: 1587:

in June. As Infogrames was more conservative and sought to produce child-friendly games, it did not wish to hold on to any assets related to

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and eventually leave Take-Two. Additionally, Benzies accused Sam Houser of having built a sexually charged culture and ineptly handling the

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sued Nintendo over perceived similarities between the game's characters and the unicycle protagonist from Pixar's 1987 animated short film

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ordered him off the premises. The lawsuit stated that the three "Rockstar Principals"—himself and the Houser brothers—had established a

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by 2018, making it the most profitable entertainment product of all time. Its 200 million copies sold as of March 2024 make it the

7689: 7207:"Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. Recommendation of the Board of Directors to Reject Electronic Arts Inc.'s Tender Offer March 2008" 7206: 4344:"'We were basically The Big Bang Theory but 30 years ago': the Dundee developers who became Scottish video game legends with Lemmings" 931:

luxury cars. The company rapidly expanded and began working on several additional projects. As Psygnosis sought DMA Design to produce

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for the Commodore Plus/4, which they finished and sold to the publisher Cascade for "a modest fee", while Jones and Kay cooperated on

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in September 2014. He did not return and was announced as having left Rockstar North in January 2016. Garbut and Rob Nelson, both

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had 20 million lifetime sales across 21 platforms. At 25 years old, Jones became a millionaire and subsequently bought two

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did not make adequate progress after one year of work by the freelance programmer Tony Colgan. Jones further put aside his game

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As Sinclair Research's market share dropped significantly during 1986, the Dundee Timex plant enacted layoffs. Jones accepted a

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funds, the studio grew to occupy 2,500 square feet (230 m) of office space at the Dundee Technology Park and spent around

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since 2009. In response, Rockstar Games stated that the tax credits had enabled higher investments into the country, while

7999: 6947: 5295: 2273:. During 2022, the studio grew to occupy an additional 11,577 square feet (1,075.5 m) of office space in the latter. 1376:

for GT Interactive. In March 1999, the studio was acquired and absorbed by the developer VR-1, also based in Boulder. The

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in 2006. By 2008, they had attained sales of 14.5 million, 17.5 million, and 21.5 million, respectively.

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in 2012, Rockstar North assisted a number of other Rockstar Games studios collectively credited as "Rockstar Studios".

1836: 1358:, he left DMA Design to work on the remake in a freelance position, which he later said he regretted "ever since". The 557: 539: 316: 135: 7412: 4559: 9850: 6660: 5453:"Online Game Developer VR-1, Inc. Acquires Two Console Game Developers to Expand into the Online Console Game Market" 5162: 4057: 1990:, and Benzies was interested in furthering the idea. The studio was split evenly between the two projects, although 8572: 3025: 2159: 2125: 1399:

and shut down the American division of BMG Interactive. In its place, the release in North America was licensed to

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were the most enthusiastic about the game and quickly agreed to publish it. However, after it was showcased in the

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at the studio, Psygnosis hired other developers for subsequent entries. Among them, Kay and Visual Sciences made

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for every copy sold, which he retrospectively viewed as a "terrible" deal, the 20,000 sales allowed him to buy a

576:. In 1983, after leaving school, he took up an apprenticeship at the local plant of the electronics manufacturer 7963: 7527: 7075: 5130: 5017: 4943: 2140:

From 2004 to 2014, Rockstar North occupied offices at Calton Square, 1 Greenside Row, Edinburgh; at the foot of

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Acorn Archimedes, Amiga, Atari ST, FM Towns, Game Boy, Mega Drive, MS-DOS, Super Nintendo Entertainment System

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in 2018, and the listing was removed from Rockstar Games's website in 2021. Rockstar North worked closely with

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The Deep Sea, lent him a small office space above the shop's former location at 134B Nethergate in Dundee. The

649: 6618: 6118: 3950: 1898:. By the end of the game's production, Rockstar North had relocated to offices on Calton Square in Edinburgh. 1313:. He subsequently moved into the creative director role for DMA Design. In May, the studio had 100 employees. 9568: 9066: 8972: 8822: 8528: 8500: 7238: 5677: 5641: 4194: 2890: 2629: 2473: 1943: 1886: 1558: 1552: 1469: 1259:

to BMG Interactive to help keep the studio afloat. In November 1996, DMA Design opened a satellite studio in

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A few months after an Edinburgh branch was established for DMA Design, the prior Dundee location was closed.

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for several projects, many of which stalled or were cancelled. Jones sold the financially stricken studio to

358: 6800:"Rockstar once planned a zombie island survival game using GTA: Vice City code, but it was too "depressing"" 1091:. The judge ruled in Pixar's favour and the two companies agreed that Nintendo would case the production of 10003: 9843: 8723: 8645: 8424: 6318: 4803: 2691: 1793: 1226:

progressed slowly and faced numerous delays, such that it missed its intended launch with the Nintendo 64.

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franchise made by Colgan after requesting a second chance from Jones. The game featured a young version of

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car and regularly visit the Psygnosis offices to meet other game developers. While working on a sequel to

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and was in production for around one month before the concept lost traction at the studio. The studio's

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in revenue at three days. With continuing sales and the success of its online multiplayer counterpart,

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s artist) were floated, and Jones finally settled on "DMA Design". The abbreviation "DMA" stood for "

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member Tony Smith, with whom he communicated by post, and sounds Dailly and Hammond recorded from a

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was released in November 1997 and, despite mixed reviews, quickly sold 500,000 units and generated

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as he found he could not achieve his vision for it and stopped working on the Monster Cartridge, a

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hired him to lead its new Scotland operations. Jones bought out these operations in 2002 to form

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studio that found little usage. Another section housed DMA Music with seven full-time musicians.

669: 8327:"Contrasting fortunes for Edinburgh and Glasgow office markets in 2022 after end-of-year flurry" 6760:"Ex-Rockstar North dev spills on Agent, abandoned zombie game, and more in fascinating new blog" 5861: 10175: 9288: 8471: 8268:"Pandemic dents commercial property investment in Scotland but 'reasons for optimism' emerging" 8171: 6104: 5784: 5714: 4975: 4720: 4694:

Zak, Robert (28 October 2021). "DMA Design: The Chaotic N64 Years That Led to Rockstar North".

2534: 2239: 2065: 1926: 1767: 1478: 1263:. Anthony Harman was installed as the studio's manager, and it had 27 employees by April 1997. 946: 449: 357:, the studio rapidly expanded and moved into proper offices, after which Kay left to establish 10119: 6973: 6417: 6280: 2154:, for which the building had been built in 1999. In the same year, the studio began receiving 1332:, was based near the Devil's Thumb rock formation it was later named after (pictured in 1996). 10030: 9249: 8464: 7727: 7603: 6868: 6385: 6196: 3894: 3168: 2636: 2593: 2562: 2411: 2261: 2049:

s production encompassed 220 people at the studio and 1,000. Benzies estimated the budget at

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was released in October 2004 and, within four days, sold 2.1 million copies, 45% above

787:(top; pictured in 2005) in August 1989. A plaque commemorating the twentieth anniversary of 10035: 10014: 9804: 9518: 9437: 9241: 9089: 9047: 9011: 8916: 8835: 8666: 8514: 8103: 7793: 7422: 7217: 7213: 6422: 6323: 6008: 5974: 5067: 5022: 4948: 4913: 4768: 4199: 3991: 3603: 3547: 3279: 2927: 2871: 2774: 2653: 2503: 2183: 2024: 1863: 1734: 1678: 1506: 1135: 1096: 940: 764: 633: 580:. Although the company was best known for producing watches, the Dundee factory also built 561: 534:

Among the core members of the early DMA Design team were (from left to right) Russell Kay,

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for Psygnosis with Hammond as the writer. Being more passionate about this project than

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Times are hard now, making people focus more on quality and innovation which is great.

997: 859: 686: 423: 387: 348: 305: 8369: 1529:, and it published the former's PlayStation version in North America later that year. 10227: 9998: 9814: 9746: 9676: 9614: 9294: 9233: 8856: 8070: 8037: 8004: 7968: 7935: 7862: 7628: 7384: 6604: 6583: 6075: 5952: 5923: 5833: 5802: 5798: 5732: 5728: 5514: 5305: 4993: 4989: 4738: 4734: 4701: 4628: 4523: 4328: 4204: 4094: 3956: 3779: 3502: 3488: 3459: 2244: 2219: 2131: 2030: 1828: 1751: 1714: 1486: 1347: 1329: 1302: 1260: 1255:, despite neither draft having a proper team assigned. Jones also sold the rights to 1209: 1114: 1041: 585: 391: 7006: 6835: 3379: 9982: 9756: 9503: 9452: 9427: 9225: 9205: 9139: 8931: 8906: 8754: 8490: 8391: 6079: 5956: 5927: 5812: 5742: 5370: 5309: 5079: 5003: 4748: 4533: 4519: 4400: 4307: 4208: 4135: 4103: 3966: 3788: 3469: 3455: 3129: 2421: 1918: 1691: 1435: 1104: 966:

in 1991 and 1992, before Psygnosis made it a commercial release for 1993 and 1994.

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In the meantime, Dailly was experimenting with ways to render 3D buildings from a

973:, Jones and Dailly hired Keith Hamilton as a replacement and put him in charge of 10212: 10195: 10067: 9478: 9432: 9412: 9210: 9200: 9154: 9117: 8952: 8911: 8891: 7417: 5534: 5300: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4298: 3492: 3153: 3071: 2977: 2645: 2210: 2175: 1972:. At the same time, the studio commenced the production of a stealth game called 1872: 1868: 1547: 1448: 1143: 1118: 991:

was the final game in Jones's original deal with Psygnosis and, with fatigue for

935: 891: 813: 653: 577: 379: 166: 5826:

Barnes, Adam (27 December 2018). "The Making Of: Space Station Silicon Valley".

4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 3848:"Grand Theft Auto creator Dave Jones: You never know when you've got a hit idea" 3494:

The Great British Dream Factory: The Strange History of Our National Imagination

2269:

and the adjacent Holyrood Park House, which it had since occupied parts of, for

1565:

In March 1999, after less than two years on the stock market, the poor sales of

10207: 10150: 10082: 9422: 9417: 9397: 9279: 9185: 9006: 8901: 8896: 8739: 8697: 7760: 7566: 7438: 6937: 6737: 6576:

Barnes, Adam (1 September 2023). "The Making Of: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City".

6455: 6048: 5898: 5700: 5663: 5493: 5281: 5244: 5207: 4507: 4179: 3843: 3443: 2933: 2800: 2744: 2461: 2223: 2215: 2036: 2011: 1651: 1482: 1384: 1244: 1196: 1109: 1087: 805: 690: 548: 286: 240: 216: 8235:"Red Dead Redemption 2: The inside story of the most lifelike video game ever" 7747: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6353: 5626: 1814:. Rockstar Games initially sought the studio to produce an expansion pack for 1728: 779: 10246: 10202: 10114: 10009: 9987: 9977: 9835: 9597: 9534: 9345: 9273: 9127: 9026: 8768: 7690:"GTA 5 estimated to be the most profitable entertainment product of all time" 7681: 7453: 7274: 7100: 6590: 4841: 4808: 4516:

Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: How British Video Games Conquered the World

4463: 3498: 3452:

Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: How British Video Games Conquered the World

3175: 3149: 3075: 2901: 2897: 2796: 2465: 1999: 1854: 1755: 1687: 1363: 1004: 581: 7822:"Grand Theft Auto maker has paid no UK corporation tax in 10 years – report" 6005:"Take-Two Interactive Software Announces the Acquisition of DMA Design, Ltd" 2128:

and contribute to the more than 425 million total sales of the series.

1569:

contributed to dire financials at Gremlin Interactive that forced it into a

1293:

in April 1997. The publisher was impressed with DMA Design's multi-use 3DMA

681:

trade event, Jones met with representatives of several publishers—including

9809: 9683: 9619: 9170: 9097: 9031: 8638: 8331: 8272: 8139: 7826: 7146: 6942: 6720: 6475: 6160: 6031: 5881: 4348: 4266: 3675: 3524: 2666: 2334: 2234: 2195: 2150: 1474: 1431: 1306: 1183: 1128: 1123: 877:

was shelved due to technical restrictions of the Amiga at the time and the

753: 659:. Working out of his parents' bedroom, he provisionally used the monicker " 427:. Amid these changes, Dailly left for Visual Sciences, while Jones founded 410: 7133: 6651: 5877:"Lara Croft falls victim to the French as UK loses out in cyber takeovers" 5166: 2481: 1366:

and targeting the Nintendo 64. Devil's Thumb Entertainment also developed

987:, which had been created principally by Johnston with a story by Hammond. 37: 10170: 10102: 9967: 9768: 9704: 9361: 9215: 7723:"GTA 5 has surpassed 200 million copies sold, according to Take Two" 7592: 7590: 7588: 7496: 7340: 7338: 7047: 6599: 6578: 6548: 6491: 6489:

Crookes, David (8 November 2013). "The Making Of: Grand Theft Auto III".

6123: 5828: 5819: 5758: 5509: 5476: 4837:"Brand New Details On The Cancelled SNES Kirby Game Have Been Discovered" 4696: 4419: 4323: 3852: 3817: 3367: 3119: 3032: 2672: 2493: 2429: 2187: 2141: 2093: 1818:

before its expanding scope led it to be considered a standalone product.

1537:

from other companies to hold the exclusive rights to the game worldwide.

1477:, who set out to market the game by having it garner negative publicity. 1452: 1294: 1147: 1061: 1048: 897:

The programmer Ian Dunlop and artist Neill Glancy, working remotely from

593: 507: 8066:"Former GTA producer suffers setback in $ 150m lawsuit against Take Two" 6541: 6539: 6185: 6183: 1383:

Two months after DMA Design's acquisition, Gremlin Interactive became a

770: 10222: 10135: 10107: 10097: 10087: 10062: 9721: 9609: 9512: 9257: 9149: 9112: 9058: 9021: 9016: 8816: 8802: 8624: 8300:"Lismore advises on £18.25m sale of Edinburgh office to Rockstar North" 5749: 5251: 3108: 3095: 2548: 2469: 2433: 2425: 2202: 2191: 2163: 2158:

from the newly established Video Games Tax Relief scheme set up by the

2155: 2087: 2082: 1983: 1747: 1574: 1217: 1216:. BMG Interactive's production team, including the head of development 1188: 1081:. Following the game's 1994 release for the SNES, the animation studio 1033: 983: 963: 878: 869: 641: 501: 418: 394:, and Hammond's departure. After BMG Interactive released DMA Design's 371:

was DMA Design's final game in the series and its last with Psygnosis.

92: 49: 7585: 7335: 5386:"AGDC: Interview with Brett Close, CEO of Curt Schilling's 38 Studios" 1064:, because Jones disliked "multiformat publishing for the sake of it". 28: 10217: 10072: 9824: 9669: 9602: 9526: 9144: 8842: 8761: 8631: 7351: 7279: 6978: 6967: 6965: 6764: 6655: 6536: 6516: 6180: 5135: 4595: 4443: 4303: 4233: 4099: 3784: 3756: 2963: 2737: 2649: 2453: 2397: 2365: 2358: 2343: 2003: 1998:. The game was still announced in 2009 as an exclusive title for the 1877: 1698: 1400: 1395:

at the time. Meanwhile, Bertelsmann had decided to withdraw from the

1205: 898: 831: 748: 723: 694: 664: 489: 330: 290: 146: 8135:"Grand Theft Auto pioneer accused of poaching staff in court battle" 7891:"Rockstar North Boss Leslie Benzies Is Out After Nearly Two Decades" 7615: 6546:

Hunt, Stuart (24 April 2008). "The History Of... Grand Theft Auto".

6150: 6148: 6146: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4229:"Four geeks meet — and form world's richest entertainment franchise" 3815:

Drury, Paul (25 February 2016). "Desert Island Disks: Mike Dailly".

715:, Jones wanted to avoid his game only becoming the Amiga version of 10185: 10165: 9875: 9648: 9542: 9190: 9180: 9175: 8775: 7694: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7371: 7080: 6208: 6099: 5856: 5599: 5390: 5099: 4874: 3919: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3639: 3102: 2905: 2616: 2607: 2449: 2445: 2330: 1787: 1750:

from the prior two games while introducing fully 3D graphics and a

1710: 1622:. At the time of Take-Two's acquisition, DMA Design was working on 1517:

in March 1998. Through the acquisition, Take-Two also obtained the

1078: 1074: 1069: 1037: 742: 608:

joined the club at the recommendation of a friend in 1984 with the

565: 375: 8195: 8193: 7563:"Asked & Answered: Max Payne 3, L.A. Noire, Red Dead and More" 6962: 6643: 5756:

Crookes, David (1 March 2012). "The Making Of: Grand Theft Auto".

5214: 3101:

Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox 360,

2132:

Continued expansion and departure of Leslie Benzies (2014–present)

2075:. In the meantime, the studio contributed to Rockstar San Diego's 10052: 9751: 8708: 8409: 8363: 8318: 8128: 8126: 6503: 6371: 6143: 6070: 5947: 5918: 5914:"Say goodbye to the city, and head for the... Wild Metal Country" 5507:

Churchill, James (5 February 2015). "The Making Of: Hired Guns".

4540: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4082: 3536: 3534: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 2784: 2640: 928: 564:

knowledge when his secondary school, Linlathen High, obtained an

257: 8259: 8024: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7648: 7478: 7268: 7266: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3795: 3768: 3695: 3664: 3662: 3365:

Jones, Darran (26 March 2009). "From the Archives: DMA Design".

3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 905:. While they needed an artist to create characters just sixteen 10140: 10077: 9367: 9352: 9337: 8190: 8057: 7955: 7895: 7557: 7555: 5963: 5521: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4591:"After Lemmings was a hit, DMA Design declared war with Walker" 4417:

Wild, Kim (21 June 2007). "The Making Of... Lemmings 1 and 2".

2489: 2338: 1510: 1121:. In November 1994, a team of five people commenced developing 863: 848: 784: 783:

DMA Design inaugurated its first offices on 134B Nethergate in

716: 553: 320: 124: 8123: 7714: 6597:

Walker-Emig, Paul (31 October 2019). "Brave New Open Worlds".

5124: 5122: 4335: 4142: 3628: 3626: 3531: 3476: 3255: 938:

and sequels in the wake of this success, the studio developed

894:

for the Amiga, after another such product was released first.

487:

in 2003 and collaborated with other Rockstar Games studios on

9761: 9655: 9582: 9310: 7915: 7458: 7263: 7232: 7230: 6348: 6346: 5990: 5868: 5670: 5633: 5321: 5319: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 4431: 4062: 4058:"Lemmings celebrates 20th birthday with commemorative plaque" 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3973: 3659: 3599:"Grand Theft Auto and its Scottish roots ahead of sixth game" 3592: 3590: 3299: 3275:"Grand Theft Auto's Dundee masterminds – where are they now?" 2792: 2509:

Acorn Archimedes, Amiga, Atari ST, Mac OS, MS-DOS, SAM Coupé

2477: 2326: 1683: 1673: 1639: 1336:

As another result of the acquisition, the Boulder studio was

1082: 906: 428: 319:

founded the company as DMA Design in 1988 in his hometown of

8090: 7993: 7991: 7552: 7067: 6611: 6312: 6310: 6308: 5845: 5843: 5173: 4708: 4615: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 1676:, of which the former was ultimately prioritised and became 1654:, Aaron Garbut, and Obbe Vermeij, all of whom had worked on 726:

offices in 1987 and agreeing to a six-game publishing deal.

343:, Jones dropped out, hired several of his friends—including 10155: 10057: 9972: 8292: 6931: 6929: 6355:

When Rockstar Games Nearly Merged with an Israeli Developer

6060: 6058: 5905: 5377: 5119: 5010: 4755: 4186: 4131: 3623: 2855:

Android, Fire OS, iOS, macOS, PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox

2457: 2441: 2437: 2205:

on 12 April 2016, claiming that the companies had withheld

1619: 1458: 701:. While all reacted positively, Hewson Consultants and its 589: 408:

to form Rockstar Games in December 1998. At the same time,

8226: 7780: 7521: 7519: 7227: 6675: 6343: 6241: 5707: 5316: 5068:""It was a mess": The chaotic origins of Grand Theft Auto" 5042: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4011: 1266: 1005:

Partnerships with Nintendo and BMG Interactive (1994–1997)

8159: 7988: 7661: 7532: 7315: 7243: 7179: 7007:"Videogame Publishers Place Big Bets on Big-Budget Games" 6906: 6840: 6687: 6623: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6410: 6390: 6305: 6285: 5840: 5566: 5425: 5086: 4861: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4321:

Bevan, Mike (27 November 2015). "The Making Of: Walker".

4253: 3567: 2970: 2788: 1694:, which went on to hire many former DMA Design staffers. 1013:

behind, DMA Design began researching development for the

8168:"Stipulation of Discontinuance of Action With Prejudice" 7404: 6998: 6926: 6156:"Grand Theft Auto's Scottish references and easter eggs" 6111: 6055: 5611: 5155: 4828: 4412: 4410: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4027:"The history of the Wee Pink Nethergate House in Dundee" 3906: 1857:

set on a Scottish island. The game repurposed code from

909:

tall, which Scott Johnston took on, Dailly believed the

8239: 8202:"The Story Behind the Story of 'Red Dead Redemption 2'" 7931:"Leslie Benzies suing Rockstar over $ 150 million" 7813: 7516: 7304: 7302: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5500: 5445: 4938: 4936: 4788: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 2817:

List of games developed by Rockstar North, 2002–present

2201:

Benzies sued Rockstar Games, Take-Two, Sam Houser, and

1890:

was given one year of additional development time over

1717:

by this time, resigned as he wished to stay in Dundee.

1208:

moved from BMG Interactive to DMA Design as the game's

1117:, who would have been launched around levels using the 1017:. In another project, Psygnosis briefly had DMA Design 901:

on a contract basis, were soon made to experiment with

525: 313:

and most profitable entertainment product of all time.

6753: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6560: 6378: 6086: 6019: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4648: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3738: 3736: 2182:

reported that the scheme had brought about a fourfold

1340:. Under Harman's continued leadership, it was renamed 640:, a roughly half-year salary that he invested into an 621:

for the ZX Spectrum, which was eventually released as

8375: 7882: 7624:"Grand Theft Auto 5 smashes 7 Guinness World Records" 5997: 5463: 5131:"How the first Grand Theft Auto was almost cancelled" 4407: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4215: 1497:. Visual Sciences developed the PlayStation port for 7299: 6707: 6442: 5770: 5554: 4933: 3829: 2288:

List of games developed by Rockstar North, 1988–2002

1724:

trilogy and rebranding as Rockstar North (2000–2004)

1668:, the Dundee office was working on an expansion for 1415:, the North American publishing rights were sold to 7851: 7849: 6744: 5586: 5455:(Press release). VR-1. 4 March 1999. Archived from 5351: 5349: 5165:. Devil's Thumb Entertainment. 1998. Archived from 4894: 4870:"The birth pangs of the Grand Theft Auto franchise" 4314: 4115: 4113: 3952:

Modern Dundee: Life in the City Since World War Two

3872: 3733: 2170:by 2020, 37% of the scheme's total payout of which 1550:, to develop two expansions for the original game, 1419:. DMA Design further negotiated back the rights to 1403:. Gremlin Interactive also picked up the rights to 7858:"Rockstar responds to claims it abuses tax relief" 7347:"Grand Theft Auto producer is Godfather of gaming" 7109:"Spike TV Announces 2004 Video Game Award Winners" 5415: 5413: 4560:"Steve Hammond's Manual Override – Developer Hell" 4368: 1808:component were scrapped in favour of a follow up, 1438:presided over The Liaison and Promotion Company's 351:in 1989. Following the successful 1991 release of 7964:"Grand Theft Auto devs planned to leave Take-Two" 7445: 7166: 7005:Prince, Marcelo; Roth, Peter (21 December 2004). 5934: 4968: 4582: 1881:, which entered into production in January 2004. 10244: 7846: 7380:"'Grand Theft Auto IV' steals video game record" 7199: 7036: 7034: 6829: 6827: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 5619:"Gremlin Group Announces Strong Interim Results" 5346: 4110: 2198:for the studio, took over his responsibilities. 2180:The Association for UK Interactive Entertainment 1095:copies while Pixar was to receive a Nintendo 64 323:. During his studies, he had developed the game 10308:Take-Two Interactive divisions and subsidiaries 8033:"Rockstar: Benzies' claims "downright bizarre"" 6938:"Manhunt 2 coming to the PS2, PSP, and... Wii?" 6893: 6797: 6512:""The reality is we're not really interesting"" 6272: 5410: 5095:"Race'n'Chase: Original GTA design docs posted" 1642:area of Edinburgh to house the former teams of 858:Jones's father-in-law, the owner of the Dundee 9865: 8302:. Lismore Real Estate Advisors. 12 July 2021. 8000:"The great Grand Theft Auto lawsuit explained" 5874: 5530:"Gremlin sets out its stall to double profits" 4506: 4286: 3442: 2252:in October 2018 and, following a confidential 1913:. Alongside several other year-end accolades, 722:Instead, he turned to Psygnosis, visiting its 9851: 9074: 8724: 8425: 7756:"Grand Theft Auto 6 will launch in fall 2025" 7031: 6974:"Rockstar Speaks: The Art of GTA San Andreas" 6860: 6824: 6784: 5288: 4049: 3939: 2896:Android, Fire OS, iOS, macOS, PlayStation 2, 2256:, the case was dismissed on 8 February 2019. 1909:s sales in the same time span, and generated 1391:. Jones's stake in the company was valued at 1297:and wanted the two companies to cooperate on 981:, which remained exclusive to the Amiga, and 9993:Nintendo European Research & Development 7599:"Inside Rockstar North – Part 1: The Vision" 7142:"Golden Joystick awards: Winners and losers" 6192:"Inside Rockstar North – Part 2: The Studio" 5875:Cassy, John; Schofield, Jack (5 July 2000). 5794:Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto 5724:Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto 5092: 4985:Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto 4730:Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto 3887: 2072:Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City 1958:, and development collaborations (2004–2013) 1067:DMA Design's first project for Nintendo was 374:Starting in 1994, DMA Design partnered with 293:. The studio is best known for creating the 7657:"GTA 5 Sales Hit $ 1 Billion in Three Days" 7216:. 26 March 2008. p. 12. Archived from 6798:Evans-Thirlwell, Edwin (21 November 2023). 6596: 5472:"Video Game Developer Explores Other Ideas" 5369:. January 1999. pp. 46–47 – via 3888:Gibson, Rick; Gibson, Nick (5 March 2008). 2104:, Rockstar North began preliminary work on 1489:called for it to be banned in the country. 1481:warned of the game at the United Kingdom's 1346:. At the time, the studio was developing a 329:and struck a six-game publishing deal with 10318:Video game companies of the United Kingdom 9858: 9844: 9081: 9067: 8731: 8717: 8432: 8418: 8368: 8132: 7004: 6247: 6217:"Interview: The Philosophy Of Denki Games" 4761: 4399:. April 1997. pp. 98–104 – via 3668: 956:(1994). It also made the Christmas-themed 847:s Commodore 64 port and the PC Engine and 337:in October 1988. While making its sequel, 36: 27: 10273:British subsidiaries of foreign companies 8030: 7855: 7819: 7172: 7139: 6509: 5506: 5128: 4024: 3842: 3487: 3272: 2174:in 2019 alone, while having not paid any 1077:created using 2D sprites rendered from a 746:. Jones also agreed to bring Psygnosis's 10313:Video game companies established in 1988 9935:Entertainment Analysis & Development 9890:Entertainment Planning & Development 9322: 9088: 8199: 8165: 7997: 7961: 7928: 7753: 7687: 7654: 7528:"Grand Theft Auto 5's Unseen Mastermind" 7344: 7272: 6899: 6649: 6078:. December 1999. p. 21 – via 5849: 5469: 5223:"Gremlin games pair to sell a £6m stake" 5179: 4801: 4119: 3987:"The whizz-kid with a winning game plan" 3913:Sleight, Christopher (7 December 2009). 3787:. December 1988. p. 76 – via 3632: 3125:macOS, PlayStation 3, Windows, Xbox 360 3047:Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony 3010:Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned 2135: 2100:Immediately following the completion of 1849:s release, Rockstar North began work on 1727: 1459:Sale to Take-Two Interactive (1997–2000) 1315: 1279:David Jones, founder of DMA Design, 1997 1220:, was hands-off during the development. 778: 529: 400:in November 1997 to commercial success, 7720: 7621: 7525: 7492:"GTA: The Ballad of Gay Tony announced" 7489: 7451: 7106: 7073: 7040: 6971: 6935: 6488: 6448: 6092: 5911: 5783: 5755: 5713: 5129:Yin-Poole, Wesley (16 September 2013). 5065: 4974: 4867: 4719: 4557: 4341: 4306:. November 1990. p. 9 – via 4192: 4102:. October 1988. p. 14 – via 4055: 3912: 3708: 1650:. Among those who relocated there were 1411:as the publisher in North America. For 1267:Sale to Gremlin Interactive (1997–1998) 867:Design cancelled several projects: The 10245: 8166:Ostrager, Barry R. (8 February 2019). 8063: 7888: 7786: 7655:Goldfarb, Andrew (20 September 2013). 7596: 7504:from the original on 25 September 2023 7308: 7236: 7154:from the original on 20 September 2014 6902:"Manhunt 2 Blackballs Rockstar Vienna" 6866: 6575: 6510:Yin-Poole, Wesley (25 November 2014). 6398:from the original on 30 September 2022 6316: 6189: 5825: 5592: 5562:"Gremlin Undecided About Body Harvest" 5527: 5220: 4834: 4621: 4588: 4570:from the original on 21 September 2023 4259: 4155: 3984: 3915:"How Dundee became a world gaming hub" 3742: 3540: 2926:Android, Fire OS, iOS, PlayStation 2, 2921:Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories 2382:Amiga, Atari ST, MS-DOS, Commodore 64 1473:, BMG Interactive hired the publicist 1362:remake was announced in 1998 as using 10268:British companies established in 1988 10128: 9923:Integrated Research & Development 9905: 9839: 9062: 8712: 8413: 8306:from the original on 10 December 2023 8280:from the original on 29 November 2023 8232: 8133:McLaughlin, Martyn (5 January 2019). 8096: 7834:from the original on 22 December 2019 7452:Garratt, Patrick (15 December 2008). 7411:Lang, Derrick J. (14 November 2008). 7239:"GTA: Liberty City Stories Interview" 7187:from the original on 8 September 2019 7173:Goldstein, Hilary (7 November 2006). 7055:from the original on 30 November 2022 7019:from the original on 10 February 2020 6914:from the original on 21 November 2022 6834:Perry, Douglass C. (22 August 2003). 6833: 6812:from the original on 26 November 2023 6757: 6713: 6619:"Scottish Developer Becomes Rockstar" 6278: 6248:Berghammer, Billy (7 February 2000). 5383: 5093:Ransom-Wiley, James (22 March 2011). 4882:from the original on 12 December 2023 4320: 4226: 3945: 3927:from the original on 1 September 2017 3814: 3743:Wallis, Alistair (21 December 2006). 3611:from the original on 27 December 2023 3596: 3364: 3004: 2969:PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, 2706: 2661: 2574: 2515: 2406: 2353: 2299: 663:". The game featured graphics by the 386:in April 1997, which also led to the 365:expansions and sequels later, 1994's 8850:Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis 8324: 8265: 8178:from the original on 27 January 2021 8099:"First the game, then the courtroom" 8012:from the original on 7 November 2017 7903:from the original on 13 January 2016 7856:Batchelor, James (21 January 2020). 7801:from the original on 4 December 2023 7410: 7377: 7140:Anderiesz, Mike (10 November 2005). 7121:from the original on 10 January 2024 7043:"Profile: Scotland's Rockstar North" 6950:from the original on 1 December 2017 6900:Hatfield, Daemon (2 November 2007). 6545: 6362:from the original on 18 January 2021 6214: 6119:"Sam Houser's CV – in his own words" 6035:. 7 October 1999. p. online|7. 5940: 5257: 5182:"Boulder becoming a software center" 4868:Bennett, Magnus (28 November 2022). 4762:Cunningham, Jennifer (20 May 1995). 4624:"The Rise and Fall of Sony – Part 1" 4589:Virtue, Graeme (14 September 2014). 4558:Hammond, Steve (13 September 2012). 4416: 4056:Hillier, Brenna (15 February 2011). 3721:from the original on 5 December 2023 3669:McLaughlin, Martyn (11 March 2012). 3647:from the original on 3 December 2023 3231:Grand Theft Auto: Online Crime World 3181:Developed as part of Rockstar Games 2952:PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable 2838: 2810: 2613:Super Nintendo Entertainment System 2309: 2069: —which were later bundled as 1628:Grand Theft Auto: Online Crime World 1230:and the climbing-themed action game 840:for Psygnosis. DMA Design also made 740:because the name was too similar to 719:and walked away from the agreement. 526:Background and formation (1983–1988) 404:bought the publisher and the game's 390:of DMA Design's satellite studio in 9941:Software Planning & Development 8339:from the original on 1 October 2023 8200:Crecente, Brian (24 October 2018). 7962:Sinclair, Brendan (12 April 2016). 7929:Sinclair, Brendan (12 April 2016). 7889:Klepek, Patrick (12 January 2016). 7636:from the original on 9 October 2013 7345:Bowditch, Gillian (27 April 2008). 7273:Bramwell, Tom (27 September 2006). 7107:Jenkins, David (15 December 2004). 6986:from the original on 9 October 2022 6011:. 29 September 1999. Archived from 5639: 5470:Schulaka, Carly (26 October 1999). 5325: 5308:. May 1997. p. 11 – via 4693: 4120:Scotford, Laurence (January 1992). 3597:McKay, Gabriel (12 November 2023). 3287:from the original on 5 January 2024 2947:Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories 2486:Super Nintendo Entertainment System 1146:, the recently formed games arm of 1073:, a racing game featuring animated 1030:Super Nintendo Entertainment System 538:, Steve Hammond, Gary Timmons, and 13: 8738: 8439: 8247:from the original on 12 March 2019 8031:Brightman, James (12 April 2016). 7787:Donald, Colin (22 December 2013). 7597:French, Michael (3 October 2013). 7540:from the original on 24 April 2017 7526:Simmons, Alex (12 November 2013). 7392:from the original on 29 March 2023 7309:Harris, Craig (25 February 2009). 7088:from the original on 8 August 2022 7074:Feldman, Curt (15 November 2004). 6293:from the original on 14 April 2014 6260:from the original on 26 March 2024 6229:from the original on 26 March 2024 6190:French, Michael (4 October 2013). 5384:Kelly, Kevin (22 September 2009). 5258:Carr, Miranda (13 November 1997). 4909:"Games firm in £1.5m legal action" 4262:"How we made ... Grand Theft Auto" 3985:Ogilvy, David (19 November 1992). 2276: 1837:Develop Industry Excellence Awards 1455:course at Dundee College in 1998. 734:, which was ultimately changed to 625:. Jones and Dailly also worked on 14: 10334: 8355: 8214:from the original on 13 July 2022 8147:from the original on 16 July 2024 8111:from the original on 16 July 2024 7998:Campbell, Colin (14 April 2016). 7702:from the original on 9 April 2018 7669:from the original on 27 June 2024 7622:Pitcher, Jenna (9 October 2013). 7429:from the original on 16 July 2024 7359:from the original on 16 July 2024 7323:from the original on 7 April 2024 7251:from the original on 19 June 2024 6972:Garratt, Patrick (14 July 2004). 6848:from the original on 14 July 2019 6728:from the original on 16 July 2024 6714:Boxer, Steve (4 September 2003). 6695:from the original on 16 July 2024 6631:from the original on 19 June 2024 6449:Yarwood, Jack (25 January 2024). 6430:from the original on 16 July 2024 6331:from the original on 16 July 2024 6131:from the original on 25 July 2015 6039:from the original on 16 July 2024 5981:from the original on 16 July 2024 5889:from the original on 16 July 2024 5850:Johnston, Chris (12 March 1998). 5691:from the original on 16 July 2024 5654:from the original on 16 July 2024 5593:Dunkin, Alan (24 November 1998). 5484:from the original on 16 July 2024 5433:from the original on 16 July 2024 5398:from the original on 16 July 2024 5272:from the original on 16 July 2024 5235:from the original on 16 July 2024 5198:from the original on 16 July 2024 5180:Mitchell, Karen (29 April 1997). 5030:from the original on 16 July 2024 5018:"Businesses take active interest" 4956:from the original on 16 July 2024 4944:"Ex-Timex tycoon expands factory" 4921:from the original on 16 July 2024 4849:from the original on 14 June 2022 4804:"Feature: The Making of Unirally" 4802:McFerran, Damien (9 March 2010). 4776:from the original on 16 July 2024 4356:from the original on 8 March 2024 4342:McMahon, Liv (28 February 2021). 4274:from the original on 29 July 2019 4241:from the original on 16 July 2024 4170:from the original on 16 July 2024 4158:"College flop's game and fortune" 4037:from the original on 16 July 2024 4025:Batchelor, Andrew (28 May 2024). 3999:from the original on 16 July 2024 3860:from the original on 16 July 2024 3711:"Steve Hammond's Manual Override" 3683:from the original on 16 July 2024 3633:Donnelly, Joe (21 January 2016). 3555:from the original on 16 July 2024 3515:from the original on 16 July 2024 3273:MacDonald, Ben (2 January 2024). 3052:PlayStation 3, Windows, Xbox 360 3038:Co-developed with Rockstar Leeds 3015:PlayStation 3, Windows, Xbox 360 2996:PlayStation 3, Windows, Xbox 360 2166:TaxWatch UK, the studio received 2162:. According to the investigative 1966:, Rockstar North began producing 1573:takeover by the French publisher 1328:DMA Design's satellite studio in 1162:The publishing agreement covered 771:Initial games with Psygnosis and 10323:Video game development companies 9387: 8397: 8385: 8078:from the original on 21 May 2024 8045:from the original on 21 May 2024 7976:from the original on 21 May 2024 7943:from the original on 21 May 2024 7870:from the original on 21 May 2024 7820:MacDonald, Keza (29 July 2019). 7768:from the original on 16 May 2024 7735:from the original on 27 May 2024 7466:from the original on 22 May 2024 7413:"'Grand Theft IV' up for awards" 7287:from the original on 22 May 2024 7237:Castro, Juan (14 October 2005). 7041:Freeman, Will (28 August 2009). 6936:Kuchera, Ben (8 February 2007). 6881:from the original on 29 May 2024 6772:from the original on 21 May 2024 6758:Wales, Matt (22 November 2023). 6683:"E3 2002: Rockstar Changes Name" 6663:from the original on 21 May 2024 6524:from the original on 21 May 2024 6463:from the original on 24 May 2024 6358:. Game Brain. 28 November 2018. 6317:Dorsey, Kristy (22 March 2000). 6215:Nutt, Christian (29 July 2009). 6168:from the original on 6 June 2023 6093:Kennedy, Sam (13 October 1999). 5574:from the original on 25 May 2024 5542:from the original on 8 July 2022 5334:from the original on 24 May 2024 5143:from the original on 21 May 2024 5107:from the original on 21 May 2024 4816:from the original on 27 May 2020 4636:from the original on 22 May 2024 4603:from the original on 29 May 2024 4451:from the original on 21 May 2024 4195:"Money makes the world go round" 4193:Holborn, Jason (22 April 1989). 4070:from the original on 21 May 2024 3541:Dorsey, Kristy (19 March 2005). 3026:Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars 2760:Dreamcast, PlayStation, Windows 2281: 2160:government of the United Kingdom 2120:, the game grossed an estimated 1442:lawsuit against DMA Design over 1157:Virgin Interactive Entertainment 1036:, Jones caught the attention of 10253:1988 establishments in Scotland 9896:Platform Technology Development 8097:Leask, David (7 January 2019). 7754:Franzese, Tomas (16 May 2024). 7721:Middler, Jordan (16 May 2024). 7573:from the original on 8 May 2024 7076:"NPD calls October sales solid" 6650:Bramwell, Tom (20 March 2002). 6279:White, Matt (2 February 2000). 5260:"Shearer in Gremlin's stocking" 5221:Barrow, Rebecca (28 May 1997). 4622:Browne, Richard (31 May 2012). 4439:"The 12 Days of Last Christmas" 4227:Horne, Marc (2 December 2015). 3709:Hammond, Steve (27 June 2012). 3152:, Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One, 1875:in the production of a sequel, 1562:, which were released in 1999. 1463:In the lead-up to the debut of 793:was installed in February 2011. 644:, and subsequently enrolled in 10303:Software companies of Scotland 8233:White, Sam (24 October 2018). 7688:Donnelly, Joe (9 April 2016). 5595:"Interplay Nabs More Gremlins" 4835:Hagues, Alana (14 June 2022). 4122:"The One Profile: David Jones" 3955:. Breedon Books. p. 130. 3890:"IP profile: Grand Theft Auto" 3543:"Making a play for the future" 3148:PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, 962:to be distributed for free on 650:Dundee Institute of Technology 1: 10283:Golden Joystick Award winners 10263:1999 mergers and acquisitions 10258:1997 mergers and acquisitions 9569:Rockstar Advanced Game Engine 8973:Rockstar Advanced Game Engine 8186:– via New York eCourts. 7311:"Rockstar Leeds Talks GTA DS" 6869:""Manhunt made us feel icky"" 6867:Walker, John (27 July 2007). 5955:. pp. 76–77 – via 5926:. pp. 56–57 – via 5912:Brooker, Charlie (May 1999). 5528:Newman, Cathy (27 May 1997). 5342:– via stevehammond.org. 5078:. pp. 28–33 – via 5066:Yarwood, Jack (3 June 2021). 4764:"That's quite some game, boy" 4260:Stuart, Keith (18 May 2015). 4156:Calder, Colin (28 May 1997). 3248: 2891:Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas 2877:PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox 2474:Nintendo Entertainment System 2126:second-best-selling game ever 1944:Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy 1887:Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas 1559:Grand Theft Auto: London 1961 1553:Grand Theft Auto: London 1969 1150:. The two companies signed a 468:Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas 42:Headquarters at Barclay House 10278:Companies based in Edinburgh 10004:Nintendo Software Technology 9918:Research & Development 2 9913:Research & Development 1 8646:Space Station Silicon Valley 8325:Reid, Scott (1 March 2023). 8266:Reid, Scott (22 July 2021). 8064:Taylor, Ivy (9 April 2018). 7490:Parfitt, Ben (26 May 2009). 6319:"DMA pulls out of jute city" 5687:. 30 July 1998. p. 10. 5421:"Unreal Scores Another Deal" 3189: 2692:Space Station Silicon Valley 2002:but was never released. Its 1656:Space Station Silicon Valley 1648:Space Station Silicon Valley 1612:for the Nintendo 64, and an 1543:Space Station Silicon Valley 1527:Space Station Silicon Valley 1503:Space Station Silicon Valley 1169:Space Station Silicon Valley 679:Personal Computer World Show 16:British video game developer 7: 10293:Rockstar Games subsidiaries 6095:"Rockstar's GTA2 Goes Gold" 4510:; Anderson, Magnus (2012). 3446:; Anderson, Magnus (2012). 3107:Supportive development for 3081:Supportive development for 2976:Supportive development for 2850:Grand Theft Auto: Vice City 2418:3DO Interactive Multiplayer 2233:. Take-Two quickly filed a 1811:Grand Theft Auto: Vice City 1776:The Simpsons: Hit & Run 1380:remake was never released. 1343:Devil's Thumb Entertainment 1247:signed with DMA Design for 1015:3DO Interactive Multiplayer 462:Grand Theft Auto: Vice City 114:; 36 years ago 10: 10339: 9929:Research & Engineering 9867:Nintendo development teams 4564:The Scottish Games Network 3715:The Scottish Games Network 2857: 2349: 2342: 2186:. Benzies, until then the 1994:was soon prioritised over 1742:During the development of 1697:Rockstar Games released a 598:Kingsway Technical College 520: 10043:Camelot Software Planning 10023: 9960: 9882: 9873: 9787: 9739: 9714: 9633: 9590: 9581: 9561: 9487: 9461: 9405: 9396: 9385: 9224: 9163: 9105: 9096: 9040: 8999: 8981: 8965: 8940: 8887: 8880: 8785: 8746: 8680: 8598: 8488: 8479:All New World of Lemmings 8454: 8447: 7378:Pham, Alex (8 May 2008). 5941:Hill, Steve (July 1999). 5296:"DMA snatched by Gremlin" 4207:. p. 35 – via 4134:. p. 24 – via 3635:"The making of: Lemmings" 3163: 3137: 3114: 3090: 3086: 3060: 2985: 2958: 2941: 2931: 2915: 2885: 2866: 2844: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2769: 2762: 2697:Nintendo 64, PlayStation 2682:Midway Home Entertainment 2624: 2580:All New World of Lemmings 2315: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2296: 2293: 1782:True Crime: Streets of LA 1662:game, now modelled after 1485:in May 1997, and several 1409:Midway Home Entertainment 989:All New World of Lemmings 975:All New World of Lemmings 953:All New World of Lemmings 546:Having frequently played 368:All New World of Lemmings 271:Rockstar Games UK Limited 252: 215: 205: 174: 157: 141: 131: 108: 98: 88: 72:Rockstar Studios Limited 59: 47: 35: 26: 22:Rockstar Games UK Limited 9691:Word Streak with Friends 7454:"VGA 2008 – The winners" 6652:"DMA Design is no more." 5640:Low, Bob (4 July 1997). 5192:Knight-Ridder Newspapers 3776:"Menace Spring Again..." 1369:Mike Piazza's StrikeZone 1299:research and development 711:magazine with the title 708:Popular Computing Weekly 311:second-best-selling game 9800:Gathering of Developers 5076:Raspberry Pi Foundation 3035:, PlayStation Portable 3031:Android, Fire OS, iOS, 2722:Interplay Entertainment 2117:Grand Theft Auto Online 1923:Spike Video Game Awards 1417:Interplay Entertainment 417:s underperformance led 78:Rockstar North Limited 10176:Left Field Productions 8564:The Ballad of Gay Tony 8472:Lemmings 2: The Tribes 8172:New York Supreme Court 5625:. 1998. Archived from 2568:Amiga, Mac OS, MS-DOS 2535:Lemmings 2: The Tribes 2364:Commodore 64, MS-DOS, 2240:New York Supreme Court 2145: 2066:The Ballad of Gay Tony 2020:handheld game consoles 1927:Golden Joystick Awards 1739: 1479:Baron Campbell of Croy 1333: 1276: 947:Lemmings 2: The Tribes 794: 752:from the Amiga to the 543: 279:Rockstar North Limited 7728:Video Games Chronicle 6281:"Wild Metal Deployed" 6254:Nintendo World Report 5459:on 30 September 1999. 3448:"Wandering Creatures" 3169:Red Dead Redemption 2 3128:Developed as part of 2743:Gremlin Interactive, 2720:Gremlin Interactive, 2700:Take-Two Interactive 2594:Holiday Lemmings 1994 2563:Holiday Lemmings 1993 2262:Red Dead Redemption 2 2139: 1731: 1597:US$ 12.3 million 1519:intellectual property 1515:US$ 14.2 million 1427:from GT Interactive. 1389:London Stock Exchange 1327: 1271: 1131:for the Nintendo 64. 782: 627:The Game With No Name 568:computer and piloted 533: 514:Red Dead Redemption 2 406:intellectual property 10015:Shiver Entertainment 9805:Global Star Software 9779:List of acquisitions 9663:Empires & Allies 9438:Rockstar New England 9090:Take-Two Interactive 9048:Take-Two Interactive 9012:Christian Cantamessa 8990:The Football Factory 8917:Rockstar New England 8536:Liberty City Stories 8515:Grand Theft Auto III 7423:The Associated Press 7214:Take-Two Interactive 6386:"Take Two Gets Wide" 6009:Take-Two Interactive 5975:Take-Two Interactive 5719:"Eating the Hamster" 5685:– Recruitment Record 4522:. pp. 265–286. 4447:. 21 December 2007. 4200:New Computer Express 3947:Scott, Andrew Murray 3501:. pp. 163–168. 3458:. pp. 156–170. 3178:, Windows, Xbox One 2928:PlayStation Portable 2775:Grand Theft Auto III 2654:Take-Two Interactive 2504:Oh No! More Lemmings 2224:evenly share profits 2184:return on investment 2025:Liberty City Stories 1931:Grand Theft Auto III 1825:Grand Theft Auto III 1816:Grand Theft Auto III 1802:Grand Theft Auto III 1761:Grand Theft Auto III 1744:Grand Theft Auto III 1735:Grand Theft Auto III 1679:Grand Theft Auto III 1507:Take-Two Interactive 1136:top-down perspective 1127:, scheduled to be a 1097:game development kit 941:Oh No! More Lemmings 765:direct memory access 717:the ZX Spectrum game 634:voluntary redundancy 441:Grand Theft Auto III 402:Take-Two Interactive 283:video game developer 233:Take-Two Interactive 10120:The Pokémon Company 10093:Intelligent Systems 8557:The Lost and Damned 8550:Grand Theft Auto IV 7012:Wall Street Journal 6716:"Prepare to N-Gage" 6250:"Ragin' online GBA" 6164:. 31 January 2017. 5977:. 27 January 2000. 5864:on 1 December 1998. 5623:Gremlin Interactive 5607:on 16 January 2000. 5265:The Daily Telegraph 5228:The Daily Telegraph 5187:Albuquerque Journal 5169:on 2 December 1998. 3745:"Playing Catch Up: 3066:Red Dead Redemption 2991:Grand Theft Auto IV 2819: 2678:Gremlin Interactive 2391:Shadow of the Beast 2290: 2271:£18.25 million 2230:Red Dead Redemption 2102:Grand Theft Auto IV 2078:Red Dead Redemption 2060:The Lost and Damned 2044:Grand Theft Auto IV 1992:Grand Theft Auto IV 1969:Grand Theft Auto IV 1952:Grand Theft Auto IV 1397:video game industry 1284:The development on 1115:the title character 1032:(SNES). During one 842:Shadow of the Beast 837:Shadow of the Beast 673:machine at a local 542:(pictured in 2011). 496:Red Dead Redemption 474:Grand Theft Auto IV 384:Gremlin Interactive 225:Gremlin Interactive 207:Number of employees 66:DMA Design Limited 23: 10181:Marigul Management 9947:System Development 9820:Take-Two Licensing 9795:Double Take Comics 9698:Words with Friends 9642:Chess with Friends 9625:Zynga with Friends 9474:Rockstar Vancouver 9469:Dhruva Interactive 9448:Rockstar San Diego 9196:Frog City Software 8948:Rockstar Vancouver 8927:Rockstar San Diego 8660:Wild Metal Country 8580:Grand Theft Auto V 8508:Grand Theft Auto 2 7611:on 5 October 2013. 7569:. 5 October 2011. 7175:"GTA: The Trilogy" 6874:Rock Paper Shotgun 6805:Rock Paper Shotgun 6554:Imagine Publishing 6497:Imagine Publishing 6204:on 4 October 2013. 5852:"Take 2 Takes BMG" 5801:. pp. 46–54. 5764:Imagine Publishing 5731:. pp. 36–45. 5429:. 3 October 1998. 5367:Imagine Publishing 4992:. pp. 27–35. 4737:. pp. 20–26. 4425:Imagine Publishing 4397:Imagine Publishing 4090:"MENACE/Psygnosis" 3823:Imagine Publishing 3489:Sandbrook, Dominic 3373:Imagine Publishing 3143:Grand Theft Auto V 3083:Rockstar San Diego 2932:Co-developed with 2815: 2755:Grand Theft Auto 2 2732:Wild Metal Country 2286: 2250:Build a Rocket Boy 2207:$ 150 million 2172:£37.6 million 2146: 2107:Grand Theft Auto V 2055:$ 310 million 2051:$ 100 million 1988:Rockstar San Diego 1956:Grand Theft Auto V 1911:$ 101 million 1829:personal computers 1806:online multiplayer 1740: 1703:Wild Metal Country 1686:and, in February, 1670:Grand Theft Auto 2 1635:Grand Theft Auto 2 1610:Wild Metal Country 1580:Wild Metal Country 1487:tabloid newspapers 1444:breach of contract 1334: 1311:board of directors 1021:an in-development 998:Lemmings Paintball 860:fish and chip shop 795: 693:, and the nascent 687:Hewson Consultants 572:qualifications in 552:in his youth, the 544: 479:Grand Theft Auto V 424:Grand Theft Auto 2 349:fish and chip shop 306:Grand Theft Auto V 303:series, including 275:DMA Design Limited 21: 10240: 10239: 10236: 10235: 9999:Nintendo Pictures 9956: 9955: 9833: 9832: 9815:Jack of All Games 9747:Ghost Story Games 9735: 9734: 9677:Gems with Friends 9615:Small Giant Games 9577: 9576: 9383: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9056: 9055: 8961: 8960: 8706: 8705: 8676: 8675: 8543:Vice City Stories 8071:GamesIndustry.biz 8038:GamesIndustry.biz 7969:GamesIndustry.biz 7936:GamesIndustry.biz 7863:GamesIndustry.biz 7385:Los Angeles Times 6627:. 19 March 2002. 6607:. pp. 84–87. 6605:Future Publishing 6586:. pp. 80–85. 6584:Future Publishing 6556:. pp. 46–53. 6499:. pp. 58–63. 6426:. 16 March 2000. 6394:. 10 March 2000. 6107:on 16 April 2000. 6076:Dennis Publishing 6066:"No Stopping GTA" 6007:(Press release). 5953:Dennis Publishing 5924:Dennis Publishing 5836:. pp. 82–85. 5834:Future Publishing 5808:978-0-470-93637-5 5766:. pp. 80–85. 5738:978-0-470-93637-5 5678:"Hollywood CALLS" 5642:"AIM for the NET" 5570:. 17 April 1998. 5517:. pp. 34–37. 5515:Future Publishing 5306:Future Publishing 4999:978-0-470-93637-5 4952:. 28 March 1995. 4744:978-0-470-93637-5 4704:. pp. 78–83. 4702:Future Publishing 4629:GamesIndustry.biz 4529:978-1-84513-704-5 4427:. pp. 78–83. 4331:. pp. 70–73. 4329:Future Publishing 4294:"Tribble Trouble" 4205:Future Publishing 4095:The Games Machine 3962:978-1-85983-331-5 3825:. pp. 93–97. 3780:The Games Machine 3508:978-0-14-197931-1 3465:978-1-84513-704-5 3375:. pp. 84–91. 3187: 3186: 3074:, PlayStation 3, 2811:As Rockstar North 2808: 2807: 2402:Port development 2370:Port development 2220:shell corporation 2031:Vice City Stories 1896:$ 10 million 1884:Rockstar North's 1773:, which includes 1752:third-person view 1715:managing director 1440:£1.5 million 1330:Boulder, Colorado 1325: 1303:Microsoft Project 1291:£4.2 million 1261:Boulder, Colorado 1210:creative director 1152:£3.4 million 1042:full-motion video 586:Sinclair Research 392:Boulder, Colorado 333:, which released 264: 263: 258:rockstarnorth.com 10330: 10288:Grand Theft Auto 10126: 10125: 10024:Major affiliates 9983:Next Level Games 9903: 9902: 9860: 9853: 9846: 9837: 9836: 9757:Private Division 9588: 9587: 9505:Grand Theft Auto 9453:Rockstar Toronto 9428:Rockstar Lincoln 9403: 9402: 9391: 9390: 9320: 9319: 9206:Irrational Games 9140:Gearbox Software 9103: 9102: 9083: 9076: 9069: 9060: 9059: 8932:Rockstar Toronto 8907:Rockstar Lincoln 8885: 8884: 8864:Smuggler's Run 2 8755:Grand Theft Auto 8733: 8726: 8719: 8710: 8709: 8501:Grand Theft Auto 8491:Grand Theft Auto 8452: 8451: 8434: 8427: 8420: 8411: 8410: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8381: 8372: 8367: 8366: 8364:Official website 8349: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8263: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8197: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8163: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8130: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8028: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8017: 7995: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7926: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7853: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7607:. Archived from 7594: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7559: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7523: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7487: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7436: 7434: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7342: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7328: 7306: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7270: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7234: 7225: 7224: 7223:on 8 April 2008. 7222: 7211: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7038: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6969: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6933: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6831: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6795: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6755: 6742: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6603:. No. 200. 6594: 6588: 6587: 6582:. No. 250. 6573: 6558: 6557: 6543: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6495:. No. 122. 6486: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6350: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6314: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6200:. Archived from 6187: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6152: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6127:. 11 July 2008. 6115: 6109: 6108: 6103:. Archived from 6090: 6084: 6083: 6080:Internet Archive 6062: 6053: 6052: 6046: 6044: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5988: 5986: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5957:Internet Archive 5938: 5932: 5931: 5928:Internet Archive 5909: 5903: 5902: 5896: 5894: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5860:. Archived from 5847: 5838: 5837: 5832:. No. 189. 5823: 5817: 5816: 5813:Internet Archive 5781: 5768: 5767: 5762:. No. 100. 5753: 5747: 5746: 5743:Internet Archive 5711: 5705: 5704: 5698: 5696: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5603:. Archived from 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5513:. No. 138. 5504: 5498: 5497: 5491: 5489: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5417: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5371:Internet Archive 5353: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5326:Hammond, Steve. 5323: 5314: 5313: 5310:Internet Archive 5292: 5286: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5126: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5080:Internet Archive 5063: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5004:Internet Archive 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4940: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4917:. 30 July 1997. 4905: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4799: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4749:Internet Archive 4717: 4706: 4705: 4700:. No. 226. 4691: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4555: 4538: 4537: 4534:Internet Archive 4504: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4401:Internet Archive 4383: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4327:. No. 149. 4318: 4312: 4311: 4308:Internet Archive 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4224: 4213: 4212: 4209:Internet Archive 4190: 4184: 4183: 4177: 4175: 4153: 4140: 4139: 4136:Internet Archive 4117: 4108: 4107: 4104:Internet Archive 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4022: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3982: 3971: 3970: 3967:Internet Archive 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3902:on 9 March 2008. 3898:. Archived from 3885: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3840: 3827: 3826: 3821:. No. 152. 3812: 3793: 3792: 3789:Internet Archive 3772: 3766: 3765: 3760:. Archived from 3751: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3706: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3594: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3538: 3529: 3528: 3522: 3520: 3485: 3474: 3473: 3470:Internet Archive 3440: 3377: 3376: 3362: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3270: 3130:Rockstar Studios 2840: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2630:Grand Theft Auto 2444:, Commodore 64, 2422:Acorn Archimedes 2311: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2272: 2268: 2267:£31 million 2211:royalty payments 2208: 2173: 2169: 2168:£80 million 2123: 2122:$ 6 million 2113: 2112:$ 1 billion 2056: 2052: 2048: 2016:Grand Theft Auto 1982:in reference to 1941:were bundled as 1919:game of the year 1912: 1908: 1897: 1848: 1839:in August 2003. 1800:Plans to outfit 1769:Grand Theft Auto 1765: 1722:Grand Theft Auto 1692:Real Time Worlds 1660:Grand Theft Auto 1618:version for the 1606:Grand Theft Auto 1598: 1594: 1589:Grand Theft Auto 1572: 1571:£24 million 1535:Grand Theft Auto 1523:Grand Theft Auto 1516: 1499:Grand Theft Auto 1496: 1495:£25 million 1491:Grand Theft Auto 1470:Grand Theft Auto 1441: 1436:Court of Session 1394: 1393:£55 million 1356:Grand Theft Auto 1345: 1344: 1326: 1292: 1280: 1257:Grand Theft Auto 1195: 1186:in the style of 1153: 1055: 959:Holiday Lemmings 846: 803: 762: 703:Andrew Braybrook 697:—to demonstrate 683:Gremlin Graphics 646:computer science 639: 610:Commodore Plus/4 588:, including the 574:computer studies 457:Grand Theft Auto 451:Grand Theft Auto 446:Grand Theft Auto 433:Real Time Worlds 416: 397:Grand Theft Auto 300:Grand Theft Auto 285:and a studio of 260: 245: 237: 229: 198: 192:Grand Theft Auto 187: 170: 122: 120: 115: 81: 75: 69: 40: 31: 24: 20: 10338: 10337: 10333: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10328: 10327: 10298:Scottish brands 10243: 10242: 10241: 10232: 10213:Silicon Knights 10124: 10068:Genius Sonority 10019: 9952: 9901: 9878: 9869: 9864: 9834: 9829: 9783: 9731: 9710: 9629: 9591:Current studios 9573: 9557: 9483: 9479:Rockstar Vienna 9457: 9433:Rockstar London 9413:Rockstar Dundee 9406:Current studios 9392: 9388: 9375: 9318: 9220: 9211:PopTop Software 9159: 9155:Visual Concepts 9118:Cat Daddy Games 9106:Current studios 9092: 9087: 9057: 9052: 9036: 8995: 8977: 8957: 8953:Rockstar Vienna 8936: 8912:Rockstar London 8892:Rockstar Dundee 8876: 8781: 8742: 8737: 8707: 8702: 8672: 8594: 8484: 8443: 8438: 8408: 8398: 8396: 8386: 8384: 8376: 8362: 8361: 8358: 8353: 8352: 8342: 8340: 8323: 8319: 8309: 8307: 8298: 8297: 8293: 8283: 8281: 8264: 8260: 8250: 8248: 8231: 8227: 8217: 8215: 8198: 8191: 8181: 8179: 8164: 8160: 8150: 8148: 8131: 8124: 8114: 8112: 8095: 8091: 8081: 8079: 8062: 8058: 8048: 8046: 8029: 8025: 8015: 8013: 7996: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7960: 7956: 7946: 7944: 7927: 7916: 7906: 7904: 7887: 7883: 7873: 7871: 7854: 7847: 7837: 7835: 7818: 7814: 7804: 7802: 7785: 7781: 7771: 7769: 7752: 7748: 7738: 7736: 7719: 7715: 7705: 7703: 7686: 7682: 7672: 7670: 7653: 7649: 7639: 7637: 7620: 7616: 7595: 7586: 7576: 7574: 7561: 7560: 7553: 7543: 7541: 7524: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7488: 7479: 7469: 7467: 7450: 7446: 7432: 7430: 7425:. p. A15. 7418:Ledger-Enquirer 7409: 7405: 7395: 7393: 7376: 7372: 7362: 7360: 7343: 7336: 7326: 7324: 7307: 7300: 7290: 7288: 7271: 7264: 7254: 7252: 7235: 7228: 7220: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7200: 7190: 7188: 7171: 7167: 7157: 7155: 7138: 7134: 7124: 7122: 7105: 7101: 7091: 7089: 7072: 7068: 7058: 7056: 7039: 7032: 7022: 7020: 7003: 6999: 6989: 6987: 6970: 6963: 6953: 6951: 6934: 6927: 6917: 6915: 6898: 6894: 6884: 6882: 6865: 6861: 6851: 6849: 6832: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6796: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6756: 6745: 6731: 6729: 6712: 6708: 6698: 6696: 6691:. 24 May 2000. 6681: 6680: 6676: 6666: 6664: 6648: 6644: 6634: 6632: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6595: 6591: 6574: 6561: 6552:. No. 50. 6544: 6537: 6527: 6525: 6508: 6504: 6487: 6476: 6466: 6464: 6447: 6443: 6433: 6431: 6418:"DMA to expand" 6416: 6415: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6365: 6363: 6352: 6351: 6344: 6334: 6332: 6315: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6277: 6273: 6263: 6261: 6246: 6242: 6232: 6230: 6213: 6209: 6188: 6181: 6171: 6169: 6154: 6153: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6091: 6087: 6074:. No. 83. 6064: 6063: 6056: 6042: 6040: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6015:on 4 June 2000. 6003: 6002: 5998: 5984: 5982: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5951:. No. 78. 5939: 5935: 5922:. No. 76. 5910: 5906: 5892: 5890: 5873: 5869: 5848: 5841: 5824: 5820: 5809: 5782: 5771: 5754: 5750: 5739: 5712: 5708: 5694: 5692: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5657: 5655: 5638: 5634: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5535:The Independent 5526: 5522: 5505: 5501: 5487: 5485: 5468: 5464: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5419: 5418: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5382: 5378: 5365:. No. 49. 5362:Next Generation 5355: 5354: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5324: 5317: 5304:. No. 45. 5294: 5293: 5289: 5275: 5273: 5256: 5252: 5238: 5236: 5219: 5215: 5201: 5199: 5178: 5174: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5127: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5091: 5087: 5074:. No. 51. 5064: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5026:. 6 July 1995. 5016: 5015: 5011: 5000: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4942: 4941: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4907: 4906: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4866: 4862: 4852: 4850: 4833: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4800: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4760: 4756: 4745: 4718: 4709: 4692: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4556: 4541: 4530: 4508:Levene, Rebecca 4505: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4423:. No. 39. 4415: 4408: 4395:. No. 28. 4392:Next Generation 4385: 4384: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4340: 4336: 4319: 4315: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4225: 4216: 4203:. No. 24. 4191: 4187: 4173: 4171: 4154: 4143: 4130:. No. 40. 4118: 4111: 4098:. No. 11. 4088: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4023: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3983: 3974: 3963: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3911: 3907: 3886: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3846:(9 July 2018). 3844:Takahashi, Dean 3841: 3830: 3813: 3796: 3783:. No. 13. 3774: 3773: 3769: 3764:on 13 May 2012. 3749: 3741: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3707: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3667: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3631: 3624: 3614: 3612: 3595: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3539: 3532: 3518: 3516: 3509: 3486: 3477: 3466: 3444:Levene, Rebecca 3441: 3380: 3371:. No. 62. 3363: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3271: 3256: 3251: 3192: 3174:PlayStation 4, 3154:Xbox Series X/S 3072:Nintendo Switch 2978:Rockstar London 2858:Rockstar Games 2816: 2813: 2763:Rockstar Games 2646:BMG Interactive 2287: 2284: 2279: 2277:Games developed 2270: 2266: 2228:development of 2206: 2176:corporation tax 2171: 2167: 2134: 2121: 2111: 2054: 2050: 2046: 1960: 1917:was named the " 1910: 1906: 1895: 1873:Rockstar London 1869:Rockstar Vienna 1846: 1763: 1726: 1596: 1595:while assuming 1592: 1570: 1548:Rockstar Canada 1514: 1494: 1461: 1449:VIS Interactive 1439: 1392: 1342: 1341: 1316: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1269: 1193: 1182:, the latter a 1151: 1144:BMG Interactive 1119:Super NES Mouse 1053: 1007: 971:Visual Sciences 936:expansion packs 892:cheat cartridge 844: 814:honorary degree 801: 777: 760: 637: 528: 523: 414: 380:BMG Interactive 359:Visual Sciences 281:) is a British 256: 248: 243: 235: 227: 211:650 (2018) 208: 201: 196: 185: 167:studio director 164: 160: 153: 149: 118: 116: 113: 84: 79: 73: 67: 52: 43: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10336: 10326: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10238: 10237: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10151:Argonaut Games 10148: 10143: 10138: 10132: 10130: 10123: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10111: 10110: 10105: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10083:HAL Laboratory 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10048:Creatures Inc. 10045: 10040: 10039: 10038: 10027: 10025: 10021: 10020: 10018: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10001: 9996: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9964: 9962: 9958: 9957: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9944: 9938: 9932: 9926: 9920: 9915: 9909: 9907: 9900: 9899: 9893: 9886: 9884: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9863: 9862: 9855: 9848: 9840: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9765: 9764: 9754: 9749: 9743: 9741: 9737: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9729: 9724: 9718: 9716: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9708: 9701: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9673: 9666: 9659: 9652: 9645: 9637: 9635: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9594: 9592: 9585: 9579: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9572: 9571: 9565: 9563: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9548: 9540: 9532: 9524: 9516: 9509: 9501: 9493: 9491: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9465: 9463: 9462:Former studios 9459: 9458: 9456: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9443:Rockstar North 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9423:Rockstar Leeds 9420: 9418:Rockstar India 9415: 9409: 9407: 9400: 9398:Rockstar Games 9394: 9393: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9373: 9365: 9358: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9335: 9326: 9324: 9317: 9316: 9308: 9300: 9292: 9285: 9277: 9270: 9263: 9255: 9247: 9239: 9230: 9228: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9186:2K Los Angeles 9183: 9178: 9173: 9167: 9165: 9164:Former studios 9161: 9160: 9158: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9136: 9135: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9109: 9107: 9100: 9094: 9093: 9086: 9085: 9078: 9071: 9063: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9050: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9007:Leslie Benzies 9003: 9001: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8985: 8983: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8975: 8969: 8967: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8950: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8922:Rockstar North 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8902:Rockstar Leeds 8899: 8897:Rockstar India 8894: 8888: 8882: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8867: 8860: 8857:Smuggler's Run 8853: 8846: 8839: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8791: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8779: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8743: 8740:Rockstar Games 8736: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8713: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8698:Leslie Benzies 8695: 8690: 8684: 8682: 8678: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8614: 8607: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8576: 8573:Chinatown Wars 8569: 8568: 8567: 8560: 8546: 8539: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8511: 8504: 8496: 8494: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8475: 8468: 8460: 8458: 8449: 8445: 8444: 8441:Rockstar North 8437: 8436: 8429: 8422: 8414: 8407: 8406: 8394: 8374: 8373: 8357: 8356:External links 8354: 8351: 8350: 8317: 8291: 8258: 8225: 8189: 8158: 8122: 8089: 8056: 8023: 7987: 7954: 7914: 7881: 7845: 7812: 7779: 7761:Digital Trends 7746: 7713: 7680: 7647: 7614: 7584: 7567:Rockstar Games 7551: 7515: 7477: 7444: 7439:Newspapers.com 7403: 7370: 7334: 7298: 7275:"Vice Captain" 7262: 7226: 7198: 7165: 7132: 7114:Game Developer 7099: 7066: 7030: 6997: 6961: 6925: 6892: 6859: 6823: 6783: 6743: 6738:Newspapers.com 6724:. p. 20. 6706: 6674: 6642: 6610: 6589: 6559: 6535: 6502: 6474: 6456:Time Extension 6441: 6409: 6377: 6342: 6304: 6271: 6240: 6222:Game Developer 6207: 6179: 6142: 6110: 6085: 6054: 6049:Newspapers.com 6018: 5996: 5962: 5933: 5904: 5899:Newspapers.com 5867: 5839: 5818: 5807: 5789:"Liberty City" 5785:Kushner, David 5769: 5748: 5737: 5715:Kushner, David 5706: 5701:Newspapers.com 5669: 5664:Newspapers.com 5650:. p. 55. 5632: 5629:on 4 May 1999. 5610: 5585: 5553: 5520: 5499: 5494:Newspapers.com 5480:. p. B6. 5462: 5444: 5409: 5376: 5345: 5315: 5287: 5282:Newspapers.com 5268:. p. 39. 5250: 5245:Newspapers.com 5231:. p. 29. 5213: 5208:Newspapers.com 5194:. p. B2. 5172: 5154: 5118: 5085: 5041: 5009: 4998: 4976:Kushner, David 4967: 4932: 4893: 4860: 4827: 4787: 4754: 4743: 4725:"Race'n'Chase" 4721:Kushner, David 4707: 4647: 4614: 4581: 4539: 4528: 4462: 4430: 4406: 4387:"Gamespotting" 4367: 4334: 4313: 4302:. No. 1. 4285: 4252: 4214: 4185: 4180:Newspapers.com 4166:. p. 17. 4141: 4109: 4081: 4048: 4031:Dundee Culture 4010: 3972: 3961: 3938: 3905: 3871: 3828: 3794: 3767: 3732: 3694: 3658: 3622: 3566: 3530: 3507: 3475: 3464: 3378: 3298: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3172: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3146: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3079: 3069: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3029: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2974: 2967: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934:Rockstar Leeds 2930: 2924: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2894: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2778: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745:Rockstar Games 2741: 2735: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2675: 2670: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2643: 2633: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2599:Amiga, MS-DOS 2597: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585:Amiga, MS-DOS 2583: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554:Amiga, MS-DOS 2552: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2415: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2400: 2396:Commodore 64, 2394: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2324: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2216:office manager 2133: 2130: 2037:Chinatown Wars 2012:Rockstar Leeds 1959: 1949: 1921:" at the 2004 1725: 1719: 1652:Leslie Benzies 1483:House of Lords 1467:, now renamed 1460: 1457: 1430:In July 1997, 1385:public company 1270: 1268: 1265: 1245:GT Interactive 1197:motion capture 1107:in Nintendo's 1009:After leaving 1006: 1003: 806:Vauxhall Astra 776: 769: 691:Ocean Software 582:home computers 549:Space Invaders 527: 524: 522: 519: 287:Rockstar Games 267:Rockstar North 262: 261: 254: 250: 249: 247: 246: 244:(2002–present) 241:Rockstar Games 238: 230: 221: 219: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 202: 200: 199: 188: 178: 176: 172: 171: 163:Andrew Semple 161: 158: 155: 154: 151: 145: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 83: 82: 76: 70: 63: 61: 57: 56: 55:Rockstar North 53: 48: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10335: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10203:Monster Games 10201: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10146:Angel Studios 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10127: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10115:PlatinumGames 10113: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10029: 10028: 10026: 10022: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10010:Retro Studios 10008: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9988:Nintendo Cube 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9978:Monolith Soft 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9959: 9948: 9945: 9942: 9939: 9936: 9933: 9930: 9927: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9904: 9897: 9894: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9872: 9868: 9861: 9856: 9854: 9849: 9847: 9842: 9841: 9838: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9788:Former labels 9786: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9774:List of games 9772: 9770: 9767: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9742: 9738: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9702: 9700: 9699: 9695: 9693: 9692: 9688: 9686: 9685: 9681: 9679: 9678: 9674: 9672: 9671: 9667: 9665: 9664: 9660: 9658: 9657: 9653: 9651: 9650: 9646: 9644: 9643: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9634:Notable games 9632: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9599: 9598:NaturalMotion 9596: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9580: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9536:Midnight Club 9533: 9531: 9529: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9517: 9515: 9514: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9502: 9500: 9499: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9490: 9489:Notable games 9486: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9460: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9395: 9372: 9370: 9366: 9364: 9363: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9346:NBA 2K League 9344: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9321: 9315: 9313: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9293: 9291: 9290: 9286: 9284: 9282: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9274:Lego 2K Drive 9271: 9269: 9268: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9226:Notable games 9223: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9162: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9129: 9128:Firaxis Games 9126: 9124: 9123:Cloud Chamber 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9084: 9079: 9077: 9072: 9070: 9065: 9064: 9061: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9027:Woody Jackson 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9002: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8980: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8964: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8939: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 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2879: 2876: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2832:Publisher(s) 2821: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2797:PlayStation 2 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2480:, PC Engine, 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466:Master System 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2405: 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For 2090: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2061: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 2000:PlayStation 3 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1905: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1855:survival game 1852: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1762: 1757: 1756:PlayStation 2 1753: 1749: 1745: 1737: 1736: 1730: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1688:Rage Software 1685: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1364:Unreal Engine 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1339: 1331: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1002: 1000: 999: 994: 990: 986: 985: 980: 976: 972: 967: 965: 961: 960: 955: 954: 949: 948: 943: 942: 937: 934: 930: 926: 922: 919: 918: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 893: 889: 888: 883: 880: 876: 872: 871: 865: 861: 856: 854: 851:versions for 850: 843: 839: 838: 833: 829: 828: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 799: 792: 791: 786: 781: 774: 768: 766: 759: 755: 751: 750: 745: 744: 739: 738: 733: 729: 725: 720: 718: 714: 710: 709: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671: 666: 662: 658: 655: 651: 647: 643: 635: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 607: 601: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 560:gained early 559: 555: 551: 550: 541: 537: 532: 518: 516: 515: 510: 509: 504: 503: 498: 497: 492: 491: 486: 485: 480: 476: 475: 470: 469: 464: 463: 458: 454: 452: 447: 443: 442: 436: 434: 430: 426: 425: 420: 413: 412: 407: 403: 399: 398: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 370: 369: 364: 360: 356: 355: 350: 346: 342: 341: 336: 332: 328: 327: 322: 318: 314: 312: 308: 307: 302: 301: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 259: 255: 251: 242: 239: 234: 231: 226: 223: 222: 220: 218: 214: 210: 204: 194: 193: 189: 183: 180: 179: 177: 173: 168: 162: 156: 148: 144: 140: 137: 134: 130: 126: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 94: 91: 87: 77: 71: 65: 64: 62: 58: 54: 51: 46: 39: 34: 30: 25: 19: 10160: 10031:Bandai Namco 9961:Subsidiaries 9810:Gotham Games 9703: 9696: 9689: 9684:Hit It Rich! 9682: 9675: 9668: 9661: 9654: 9647: 9640: 9620:Zynga Eugene 9552:The Warriors 9550: 9543: 9535: 9527: 9519: 9511: 9504: 9496: 9442: 9368: 9360: 9353: 9338: 9330: 9311: 9304:The Darkness 9303: 9295: 9287: 9280: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9251:Civilization 9250: 9242: 9234: 9171:2K Australia 9032:Lazlow Jones 8988: 8921: 8871:The Warriors 8869: 8862: 8855: 8848: 8841: 8834: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8774: 8767: 8760: 8753: 8665: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8639:Body Harvest 8637: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8585: 8578: 8571: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8520: 8513: 8506: 8499: 8489: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8455: 8440: 8341:. 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Noire 9259:Duke Nukem 9150:HB Studios 9113:31st Union 9022:Sam Houser 9017:Dan Houser 8966:Technology 8823:characters 8817:L.A. Noire 8803:Beaterator 8747:Franchises 8625:Hired Guns 8104:The Herald 8016:30 October 7838:21 January 7794:The Herald 6423:The Herald 6324:The Herald 6027:"Take two" 5943:"Tanktics" 5023:The Herald 4949:The Herald 4914:The Herald 4769:The Herald 3992:The Herald 3604:The Herald 3548:The Herald 3249:References 3109:Team Bondi 3096:L.A. Noire 2973:, Windows 2740:, Windows 2549:Hired Guns 2472:, MS-DOS, 2470:Mega Drive 2434:Atari Lynx 2426:Amiga CD32 2254:settlement 2203:Dan Houser 2192:sabbatical 2164:think tank 2088:L.A. 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