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813:, Scott seemed to take offence with a map that was published that had shown how far south Scott and Shackleton had travelled during the Discovery Expedition. Scott implied in this letter, dated in 1907 and discovered in the shop archives in 2018, that having the two men's names together on this map indicated that there was "dual leadership" between Scott and Shackleton which was "not in accordance with fact." After the owner replied with an apology over the issue, Scott expressed his regret at the nature of the previous letter and stated, "I tried to be impartial in giving credit to my companions who one and all laboured honestly and well as I have endeavoured to record....I understand now of course that you had no personal knowledge of the wording and I must express regret that I failed to realise your identity when I first wrote."
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1063:, 200 miles (320 km) to their east. Scott conceded that his ponies would not be able to start early enough in the season to compete with Amundsen's cold-tolerant dog teams for the pole and also acknowledged that the Norwegian's base was closer to the pole by 69 miles (111 km). Wilson was more hopeful, whereas Gran shared Scott's concern. Shortly afterwards, the death toll among the ponies increased to six, three drowning when sea-ice unexpectedly disintegrated, casting in doubt the possibility of reaching the pole at all. However, during the 1911 winter, Scott's confidence increased: on 2 August, after the return of a three-man party from their winter journey to
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673:
585:. A long-cherished dream of Markham's, it required all of his skills and cunning to bring the expedition to fruition, under naval command and largely staffed by naval personnel. Scott may not have been Markham's first choice as leader but, having decided on him, the older man remained a constant supporter. There were committee battles over the scope of Scott's responsibilities, with the Royal Society pressing to put a scientist in charge of the expedition's programme while Scott merely commanded the ship. Eventually, however, Markham's view prevailed; Scott was given overall command, and was promoted to the rank of commander before
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1164:, three days ahead of schedule, noting in his diary for 27 February 1912, "We are naturally always discussing possibility of meeting dogs, where and when, etc. It is a critical position. We may find ourselves in safety at the next depot, but there is a horrid element of doubt." On 2 March, Oates began to suffer from the effects of frostbite and the party's progress slowed as he was increasingly unable to assist in the workload, eventually only able to drag himself alongside the men pulling the sledge. By 10 March the temperature had dropped unexpectedly to below −40 °C (−40 °F).
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615:
1190:, dated 16 March, Scott wondered whether he had overshot the meeting point and fought the growing suspicion that he had in fact been abandoned by the dog teams: "We very nearly came through, and it's a pity to have missed it, but lately I have felt that we have overshot our mark. No-one is to blame and I hope no attempt will be made to suggest that we had lacked support." On the same day, Oates, whose toes had become frostbitten, voluntarily left the tent and walked to his death. Scott wrote that Oates' last words were "I am just going outside and may be some time".
1366:, reporting on the glowing tributes paid to Scott in the New York press, claimed that both Amundsen and Shackleton were " to hear that such a disaster could overtake a well-organized expedition". On learning the details of Scott's death, Amundsen is reported to have said, "I would gladly forgo any honour or money if thereby I could have saved Scott his terrible death". Scott was the better wordsmith of the two, and the story that spread throughout the world was largely that told by him, with Amundsen's victory reduced in the eyes of many to an unsporting stratagem.
652:, a merchant officer, was offered the chance to go home on compassionate grounds, but interpreted the offer as a personal slight, and refused. Armitage also promoted the idea that the decision to send Shackleton home on the relief ship arose from Scott's animosity rather than Shackleton's physical breakdown. Although there was later tension between Scott and Shackleton, when their polar ambitions directly clashed, mutual civilities were preserved in public; Scott joined in the official receptions that greeted Shackleton on his return in 1909 after the
487:. According to Huntford, Scott "disappears from naval records" for eight months, from mid-August 1889 until 26 March 1890. Huntford hints at involvement with a married American woman, a cover-up, and protection by senior officers. Biographer David Crane reduces the missing period to eleven weeks, but is unable to clarify further. He rejects the notion of protection by senior officers on the grounds that Scott was not important or well-connected enough to warrant this. Documents that may have offered explanations are missing from Admiralty records.
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1157:("Teddy") Evans who needed urgent medical attention. Atkinson therefore tried to send the experienced navigator Wright south to meet Scott, but chief meteorologist Simpson declared he needed Wright for scientific work. Atkinson then decided to send the short-sighted Cherry-Garrard on 25 February, who was not able to navigate, only as far as One Ton depot (which is within sight of Mount Erebus), effectively cancelling Scott's orders for meeting him at latitude 82 or 82.30 on 1 March.
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462:, then Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, who would loom large in Scott's later career. On this occasion, 1 March 1887, Markham observed Midshipman Scott's cutter winning that morning's race across the bay. Markham's habit was to "collect" likely young naval officers with a view to their undertaking polar exploration work in the future. He was impressed by Scott's intelligence, enthusiasm and charm, and the 18-year-old midshipman was duly noted.
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2922:"My right foot has gone, nearly all the toes—two days ago I was proud possessor of best feet. These are the steps of my downfall. Like an ass I mixed a small spoonful of curry powder with my melted pemmican—it gave me violent indigestion. I lay awake and in pain all night; woke and felt done on the march; foot went and I didn't know it. A very small measure of neglect and have a foot which is not pleasant to contemplate." Scott's diary 18 March 1912
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nine days, as their supplies ran out, and with storms still raging outside the tent, Scott and his companions wrote their farewell letters. Scott gave up his diary after 23 March, save for a final entry on 29 March, with its concluding words: "Last entry. For God's sake look after our people". He left letters to Wilson's mother, Bowers' mother, a string of notables including his former commander, Sir
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performance impressed Scott, and, despite moral qualms, he implemented the principle of slaughtering dogs for dog food to increase the others' range. During an early attempt at ice travel, a blizzard trapped expedition members in their tent and their decision to leave it resulted in the death of George Vince, who slipped over a precipice on 11 March 1902. The expedition also experienced problems with
2889:"Oates disclosed his feet, the toes showing very bad indeed, evidently bitten by the late temperatures" Scott diary entry, 2 March 1912. "The result is telling on ... Oates, whose feet are in a wretched condition. One swelled up tremendously last night and he is very lame this morning" Scott diary entry 5 March 1912. "Titus Oates is very near the end" – Scott diary entry, 17 March 1912.
538:, under the auspices of the RGS. It was the opportunity for early command and a chance to distinguish himself, rather than any predilection for polar exploration which motivated Scott, according to Crane. What passed between them on this occasion is not recorded, but a few days later, on 11 June, Scott appeared at the Markham residence and volunteered to lead the expedition.
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1501:, was released in 1977. In Thomson's view, Scott was not a great man, "at least, not until near the end"; his planning is described as "haphazard" and "flawed", his leadership characterised by lack of foresight. Thus by the late 1970s, biographer Max Jones stated, "Scott's complex personality had been revealed and his methods questioned".
636:, took them to a latitude of 82°17′S, about 530 miles (850 km) from the pole. A harrowing return journey brought about Shackleton's physical collapse and his early departure from the expedition. The second year showed improvements in technique and achievement, culminating in Scott's western journey which led to the discovery of the
1043:, in charge of the ponies, advised Scott to kill ponies for food and advance the depot to 80°S, which Scott refused to do. Oates is reported as saying to Scott, "Sir, I'm afraid you'll come to regret not taking my advice." Four ponies died during this journey, either from the cold or because they slowed the team down and were shot.
524:, John Scott died of heart disease, creating a fresh family crisis. Hannah Scott and her two unmarried daughters now relied entirely on the service pay of Scott and the salary of younger brother Archie, who had left the army for a higher-paid post in the colonial service. Archie's own death in the autumn of 1898, after contracting
509:, Scott learned of the financial calamity that had overtaken his family. John Scott, having sold the brewery and invested the proceeds unwisely, had lost all his capital and was now virtually bankrupt. At the age of 63, and in poor health, he was forced to take a job as a brewery manager and move his family to
1145:, the physical condition of Edgar Evans, which Scott had noted with concern as early as 23 January, declined sharply. A fall on 4 February had left Evans "dull and incapable," and on 17 February, after another fall, he died near the glacier foot. Still needing to travel 400 miles (640 km) across the
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interpretations". What has happened to Scott's reputation, Crane argues, derives from the way the world has changed since the "hopeless heroism and obscene waste" of the First World War. At the time of Scott's death, people clutched at the proof he gave that the qualities that made
Britain, indeed the
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ties the fate of Scott's party to the extraordinarily adverse
Barrier weather conditions of February and March 1912 rather than to personal or organisational failings and, while not entirely questioning any criticism of Scott, Solomon principally characterises the criticism as the "Myth of Scott as a
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The deflated party began the 862 miles (1,387 km) return journey on 19 January. "I'm afraid the return journey is going to be dreadfully tiring and monotonous", wrote Scott on that day. The party made good progress despite poor weather, and had completed the Polar
Plateau stage of their journey,
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Experience of
Antarctic or Arctic waters was almost entirely lacking within the 50-strong party and there was very little special training in equipment or techniques before the ship set sail. Dogs were taken, as were skis, but the dogs succumbed to disease in the first season. Nevertheless, the dogs'
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Scott's diary, 22 February 1911: "The proper, as well as wiser, course for us is to proceed exactly as though this had not happened. To go forward and do our best for the honour of the country without fear or panic. There is no doubt that
Amundsen's plan is a serious menace to ours. He has a shorter
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In 2012, Karen May published her discovery that Scott had issued written orders, before his march to the Pole, for Meares to meet the returning party with dog-teams, in contrast to
Huntford's assertion in 1979 that Scott issued those vital instructions only as a casual oral order to Evans during the
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About the first week of
February I should like you to start your third journey to the South, the object being to hasten the return of the third Southern unit and give it a chance to catch the ship. The date of your departure must depend on news received from returning units, the extent of the depot
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The march south began on 1 November 1911, a caravan of mixed transport groups (motors, dogs, horses), with loaded sledges, travelling at different rates, all designed to support a final group of four men who would make a dash for the Pole. The southbound party steadily reduced in size as successive
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for 20 days, far longer than other ships had experienced, which meant a late-season arrival and less time for preparatory work before the
Antarctic winter. At Cape Evans, Antarctica, one of the motor sledges was lost during its unloading from the ship, breaking through the sea ice and sinking.
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regards
Shackleton's actions as a technical breach of honour, but adds: "My personal belief is that Shackleton was basically honest but circumstances forced his McMurdo landing, much to his distress." The polar historian Beau Riffenburgh states that the promise to Scott "should never ethically have
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Promotion, and the extra income this would bring, now became a matter of considerable concern to Scott. In the Royal Navy however, opportunities for career advancement were both limited and keenly sought after by ambitious officers. Early in June 1899, while home on leave, he had a chance encounter
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was released in cinemas and was the third most popular film in
Britain the following year. It portrays the team spirit of the expedition and the harsh Antarctic environment, but also includes critical scenes such as Scott regarding his broken down motors and ruefully remembering Nansen's advice to
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to select the dogs and Scott ordered that, while he was there, he should deal with the purchase of Manchurian ponies. Meares was not an experienced horse-dealer and the ponies he chose proved mostly of poor quality and ill-suited to prolonged Antarctic work. Meanwhile, Scott also recruited Bernard
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We took risks, we knew we took them; things have come out against us, and therefore we have no cause for complaint, but bow to the will of Providence, determined still to do our best to the last ... Had we lived, I should have had a tale to tell of the hardihood, endurance, and courage of my
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After walking 20 miles (32 km) farther despite Scott's toes now becoming frostbitten, the three remaining men made their final camp on 19 March, approximately 12.5 miles (20.1 km) short of One Ton Depot. The next day a fierce blizzard prevented their making any progress. During the next
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Scott outlined his plans for the southern journey to the entire shore party, leaving open who would form the final polar team, according to their performance during the polar travel. Eleven days before Scott's teams set off towards the pole, Scott gave the dog driver Meares the following written
640:. This has been described by one writer as "one of the great polar journeys". The scientific results of the expedition included important biological, zoological and geological findings. Some of the meteorological and magnetic readings, however, were later criticised as amateurish and inaccurate.
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Following the news of his death, Scott became a celebrated hero, a status reflected by memorials erected across the UK. However, in the last decades of the 20th century, questions were raised about his competence and character. Commentators in the 21st century have regarded Scott more positively
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arrived at the beginning of February, and Atkinson decided to unload the supplies from the ship with his own men rather than set out south with the dogs to meet Scott as ordered. When Atkinson finally did leave south for the planned rendezvous with Scott, he encountered the scurvy-ridden Edward
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base and launch a bid for the South Pole from there. Scott claimed, in the first of a series of letters to Shackleton, that the area around McMurdo was his own "field of work" to which he had prior rights until he chose to give them up, and that Shackleton should therefore work from an entirely
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developed the idea of a caterpillar track for snow surfaces. In the middle of 1909, Scott realised that motors were unlikely to get him all the way to the Pole and decided additionally to take horses (based on Shackleton's near success in attaining the Pole, using ponies), dogs and skis, after
959:, neither they nor the Royal Society were in charge this time. In his expedition prospectus, Scott stated that its main objective was "to reach the South Pole, and to secure for the British Empire the honour of this achievement". Scott had, as Markham observed, been "bitten by the Pole mania".
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summarised Scott as "confused and demoralised ... an enigma to his men, unprepared and a bungler". This decline in Scott's reputation was accompanied by a corresponding rise in that of his erstwhile rival Shackleton, at first in the United States but eventually in Britain as well. A 2002
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In March 1888 Scott passed his examinations for sub-lieutenant, with four first class certificates out of five. His career progressed smoothly, with service on various ships and promotion to lieutenant in 1889. In 1891, after a long spell in foreign waters, he applied for the two-year torpedo
2004:"The dog-team is invested with a capacity of work which is beyond the emulation of party of men ... This method of using dogs is one which can only be adopted with reluctance. One cannot calmly contemplate the murder of animals which possess such intelligence and individuality" RF Scott
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published a new Scott biography in which he comes to the conclusion that Scott is possibly the only figure in polar history except Lawrence Oates "so wholly obscured by legend". According to Barczewski, he goes some way towards an assessment of Scott "free from the baggage of earlier
1493:, the first biographer given access to Scott's original sledging journal, revealed personal failings which cast a new light on Scott, although Pound continued to endorse his heroism, writing of "a splendid sanity that would not be subdued". Another book critical of Scott,
1253:] ... the frost had made the skin yellow & transparent & I’ve never seen anything worse in my life." Their final camp became their tomb; their records and personal belongings were retrieved before the tent roof was lowered over the bodies and a high
473:, an important career step. He graduated with first class certificates in both the theory and practical examinations. A small blot occurred in the summer of 1893 when, while commanding a torpedo boat, Scott ran it aground, a mishap which earned him a mild rebuke.
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Shackleton returned from the Antarctic having narrowly failed to reach the Pole and this gave Scott the impetus to proceed with plans for his second Antarctic expedition. On 24 March 1909, he took the Admiralty-based appointment of naval assistant to the
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distance to the Pole by 60 miles (100 km)—I never thought he could have got so many dogs safely to the ice. His plan for running them seems excellent. But above all he can start his journey early in the season — an impossible condition with ponies."
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Wilson's diary "As for Amundsen's prospects of reaching the Pole, I don't think they are very good ... I don't think he knows how bad an effect the monotony and the hard travelling surface of the Barrier is to animals," cited from Ranulph Fiennes
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Tryggve Gran's diary "If we reach the Pole, then Amundsen will reach the Pole, and weeks earlier. Our prospects are thus not exactly promising. The only thing that can save Scott is if an accident happens to Amundsen." cited from Ranulph Fiennes
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companions which would have stirred the heart of every Englishman. These rough notes and our dead bodies must tell the tale, but surely, surely, a great rich country like ours will see that those who are dependent on us are properly provided for.
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He also wrote his "Message to the Public", primarily a vindication of the expedition's organisation and conduct in which the party's failure is attributed to weather and other misfortunes, but ending on an inspirational note, with these words:
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Deteriorating weather conditions and weak, unacclimatised, ponies affected the initial depot-laying journey, so that the expedition's main supply point, One Ton Depot, was laid 35 miles (56 km) north of its planned location at 80°S.
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brewery which he had inherited from his father and subsequently sold. Scott's early childhood years were spent in comfort, but some years later, when he was establishing his naval career, the family suffered serious financial misfortune.
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from the ice. Scott's insistence during the expedition on Royal Navy formalities had made for uneasy relations with the merchant navy contingent, many of whom departed for home with the first relief ship in March 1903. Second-in-command
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after assessing the temperature drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) in March 1912, and after re-discovering Scott's written orders of October 1911, in which he had instructed the dog teams to meet and assist him on the return trip.
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returned to Britain in September 1904. The expedition had caught the public imagination, and Scott became a popular hero. He was awarded a cluster of honours and medals, including many from overseas, and was promoted to the rank of
364:, and learned of a planned Antarctic expedition, which he soon volunteered to lead. His name became inseparably associated with the Antarctic, the field of work to which he remained committed during the final 12 years of his life.
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of the order "to take the two dog-teams south in the event of Meares having to return home, as seemed likely". By 4 January 1912, the last two four-man groups had reached 87°34′S. Scott announced his decision: five men — himself,
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in which Scott is depicted as a "heroic bungler". Huntford's thesis had an immediate impact, becoming the contemporary orthodoxy. After Huntford's book, several other mostly negative books about Captain Scott were published;
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columnist Jasper Rees, likening the changes in explorers' reputations to climatic variations, suggests that "in the current Antarctic weather report, Scott is enjoying his first spell in the sun for twenty-five years". The
335:. On the return journey from the Pole, a planned meeting with supporting dog teams from the base camp failed, despite Scott's written instructions, and at a distance of 162 miles (261 km) from their base camp at
885:. Her initial meeting with Scott was brief, but when they met again later that year, the mutual attraction was obvious. A stormy courtship followed; Scott was not her only suitor—his main rival was would-be novelist
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left in place by Amundsen, in it containing a letter dated 18 December. Scott's anguish is indicated in his diary: "The worst has happened All the day dreams must go Great God! This is an awful place".
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Scott is presumed to have died on 29 March 1912, or possibly one day later. The positions of the bodies in the tent when it was discovered eight months later suggested that Scott was the last of the three to die.
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from the pack ice, and concluded that "For all the many attractions of his book, David Crane offers no answers that convincingly exonerate Scott from a significant share of responsibility for his own demise."
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ground. In the end it was a promise that he was unable to keep after his search for alternative landing grounds proved fruitless. With his only other option being to return home, he set up his headquarters at
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for his New Zealand base in Christchurch. A number of institutions have relics and personal belongings from the expedition. Scott's snow shoes, sledging goggles and the book bag for his diary are held in the
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consultation with Nansen during trials of the motors in Norway in March 1910. Man-hauling would still be needed on the Polar Plateau, on the assumption that motors and animals could not ascend the crevassed
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of dog food you have been able to leave at One Ton Camp, the state of the dogs, etc ... It looks at present as though you should aim at meeting the returning party about March 1 in Latitude 82 or 82.30
1517:, in a 1996 history not wholly antagonistic to Scott, refers to "devastating evidence of bungling", concluding that "Scott doomed his companions, then covered his tracks with rhetoric". Travel writer
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In accordance with the family's tradition, Scott and his younger brother Archie were predestined for careers in the armed services. Scott spent four years at a local day school before being sent to
397:. There were also naval and military traditions in the family, Scott's grandfather and four uncles all having served in the army or navy. John Scott's prosperity came from the ownership of a small
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In a memorandum of 1908, Scott presented his view that man-hauling to the South Pole was impossible and that motor traction was needed. Snow vehicles did not yet exist however and so his engineer
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and approximately 12.5 miles (20.1 km) from the next depot, Scott and his companions died. When Scott and his party's bodies were discovered, they had in their possession the first Antarctic
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The expedition suffered a series of early misfortunes which hampered the first season's work and impaired preparations for the main polar march. On its journey from New Zealand to the Antarctic,
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in a London street with Clements Markham, who was now knighted and President of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), and learned for the first time of an impending Antarctic expedition with
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tree fossils which they had dragged on hand sledges. These were the first ever discovered Antarctic fossils and proved that Antarctica had once been warm and connected to other continents.
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and promotions for the naval personnel. In place of the knighthood that might have been her husband's had he survived, Kathleen Scott was granted the rank and precedence of a widow of a
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take only dogs. Evans and Cherry-Garrard were the only surviving expedition members to refuse participation in the film, but both re-published their respective books in its wake.
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years later, the ideals of unquestionable duty, self-sacrifice, discipline, patriotism and hierarchy associated with his tragedy take on a different and more sinister colouring.
936:, which placed him conveniently in London. In December, he was released on half-pay to take up the full-time command of the British Antarctic Expedition 1910, to be known as the
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Crane's main achievement, according to Barczewski, is the restoration of Scott's humanity, "far more effectively than either Fiennes's stridency or Solomon's scientific data."
628:
The expedition had both scientific and exploration objectives; the latter included a long journey south, in the direction of the South Pole. This march, undertaken by Scott,
1327:, asked: "Are Britons going downhill? No! ... There is plenty of pluck and spirit left in the British after all. Captain Scott and Captain Oates have shown us that".
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The 21st century has seen a shift of opinion in Scott's favour, in what cultural historian Stephanie Barczewski calls "a revision of the revisionist view". Meteorologist
1149:, the prospects of Scott's party steadily worsened as they struggled northward with deteriorating weather, a puzzling lack of fuel in the depots, hunger, and exhaustion.
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Finally, to end the impasse, Shackleton agreed, in a letter to Scott dated 17 May 1907, to work to the east of the 170°W meridian and therefore to avoid all the familiar
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march to the Pole. According to May, "Huntford's scenario was pure invention based on an error; it has led a number of polar historians down a regrettable false trail".
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The response to Scott's final plea on behalf of the dependents of the dead was enormous by the standards of the day. The Mansion House Scott Memorial Fund closed at
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Playwright and screenwriter. Tally gained early recognition with his ambitious first play Terra Nova (1977), which dramatized Scott's ill-fated 1912 expedition
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It was the expressed hope of the RGS that this expedition would be "scientific primarily, with exploration and the Pole as secondary objects" but, unlike the
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I do not think we can hope for any better things now. We shall stick it out to the end, but we are getting weaker, of course, and the end cannot be far.
1247:, who was part of the search party, described the scene as, "snowcovered til up above the door, with Scott in the middle, half out of his bagg [
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Scott's next few years were crowded. For more than a year he was occupied with public receptions, lectures and the writing of the expedition record,
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Scott was born on 6 June 1868, the third of six children and elder son of John Edward, a brewer and magistrate, and Hannah (née Cuming) Scott of
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of snow was erected over it, topped by a roughly fashioned cross, erected using Gran's skis. Next to their bodies lay 35 pounds (16 kg) of
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By early 1906, Scott queried the RGS about the possible funding of a future Antarctic expedition. It was therefore unwelcome news to him that
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In the dozen years following the tragedy, more than 30 monuments and memorials were set up in Britain alone, including the foundation of the
889:—and his absences at sea did not assist his cause. However, Scott's persistence was rewarded and, on 2 September 1908, at the Chapel Royal,
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approximately 300 miles (480 km), by 7 February. In the following days, as the party made the 100 miles (160 km) descent of the
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1373: (equivalent to £9,379,000 in 2023). This was not equally distributed; Scott's widow, son, mother and sisters received a total of
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On its return to base, the expedition learned of the presence of Amundsen, camped with his crew and a large contingent of dogs in the
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been demanded," and compares Scott's intransigence on this matter unfavourably with the generous attitudes of the Norwegian explorer
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also gives a fictionalised account of the expedition, with monologues from the five men who died on the return from the pole.
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the day before the ship left British shores in August 1901, and during the visit appointed Scott a Member Fourth Class of the
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investigated a possible scandal in Scott's early naval career, related to the period 1889–1890 when Scott was a lieutenant on
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730:. He was now moving in ever more exalted social circles—a telegram to Markham in February 1907 refers to meetings with Queen
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On the return journey from the Pole, Scott reached the 82°S meeting point for the dog teams, 300 miles (480 km) from
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1309:, New Zealand, on 10 February 1913. Within days, Scott became a national icon. A nationalistic spirit was aroused; the
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was more critical, pointing out Crane's support for Scott's account regarding the circumstances of the freeing of the
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left for home, a large wooden cross was made by the ship's carpenters, inscribed with the names of the lost party and
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1015:, South Wales. Scott meanwhile was fundraising in Britain and joined the ship later in South Africa. Arriving in
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called for the story to be read to schoolchildren throughout the land, to coincide with the memorial service at
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early in 1907 at a private luncheon party. She was a sculptor, socialite and cosmopolitan who had studied under
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At the end of the expedition it took the combined efforts of two relief ships and the use of explosives to free
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2044:"Tainted bodies: scurvy, bad food and the reputation of the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–1904"
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Unattributed (11 February 1913). "The Polar Disaster. Captain Scott's Career, Naval Officer And Explorer".
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1471:, Warwickshire, one of four panels. This one depicts the cairn erected over the site of Scott's last tent
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327:, on which the South Pole is located. On the second venture, Scott led a party of five which reached the
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orders at Cape Evans, dated 20 October 1911, to secure Scott's speedy return from the pole using dogs:
1019:, Australia in October 1910, Scott received a telegram from Amundsen stating: "Beg leave to inform you
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as a midshipman, seventh overall in a class of 26. By October, he was en route to South Africa to join
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2342:"Antarctic explorer Scott's letter of complaint about rival Shackleton to go on display in exhibition"
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On the first expedition, he set a new southern record by marching to latitude 82°S and discovered the
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expedition, Scott had a career as a Royal Navy officer. In 1899, he had a chance encounter with Sir
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May, K. (January 2013). "Could Captain Scott have been saved? Revisiting Scott's last expedition".
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tin gifted to Scott by an Oxford businessman which was recovered from the site of his death. The
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841:, who gave freely of his advice and expertise to all, whether they were potential rivals or not.
1439:, England, has the pocket watch which was found with his body. Scott's sledging flag is held in
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1280:: "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield", and was erected as a permanent memorial on
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The bodies of Scott and his companions were discovered by a search party on 12 November 1912.
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3440:, wrote: "Huntford's assault on Scott was so extreme it plainly toppled over into absurdity".
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1119:) - would return. The chosen group marched on, reaching the Pole on 17 January, only to find
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1973:
711:. In January 1906, he resumed his full-time naval career, first as an assistant director of
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1385: (equivalent to £563,000 in 2023). Edgar Evans's widow, children, and mother received
424:. Having passed these exams Scott began his naval career in 1881, as a 13-year-old cadet.
8:
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proceeding Antarctic Amundsen," possibly indicating that Scott faced a race to the pole.
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base. For this he was roundly condemned by the British polar establishment at the time.
738:, and a later letter home reports lunching with the Commander-in-Chief of the Fleet and
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During the research for his dual biography of Scott and Roald Amundsen, polar historian
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1978:
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659:, and the two exchanged polite letters about their respective ambitions in 1909–1910.
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2368:"Antarctica discovery: Century-old letter reveals shock find after first exploration"
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that prepared candidates for the entrance examinations to the naval training ship
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tree and proved that Antarctica was once forested and joined to other continents.
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1067:, Scott wrote, "I feel sure we are as near perfection as experience can direct".
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1986:
528:, meant that the whole financial responsibility for the family rested on Scott.
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4006:
Captain Scott: Icy Deceits and Untold Realities (Three Volumes Bound as One)
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3787:
Scott of the Antarctic: A Life of Courage, and Tragedy in the Extreme South
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support teams turned back. Scott reminded the returning Surgeon-Lieutenant
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3017:"Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge » Scott's Last Expedition"
2603:
Scott and Amundsen. Their Race to the South Pole. The Last Place on Earth.
2566:
Scott and Amundsen. Their Race to the South Pole. The Last Place on Earth.
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1526:" showed Shackleton in eleventh place, Scott well down the list at 54th.
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The expedition's survivors were suitably honoured on their return, with
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Antarctic Destinies: Scott, Shackleton and the Changing Face of Heroism
3559:
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Scott's party at the South Pole: Oates, Bowers, Scott, Wilson and Evans
1000:
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148:
3301:"Museum of Oxford reopening: Century-old marmalade tin among exhibits"
1414:. Many more were established in other parts of the world, including a
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1381: (equivalent to £1,063,000 in 2023) and Bowers's mother received
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2854:"Karen May & Peter Forster on Cherry-Garrard's 1948 postscript"
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1377: (equivalent to £2,251,000 in 2023). Wilson's widow received
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979:
513:, Somerset. Three years later, while Robert was serving with the
5971:
3043:"Antarctic diary records horror at finding Captain Scott's body"
756:, a battleship commanded by Scott, collided with the battleship
6050:
5375:
3330:(Paperback). London: Holder & Stoughton. pp. 134–137.
1392:
1306:
608:
555:
340:
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2321:
1479:, beyond the 50th anniversary of his death. In 1948, the film
742:. The telegram related to a collision involving Scott's ship,
577:
The British National Antarctic Expedition, later known as the
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1254:
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3351:
3349:
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595:, who showed a keen interest in the expedition, visited the
502:
In 1894, while serving as torpedo officer on the depot ship
3956:
A First Rate Tragedy: Captain Scott's Antarctic Expeditions
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2534:
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2397:
2118:
1831:
62:"Scott of the Antarctic" redirects here. For the film, see
3547:
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2859:
2835:
2823:
2778:
2668:
2644:
2505:
2421:
2409:
2339:
1995:, vol 1, p. 170. "Our ignorance was deplorable."
798:, who asserted that Scott's rights extended to the entire
3914:
The Last Great Quest: Captain Scott's Antarctic Sacrifice
3379:
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3244:
3133:
2385:
2207:
2205:
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3181:
2997:
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2583:
2554:
The Sledging Problem in the Antarctic, Men versus Motors
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2023:
2011:
1927:
983:
Day, from Shackleton's expedition, as his motor expert.
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1522:
nationwide poll in the United Kingdom to discover the "
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discovered. The fossils were determined to be from the
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2202:
2106:
2008:
Vol I, Smith Elder & Co, London 1905, p. 465.
1843:
1222:
It seems a pity, but I do not think I can write more.
787:
different area. In this, he was strongly supported by
581:
Expedition, was a joint enterprise of the RGS and the
4030:
The Coldest March: Scott's Fatal Antarctic Expedition
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2445:
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2261:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1734:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1504:
In 1979 came the first extreme attack on Scott, from
3668:
The Continuum Companion to Twentieth Century Theatre
3583:
2656:
2493:
2457:
2433:
2306:
2273:
2217:
2178:
2094:
1962:. No. 36526. London. 6 August 1901. p. 10.
1958:"The Discovery – Inspection by the King and Queen".
1783:
1389: (equivalent to £188,000 in 2023) between them.
302:
officer and explorer who led two expeditions to the
298:(6 June 1868 – c. 29 March 1912) was a British
4063:
I May Be Some Time: Ice and the English Imagination
3455:
2871:
1939:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1819:
1807:
904:
4616:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
4081:
4027:
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3824:
1795:
1746:
1702:
541:
3607:
3595:
3369:"BFI Screenonline: Scott of the Antarctic (1948)"
1724:
1722:
763:on 11 February 1907, suffering minor bow damage.
7991:Collection of the Scott Polar Research Institute
7952:
2340:Ackerman, Naomi; Dex, Robert (15 October 2019).
1459:Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott expeditions
1688:"Four things Captain Scott found in Antarctica"
1030:nearly sank in a storm and was then trapped in
927:Scott's and Amundsen's routes to the South Pole
331:on 17 January 1912, less than five weeks after
4108:1912: The Year The World Discovered Antarctica
3757:
2760:
2701:Hodder and Stoughton, London 2003 p. 219.
2041:
1719:
611:, which affected Scott's domestic reputation.
4843:
4294:
3328:Hands of Time: A Watchmaker's History of Time
1635:List of solved missing person cases: pre-2000
1475:Scott's reputation survived the period after
1453:Controversies surrounding Robert Falcon Scott
3211:
893:, the wedding took place. Their only child,
8041:Recipients of the Cullum Geographical Medal
8031:People educated at Stubbington House School
3972:
3436:, p. 386. Francis Spufford, author of
2715:Hodder and Stoughton, London 2003 pp. 219ff
2427:
2327:
1397:Statue of Robert Falcon Scott, Christchurch
1301:The world was informed of the tragedy when
897:, born 14 September 1909, was to found the
591:sailed for the Antarctic on 6 August 1901.
23:
4850:
4836:
4301:
4287:
4253:
4224:
3738:
3553:
3529:
3512:
3497:
3276:"Relics from Scott's Antarctic expedition"
2856:, The Telegraph, accessed 12 October 2014.
2403:
766:
84:
24:
3958:(paperback ed.). London: Constable.
3325:
1351:Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
1011:, an old converted whaler, set sail from
775:had announced his own plans to travel to
7908:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
4060:
4003:
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3665:
3485:
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1972:
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990:
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671:
613:
554:
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380:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
8021:Military personnel from Plymouth, Devon
7996:Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
7483:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
4079:
4022:
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3892:
3875:
3819:
3565:
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3083:. New York: Penguin Group. p. 99.
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1933:
1885:
1873:
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1789:
1174:over the tent containing the bodies of
1107:— would go forward; the other three - (
802:sector. Shackleton refused to concede.
14:
7953:
4102:
2042:Armston-Sheret, Edward (1 July 2019).
1070:
723:to Rear-Admiral Sir George Egerton on
662:
59:British Antarctic explorer (1868–1912)
6627:
4869:
4857:
4831:
4282:
4270:Works by or about Robert Falcon Scott
3994:
3944:
3909:
3807:
3781:
3589:
3577:
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3385:
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3262:
3250:
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2017:
1992:
1945:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1849:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1752:
1740:
1713:
1399:, New Zealand, sculpted by his widow
1228:For God’s sake look after our people.
1215:In his final journal entry he wrote:
1055:held up in pack ice, 13 December 1910
736:Luis Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal
427:
4807:
4189:
4132:
3613:
3601:
1657:
1655:
1598:(who later wrote the screenplay for
566:before their march south during the
7269:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
5466:Norse colonization of North America
4152:
3625:
2877:
1728:
1630:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
1446:
1152:Meanwhile, back at Cape Evans, the
352:Before his appointment to lead the
56:
6798:United States Exploring Expedition
3895:Scott's Last Expedition, Volume II
3831:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
3767:(1965 ed.). London: Penguin.
3724:. London: C. Hurst & Company.
1770:American Museum of Natural History
1590:The expedition was the subject of
458:, he had his first encounter with
432:In July 1883, Scott passed out of
57:
8077:
7981:20th-century Royal Navy personnel
7976:19th-century Royal Navy personnel
7872:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
7240:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
4211:
3897:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
3880:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
3878:Scott's Last Expedition, Volume I
3637:
3040:
2366:Hoare, Callum (17 October 2019).
1663:"Antarctic Fossils | Expeditions"
1652:
1624:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
805:According to a letter written to
700:promoted him to Commander of the
8026:Officers of the Legion of Honour
7766:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
7159:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
4806:
4797:
4796:
4556:
4239:
3949:. London: Cassell & Company.
3687:
3659:
3631:
3427:
3361:
3319:
3293:
3268:
3205:
3072:
3034:
3009:
2257:. 1 November 1904. p. 7023.
1416:statue sculpted by Scott's widow
899:World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
853:Kathleen and Robert Falcon Scott
333:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
279:
8056:Scott family (conservationists)
3743:. London: Hembledon Continuum.
3709:
3568:, pp. xvi, xvii, 124, 129.
2916:
2883:
2847:
2790:
2704:
2690:
2680:
2595:
2558:
2546:
2359:
2333:
2285:
2241:
2048:Journal of Historical Geography
2035:
1998:
1982:. 16 August 1901. p. 5409.
1966:
1951:
1239:memorial cross, erected in 1913
1198:, his own mother and his wife.
1007:On 15 June 1910, Scott's ship,
986:
667:
255:
4308:
4110:. Melbourne: Text Publishing.
3764:The Worst Journey in the World
2796:Scott's diary, 19 January 1912
1758:
1680:
1408:Scott Polar Research Institute
1296:
918:
749:. Scott was cleared of blame.
13:
1:
8046:Recipients of the Polar Medal
7145:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
7080:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
6628:
4222:Biodiversity Heritage Library
4190:Rees, J. (19 December 2004).
4065:. London: Faber & Faber.
3666:Chambers, Colin, ed. (2006).
1640:
1427:contains among other items a
1291:
1127:
995:Scott writing his journal in
371:
7502:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
7318:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
7124:French Antarctic Expeditions
7054:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
6940:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
5058:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
4261:Works by Robert Falcon Scott
4247:Works by Robert Falcon Scott
4232:Works by Robert Falcon Scott
4218:Works by Robert Falcon Scott
4133:Dore, J. (3 December 2006).
4004:Sienicki, Krzysztof (2016).
1645:
1626:, permanent base at the pole
1336:Portsmouth Historic Dockyard
832:Among modern polar writers,
385:Scott as a naval cadet, 1882
7:
8036:People of the Victorian era
7986:Antarctic expedition deaths
6587:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
6266:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
5131:Andrée's balloon expedition
4238:(public domain audiobooks)
3997:The Voyage of the Discovery
3326:Struthers, Rebecca (2023).
2006:The Voyage of the Discovery
1667:expeditions.fieldmuseum.org
1617:
1437:Upton Hall, Nottinghamshire
844:
709:The Voyage of the Discovery
90:Robert Falcon Scott in 1905
10:
8082:
5788:Franklin's lost expedition
5488:Christian IV's expeditions
4870:
1576:New York Times Book Review
1456:
1450:
911:
873:and whose circle included
857:Scott, who because of his
740:Prince Heinrich of Prussia
548:
362:Royal Geographical Society
61:
7605:
7336:
6923:
6663:
6640:
6636:
6623:
6142:Great Northern Expedition
6036:
5818:Rae–Richardson expedition
5567:
5412:
5018:British Arctic Expedition
4910:
4882:
4878:
4865:
4792:
4745:
4644:
4608:
4565:
4554:
4509:
4458:
4381:
4316:
4175:10.1017/S0032247411000751
4126:
3978:Nimrod: Ernest Shackleton
3893:Huxley, L., ed. (1913b).
3876:Huxley, L., ed. (1913a).
3645:Moorhead State University
2060:10.1016/j.jhg.2019.05.006
376:
275:
265:
240:
199:
172:
162:
154:
144:
136:
119:
95:
83:
76:
7426:British Antarctic Survey
7420:Captain Arturo Prat Base
6665:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4466:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1601:The Silence of the Lambs
1421:National Maritime Museum
1266:In January 1913, before
1186:In a farewell letter to
407:Stubbington House School
39:latest accepted revision
8016:Explorers of Antarctica
8006:Deaths from hypothermia
7902:Pole of inaccessibility
7565:Antarctic Treaty System
5906:2nd Grinnell expedition
4008:. Open Academic Press.
3920:Oxford University Press
3851:The Last Place on Earth
3739:Barczewski, S. (2007).
3373:www.screenonline.org.uk
3280:Royal Museums Greenwich
2605:Abacus, London, p. 262.
2601:Roland Huntford (2003)
2568:Abacus, London, p. 224.
2564:Roland Huntford (2003)
1353:. In 1922, she married
1182:and Robert Falcon Scott
767:Dispute with Shackleton
360:, the president of the
4088:. London: Allen Lane.
3980:. London: Bloomsbury.
3947:Scott of the Antarctic
1482:Scott of the Antarctic
1472:
1403:
1342:
1325:Boy Scouts Association
1274:'s line from his poem
1240:
1230:
1209:
1183:
1180:Henry Robertson Bowers
1137:
1083:
1056:
1004:
928:
854:
681:
625:
574:
499:
411:cramming establishment
386:
65:Scott of the Antarctic
8061:Terra Nova expedition
7572:Transglobe Expedition
7471:Operation Deep Freeze
6880:Challenger expedition
5746:Coppermine expedition
5267:Drifting ice stations
4061:Spufford, F. (1997).
4036:Yale University Press
3995:Scott, R. F. (1905).
3853:. London: Pan Books.
3081:Why Evolution is True
3079:Coyne, Jerry (2010).
1466:
1457:Further information:
1433:Museum of Timekeeping
1395:
1333:
1235:
1217:
1204:
1170:
1135:
1078:
1049:
994:
926:
914:Terra Nova Expedition
908:expedition, 1910–1913
852:
702:Royal Victorian Order
678:Daniel A. Wehrschmidt
675:
617:
603:, his personal gift.
601:Royal Victorian Order
558:
545:expedition, 1901–1904
494:Portrait of Scott by
493:
384:
207:Royal Victorian Order
155:Years of service
8001:Deaths by starvation
4080:Thomson, D. (1977).
3954:Preston, D. (1999).
3670:. Oxford Reference.
3412:, pp. 153, 218.
2394:, pp. 335, 341.
1766:"Scott's Expedition"
1524:100 Greatest Britons
1176:Edward Adrian Wilson
891:Hampton Court Palace
794:s former zoologist,
692:. He was invited to
551:Discovery Expedition
8066:Royal Navy captains
8051:Royal Navy officers
7961:Robert Falcon Scott
7742:South magnetic pole
6408:Brusilov expedition
5517:Danish colonization
4955:North magnetic pole
4779:Robert Falcon Scott
4436:South magnetic pole
4394:Antarctic Peninsula
4389:Biogeographic realm
4196:The Daily Telegraph
4192:"Ice in our Hearts"
4167:2013PoRec..49...72M
3544:, pp. 309–327.
3532:, pp. 305–311.
3488:, pp. 104–105.
3388:, pp. 285–286.
3358:, pp. 287–289.
3265:, pp. 295–296.
3253:, pp. 106–108.
3241:, Publisher's note.
3142:, pp. 199–201.
3069:, pp. 345–347.
2970:, pp. 605–607.
2958:, pp. 597–604.
2901:, pp. 591–592.
2868:, pp. 292–294.
2844:, pp. 574–580.
2832:, pp. 572–573.
2787:, pp. 543–544.
2761:Cherry-Garrard 1970
2751:, pp. 187–188.
2677:, pp. 187–188.
2653:, pp. 106–107.
2629:, pp. 425–428.
2592:, pp. 432–433.
2543:, pp. 397–399.
2514:, pp. 100–101.
2490:, pp. 373–374.
2478:, pp. 362–366.
2418:, pp. 144–145.
2330:, pp. 113–114.
2199:, pp. 396–397.
2175:, pp. 240–241.
2139:, pp. 392–393.
2127:, pp. 229–230.
2032:, pp. 161–167.
2020:, pp. 211–227.
1840:, pp. 121–123.
1467:Memorial window in
1355:Edward Hilton Young
1321:Robert Baden-Powell
1317:St Paul's Cathedral
1312:London Evening News
1071:Journey to the Pole
895:Peter Markham Scott
865:society, first met
825:, close to the old
719:and, in August, as
663:Between expeditions
466:training course on
313:of 1901–04 and the
291:Robert Falcon Scott
78:Robert Falcon Scott
29:Page version status
7433:Operation Windmill
7414:Operation Highjump
6389:Rusanov expedition
6294:A. E. Nordenskiöld
6038:North East Passage
5842:McClure expedition
4717:Telecommunications
4631:Territorial claims
4139:The New York Times
3945:Pound, R. (1966).
3910:Jones, M. (2003).
3815:. London: Collins.
3809:Evans, E. R. G. R.
3759:Cherry-Garrard, A.
3695:"Antarctic Antics"
3438:I May Be Some Time
3021:www.spri.cam.ac.uk
2291:Burt 1988, p. 211.
2254:The London Gazette
1979:The London Gazette
1510:Scott and Amundsen
1508:'s dual biography
1473:
1423:at Greenwich. The
1404:
1343:
1241:
1184:
1138:
1057:
1005:
929:
855:
713:Naval Intelligence
682:
676:Scott pictured by
626:
575:
500:
428:Early naval career
387:
35:
8011:English explorers
7946:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7938:
7937:
7400:Operation Tabarin
7262:Far Eastern Party
7108:Nimrod Expedition
6619:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6178:M. Pronchishcheva
6100:Siberian Cossacks
5569:Northwest Passage
4902:Research stations
4859:Polar exploration
4825:
4824:
4784:Ernest Shackleton
4712:Research stations
4657:Antarctic English
4626:National programs
4621:Military activity
4595:COVID-19 pandemic
4552:
4551:
4421:Floristic Kingdom
4326:Antarctic sea ice
4265:Project Gutenberg
4135:"Crucible of Ice"
3999:. London: Nelson.
3628:, pp. 72–90.
3307:. 11 October 2021
2641:, pp. 30–71.
2406:, pp. 52–53.
2238:, pp. 83–84.
2163:, pp. 67–68.
2151:, pp. 78–79.
2091:, pp. 60–67.
1936:, pp. 28–29.
1852:, pp. 39–40.
1743:, pp. 14–15.
1611:The Birthday Boys
1594:, a 1977 play by
1535:The Coldest March
1323:, founder of the
1143:Beardmore Glacier
969:Beardmore Glacier
861:fame had entered
773:Ernest Shackleton
732:Amélie of Orléans
630:Ernest Shackleton
573:, 2 November 1902
325:Antarctic Plateau
287:
286:
26:
16:(Redirected from
8073:
7447:Ronne Expedition
6932:
6926:
6790:Dumont d'Urville
6638:
6637:
6625:
6624:
6173:V. Pronchishchev
4880:
4879:
4867:
4866:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4829:
4828:
4810:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4774:James Clark Ross
4746:Famous explorers
4560:
4379:
4378:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4274:Internet Archive
4257:
4243:
4242:
4228:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4186:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4121:
4099:
4087:
4076:
4057:
4033:
4019:
4000:
3991:
3969:
3950:
3941:
3917:
3906:
3889:
3872:
3842:
3830:
3816:
3813:South with Scott
3804:
3778:
3754:
3735:
3703:
3702:
3701:. 17 April 1994.
3691:
3685:
3684:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3638:Biggs, Octavia.
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3516:
3510:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3400:, preface, xiii.
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3342:
3341:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3041:Flood, Alisonn.
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2881:
2880:, pp. 1–19.
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2708:
2702:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2562:
2556:
2552:RF Scott (1908)
2550:
2544:
2538:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2428:Riffenburgh 2005
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2346:Evening Standard
2337:
2331:
2328:Riffenburgh 2005
2325:
2319:
2313:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1717:
1711:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1659:
1606:Beryl Bainbridge
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1533:'s 2001 account
1515:Francis Spufford
1447:Modern reactions
1441:Exeter Cathedral
1425:Museum of Oxford
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1334:Scott statue at
1319:on 14 February.
1282:Observation Hill
1237:Observation Hill
1188:Sir Edgar Speyer
1003:, 7 October 1911
964:Reginald Skelton
883:Aleister Crowley
793:
781:
515:Channel Squadron
460:Clements Markham
409:in Hampshire, a
358:Clements Markham
297:
283:
259:
257:
126:
123:c. 29 March 1912
105:
103:
88:
74:
73:
21:
8081:
8080:
8076:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8071:
8070:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7934:
7609:
7601:
7477:McMurdo Station
7346:Modern research
7344:
7332:
7067:O. Nordenskjöld
6930:
6924:
6919:
6835:Ross expedition
6659:
6632:
6611:
6040:
6032:
5573:Northern Canada
5571:
5563:
5416:
5408:
4914:
4906:
4874:
4861:
4856:
4826:
4821:
4788:
4758:Richard E. Byrd
4741:
4702:Protected areas
4640:
4604:
4561:
4548:
4505:
4459:Bodies of Water
4454:
4443:West Antarctica
4399:East Antarctica
4377:
4312:
4307:
4240:
4214:
4201:
4199:
4143:
4141:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4096:
4073:
4046:
4016:
3988:
3974:Riffenburgh, B.
3966:
3930:
3861:
3839:
3801:
3775:
3751:
3732:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3648:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3554:Barczewski 2007
3552:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3530:Barczewski 2007
3528:
3519:
3513:Barczewski 2007
3511:
3504:
3498:Barczewski 2007
3496:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3345:
3338:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3126:
3122:
3118:, pp. 1–2.
3114:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2404:Barczewski 2007
2402:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
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1832:
1824:
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1796:
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1751:
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1739:
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1727:
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1703:
1693:
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1686:
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1681:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1620:
1570:Daily Telegraph
1560:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1506:Roland Huntford
1461:
1455:
1449:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1299:
1294:
1130:
1073:
989:
943:from its ship,
934:Second Sea Lord
921:
916:
910:
847:
839:Fridtjof Nansen
834:Ranulph Fiennes
811:Edward Stanford
809:bookshop owner
791:
779:
769:
694:Balmoral Castle
670:
665:
650:Albert Armitage
593:King Edward VII
553:
547:
478:Roland Huntford
430:
379:
374:
293:
270:Sir Peter Scott
261:
258: 1908)
253:
249:
236:
195:
128:
124:
107:
101:
99:
91:
79:
70:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
18:Robert F. Scott
15:
12:
11:
5:
8079:
8069:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7944:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7916:
7915:
7910:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7894:Vostok Station
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7845:Cherry-Garrard
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7762:
7761:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7738:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7685:Southern Cross
7681:
7680:
7679:
7666:
7665:
7664:
7651:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7631:
7630:
7629:
7615:
7613:
7607:Farthest South
7603:
7602:
7600:
7599:
7594:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7580:
7568:
7561:
7560:
7559:
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7545:
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7531:
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7529:
7522:
7517:
7498:
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7479:
7474:
7467:
7466:
7465:
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7455:
7443:
7442:
7441:
7429:
7422:
7417:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7396:
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7394:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7368:
7361:
7356:
7350:
7348:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7328:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7304:Ross Sea party
7300:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7265:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7251:
7236:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7224:
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7214:
7209:
7204:
7190:
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7181:
7174:
7169:
7155:
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7141:
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7119:
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7097:
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7064:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7022:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6998:Southern Cross
6991:Southern Cross
6987:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6935:
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6921:
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6809:
6794:
6793:
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6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6737:Bellingshausen
6727:
6720:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6669:
6667:
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6657:
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6647:
6634:
6633:
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6613:
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6610:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6596:
6584:
6579:
6572:
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6549:
6537:
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6499:
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6483:
6469:
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6423:
6418:
6404:
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6397:
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6380:
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6373:
6368:
6363:
6349:
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6333:
6332:
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6321:
6303:
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6301:
6296:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6262:
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6237:
6232:
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6217:
6212:
6207:
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6096:
6091:
6086:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6046:
6044:
6042:Russian Arctic
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6002:
5988:
5983:
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5967:
5966:
5965:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5858:
5853:
5838:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5814:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5799:
5784:
5783:
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5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5742:
5737:
5732:
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5717:
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5702:
5701:
5700:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5642:
5637:
5632:
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5630:
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5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
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5565:
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5532:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5513:
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5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5484:
5479:
5477:Snæbjörn galti
5474:
5469:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5410:
5409:
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5404:
5399:
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5207:
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5178:
5173:
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5146:
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5127:
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4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4912:Farthest North
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4876:
4875:
4863:
4862:
4855:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4832:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4804:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4768:Ui-te-Rangiora
4765:
4763:Douglas Mawson
4760:
4755:
4753:Roald Amundsen
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4692:Gateway cities
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4652:Antarctica Day
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4605:
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4597:
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4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4524:
4522:Microorganisms
4519:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4486:List of rivers
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4416:Extreme points
4413:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4336:Climate change
4328:
4322:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4267:
4258:
4244:
4229:
4213:
4212:External links
4210:
4209:
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4128:
4125:
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4116:
4100:
4094:
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3859:
3843:
3837:
3817:
3805:
3799:
3779:
3773:
3755:
3749:
3736:
3730:
3722:The South Pole
3713:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3699:New York Times
3686:
3676:
3658:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3580:, p. 373.
3570:
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3546:
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3192:
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3096:
3090:978-0143116646
3089:
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3008:
3006:, p. 509.
2996:
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2984:
2982:, p. 596.
2972:
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2924:
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2798:
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2717:
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2655:
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2607:
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2570:
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2516:
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2492:
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2456:
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2442:, p. 344.
2432:
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2420:
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2305:
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2216:
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2201:
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2177:
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2115:, p. 148.
2105:
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2093:
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1639:
1638:
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1627:
1619:
1616:
1608:'s 1991 novel
1548:British Empire
1491:Reginald Pound
1451:Main article:
1448:
1445:
1401:Kathleen Scott
1360:An article in
1340:Kathleen Scott
1338:, sculpted by
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1284:, overlooking
1196:George Egerton
1147:Ross Ice Shelf
1129:
1126:
1113:William Lashly
1072:
1069:
1041:Lawrence Oates
988:
985:
920:
917:
912:Main article:
909:
903:
887:Gilbert Cannan
875:Isadora Duncan
867:Kathleen Bruce
846:
843:
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669:
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664:
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549:Main article:
546:
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511:Shepton Mallet
429:
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247:Kathleen Bruce
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213:Patron's Medal
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140:United Kingdom
138:
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130:Ross Ice Shelf
127:(aged 43)
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47:26 August 2024
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7319:
7315:
7311:
7308:
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7051:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7025:Discovery Hut
7023:
7021:
7020:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6995:
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6759:
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6666:
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6580:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6555:A. Sibiryakov
6552:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6527:Glavsevmorput
6524:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6496:
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6412:
6411:
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6409:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
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6391:
6390:
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6377:
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6364:
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6350:
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6334:
6330:
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6309:
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6218:
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6213:
6211:
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5954:
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5925:
5921:
5918:
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5915:
5910:
5909:
5908:
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5877:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5865:
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5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5829:J. Richardson
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5798:
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5790:
5789:
5785:
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5778:
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5709:
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5699:
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5693:
5688:
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5664:
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5619:
5618:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5591:M. Corte-Real
5589:
5587:
5586:G. Corte-Real
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5509:C. Richardson
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5483:
5480:
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5475:
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5470:
5468:
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5441:
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5438:
5434:
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5424:
5423:
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5419:
5415:
5411:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
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5391:
5387:
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5384:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5369:
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5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5318:Georgiy Sedov
5314:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
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5276:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5255:
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5250:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5205:Riiser-Larsen
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
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5155:
5154:
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5133:
5132:
5128:
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5119:
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5110:
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5019:
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5011:
5008:
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5003:
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5000:
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4993:
4991:
4986:
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4962:
4959:
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4952:
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4932:
4930:
4927:
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4909:
4903:
4900:
4898:
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4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4877:
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4868:
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4853:
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4813:
4805:
4803:
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4791:
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4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4769:
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4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
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4751:
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4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:Midwinter Day
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4636:Treaty System
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
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4543:
4540:
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4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4491:McMurdo Sound
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4457:
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4427:
4424:
4422:
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4414:
4410:
4407:
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4401:
4400:
4397:
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4387:
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4380:
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4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
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4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4119:
4117:9781921922725
4113:
4109:
4105:
4104:Turney, Chris
4101:
4097:
4095:9780713910346
4091:
4086:
4085:
4078:
4074:
4072:9780571179510
4068:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4045:9780300089677
4041:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4015:9788394452001
4011:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3987:9780747572534
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3965:9780094795303
3961:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3929:9780192804839
3925:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3860:9780330288163
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3838:9780340826973
3834:
3829:
3828:
3827:Captain Scott
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3800:9780007150687
3796:
3792:
3791:HarperCollins
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3774:9780140095012
3770:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3750:9781847251923
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3731:9780903983471
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3683:
3679:
3677:9780199754724
3673:
3669:
3662:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3592:, p. 12.
3591:
3586:
3579:
3574:
3567:
3562:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3486:Spufford 1997
3482:
3475:
3474:Spufford 1997
3470:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3450:Huntford 1985
3446:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3339:
3337:9781529339000
3333:
3329:
3322:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3239:Amundsen 1976
3235:
3228:
3227:Huntford 1985
3223:
3216:. p. 10.
3215:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3188:Huntford 1985
3184:
3177:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3153:
3148:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3105:
3100:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3005:
3004:Huntford 1985
3000:
2993:
2988:
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2976:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2933:
2928:
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2793:
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2781:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2750:
2745:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2713:Captain Scott
2707:
2700:
2699:Captain Scott
2693:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2616:
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2604:
2598:
2591:
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2579:
2574:
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2561:
2555:
2549:
2542:
2537:
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2533:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2454:, p. 94.
2453:
2448:
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2429:
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2417:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2388:
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2312:
2310:
2303:, p. 87.
2302:
2297:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2270:, p. 86.
2269:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2125:Huntford 1985
2121:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1961:
1954:
1948:, p. 63.
1947:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1924:, p. 90.
1923:
1918:
1912:, p. 84.
1911:
1906:
1900:, p. 59.
1899:
1894:
1888:, p. 23.
1887:
1882:
1876:, p. 22.
1875:
1870:
1864:, p. 21.
1863:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1838:Huntford 1985
1834:
1828:, p. 50.
1827:
1822:
1816:, p. 34.
1815:
1810:
1804:, p. 23.
1803:
1798:
1792:, p. 17.
1791:
1786:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1755:, p. 22.
1754:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1716:, p. 82.
1715:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1689:
1683:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1636:
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1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:Susan Solomon
1527:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:David Thomson
1492:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1470:
1469:Binton Church
1465:
1460:
1454:
1444:
1442:
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1234:
1229:
1226:
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1213:
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1199:
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1177:
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1158:
1155:
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1134:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1061:Bay of Whales
1054:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1002:
998:
993:
984:
981:
978:was going to
977:
972:
970:
965:
960:
958:
956:
950:
948:
947:
942:
940:
935:
925:
915:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:Pablo Picasso
876:
872:
871:Auguste Rodin
868:
864:
860:
851:
842:
840:
835:
830:
828:
824:
819:
814:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
796:Edward Wilson
790:
785:
784:McMurdo Sound
778:
774:
764:
762:
761:
755:
754:
748:
747:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
679:
674:
660:
658:
656:
651:
646:
641:
639:
638:Polar Plateau
635:
634:Edward Wilson
631:
624:
620:
616:
612:
610:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:
584:
583:Royal Society
580:
572:
570:
565:
562:, Scott, and
561:
557:
552:
544:
539:
537:
536:
529:
527:
526:typhoid fever
523:
522:
516:
512:
508:
507:
497:
492:
488:
486:
485:
479:
474:
472:
471:
463:
461:
457:
456:
450:
446:
442:
441:
435:
425:
423:
419:
418:
412:
408:
403:
400:
396:
392:
391:Stoke Damerel
383:
369:
365:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
347:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
317:
312:
310:
306:regions: the
305:
301:
296:
292:
282:
278:
274:
271:
268:
264:
248:
243:
239:
232:
229:
226:
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220:
217:
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208:
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204:
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198:
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186:
184:
182:
178:
177:
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161:
157:
153:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
122:
118:
114:
110:
98:
94:
87:
82:
75:
72:
68:
66:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
7948:
7900:
7888:Pole of Cold
7886:
7819:
7812:
7803:
7771:
7764:
7740:
7711:
7697:
7691:Borchgrevink
7683:
7670:
7655:
7635:
7620:
7589:
7570:
7563:
7547:
7533:
7524:
7507:
7500:
7481:
7469:
7445:
7431:
7424:
7412:
7398:
7384:
7370:
7363:
7324:
7316:
7302:
7295:
7293:
7275:
7267:
7260:
7247:
7238:
7206:
7200:
7192:
7183:
7176:
7164:
7157:
7143:
7131:Pourquoi-Pas
7130:
7122:
7114:
7106:
7101:Orcadas Base
7099:
7091:
7078:
7072:C. A. Larsen
7060:
7052:
7038:
7031:
7018:
7010:
7004:Borchgrevink
6997:
6989:
6946:
6938:
6913:C. A. Larsen
6906:
6887:
6878:
6860:
6842:
6833:
6820:
6805:
6796:
6783:
6744:
6730:
6723:
6704:
6689:
6599:
6592:
6575:
6568:
6554:
6539:
6525:
6512:
6487:
6473:
6471:
6457:
6455:
6449:
6447:
6413:
6406:
6387:
6353:
6351:
6337:
6335:
6317:
6307:
6305:
6285:
6283:
6264:
6140:
6098:
6081:
6049:
6013:
6011:
5991:
5990:
5970:
5969:
5955:
5942:
5927:
5913:
5904:
5891:
5862:
5850:Investigator
5849:
5840:
5816:
5803:
5795:
5786:
5773:
5744:
5721:
5706:
5691:
5661:
5646:
5616:
5535:
5515:
5486:
5482:Erik the Red
5464:
5442:
5435:
5392:submersibles
5389:
5383:Arktika 2007
5381:
5374:
5367:
5364:
5348:
5339:
5336:
5317:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5272:
5265:
5241:
5227:
5226:
5218:
5216:
5182:
5180:
5151:
5148:
5137:S. A. Andrée
5129:
5116:
5091:
5083:
5080:
5056:
5038:
5025:
5016:
4998:
4989:
4987:
4953:
4778:
4682:Firefighting
4667:Demographics
4590:Colonization
4585:World War II
4251:Open Library
4200:. Retrieved
4195:
4161:(1): 72–90.
4158:
4155:Polar Record
4154:
4142:. Retrieved
4138:
4107:
4083:
4062:
4029:
4005:
3996:
3977:
3955:
3946:
3913:
3894:
3877:
3850:
3847:Huntford, R.
3826:
3812:
3786:
3763:
3740:
3721:
3718:Amundsen, R.
3710:Bibliography
3698:
3689:
3681:
3667:
3661:
3649:. Retrieved
3643:
3640:"Terra Nova"
3633:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3566:Solomon 2001
3561:
3549:
3542:Solomon 2001
3537:
3493:
3481:
3476:, p. 5.
3469:
3464:, p. 8.
3457:
3445:
3437:
3434:Fiennes 2003
3429:
3422:Thomson 1977
3417:
3410:Thomson 1977
3405:
3398:Thomson 1977
3393:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3327:
3321:
3309:. Retrieved
3304:
3295:
3283:. Retrieved
3279:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3213:
3207:
3200:Preston 1999
3195:
3183:
3176:Fiennes 2003
3171:
3164:Preston 1999
3159:
3147:
3135:
3128:Preston 1999
3123:
3111:
3104:Huxley 1913b
3099:
3080:
3074:
3067:Huxley 1913b
3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3047:The Guardian
3046:
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3020:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2980:Huxley 1913a
2975:
2968:Huxley 1913a
2963:
2956:Huxley 1913a
2951:
2944:Huxley 1913a
2939:
2932:Huxley 1913a
2927:
2918:
2911:Huxley 1913a
2906:
2899:Huxley 1913a
2894:
2885:
2873:
2866:Solomon 2001
2861:
2849:
2842:Huxley 1913a
2837:
2830:Huxley 1913a
2825:
2818:Huxley 1913a
2813:
2806:Huxley 1913a
2801:
2792:
2785:Huxley 1913a
2780:
2773:Huxley 1913a
2768:
2756:
2744:
2737:Huxley 1913a
2732:
2725:Huxley 1913a
2720:
2712:
2706:
2698:
2692:
2682:
2675:Huxley 1913a
2670:
2658:
2651:Huxley 1913a
2646:
2639:Huxley 1913a
2634:
2622:
2615:Preston 1999
2610:
2602:
2597:
2585:
2578:Preston 1999
2573:
2565:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2524:Fiennes 2003
2519:
2512:Preston 1999
2507:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2452:Preston 1999
2447:
2435:
2423:
2416:Fiennes 2003
2411:
2399:
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2371:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:
2335:
2323:
2301:Preston 1999
2296:
2287:
2275:
2268:Preston 1999
2263:
2252:
2243:
2236:Preston 1999
2231:
2219:
2212:Preston 1999
2192:
2180:
2168:
2161:Preston 1999
2156:
2149:Preston 1999
2144:
2132:
2120:
2113:Fiennes 2003
2108:
2096:
2089:Preston 1999
2084:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2005:
2000:
1988:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1953:
1941:
1934:Preston 1999
1929:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1886:Fiennes 2003
1881:
1874:Fiennes 2003
1869:
1862:Fiennes 2003
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1790:Fiennes 2003
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1769:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1692:. Retrieved
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1609:
1599:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1519:Paul Theroux
1509:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1480:
1477:World War II
1474:
1405:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1347:polar medals
1344:
1310:
1302:
1300:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1260:Glossopteris
1258:
1248:
1245:Tryggve Gran
1242:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1192:
1185:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1139:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1065:Cape Crozier
1058:
1051:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1008:
1006:
987:First season
976:Cecil Meares
973:
961:
954:
951:
945:
938:
930:
905:
858:
856:
831:
826:
817:
815:
804:
788:
776:
770:
760:Commonwealth
759:
752:
745:
726:
721:flag-captain
708:
706:
684:
683:
668:Popular hero
654:
644:
642:
627:
618:
605:
596:
587:
578:
576:
568:
542:
534:
530:
520:
505:
501:
496:John Thomson
483:
475:
469:
464:
454:
439:
433:
431:
416:
404:
388:
366:
353:
351:
346:Glossopteris
344:
322:
320:of 1910–13.
315:
308:
290:
288:
233: (1913)
227: (1906)
225:Cullum Medal
221: (1905)
215: (1904)
209: (1901)
188:
180:
132:, Antarctica
125:(1912-03-29)
71:
64:
46:
37:This is the
31:
7971:1912 deaths
7966:1868 births
7591:Lake Vostok
7541:Tryoshnikov
7463:Schlossbach
7354:Christensen
7296:James Caird
7217:E. R. Evans
6983:Dobrowolski
6953:de Gerlache
6655:Expeditions
6541:Aviaarktika
6495:Samoylovich
6366:Kolomeitsev
6260:Middendorff
6220:Gedenshtrom
5640:I. Fyodorov
5402:Chilingarov
5290:E. Fyodorov
4897:Expeditions
4770:(legendary)
4677:Field camps
4575:Expeditions
4501:Weddell Sea
4481:Lake Vostok
4476:Lake Mercer
4348:Ice shelves
4084:Scott's Men
4024:Solomon, S.
3821:Fiennes, R.
3651:24 November
3285:10 December
3052:15 December
2249:"No. 27729"
1974:"No. 27346"
1543:David Crane
1499:Scott's Men
1297:Recognition
1109:Teddy Evans
997:Scott's Hut
974:Dog expert
919:Preparation
696:, and King
449:West Indies
231:Polar Medal
173:Expeditions
106:6 June 1868
7955:Categories
7814:Terra Nova
7719:Shackleton
7662:J. C. Ross
7621:Resolution
7611:South Pole
7386:New Swabia
7310:Mackintosh
7282:Shackleton
7201:Terra Nova
7194:Terra Nova
6928:Heroic Age
6888:Challenger
6848:J. C. Ross
6758:Bransfield
6690:Resolution
6605:icebreaker
6569:Chelyuskin
6310:expedition
6288:Expedition
6230:Matyushkin
6188:Kh. Laptev
6183:Chelyuskin
6077:Heemskerck
6067:Chancellor
6062:Willoughby
6057:Koch boats
6000:Stefansson
5934:McClintock
5898:Inglefield
5740:J. C. Ross
5647:Resolution
5499:Cunningham
5397:Sagalevich
5086:expedition
5045:Stephenson
5005:C. F. Hall
4992:expedition
4966:J. C. Ross
4929:Heemskerck
4916:North Pole
4580:Heroic Age
4431:South Pole
4341:Heat waves
4310:Antarctica
4202:14 October
4144:14 October
4034:. London:
3789:. London:
3590:Crane 2005
3578:Crane 2005
3462:Jones 2003
3386:Pound 1966
3356:Jones 2003
3311:5 November
3263:Jones 2003
3251:Jones 2003
3152:Jones 2003
3140:Jones 2003
3116:Crane 2005
2992:Jones 2003
2749:Evans 1949
2663:Crane 2005
2627:Crane 2005
2590:Crane 2005
2541:Crane 2005
2500:Crane 2005
2488:Crane 2005
2476:Crane 2005
2464:Crane 2005
2440:Crane 2005
2392:Crane 2005
2377:18 October
2351:18 October
2316:Crane 2005
2280:Crane 2005
2224:Crane 2005
2197:Crane 2005
2185:Crane 2005
2173:Crane 2005
2137:Crane 2005
2101:Crane 2005
2030:Crane 2005
2018:Scott 1905
1993:Scott 1905
1946:Crane 2005
1922:Crane 2005
1910:Crane 2005
1898:Crane 2005
1850:Crane 2005
1826:Crane 2005
1814:Crane 2005
1802:Crane 2005
1753:Crane 2005
1741:Crane 2005
1714:Crane 2005
1694:11 October
1641:References
1592:Terra Nova
1538:bungler".
1303:Terra Nova
1292:Reputation
1268:Terra Nova
1225:R. SCOTT.
1154:Terra Nova
1128:Last march
1052:Terra Nova
1028:Terra Nova
1009:Terra Nova
1001:Cape Evans
957:expedition
946:Terra Nova
941:expedition
939:Terra Nova
906:Terra Nova
823:Cape Royds
727:Victorious
698:Edward VII
657:Expedition
571:expedition
560:Shackleton
372:Early life
329:South Pole
318:expedition
316:Terra Nova
311:expedition
300:Royal Navy
219:Vega Medal
191:expedition
189:Terra Nova
183:expedition
149:Royal Navy
137:Allegiance
102:1868-06-06
7913:Tolstikov
7699:Discovery
7669:HMS
7654:HMS
7636:Adventure
7634:HMS
7619:HMS
7555:Tolstikov
7276:Endurance
7061:Antarctic
7046:Drygalski
7019:Discovery
7012:Discovery
6973:Arctowski
6886:HMS
6859:HMS
6853:Abernethy
6841:HMS
6819:USS
6806:Vincennes
6804:USS
6784:Astrolabe
6724:San Telmo
6705:Adventure
6703:HMS
6688:HMS
6683:Kerguelen
6645:Continent
6630:Antarctic
6507:Urvantsev
6465:Vilkitsky
6318:Jeannette
6316:USS
6308:Jeannette
6272:Weyprecht
6250:Pakhtusov
6200:Chichagov
6193:D. Laptev
6136:Permyakov
6111:Stadukhin
6106:Perfilyev
6083:Mangazeya
6021:H. Larsen
5986:Rasmussen
5941:HMS
5912:USS
5861:HMS
5848:HMS
5812:Collinson
5802:HMS
5794:HMS
5772:HMS
5720:HMS
5705:HMS
5690:HMS
5675:Mackenzie
5662:Discovery
5660:HMS
5645:HMS
5617:Discovery
5596:Frobisher
5559:Rasmussen
5472:Gunnbjörn
5418:Greenland
5347:USS
5338:USS
5210:Ellsworth
5152:Roosevelt
5082:Nansen's
5039:Discovery
5037:HMS
5024:HMS
4971:Abernethy
4939:Marmaduke
4732:Transport
4471:Lake CECs
4448:ice sheet
4404:ice sheet
4373:Volcanoes
4363:Mountains
4318:Geography
4183:145297104
3783:Crane, D.
3720:(1976) .
3614:Dore 2006
3602:Rees 2004
3214:The Times
2076:202357562
2068:0305-7488
2054:: 19–28.
1960:The Times
1672:8 January
1646:Footnotes
1596:Ted Tally
1580:Discovery
1489:In 1966,
1429:marmalade
1412:Cambridge
1363:The Times
1286:Hut Point
1162:Hut Point
1117:Tom Crean
1017:Melbourne
955:Discovery
863:Edwardian
859:Discovery
827:Discovery
818:Discovery
807:Stanfords
789:Discovery
777:Discovery
758:HMS
753:Albemarle
751:HMS
746:Albemarle
744:HMS
725:HMS
717:Admiralty
685:Discovery
645:Discovery
623:Hut Point
619:Discovery
597:Discovery
588:Discovery
579:Discovery
569:Discovery
543:Discovery
535:Discovery
519:HMS
517:flagship
504:HMS
498:, c. 1900
482:HMS
468:HMS
453:HMS
438:HMS
434:Britannia
422:Dartmouth
417:Britannia
415:HMS
395:Devonport
354:Discovery
337:Hut Point
309:Discovery
304:Antarctic
276:Signature
241:Spouse(s)
181:Discovery
158:1881–1912
115:, England
7925:A. Fuchs
7882:V. Fuchs
7862:McKinley
7825:E. Evans
7784:Bjaaland
7779:Amundsen
7729:Marshall
7642:Furneaux
7494:V. Fuchs
7458:E. Ronne
7453:F. Ronne
7392:Ritscher
7246:SY
7234:Filchner
7178:Framheim
7172:Amundsen
6978:Racoviță
6963:Amundsen
6958:Lecointe
6827:Ringgold
6821:Porpoise
6711:Furneaux
6547:Shevelev
6502:Begichev
6481:Amundsen
6443:Nagórski
6421:Brusilov
6415:Sv. Anna
6329:Melville
6299:Palander
6255:Tsivolko
6215:Sannikov
6210:Billings
6153:Chirikov
6072:Barentsz
6014:St. Roch
6005:Bartlett
5979:Amundsen
5963:Sverdrup
5863:Resolute
5752:Franklin
5680:Kotzebue
5547:Sverdrup
5530:Scoresby
5504:Lindenov
5355:Plaisted
5340:Nautilus
5285:Shirshov
5259:Belyakov
5254:Baydukov
5228:Nautilus
5190:Amundsen
5150:SS
5109:Sverdrup
5104:Johansen
5074:Brainard
5069:Lockwood
4924:Barentsz
4802:Category
4707:Religion
4609:Politics
4527:Wildlife
4496:Ross Sea
4358:Glaciers
4236:LibriVox
4198:. London
4106:(2012).
4054:45661501
4026:(2001).
3976:(2005).
3938:59303598
3869:12976972
3849:(1985).
3823:(2003).
3811:(1949).
3785:(2005).
3761:(1970).
3626:May 2013
3305:BBC News
2878:May 2013
1729:May 2013
1618:See also
1541:In 2005
1305:reached
1272:Tennyson
1105:E. Evans
1088:Atkinson
1032:pack ice
845:Marriage
800:Ross Sea
521:Majestic
445:St Kitts
440:Boadicea
399:Plymouth
289:Captain
266:Children
109:Plymouth
43:reviewed
7930:Messner
7877:Hillary
7857:Balchen
7805:Polheim
7799:Wisting
7677:Crozier
7649:Weddell
7627:J. Cook
7597:Kapitsa
7578:Fiennes
7520:Klenova
7489:Hillary
7439:Ketchum
7365:BANZARE
7340:·
7185:Polheim
7151:Shirase
7137:Charcot
6947:Belgica
6866:Crozier
6778:Morrell
6773:Weddell
6751:Lazarev
6696:J. Cook
6650:History
6600:Arktika
6576:Krassin
6561:Voronin
6533:Schmidt
6519:Ushakov
6458:Vaygach
6426:Albanov
6395:Rusanov
6376:Kolchak
6371:Matisen
6345:Makarov
6324:De Long
6225:Wrangel
6205:Lyakhov
6158:Malygin
6116:Dezhnev
5943:Pandora
5914:Advance
5881:Kennedy
5876:Belcher
5869:Kellett
5856:McClure
5780:Beechey
5774:Blossom
5767:Simpson
5735:Crozier
5728:Hoppner
5685:J. Ross
5653:J. Cook
5601:Gilbert
5494:J. Hall
5460:Ingólfr
5450:Naddodd
5444:Vikings
5431:Brendan
5426:Pytheas
5414:Iceland
5368:Arktika
5360:Herbert
5325:Badygin
5295:Krenkel
5280:Papanin
5249:Chkalov
5235:Wilkins
5200:Wisting
5144:F. Cook
5050:Markham
5010:Bessels
4999:Polaris
4990:Polaris
4961:J. Ross
4944:Carolus
4892:History
4812:Commons
4727:Tourism
4672:Economy
4645:Society
4567:History
4537:Mammals
4426:Islands
4382:Regions
4353:Geology
4331:Climate
4272:at the
4163:Bibcode
3903:1522514
3886:1522514
3026:25 June
2372:Express
1775:15 June
1559:⁄
1375:£18,000
1371:£75,000
1277:Ulysses
1013:Cardiff
980:Siberia
715:at the
690:captain
621:hut at
484:Amphion
393:, near
341:fossils
260:
252:
167:Captain
7840:Bowers
7835:Wilson
7794:Hassel
7789:Helmer
7758:Mackay
7748:Mawson
7713:Nimrod
7671:Terror
7656:Erebus
7583:Burton
7378:Rymill
7254:Mawson
7248:Aurora
7227:Lashly
7212:Wilson
7115:Nimrod
7092:Scotia
6899:Murray
6874:Cooper
6861:Terror
6843:Erebus
6812:Wilkes
6763:Palmer
6731:Vostok
6678:Bouvet
6602:-class
6582:Gakkel
6450:Taymyr
6431:Konrad
6400:Kuchin
6338:Yermak
6245:Lavrov
6163:Ovtsyn
6148:Bering
6126:Ivanov
6089:Hudson
6051:Pomors
6028:Cowper
5993:Karluk
5892:Isabel
5886:Bellot
5836:Austin
5804:Terror
5796:Erebus
5692:Griper
5668:Clerke
5628:Baffin
5611:Hudson
5542:Nansen
5455:Garðar
5376:Barneo
5243:ANT-25
5219:Italia
5195:Nobile
5164:Henson
5123:Amedeo
5099:Nansen
5064:Greely
4934:Hudson
4872:Arctic
4409:shield
4368:Tundra
4181:
4127:Online
4114:
4092:
4069:
4052:
4042:
4012:
3984:
3962:
3936:
3926:
3901:
3884:
3867:
3857:
3835:
3797:
3771:
3747:
3728:
3674:
3334:
3087:
2074:
2066:
1387:£1,500
1383:£4,500
1379:£8,500
1307:Oamaru
1121:a tent
1097:Bowers
1093:Wilson
782:s old
680:, 1905
655:Nimrod
609:scurvy
564:Wilson
506:Vulcan
470:Vernon
377:Family
200:Awards
145:Branch
67:(film)
7920:Crary
7867:Dufek
7830:Oates
7820:Scott
7753:David
7734:Adams
7705:Barne
7526:Mirny
7515:Somov
7325:Quest
7222:Crean
7207:Scott
7086:Bruce
7040:Gauss
7033:Gauss
6907:Jason
6894:Nares
6768:Davis
6745:Mirny
6718:Smith
6673:Roché
6593:Lenin
6513:Sadko
6438:Wiese
6383:Sedov
6354:Zarya
6277:Payer
6240:Litke
6235:Anjou
6168:Minin
6131:Vagin
6121:Popov
6094:Poole
5949:Young
5762:Dease
5707:Hecla
5698:Parry
5623:Bylot
5606:Davis
5581:Cabot
5554:Peary
5536:Jason
5523:Egede
5437:Papar
5349:Skate
5330:Wiese
5310:NP-37
5303:NP-36
5183:Norge
5171:Sedov
5159:Peary
5117:Jason
5032:Nares
5026:Alert
4981:Hayes
4949:Parry
4887:Ocean
4817:Index
4737:Women
4687:Flags
4662:Crime
4600:Years
4542:Krill
4532:Birds
4517:Flora
4179:S2CID
2072:S2CID
1690:. BBC
1255:cairn
1172:Cairn
1101:Oates
792:'
780:'
455:Rover
451:, on
254:(
250:
113:Devon
7852:Byrd
7773:Fram
7724:Wild
7406:Marr
7372:BGLE
7359:Byrd
7287:Wild
7166:Fram
6968:Cook
6489:AARI
6474:Maud
6361:Toll
6286:Vega
5972:Gjøa
5957:Fram
5920:Kane
5757:Back
5722:Fury
5713:Lyon
5635:Munk
5274:NP-1
5176:Byrd
5093:Fram
5084:Fram
4976:Kane
4722:Time
4510:Life
4204:2011
4146:2011
4112:ISBN
4090:ISBN
4067:ISBN
4050:OCLC
4040:ISBN
4010:ISBN
3982:ISBN
3960:ISBN
3934:OCLC
3924:ISBN
3899:OCLC
3882:OCLC
3865:OCLC
3855:ISBN
3833:ISBN
3795:ISBN
3769:ISBN
3745:ISBN
3726:ISBN
3672:ISBN
3653:2021
3332:ISBN
3313:2022
3287:2023
3085:ISBN
3054:2018
3028:2024
2379:2019
2353:2019
2064:ISSN
1777:2014
1696:2014
1674:2019
1115:and
1103:and
1021:Fram
881:and
734:and
632:and
163:Rank
120:Died
96:Born
7549:3rd
7535:2nd
7509:1st
7342:IGY
7338:IPY
5928:Fox
5824:Rae
5390:Mir
5366:NS
4263:at
4249:at
4234:at
4220:at
4171:doi
2056:doi
1604:).
1497:'s
1435:at
1410:at
1250:sic
999:at
420:at
295:CVO
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2251:.
2204:^
2070:.
2062:.
2052:65
2050:.
2046:.
1976:.
1768:.
1721:^
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1665:.
1654:^
1443:.
1288:.
1178:,
1111:,
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971:.
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901:.
877:,
704:.
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