Roanoke Colony - Knowledge

1258: 69: 2452: 1781: 465: 1500: 1041:

but ultimately never tracked the metal to its origin. The colonists spent the autumn of 1585 acquiring corn from the neighboring villages, to augment their limited supplies. The colony apparently obtained enough corn (along with venison, fish, and oysters) to sustain them through the winter. Little information survives, however, about what transpired at the colony between September 1585 and March 1586, making a full assessment of the winter impossible. The colonists most likely exhausted their English provisions and American corn by October, and the resulting monotony of their remaining food sources no doubt contributed to the men's low morale.

84: 585: 1166:

meeting on June 10 with various regional powers. With the copper the Secotan had gained from trading with the colony, Pemisapan was able to offer substantial inducements to other tribes to side with him in a final offensive against the English. Oksiko declined to get involved, although individual Weapemeocs were permitted to participate. The plan of attack was to ambush Lane and other key leaders as they slept at the colony, and then signal for a general attack on the rest. Based on this information, Lane sent disinformation to the Secotan indicating that an English fleet had arrived, to force Pemisapan's hand.

1243:

of the Native Americans concealed a wooden sword, which he used to kill an Englishman. Another 28 attackers revealed themselves, but the other Englishman escaped to warn his unit. The natives attacked with flaming arrows, setting fire to the house where the English kept their food stores, and forcing the men to take up whatever arms were handy. A second Englishman was killed; the remaining nine retreated to the shore, and fled the island on their boat. They found their four compatriots returning from the creek, picked them up, and continued into Port Ferdinando. The thirteen survivors were never seen again.

10622: 976: 1179: 1154:

Grenville's resupply fleet, which had not yet even left England. According to Lane, Pemisapan was so surprised that Lane returned alive from the Roanoke River mission that he reconsidered his plans. Ensenore, an elder among Pemisapan's council, argued in favor of the English. Later, an envoy for Menatonon informed Lane that the Weapemeoc leader Okisko had pledged fealty to Queen Elizabeth and Sir Walter Raleigh. This shift in the balance of power in the region further deterred Pemisapan from following through on his plans against the colony. He instead ordered his people to sow crops and build

1409: 1895: 2413:. Bancroft emphasized the nobility of Walter Raleigh, the treachery of Simon Fernandes, the threat of the Secotan, the courage of the colonists, and the uncanny tragedy of their loss. He was the first since John White to write about Virginia Dare, calling attention to her status as the first English child born on what would become US soil, and the pioneering spirit exhibited by her name. The account captivated the American public. As Andrew Lawler puts it, "The country was hungry for an origin story more enchanting than the spoiled fops of 1563: 1093:. Some of the Secotan suspected the disease was caused by supernatural forces unleashed by the English. When Wingina fell sick, his own people could not treat him, but he recovered after requesting prayers from the English. Impressed, Wingina asked the colonists to share this power with other stricken communities, which only hastened the spread of disease. The epidemic likely had a severe impact on the fall harvest, at a time when Lane's colony would be heavily dependent on its neighbors to supplement its limited food supply. 1682: 2104: 1439:

investigated another column of smoke on the southern end of Croatoan, but found nothing. White's landing party spent the next two days attempting to cross Pamlico Sound with considerable difficulty and loss of life. On August 17 they sighted a fire on the north end of Roanoke and rowed towards it, but they reached the island after nightfall and decided not to risk coming ashore. The men spent the night in their anchored boats, singing English songs in hopes that the colonists would hear.

937: 10610: 867: 826: 1266:

Chesapeake Bay as the site for a new colony, in part because he believed the Pacific coast lay just beyond the explored areas of the Virginia territory. On January 7, 1587, Raleigh approved a corporate charter to found "the Cittie of Raleigh" with White as governor and twelve assistants. Approximately 115 people agreed to join the colony, including White's pregnant daughter Eleanor and her husband Ananias Dare. The colonists were largely middle-class Londoners, perhaps seeking to become

1296: 2112:

culture (language, style of dress, agriculture) as Algonquian lifestyle became more convenient. Colonial era Europeans observed that many people removed from European society by Native Americans for substantial periods of time – even if captured or enslaved – were reluctant to return; the reverse was seldom true. Therefore, it is reasonable to postulate that, if the colonists were assimilated, they or their descendants would not seek reintegration with subsequent English settlers.

1331: 2072: 1985:. One of the patches, at the confluence of the Roanoke and Chowan rivers, was found to cover a symbol representing a fort at the head of Albemarle Sound. The faint outline of a fort, drawn in what might be invisible ink, was also discovered on the patch itself. One theory is that that White may have been trying to conceal the fort from the Spanish, who saw the colony as a threat. The Spanish had sent an expedition to defeat the colony, but could not find the settlers. 8348: 2200: 91: 2264:. The colonists, however, would have quickly spread European diseases among their hosts, decimating the Chowanoke and thereby destabilizing the balance of power in the region. From there Miller reasoned that the Chowanoke were attacked, with the survivors taken captive, by the "Mandoag", a powerful nation to the west that the Jamestown colonists only knew from the vague accounts of their neighbors. She concluded that the "Mandoag" were the 7482: 2312:, noticed that Spanish records from the period contained abundant references to Raleigh and his settlements. Spanish forces knew of English plans to establish a new Virginia base in 1587 and were searching for it before White's colonists had even arrived. The Spanish Empire had included most of North America in their Florida claim and did not recognize England's right to colonize Roanoke or Chesapeake Bay. Given the Spanish sack of 1102: 1027: 10586: 10598: 714: 787: 968:, and Secotan. His party made contact with the locals, presenting Harriot and White with an opportunity to extensively study Native American society. Although much of their research did not survive the 1586 evacuation of the colony, Harriot's extensive survey of Virginia's inhabitants and natural resources was published in 1588, with engravings of White's illustrations included in the 1590 edition. 1170:

morning. On June 1, Lane, his top officers, and twenty-five men visited Dasamongueponke under the pretense of discussing a Secotan attempt to free Skiko. Once they were admitted into the council, Lane gave the signal for his men to attack. Pemisapan was shot and fled into the woods, but Lane's men caught up to him and brought back his severed head. The head was impaled outside the colony's fort.

2381: 2297:

dramatic increase in crop prices, so that he could quickly compensate for the great expense of the failed 1585 colony. The proposed financial motivation overlooks the fact that Richard Grenville's privateering recovered the cost of the 1585 expedition. Additionally, sassafras prices did not skyrocket in value until the late 1590s, well after the establishment of the 1587 colony.

2095:

kidnappings by Mace. In Quinn's estimation, John Smith was the first to learn of the massacre, but for political considerations he quietly reported it directly to King James rather than revealing it in his published writings. Despite Quinn's reputation on the subject, his peers had reservations about his theory, which relies heavily on the accounts of Strachey and Purchas.

953:

colonists and supplies. However, Grenville could not know that this expedition had been redirected to Newfoundland, to alert fishing fleets that the Spanish had begun seizing English commercial vessels in retaliation for attacks by English privateers. Until a resupply mission could be arranged, Lane's colony would be heavily dependent on the generosity of the natives.

1757:

ancestors had been white, and some of them had gray eyes, supporting this claim. Lawson theorized that members of the 1587 colony had assimilated into this community after they lost hope of regaining contact with England. While visiting Roanoke Island itself, Lawson reported finding the remains of a fort, as well as English coins, firearms, and a powder horn.

2436:. Cushing also appears to be the first to cast White's granddaughter being reared by Native Americans, following the massacre of the other colonists, and to focus on her adventures as a beautiful young woman. In 1840, Cornelia Tuthill published a similar story, introducing the conceit of Virginia wearing the skin of a white doe. An 1861 2372:. They told of the travelings of the colonists and their ultimate deaths. Most historians today believe that they are a fraud because investigations linked all but one to stonecutter Bill Eberhardt. The first one is sometimes regarded as different from the rest, based on a linguistic and chemical analysis, and as possibly genuine. 1218:

and refugees Drake had meant to place there. There is no record of them arriving in England with the fleet, and it is possible Drake left them on Roanoke with some of the goods he had previously set aside for Lane. Drake's fleet, along with Lane's colonists, reached England in July 1586. Upon arrival, the colonists introduced

1162:

evacuated the Secotan from Roanoke, destroyed the fishing weirs, and ordered them not to sell food to the English. Left to their own devices, the English had no way to produce enough food to sustain the colony. Lane ordered his men to break up into small groups to forage and beg for food in the Outer Banks and the mainland.

1394:

located the secret English base, the defeat of the Spanish Armada prevented Phillip from immediately ordering an attack upon it. In 1590, a plan was reportedly made to destroy the Roanoke colony and set up a Spanish colony in Chesapeake Bay, but this was merely disinformation designed to misdirect English intelligence.

1307:

August 9, White led a pre-emptive strike on Dasamongueponke, but the enemy (fearing reprisal for the death of Howe) had withdrawn from the village, and the English accidentally attacked Croatan looters. Manteo again smoothed relations between the colonists and the Croatan. For his service to the colony, Manteo was

1594:, to investigate "Panawicke", another place reportedly inhabited by men in European dress. The colony produced a crude map of the region with labels for these villages. The map also featured a place called "Pakrakanick" with a note indicating, "Here remayneth 4 men clothed that came from Roonocok to Ocanahawan." 1447:. Near the entrance of the fencing, the word "CROATOAN" was carved in one of the posts. White was certain these two inscriptions meant that the colonists had peacefully relocated to Croatoan Island, since they had agreed in 1587 that the colonists would leave a "secret token" indicating their destination, or a 6898:"An account of the particularities of the imployments of the English men left in Virginia by Richard Greeneuill vnder the charge of Master Ralph Lane Generall of the same, from the 17. of August 1585. vntil the 18. of Iune 1586. at which time they departed the Countrey; sent and directed to Sir Walter Ralegh." 1724:". Even if taken at face value, the alleged confession is not persuasive, as Wahunsenacawh might have invented the story in an attempt to intimidate Smith. The European artifacts allegedly offered as "proof" of a raid on the Roanoke colonists could just as easily have been obtained from other sources, such as 1669:. He advocated for England to facilitate the Powhatans' conversion to Christianity. To that end, he recommended a plan in which King James would show mercy to the Powhatan people for the massacre of the Roanoke colonists, but demand revenge upon the priests. However, the London Company did not publish 2207:

The colonists could have decided to rescue themselves by sailing for England in the pinnace, left behind by the 1587 expedition. If such an effort was made, the ship could have been lost with all hands at sea, accounting for the absence of both the ship and any trace of the colonists. It is plausible

2174:

in Native Americans than in people of European descent. Dawson (2020) proposed that the colonists merged with the Croatoan people; he claims, "They were never lost. It was made up. The mystery is over." However, this conclusion has been called into question. Alain Outlaw, an archaeologist and faculty

2007:

pottery and weapons at Site X, and concluded that these indicate a small group of colonists residing peacefully in the area. The challenge for this research is to convincingly rule out the possibility that such finds were brought to the area by the 1585 Lane colony, or the trading post established by

1458:

Within the palisade, the search party found that houses had been dismantled, and anything that could be carried had been removed. Several large trunks (including three belonging to White, containing the belongings he left behind in 1587) had been dug up and looted. None of the colony's boats could be

1306:

White dispatched Stafford to re-establish relations with the Croatan, with the help of Manteo. The Croatan described how a coalition of mainland tribes, led by Wanchese, had attacked Grenville's detachment. The colonists attempted to negotiate a truce through the Croatan, but received no response. On

1217:

After the storm, Lane persuaded his men to evacuate the colony, and Drake agreed to take them back to England. Manteo and an associate, Towaye, joined them. Three of Lane's colonists were left behind and never heard from again. Because the colony was abandoned, it is unclear what became of the slaves

1040:

Many of the colonists had joined the mission expecting to discover sources of gold and silver. When no such sources were located, these men became dispirited and decided the entire operation was a waste of their time. The English also researched where the local Native Americans obtained their copper,

2292:

According to McMullan, Raleigh quietly re-established contact with the colony by 1597, and his sassafras expeditions were simply picking up the colonists' harvests. In this view, the colony was not truly abandoned until the secret of the colony's location died with Raleigh in 1618. After that point,

2123:

Some 17th-century maps use the word "Croatoan" to describe locations on the mainland, across Pamlico Sound from Roanoke and Hatteras. By 1700, these areas were associated with the Machapunga. Oral traditions and legends about the migration of the Croatan through the mainland are prevalent in eastern

1715:

in 1625, asserting England's right to possess and exploit its North American claim. He argued that the natives, as a race, had forfeited their right to the land through bloodshed, citing the 1586 ambush of Grenville's garrison, an alleged attack on White's colonists, and the 1622 Jamestown massacre.

1657:

never directly identifies the tribe that supposedly hosted the Roanoke colonists. However, Strachey did describe an attack against the Chesepians, in which Wahunsenacawh's priests warned him that a nation would arise in Chesapeake Bay to threaten his dominion. It has been inferred that the colonists

1650:

Strachey suggested that the lost colonists had spent twenty years living peacefully with a tribe beyond Powhatan territory. Wahunsenacawh, he claimed, carried out the unprovoked attack at the recommendation of his priests, shortly before the arrival of the Jamestown colonists. Based on this account,

1438:

anchored at Croatoan Island on August 12, but there is no indication that White used the time to contact the Croatan for information. On the evening of August 15, while anchored at the north end of Croatoan Island, the crews sighted plumes of smoke on Roanoke Island; the following morning, they

1288:

The following morning, White's party located the site of Lane's colony. The fort had been dismantled, while the houses stood vacant and overgrown with melons. There was no sign that Grenville's men had ever been there except for human bones that White believed were the remains of one of them, killed

1284:

On July 22, the flagship and pinnace anchored at Croatoan Island. White planned to take forty men aboard the pinnace to Roanoke, where he would consult with the fifteen men stationed there by Grenville, before continuing on to Chesapeake Bay. Once he boarded the pinnace however, a "gentleman" on the

1242:

According to the Croatan, this contingent was attacked by an alliance of mainland tribes shortly after Grenville's fleet left. Five of the English were away gathering oysters when two of the attackers, appearing unarmed, approached the encampment and asked to meet with two Englishmen peacefully. One

1161:

The renewed accord between the English and the Secotan was short-lived. On April 20 Ensenore died, depriving the colony of its last advocate in Pemisapan's inner circle. Wanchese had risen to become a senior advisor, and his time among the English had convinced him that they were a threat. Pemisapan

1144:

Based on this information, Lane envisioned a detailed plan in which his forces would divide into two groups – one traveling north up the Chowan River, the other along the Atlantic coast—to resettle at Chesapeake Bay. However, he decided to defer this mission until the colony received fresh supplies,

2252:

the 1587 colonists at Roanoke. The purpose of this plot, she argued, was to undermine Walter Raleigh, whose activities supposedly interfered with Walsingham's covert machinations to make England a Protestant world power, at the expense of Spain and other Catholic nations. This conspiracy would have

2082:

concluded that the 1587 colonists sought to relocate to their original destination – Chesapeake Bay – using the pinnace and other small boats to transport themselves and their belongings. A small group would have been stationed at Croatoan, to await White's return and direct him to the transplanted

2015:

In 2020, new artifacts were found in North Carolina which researchers believe may be from a colony of survivors of the Lost Colony. These were found at a site about fity miles west of Roanoke Island. Analysis of the artifacts focused on determining whether they might be from the Lost Colony, since

1605:

Smith planned to explore Pakrakanick, but a dispute with the Paspahegh ended the mission before it could begin. He also dispatched two search parties, possibly to look for the other villages reported to him, with instructions to find "the lost company of Sir Walter Rawley". Neither group could find

1442:

White and the others made landfall on the morning of August 18 (his granddaughter's third birthday). The party found fresh tracks in the sand, but were not contacted by anyone. They also discovered the letters "CRO" carved into a tree. Upon reaching the site of the colony, White noted the area

1381:

in 1585. They feared that the English had established a haven for piracy in North America, but were unable to locate such a base. They had no cause to assume Lane's colony had been abandoned, or that White's would be placed in the same location. Indeed, the Spanish greatly overestimated the success

1345:

During the winter, Grenville was granted a waiver to lead a fleet into the Caribbean to attack the Spanish, and White was permitted to accompany him in a resupply ship. The fleet was set to launch in March 1588, but unfavorable winds kept them in port until Grenville received new orders to stay and

1149:

Menatonon and had Skiko sent back to Roanoke as a hostage. He proceeded with forty men for about 100 miles (160 km) up the Roanoke River in search of Chaunis Temotan, but they found only deserted villages and warriors lying in ambush. Lane had expected the Moratuc to provide provisions for him

862:

left about thirty men on Croatoan Island and departed for privateering in Newfoundland. In the meantime, Grenville established contact with local Spanish authorities, in the hopes of obtaining fresh provisions. When the Spanish failed to deliver the promised supplies, Grenville suspected they would

724:

For the first colony in Virginia, Raleigh planned a largely military operation focused on the exploration and evaluation of natural resources. The intended number of colonists was 69, but approximately 600 men were sent in the voyage, with about half intended to remain at the colony, to be followed

3298:

A briefe and true report of the new found land of Virginia, of the commodities and of the nature and manners of the naturall inhabitants. Discouered by the English colony there seated by Sir Richard Greinuile Knight in the yeere 1585. Which Remained Vnder the gouernement of twelue monethes, at the

2143:) retained surnames and linguistic characteristics from the 1587 colonists. His efforts convinced the North Carolina legislature to confer tribal recognition to the community in 1885, with the new designation of "Croatan". The tribe petitioned to be renamed in 1911, eventually settling on the name 2090:

Quinn suggested that Samuel Mace's 1602 voyage might have ventured into Chesapeake Bay and kidnapped Powhatans to bring back to England. From there, these abductees would be able to communicate with Thomas Harriot, and might reveal that Europeans were living in the region. Quinn evidently believed

1756:

people. Although there is evidence of European activity in the Outer Banks throughout the 17th century, Lawson was the first historian to investigate the region since White left in 1590. Lawson was impressed with the influence of English culture on the Hatteras. They reported that several of their

1321:

By the time the fleet was preparing to return to England, the colonists had decided to relocate 50 miles (80 km) up Albemarle Sound. The colonists persuaded Governor White to return to England to explain the colony's desperate situation and ask for help. White reluctantly agreed, and departed

1165:

Lane continued to keep Skiko as a hostage. Although Pemisapan met regularly with Skiko and believed him sympathetic to the anti-English cause, Skiko sought to honor his father's intention of maintaining relations with the colony. Skiko informed Lane that Pemisapan planned to organize a war council

990:

Manteo arranged a meeting for Grenville and Lane with Granganimeo, to provide land for the English settlement on Roanoke Island. Both sides agreed that the island was strategically located for access to the ocean and to avoid detection from Spanish patrols. Lane began construction of a fort on the

952:

meant that the colony would support far fewer settlers than originally planned. Grenville decided that only about 100 men would stay with Lane, which would be enough to fulfill the colony's objectives until another fleet, scheduled to leave England in June 1585, could deliver a second wave of

2296:

This hypothesis largely depends upon oral traditions and unsubstantiated reports about Beechland, as well as a 1651 map that depicts a sassafras tree near the Alligator River. A significant problem with the hypothesis is that Raleigh supposedly planned a sassafras farm in 1587, to capitalize on a

2211:

The colonists may have feared that taking a standard route across the Atlantic Ocean, with a stop in the Caribbean, would place them at risk of a Spanish attack; and thus chosen to attempt a direct course to England instead. Making such a voyage was not infeasible – in 1563, French

2190:

An archaeological dig by Mark Horton, an archaeologist from the University of Bristol, found European artifacts at the site of a Native American village on Hatteras Island, including part of a sword and part of a gun. This may be conclusive proof that the settlers did indeed assimilate with local

2094:

Although Strachey accused Wahunsenacawh of slaughtering the colonists and Chesepians in separate passages, Quinn decided that these events occurred in a single attack on an integrated community, in April 1607. He supposed that Wahunsenacawh could have been seeking revenge for the speculative

2062:

Conjecture about the Lost Colonists typically begins with the known facts about the case. When White returned to the colony in 1590, there was no sign of battle or withdrawal under duress, although the site was fortified. There were no human remains or graves reported in the area, suggesting that

1553:

with the intention of finding the Roanoke colonists. Their intended destination was Chesapeake Bay, but bad weather forced them to land in an unspecified location near there. The landing team, including Gilbert himself, was killed by a group of Native Americans for unknown reasons on July 29. The

1509:

Although White failed to locate his colonists in 1590, his report suggested they had simply relocated and might yet be found alive. However, it served Raleigh's purposes to keep the matter in doubt; so long as the settlers could not be proven dead, he could legally maintain his claim on Virginia.

1265:

Despite the desertion of the Lane colony, Raleigh was persuaded to make another attempt by Hakluyt, Harriot, and White. However, Roanoke Island would no longer be safe for English settlers, following the hostilities between Lane's men and the Secotan, and the death of Wingina. Hakluyt recommended

971:

Following this initial exploration, a silver cup was reported missing. Believing the item stolen, Grenville sent Amadas to lead a detachment back to Aquascogoc to demand the return of the missing property. When the villagers did not produce the cup, the English decided that severe retribution was

833:

While awaiting the fleet, Grenville established a base camp, where his crew could rest and defend themselves from Spanish forces. Lane's men used the opportunity as practice for building the fortifications that would be needed at the new colony. The crew also set about replacing the lost pinnace,

561:

Raleigh's charter, issued on March 25, 1584, specified that he needed to establish a colony by 1591, or lose his right to colonization. He was to "discover, search, find out, and view such remote heathen and barbarous Lands, Countries, and territories ... to have, hold, occupy, and enjoy". It was

2228:

The pinnace would not have been large enough to carry all of the colonists. Additionally, the provisions needed for a transatlantic voyage would further restrict the number of passengers. The colonists may have possessed the resources to construct another seaworthy vessel, using local lumber and

1609:

By May 1609, word had reached England's Royal Council for Virginia that the 1587 colonists had been massacred by Wahunsenacawh. The source of this allegation is unknown. Machumps, Wahunsenacawh's brother-in-law, is known to have provided information about Virginia, and he had recently arrived in

1124:

leader Menatonon was meeting with his allies to plan an attack on the English, and that three thousand warriors had gathered at Choanoac. At the same time, Pemisapan sent word to Menatonon that the English would be coming, ensuring that both sides would expect hostilities. When Lane's well-armed

2345:

A 2009 study to determine the age of the CORA tree was inconclusive. Damage to the tree caused by lightning and decay has made it impossible to obtain a valid core sample for tree-ring dating. Even if the tree dates back to the 16th century, establishing the age of the inscription would be

1880:

is more reliable over large spans of time. The main challenge of this work is to obtain a genetic point of comparison, either from the remains of a Lost Colonist or one of their descendants. While it is conceivable to sequence DNA from 430-year-old bones, there are as yet no bones from the Lost

1017:

left Roanoke on September 8, 1585, leaving behind one of the pinnaces under the command of Amadas. Records indicate that 107 men remained with Lane at the colony. However, historians disagree as to whether White returned to England with Grenville, or spent the winter at Roanoke despite his

2111:

The possibility that the missing colonists could have assimilated into nearby Native American tribes has been suggested since at least 1605. If this integration was successful, the assimilated colonists would gradually exhaust their European supplies (ammunition, clothing) and discard European

2019:

Another dig by Mark Horton, an archaeologist from the University of Bristol, found European artifacts at the site of a Native American village on Hatteras Island, including part of a sword and part of a gun. This may be conclusive proof that the settlers did indeed assimilate with local Native

1393:

to search Chesapeake Bay in 1588. González failed to find anything in Chesapeake, but on the way back he chanced to discover Port Ferdinando along the Outer Banks. The port appeared abandoned. González left without conducting a thorough investigation. Although the Spanish believed González had

1532:

skyrocketed. He funded a 1602 mission to the Outer Banks, with the stated goal of resuming the search. Led by Samuel Mace, this expedition differed from previous voyages in that Raleigh bought his own ship and guaranteed the sailors' wages so that they would not be distracted by privateering.

1238:

A single supply ship, sent by Raleigh, arrived at Roanoke just days after Drake evacuated the colony. The crew could not find any trace of the colonists and left. Two weeks later, Grenville's relief fleet finally arrived with a year's worth of supplies and reinforcements of 400 men. Grenville

1169:

Forced to accelerate his schedule by the possibility of English reinforcements, Pemisapan gathered as many allies as he could for a meeting on May 31 at Dasamongueponke. That evening, Lane attacked the warriors posted at Roanoke, hoping to prevent them from alerting the mainland the following

1945:

analysis in 2017 proved the ring was brass, not gold, and experts could not confirm the alleged connection to Kendall heraldry. The low value and relative anonymity of the ring make it more difficult to conclusively associate with any particular person from the Roanoke voyages, which in turn

1153:

Lane and his party returned to the colony shortly after Easter, half-starved and empty-handed. During their absence, rumors had spread that they had been killed, and Pemisapan had been preparing to withdraw the Secotan from Roanoke Island and leave the colony to starve. There was no sign of

1116:

By spring, relations between the Secotan and the colony were strained, most likely due to the colony's over-reliance on Secotan food. The death of Granganimeo, who had been a powerful advocate for the colony, apparently helped to turn Wingina against the English. Wingina changed his name to

1010:, which had become separated from the rest of its fleet. The merchant ship, which Grenville took back to England as a prize, was loaded with enough treasure to make the entire Roanoke expedition profitable, spurring excitement in Queen Elizabeth's court about Raleigh's colonisation efforts. 1965:. The northern shore of Roanoke Island, where the Lane and White colonies were located, lost 928 feet (283 m) between 1851 and 1970. Extrapolating from this trend back to the 1580s, it is likely that portions of the settlements are now underwater, along with any artifacts or signs of life. 2284:. The area has had reports of small coffins, some with Christian markings, encouraging speculation of a link to the Lost Colony. Based on these legends, engineer Phillip McMullan and amateur archaeologist Fred Willard concluded that Walter Raleigh dispatched the 1587 colonists to harvest 2235:

shipwreck, it is at least possible that the Lost Colonists could produce a second ship that, with the pinnace, could transport most of their party. Even in these ideal conditions, however, at least some colonists would remain in Virginia, leaving open the question of what became of them.

1239:

conducted an extensive search and interrogated three natives, one of which finally related an account of the evacuation. The fleet returned to England, leaving behind a small detachment of fifteen men both to maintain an English presence and to protect Raleigh's claim to Roanoke Island.

909:, however, made that impossible. The remaining provisions could not support a settlement as large as had been planned. Moreover, the shallow inlets of the Outer Banks made the region unsuitable as a base for large ships. The colony's top priority would now be to locate a better harbour. 1354:, were deemed unsuitable for combat, and White was permitted to take them to Roanoke. The ships departed on April 22, but the captains of the ships attempted to capture several Spanish ships on the outward-bound voyage (in order to improve their profits). On May 6 they were attacked by 1719:

It is possible Smith related the story of Wahunsenacawh's confession to Purchas, as they are known to have spoken together. Smith's own writings, however, never mention the confession, leaving Purchas' claim to stand alone in what historian Helen Rountree dismisses as "an anti-Indian

1618:, as a new base. Among the purported advantages of this location were proximity to "Riche Copper mines of Ritanoc" and "Peccarecamicke", where four of Raleigh's colonists were supposed to be held by a chieftain named "Gepanocon". These orders, along with the new acting governor, 6934:

The South in the Building of the Nation: A History of the Southern States Designed to Record the South's Part in Making the American Nation; to Portray the Character and Genius, to Chronicle the Achievements and Progress and to Illustrate the Life and Traditions of the Southern

2016:

later settlers from other colonies such as Jamestown would have different items and different materials than the Lost Colony settlers, such as for example clay pipes, which were invented later. Another researcher found items at a site about fifty miles south of Roanoke Island.

2179:, called Dawson's conclusion as "storytelling, not evidence-based information", while archaeologist Nick Luccketti wrote "I have not seen any evidence at Croatoan of artifacts that indicate that Englishmen were living there." In addition, the actual text of Dawson's 2020 book 1647:, an overview of the Virginia territory. He described "Peccarecamek", "Ochanahoen", "Anoeg", and "Ritanoe" in a manner consistent with Smith's map and the Virginia Council's orders to Gates. However, Strachey introduced additional details about "the slaughter at Roanoak". 7264:

A New Voyage to Carolina; Containing the Exact Description and Natural History of that Country: Together with the Present State thereof. And a Journal Of a Thousand Miles, Travel'd thro' several Nations of Indians. Giving a particular Account of their Customs, Manners,

1533:

However, the ship's itinerary and manifest indicate that Raleigh's top priority was harvesting sassafras far south of Croatoan Island. By the time Mace approached Hatteras, bad weather prevented them from lingering in the area. In 1603, Raleigh was implicated in the

2288:

along the Alligator River. All records suggesting the colony's intended destination was Chesapeake Bay, and that England had lost contact with the colony, were supposedly falsified to conceal the operation from Spanish operatives and other potential competitors.

2329:

on Hatteras Island, which bears the faint inscription "CORA" in its bark, might be connected to the Lost Colony. The CORA tree had already been the subject of local legends, most notably a story about a witch named "Cora" that was popularized in a 1989 book by

68: 2169:

Reports of encounters with pale-skinned, blond-haired people among various Native American tribes occur as early as 1607. Although this is frequently attributed to assimilated Lost Colonists, it may be more easily explained by dramatically higher rates of

2572:" relates a fictional legend in which the Lost Colonists mysteriously died, and their ghosts haunted the local Native Americans until a tribal elder banished them with the word "Croatoan". This premise is expanded upon in the sixth season of the series, 1117:"Pemisapan" ("one who watches"), suggesting a newly cautious and vigilant policy, and established a new temporary tribal capital on Roanoke Island. The English did not initially recognize that these developments represented a threat to their interests. 1949:

A significant challenge for archaeologists seeking information about the 1587 colonists is that many common artifacts could plausibly originate from the 1585 colony, or from Native Americans who traded with other European settlements in the same era.

1202:. During these raids, Drake had acquired refugees, slaves, and hardware with the intent of delivering them to Raleigh's colony. Upon learning of the colony's misfortunes, Drake agreed to leave behind four months of supplies and one of his ships, the 1854:

trees, producing data ranging from 1185 to 1984. Specifically, 1587 was measured as the worst growing season in the entire 800-year period. The findings were considered consistent with the concerns the Croatan expressed about their food supply.

905:, ruining most of the food supplies and nearly destroying the ship. There are indications that Grenville's fleet was supposed to spend the winter with the new colony, perhaps to immediately begin using it as a privateering base. The wreck of 2334:. Nevertheless, Dawson argued that the inscription might represent another message from the colonists, similar to the "CROATOAN" inscription at Roanoke. If so, "CORA" might indicate that the colonists left Croatoan Island to settle with the 1141:, apparently confirming English hopes of finding access to the Pacific Ocean. The chief's son Skiko described a place to the west called "Chaunis Temoatan" rich in a valuable metal, which Lane thought could be copper or perhaps even gold. 2271:

Miller's theory has been challenged based on Walsingham's considerable financial support of Raleigh's expeditions, and the willingness of Fernandes to bring John White back to England, instead of abandoning him with the other colonists.

1590:. They described to him a place called "Ocanahonan", where men wore European-style clothing; and "Anone", which featured walled houses. Later, after Smith returned to the colony, he made arrangements with Wowinchopunk, the king of the 2115:

This leaves open the question of which tribe, or tribes, the colonists assimilated into. It is widely accepted that the Croatan were ancestors of the 18th-century Hatteras, although evidence of this is circumstantial. The present-day

1597:

In the summer of 1608, Smith sent a letter about this information, along with the map, back to England. The original map is now lost, but a copy was obtained by Pedro de Zúñiga, the Spanish ambassador to England, who passed it on to

1076:. Harriot and Gans explored the Virginia territory, meeting Native American tribes and taking stock of natural resources. During his travels, Harriot and his assistants collected data that would eventually be used to produce White's 1736:

Sea traffic through Roanoke Island fell into decline in the 17th century, owing to the dangerous waters of the Outer Banks. In 1672, the inlet between Hatorask and Croatoan Islands closed, and the resulting landmass became known as

1958:, in an east–west orientation) which can be dated to before 1650 (by which point Europeans would have spread throughout the region). However, few human remains of any kind have been discovered at sites related to the Lost Colony. 2396:. "It is the sinfullest thing in the world," Bacon wrote in 1597, "to forsake or destitute a plantation once in forwardness; for besides the dishonour, it is the guiltiness of blood of many commiserable persons." The 1605 comedy 5348:

An historical sketch of the attempts of Sir Walter Raleigh to establish a colony in Virginia, with the traditions of an Indian tribe in North Carolina. Indicating the fate of the colony of Englishmen left on Roanoke Island in

573:

Despite the broad powers granted to Raleigh, he was forbidden to leave the queen's side. Instead of personally leading voyages to the Americas, he delegated the missions to his associates and oversaw operations from London.

1132:

Menatonon quickly gained Lane's trust by offering information about lucrative opportunities in lands the English had not yet discovered. He described a rich and powerful king to the northeast (presumably the leader of the

2464:

The popularity of the Lost Colony and Virginia Dare in the 19th and early 20th centuries coincided with American controversies about rising numbers of Catholic and non-British immigrants, as well as the treatment of

2220:

built a crude boat and successfully (albeit desperately) returned to Europe. Alternatively, the Roanoke colonists could have sailed north along the coast, in the hopes of making contact with English fishing fleets in the

2208:

that the colony included sailors qualified to attempt the return voyage. Little is known about the pinnace, but ships of its size were capable of making the trip, although they typically did so alongside other vessels.

1867:

analysis and genealogical research. Her interest in the disappearance of the 1587 colony motivated various projects to establish a genetic link between the colonists and potential Native American descendants. Examining

1765:

Research into the disappearance of the 1587 colonists largely ended with Lawson's 1701 investigation. Renewed interest in the Lost Colony during the 19th century eventually led to a wide range of scholarly analyses.

370:

to found the first permanent English settlement in North America. The colony was founded in 1585, but when it was visited by a ship in 1590, the colonists had inexplicably disappeared. It has come to be known as the

2316:

in 1565, the colonists likely recognized the threat they represented. However, the Spanish were still searching for the colony in Chesapeake Bay as late as 1600, suggesting that they also were unaware of its fate.

10194: 5135:

What happened to the first English colonists in North America, who supposedly disappeared without a trace? Our recent archaeological discoveries may have solved the riddle.by Scott Dawson, November 2020, American

1129:, and Moratuc. Since this gathering was not planning an attack, Lane caught them by surprise. He easily captured Menatonon, who informed him that it was Pemisapan who had requested the council in the first place. 2187:" of evidence that the colonists had assimilated with the tribe. The book was also not subject to peer review, leaving the question open in spite of the sensationalist headlines that accompanied its publication. 1651:

seven English – four men, two boys, and one woman – survived the assault and fled up the Chowan River. They later came under the protection of a chieftain named "Eyanoco", for whom they beat copper at "Ritanoe".

2063:

everyone was alive when they left. The "CROATOAN" message is consistent with the agreement with White to indicate where to look for them, suggesting they expected White to look for them and wanted to be found.

841:

The remainder of the fleet never arrived at Mosquetal. At least one of the ships encountered difficulties near Jamaica and ran out of supplies, causing its captain to send twenty of his crew ashore. Eventually

5854: 4959: 440:

colonists produced reports that the Roanoke settlers had been massacred, and there were stories of people with European features being seen in Native American villages, but no conclusive evidence was found.

2054:

Without evidence of the Lost Colony's relocation or destruction, speculation about their fate has endured since the 1590s. The matter has developed a reputation among academics for attracting obsession and

10199: 1613:

Based on this intelligence, as well as Smith's earlier report, the Council drafted orders for the Jamestown colony to relocate. These orders recommended "Ohonahorn" (or "Oconahoen"), near the mouth of the

1257: 435:

The fate of the approximately 112–121 colonists remains unknown. Speculation that they had assimilated with nearby Native American communities appears in writings as early as 1605. Investigations by the

5521: 1716:

Purchas offered no evidence for his claim about the 1587 colony except to state, "Powhatan confessed to Cap. Smith, that hee had beene at their slaughter, and had divers utensills of theirs to shew."

4951: 1292:

Following the arrival of the flyboat on July 25, all of the colonists disembarked. Shortly thereafter, colonist George Howe was killed by a native while searching alone for crabs in Albemarle Sound.

2898:"The letters patents, granted by the Queenes Majestie to M. Walter Ralegh now Knight, for the discouering and planting of new lands and Countries, to continue the space of 6. yeeres and no more." 9184: 3299:

speciall charge and direction of the Honourable Sir Walter Raleigh Knight lord Warden of the stanneries Who therein hath beene fauoured and authorized by her Maiestie and her letters patents

1941:

of a Kendall family in the 16th century. The find was celebrated as a landmark discovery, but Phelps never published a paper on his findings, and neglected to have the ring properly tested.

6445: 2031:, which described several significant artifacts. these included several objects that seemed to be manufactured by Europeans, including an olive jar, glass and various manufactured items. 928:

were presumably also located during this time. On August 5, John Arundell took command of one of the faster vessels and set sail for England, to report the expedition's safe arrival.

6383: 729:

was appointed governor of the colony, and Philip Amadas would serve as admiral, although the fleet commander Sir Richard Grenville led the overall mission. Civilian attendants included

6414: 10383: 10284: 810:

from the rest of the fleet and sank one of the pinnaces. Fortunately, Fernandes had a plan for such an occurrence, wherein the ships would meet up at Mosquetal, on the south coast of

5061: 10234: 6352: 664:

Upon their return to England in the autumn of 1584, Amadas and Barlowe spoke highly of the tribes' hospitality and the strategic location of Roanoke. They brought back two natives:

2402:

features characters bound for Virginia, who are assured that the lost colonists have by that time intermarried with Native Americans to give rise to "a whole country of English".

1270:. Manteo and Towaye, who had left the Lane colony with Drake's fleet, were also brought along. This time, the party included women and children, but no organized military force. 10269: 2579: 4846: 2257:, seeking refuge in America from religious persecution in England. Raleigh expressed sympathy for the separatists, while Walsingham considered them a threat to be eliminated. 1996:

village of Mettaquem. In 2012, when a team prepared to excavate where the symbol indicated, archaeologist Nicholas Luccketti suggested they name the location "Site X", as in "

1137:), warning that Lane should bring a considerable force if he sought to make contact. Menatonon also corroborated rumors Lane had heard about a sea just beyond the head of the 882:, where he captured salt mounds collected by the Spanish. Lane again built fortifications to protect his men as they brought the salt aboard. Grenville's ships then sailed to 10289: 9734: 1478:

offered a compromise with White, in which they would spend winter in the Caribbean and return to the Outer Banks in the spring of 1591. This plan fell through, though, when

1085:

Although 16th-century science could not explain the phenomenon, Harriot noticed that each town the colonists visited quickly suffered a deadly epidemic, which may have been

7142:"Virginias Verger: or a discourse shewing the benefits which may grow to this Kingdome from American-English Plantations, and specially those of Virginia and Summer Ilands" 5461: 1318:" in honor of being "the first Christian born in Virginia". Records indicate Margery Harvye gave birth shortly thereafter, although nothing else is known about her child. 1632:. The crisis may have deterred the colonists from attempting the proposed relocation. An expedition was sent to the Chowan River, but there is no record of its findings. 10757: 6273: 1673:, which fell into obscurity until 1849. There is no indication that any actions were taken against Wahunsenacawh or his priests in retaliation for the alleged massacre. 1342:

mobilizing for an attack had reached London, and Queen Elizabeth had prohibited any able ship from leaving England so that they might participate in the coming battle.

10368: 10328: 10229: 558:, however, had by this time taken notice of Verazzano's "isthmus" – located within Raleigh's claim – and was campaigning for England to capitalize on the opportunity. 2166:

claimed that after being attacked by Wanchese and Wahunsenacawh, they scattered to multiple locations: The Chowan River, and south to the Pamlico and Neuse Rivers.

10363: 10254: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8801: 8796: 8791: 2012:

in the 1650s. In 2019, the Foundation announced plans to expand the research into land that has been donated to North Carolina as Salmon Creek State Natural Area.

1517:

During Raleigh's first transatlantic voyage in 1595, he claimed to be in search of his lost colonists, although he later admitted this was disinformation to cover

7011:

The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia: Expressing the cosmographie and commodities of the country, togither with the manners and customes of the people

1470:

s anchor cable snapped, leaving the ship with only one working cable and anchor. The search mission could not continue given the considerable risk of shipwreck.

515:

province in the early 1570s. The terms of the charter granted by the Queen were vague, although Gilbert understood it to give him rights to all territory in the

6043: 2027:

describing his efforts along with Horton to find artifacts relating to the colony. He also wrote articles in publications, including an article in the magazine

5525: 653:

and the mainland between Albemarle Sound and the Pamlico River, soon made contact with the English and established friendly relations. The Secotan chieftain,

83: 5099: 2604: 1954:

suggests that an example of a conclusive find would be female remains (since the 1585 colony was exclusively male) buried according to Christian tradition (

9999: 2702: 10752: 10004: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 7344: 4165: 1795:

visited the site on April 7, 1819. During the 1860s, visitors described the deteriorated "fort" as little more than an earthwork in the shape of a small

1120:

In March, Lane consulted Pemisapan about a plan to explore the mainland beyond Secotan territory. Pemisapan supported the plan and advised Lane that the

10697: 10662: 2488:

Celebrations of the Lost Colony, on Virginia Dare's birthday, have been organized on Roanoke Island since the 1880s. To expand the tourist attraction,

1078: 4496: 2425:... Roanoke, with its knights and villains and its brave but outnumbered few facing an alien culture, provided all the elements for a national myth." 10672: 7819: 2253:

impeded Raleigh and White from dispatching a relief mission until Walsingham's death in 1590. Miller also suggested that the colonists may have been

1914:

would later make several compelling finds in the 1990s, but none that could be positively linked to the 1587 colony, as opposed to the 1585 outpost.

424:

delayed his return to Roanoke until 1590, and he found the settlement fortified but abandoned. The cryptic word "CROATOAN" was found carved into the

4181: 10747: 5026: 2644:

The English called this place "Bay of Muskito" (Mosquito Bay) while the Spanish called it "Mosquetal". the precise location of which is uncertain.

6437: 1362:) near Morocco. Nearly two dozen of the crew were killed, and the supplies bound for Roanoke were looted, leaving the ships to return to England. 972:

necessary in order to avoid the appearance of weakness. Amadas and his men burnt down the entire town and its crops, sending the natives fleeing.

2578:, which presents a series of fictional television programs documenting encounters with the ghost colonists. The leader of the undead colonists, " 1428:

would split off to take White to his colony. At the same time, however, Raleigh was in the process of turning the venture over to new investors.

991:

north side of the island. There are no surviving renderings of the Roanoke fort, but it was likely similar in structure to the one at Mosquetal.

119: 1872:

for this purpose is unreliable, as so little of the colonists' genetic material would remain after five or six generations. However, testing of

6629:

The Roanoke Voyages, 1584–1590: Documents to illustrate the English Voyages to North America under the Patent granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584

6406: 6375: 420:, forced White and his colonists to remain on Roanoke. White returned to England with Fernandes, intending to bring more supplies in 1588. The 2664:

ends with the colonists leaving Roanoke Island to evade an approaching Spanish ship, leaving the audience to wonder if the Spanish found them.

2440:

serial by Mary Mason employs the premise of Virginia being magically transformed into a white doe. The same concept was used more famously in

10712: 10657: 10553: 10244: 7434: 2609: 1403: 7146:

Hakluytus posthumus, or, Purchas his Pilgrimes: contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others

5573:

Hakluytus Posthumus, or, Purchas His Pilgrimes: Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells by Englishmen and Others

5494: 4993: 10219: 10214: 10209: 8384: 5069: 6344: 1610:

England. It has been speculated that the same voyage could have also delivered a letter from Smith, although no evidence for this exists.

1072:

kingdoms encountered by the Spanish. Amadas instead found a more modest settlement, although he was impressed with the area's climate and

1064:. The Secotans had described Skicóak as the largest city in the region, possibly leading the English to expect something like the wealthy 1061: 10667: 7737: 6909: 6758: 2909: 2083:

colony. Following White's failure to locate any of the colonists, the main body of the colonists would have quickly assimilated with the

1150:

along his route, but Pemisapan had sent word that the English were hostile and villagers should withdraw from the river with their food.

6938: 8064: 8058: 2385: 1365:

Following the defeat of the Spanish Armada in August, England maintained the ban on shipping in order to focus efforts on organizing a

5428: 4815: 1696:

in 1622, there was a dramatic shift in English commentary on Native Americans, as writers increasingly questioned their humanity. The

1382:

of the English in Virginia; rumors suggested the English had discovered a mountain made of diamonds and a route to the Pacific Ocean.

10727: 10692: 534:

Following Gilbert's death in 1583, Queen Elizabeth divided the charter between his brother Adrian Gilbert, and his half-brother Sir

409:

landed on the island in 1587 and set up another settlement. Sir Walter Raleigh had sent him to establish the "Cittie of Raleigh" in

8205: 7416: 4838: 2474: 2281: 2260:

According to Miller, the colonists split up, with a small group relocating to Croatoan while the main body sought shelter with the

2213: 9407: 7458: 5708: 5451: 1486:. When the winds prevented landfall there, the ship was again forced to change course for England, arriving on October 24, 1590. 402:

in 1586. Grenville arrived two weeks later and also returned home, leaving behind a small detachment to protect Raleigh's claim.

17: 4686: 10717: 10682: 10462: 10159: 9958: 7683: 630:, where they collected fresh water. The two ships then sailed north until July 4, when they sighted land at what is now called 599:

Raleigh quickly arranged an expedition to explore his claim. It departed England on April 27, 1584. The fleet consisted of two

6285: 1910:

discovered a Native American burial site in 1887. He returned in 1895 to excavate the fort but found nothing of significance.

699:" and proclaimed him "Knight Lord and Governor of Virginia". Sir Walter Raleigh proceeded to seek investors to fund a colony. 9688: 8458: 8290: 7219: 6723: 6702: 6676: 6655: 6636: 6607: 6559: 6536: 6507: 6320: 5931: 391: 6961: 6795: 6729: 6098: 5891: 5335: 10702: 10652: 10563: 9820: 9402: 8119: 1195: 2582:", is depicted as John White's wife Thomasin, although there is no historical evidence that she was one of the colonists. 10762: 10677: 10274: 10169: 8211: 7464: 1899: 1815: 1775: 1277:, captained by White with Fernandes as master and pilot, along with a flyboat (under the command of Edward Spicer) and a 10164: 9884: 9633: 8016: 6789: 6481: 5422: 1521:. On the return voyage, he sailed past the Outer Banks, and later claimed that weather had prevented him from landing. 642: 6937:. Vol. I: History of the States. Richmond, Virginia: The Southern Historical Publication Society. pp. 1–23. 1933:

organized an excavation in 1995. Phelps and his team discovered a ring in 1998, which initially appeared to be a gold

1643:

arrived in Jamestown, along with Gates and Machumps, in May 1610. By 1612, he had returned to England, where he wrote

10482: 10432: 10279: 10154: 9789: 9373: 8754: 8322: 8249: 7571: 6824: 6581: 6035: 2544: 1583: 1518: 886:, where the Spanish set aside hostilities to trade with the well-armed English fleet. On June 7, Grenville left 665: 619:

and John White may have participated in the voyage, but no records survive which directly confirm their involvement.

421: 358: 5517: 2481:

women the vote would assure white supremacy. By the 1930s this racist connotation apparently subsided, although the

2405:

United States historians largely overlooked or minimized the importance of the Roanoke settlements until 1834, when

1420:. The fleet of six ships would spend the summer of 1590 raiding Spanish outposts in the Caribbean, but the flagship 507:

to explore and colonize territories "unclaimed by Christian kingdoms". Gilbert had helped to crush the first of the

10722: 10687: 10492: 10249: 9869: 9827: 9653: 8377: 8125: 7513: 6184: 2451: 1780: 1034: 738: 464: 406: 229: 6877:

Search for the Cittie of Raleigh: Archeological Excavations at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site, North Carolina

5091: 2392:

Raleigh was publicly criticized for his apparent indifference to the fate of the 1587 colony, most notably by Sir

741:, an artist. Manteo and Wanchese, returning home from their visit to England, were also passengers on the voyage. 10647: 10487: 10457: 10139: 9948: 9859: 8712: 8453: 7730: 7533: 7364: 2280:

Local legends in Dare County refer to an abandoned settlement called "Beechland", located within what is now the

5145: 1973:

In November 2011, researchers at the First Colony Foundation noticed two corrective patches on White's 1585 map

10732: 10427: 10144: 8759: 8414: 7696: 7689: 7290: 2574: 2176: 2162:

was convinced that the colonists had relocated westward to the banks of the Chowan River in Bertie County, and

2135:

More famously, in the 1880s, state legislator Hamilton McMillan proposed that the Native American community in

2129: 1789: 1191: 2555:, "Croatoan" is the name of a powerful demon who, in the 20th century, attempts to sacrifice the entirety of 1390: 10338: 9832: 9799: 9784: 9729: 9724: 9568: 7849: 2569: 2217: 1989: 10737: 10393: 10184: 9837: 9427: 8744: 8561: 7491: 7469: 7409: 2632: 2028: 1252: 708: 38: 432:. Before he could follow this lead, rough seas and a lost anchor forced the mission to return to England. 10533: 9936: 9849: 9744: 9623: 9583: 9548: 9470: 8700: 8583: 8409: 8370: 8155: 2091:

circumstances such as these were necessary to explain optimism about the colonists' survival after 1603.

1839: 960:

was under repair, Grenville organized an expedition to explore Pamlico Sound and the Secotan villages of

524: 387: 313: 8131: 7039:. Vol. 3. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office (published 1933). pp. 12–24 6908:. Vol. XIII: America. Part II. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid (published 1889). pp. 302–322. 6757:. Vol. XIII: America. Part II. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid (published 1889). pp. 293–300. 5018: 2908:. Vol. XIII: America. Part II. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid (published 1889). pp. 276–282. 1499: 1377:

The Spanish Empire had been gathering intelligence on the Roanoke colonies since Grenville's capture of

10576: 10538: 9953: 9864: 9794: 9628: 9447: 9432: 8806: 8739: 8351: 7861: 7855: 7723: 2418: 413:. That attempt became known as the Lost Colony due to the unexplained disappearance of its population. 1369:

to attack Spain in 1589. White would not gain permission to make another resupply attempt until 1590.

1338:

After a difficult journey, White returned to England on November 5, 1587. By this time reports of the

691:

Queen Elizabeth was impressed with the results of Raleigh's expedition. In 1585, during a ceremony to

10507: 10442: 10358: 9879: 9681: 9437: 8695: 8137: 7961: 7801: 2587: 2268:, who traded the captured surviving Lost Colonists as slaves, dispersing them throughout the region. 1704:

retaliation, in order to assure potential backers that their investment in the colony would be safe.

999: 645:

in the region had likely encountered, or at least observed, Europeans from previous expeditions. The

2983: 10348: 9941: 9929: 9899: 9894: 9815: 9779: 9558: 9543: 9442: 8734: 8717: 8616: 8261: 8255: 7943: 7843: 7617: 4952:"Museum number 1906,0509.1.3 – Transmitted light image of the northern patch in "La Virginea Pars"" 2469:

and Native Americans. Both the colony and the adult Virginia character were embraced as symbols of

2428:

The first known use of the phrase "The Lost Colony" to describe the 1587 Roanoke settlement was by

2380: 2120:

tribe identifies as descendants of both the Croatan and the Lost Colonists by way of the Hatteras.

780: 6747:"The voiage made by Sir Richard Greenuile, for Sir Walter Ralegh, to Virginia, in the yeere 1585." 680:. The expedition's reports described the region as a pleasant and bountiful land, alluding to the 10742: 10642: 10408: 10323: 10120: 9842: 9618: 9606: 9535: 9462: 8522: 8004: 7986: 7655: 7402: 6781: 6031: 5484: 4803: 4021:, p. 360: "seeing they intended to remove 50 miles further up into the maine presently" 2551: 2529:. He is also the name of a humanlike villain (portrayed by William Shatner) in the 5th season of 2489: 2429: 2361: 2305: 1930: 1693: 1685: 1619: 7242:

A History of the United States, from the Discovery of the American Continent to the Present Time

1818:. In 1950, the earthwork was reconstructed in an effort to restore its original size and shape. 584: 10452: 10403: 10353: 10264: 9924: 9919: 9889: 9480: 8764: 8646: 8314: 8217: 7831: 7677: 7612: 7355: 7309: 7258: 7097: 6524: 6174: 2893: 2661: 2494: 2457: 2445: 2309: 2229:

spare parts from the pinnace. Considering that ships were later built by survivors of the 1609

2159: 2000:." In 2015 a team excavated the site, located near a Native American village called Mettaquem. 1988:

As the symbol is not to scale, it covers an area on the map representing thousands of acres in

1922: 1918: 1831: 1745: 1178: 879: 567: 477: 7141: 6897: 6746: 6141: 5855:"Dismissed as a forgery, could a mysterious stone found near Roanoke's "Lost Colony" be real?" 2897: 550:

to Asia. Raleigh was awarded the lands to the south, though much of it was already claimed by

10602: 10179: 10100: 9979: 9909: 9904: 9666: 9595: 9573: 9563: 8749: 8690: 8517: 8161: 8095: 8010: 7028: 6957:

The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation. America

6929: 5132: 4808:"Croatan Archaeological Site Collection, ca. early 17th Century: Manuscript Collection #1061" 2564: 2499: 2293:

McMullan argued, the colonists would have begun to assimilate with the Croatan at Beechland.

1881:

Colony to work with. And, as of 2019, the project had yet to identify any living descendant.

1811: 1575: 1417: 1408: 1199: 456:, cast them as foundational figures in American culture and captured the public imagination. 390:. Lane's colony was troubled by a lack of supplies and poor relations with some of the local 8606: 4904:

Dolan, Robert; Bosserman, Kenton (September 1972). "Shoreline Erosion and the Lost Colony".

1997: 527:, in 1583 as the first English territory in North America at the royal prerogative of Queen 10707: 10626: 10398: 10378: 10343: 9914: 9854: 9674: 9419: 8621: 8576: 8436: 8231: 8179: 8052: 7974: 7837: 7807: 7757: 7100:(1977). "English Perceptions of Treachery, 1583-1640: The Case of the American 'Savages'". 7032: 6569: 6438:""Which 'AHS: Roanoke' characters are real? The "Based on a true story" claim isn't false"" 5412: 4807: 4717: 2649: 2525: 2140: 1946:

increases the likelihood that it could have been brought to the New World at a later time.

1749: 1528:

on Virginia – based on the potential survival of the Roanoke colonists – when the price of

975: 631: 622:

The expedition employed a standard route for transatlantic voyages, sailing south to catch

468:

A 1529 map depicting "Verazzano's Sea" extending from the North Atlantic to the Outer Banks

7185:

Brooks, Baylus C. (2014). "John Lawson's Indian Town on Hatteras Island, North Carolina".

6777:

Brothers Among Nations: The Pursuit of Intercultural Alliances in Early America, 1580–1660

6376:"'American Horror Story': 'Roanoke' Finale Delivers Another Twist, Connects 'AHS' Seasons" 4708:

Stahle, David W.; et al. (April 24, 1998). "The Lost Colony and Jamestown Droughts".

1934: 8: 10110: 9500: 9452: 9378: 9365: 8707: 8659: 8549: 8495: 8485: 8473: 8306: 8167: 8034: 7907: 7867: 7767: 7607: 7161: 7005: 5921: 5859: 5456: 2414: 2163: 1599: 1571: 1550: 1416:

Eventually, Raleigh arranged passage for White on a privateering expedition organized by

1278: 493: 437: 7240: 6834:

Donegan, Kathleen (2013). "What Happened in Roanoke: Ralph Lane's Narrative Incursion".

5826:

la Vere, David (July 2009). "The 1937 Chowan River "dare stone": A re-evaluation".

4721: 2595:

named "Crowley"; the inscription "CRO" was thus an incomplete attempt to implicate him.

2003:

In an October 2017 statement, the First Colony Foundation reported finding fragments of

1514:

so that his son, John Dare, could inherit his estate. The petition was granted in 1597.

10105: 9553: 9492: 8729: 8626: 8571: 8554: 8534: 8426: 8401: 8393: 8330: 8243: 7813: 7795: 7301: 7194: 7173: 7125: 7117: 7085: 7069: 7065: 6989: 6859: 6851: 6813: 6576:. Vol. 1: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500–1600. New York: Oxford University Press. 6312: 5835: 5489: 5262: 4921: 4917: 4749: 4733: 2515: 2505:

Bereft of its full context, the colonists' sparse message of "CROATOAN" has taken on a

2331: 2326: 2254: 2245: 1851: 1843: 1386: 1285:

flagship representing Fernandes ordered the sailors to leave the colonists on Roanoke.

696: 508: 55: 7262: 6598:

Big Chief Elizabeth: The Adventures and Fate of the First English Colonists in America

5834:(3). Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina Office of Archives and History: 251–281. 3296: 1894: 10497: 9505: 8611: 8510: 8463: 8298: 8040: 7925: 7777: 7746: 7635: 7286: 7215: 7208: 7129: 7077: 6977: 6925: 6906:

The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, And Discoveries of the English Nation

6863: 6820: 6785: 6755:

The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, And Discoveries of the English Nation

6719: 6698: 6672: 6666: 6651: 6632: 6624: 6603: 6596: 6577: 6555: 6532: 6503: 6496: 6491: 6477: 6316: 6133: 5418: 4741: 4678: 2906:

The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, And Discoveries of the English Nation

2645: 2530: 2470: 2466: 2339: 2084: 2079: 1962: 1877: 1799:, and reported holes dug nearby in search of valuable relics. Production of the 1921 1662: 1355: 1126: 1057: 718: 547: 452:. Bancroft's description of the colonists, particularly White's infant granddaughter 395: 31: 7645: 7089: 7029:"Instruccons orders and constitucons to Sr Thomas Gates Knight Governor of Virginia" 6548: 4753: 2485:

organization, founded in 1999, has been denounced for promoting white supremacists.

1911: 1725: 1602:. The copy, now commonly referred to as the "Zúñiga Map", was rediscovered in 1890. 1562: 1463:

that evening, and plans were made to return to Croatoan the following day. However,

10558: 9874: 9739: 9601: 9515: 8685: 8544: 8527: 8070: 8046: 7980: 7955: 7913: 7772: 7640: 7560: 7109: 7061: 7001: 6875: 6871: 6843: 5254: 4913: 4725: 2538: 2117: 1907: 1863:

Since 2005, computer scientist Roberta Estes has founded several organizations for

1847: 1807: 1753: 1640: 772: 669: 504: 329: 1961:

One possible explanation for the extreme deficiency in archaeological evidence is

1788:

The ruins that Lawson encountered in 1701 eventually became a tourist attraction.

916:

continued with the rest of the fleet to Port Ferdinando, where they reunited with

546:

and all points north, where geographers expected to eventually find a long-sought

10614: 10548: 10373: 10019: 10014: 9759: 9611: 9591: 9510: 8641: 8601: 8478: 8431: 8267: 8185: 8143: 8107: 7949: 7931: 7919: 7825: 7782: 7762: 7592: 7453: 7236: 7148:. Vol. 19. Glasgow: J. MacLehose and Sons (published 1906). pp. 218–267 7009: 6955: 6901: 6775: 6750: 6713: 6090: 5885: 5452:""The mystery is over": Researchers say they know what happened to 'Lost Colony'" 5329: 4729: 2901: 2422: 2406: 2009: 1955: 1738: 1681: 677: 635: 608: 555: 520: 445: 429: 417: 247: 6474:

The Secret Token: Myth, Obsession, and the Search for the Lost Colony of Roanoke

6331:...by writers Doug Moench, Chuck Dixon, and Alan Grant, and artist Klaus Janson. 5702: 2248:, Simon Fernandes, Edward Strafford, and others participated in a conspiracy to 1658:

had relocated to Chesapeake, and both groups were massacred in the same attack.

1448: 73:

19th-century illustration depicting the discovery of the abandoned colony, 1590.

10590: 10543: 10472: 10115: 10074: 10069: 9974: 9764: 9749: 9701: 9475: 9390: 8722: 8636: 8500: 8448: 8225: 8199: 7703: 7602: 7551: 7448: 7137: 5913: 3292: 2510: 2151: 2136: 2103: 2056: 1978: 1926: 1708: 1697: 1587: 1538: 1503: 1483: 1366: 1339: 1125:

party arrived at Choanoac, he found representatives of the Chowanoke, Mangoak,

1045: 894: 734: 685: 650: 616: 612: 592: 551: 535: 410: 383: 367: 7113: 5925: 838:

arrived on May 19, shortly after the completion of the fort and pinnace.

10636: 10517: 10512: 10447: 10034: 10029: 10024: 9774: 9769: 9525: 8631: 8490: 8149: 7901: 7882: 7650: 7528: 6550:

A Kingdom Strange: The Brief and Tragic History of the Lost Colony of Roanoke

5881: 2393: 2369: 2313: 2222: 1951: 1835: 1629: 1315: 1300: 1267: 1187: 1138: 936: 866: 825: 803: 779:(Raleigh's personal ship, perhaps captained by Arthur Barlowe) and two small 604: 481: 453: 399: 134: 121: 6815:

Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries

2502:

attended the play on August 18, 1937 – Virginia Dare's 350th birthday.

2087:, while the lookouts on Croatoan would have blended into the Croatan tribe. 1628:

at Bermuda. Gates arrived at Jamestown in May 1610, several months into the

1295: 10299: 10084: 10064: 10054: 9719: 9648: 9520: 9385: 8771: 8566: 8505: 8468: 8173: 8028: 8022: 7597: 7523: 7518: 7081: 6591: 5120: 4994:

Newfound survivor camp may explain fate of the famed Lost Colony of Roanoke

2520: 2398: 2365: 2004: 1873: 1792: 1615: 1330: 1155: 1145:

which Grenville had promised would arrive by Easter. In the meantime, Lane

1073: 875: 730: 543: 398:

was delayed, so Lane abandoned the colony and returned to England with Sir

10609: 6847: 4745: 2648:

identified Mosquetal as Tallaboa Bay in 1955, but he later concurred with

2477:

in the 1920s, it was to persuade North Carolina legislators that granting

2071: 9994: 9697: 8680: 8664: 8539: 8441: 8113: 7998: 7992: 7671: 7379: 6980:(1957). "Roanoke Colonists and Explorers: An Attempt at Identification". 5887:

The Essays: Or, Counsels, Civil and Moral: and The Wisdom of the Ancients

5245:

Dunbar, Gary S. (Autumn 1960). "The Hatteras Indians of North Carolina".

5166: 2556: 2355: 2231: 2184: 1982: 1827: 1800: 1624: 1511: 1452: 1065: 1053: 855: 811: 627: 623: 539: 528: 473: 7198: 7177: 7073: 6993: 6855: 6178: 6140:. Vol. 3, no. 6. Raleigh, North Carolina: S.D. Pool. pp. 5839: 822:, arriving at the rendezvous point on May 11, ahead of the other ships. 794:, was the burgeoning home port of Drake, Gilbert, Grenville, and Raleigh 638:, which was named "Port Ferdinando" after Fernandes, who discovered it. 10502: 10079: 10044: 10039: 9989: 9754: 9638: 9397: 8237: 8193: 7503: 7121: 6893: 5917: 4737: 2506: 2265: 2199: 1314:

On August 18, 1587, Eleanor Dare gave birth to a daughter, christened "

1049: 980: 961: 941: 887: 883: 726: 713: 681: 497: 489: 379: 217: 6880:. Washington, DC: National Park Service, US Department of the Interior 6407:"'American Horror Story: Roanoke': Everything to Know After Episode 9" 5266: 4925: 1992:. However, the location is presumed to be in or near the 16th-century 893:

The fleet sailed through an inlet at Wococon Island (near present-day

484:

for the Pacific Ocean, and concluded that the barrier islands were an

428:, which White interpreted to mean that the colonists had relocated to 416:

During a stop to check on Grenville's men, the pilot of the flagship,

10059: 8419: 8362: 8101: 7359: 7331: 2285: 2261: 2249: 2150:

Other tribes purportedly linked to the Roanoke colonists include the

1993: 1810:

advocated for the restoration and preservation of the earthwork. The

1591: 1534: 1529: 1334:

Launch of English fireships against the Spanish Armada, 7 August 1588

1207: 1121: 1086: 819: 563: 516: 7715: 7481: 7337: 3963: 3961: 1921:

uncovered a number of Native American artifacts along Cape Creek in

10304: 9705: 8776: 7937: 6345:"American Horror Story's New Theme Hauntingly Connects to Season 1" 5675: 5258: 4409: 2455:

Re-creation of the tree inscribed with "CRO", from a production of

2171: 1938: 1869: 1701: 1579: 1525: 1444: 1346:

defend England. Two of the smaller ships in Grenville's fleet, the

1134: 1106: 1101: 1090: 1026: 799: 750: 425: 198: 10285:

Currituck Banks North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve

5371: 5369: 3922: 10477: 8593: 7576: 7556: 7394: 7389: 7308:. Vol. 158, no. 943. London, UK: John Murray. pp. 7052:

Cain, Tom (2001). "John Donne and the Ideology of Colonization".

6036:"Virginia Dare; or the Lost Colony. A Tale of the Early Settlers" 5890:(16th ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 176. 5062:"Salmon Creek Property Transferred to State for New Natural Area" 3958: 2592: 2125: 2041: 1796: 1721: 1308: 1219: 1110: 1003: 965: 757: 673: 661:, so his brother Granganimeo represented the tribe in his place. 658: 654: 646: 512: 485: 4373: 3362: 3090: 786: 688:, although these accounts may have been embellished by Raleigh. 562:

expected that Raleigh would establish a base from which to send

531:, but Gilbert was lost at sea on his return journey to England. 8084:

Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States

7566: 5575:. Vol. 18. Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons. p. 182. 5366: 4707: 4448: 2144: 1510:

Nevertheless, a 1594 petition was made to declare Ananias Dare

1482:

was blown off course, forcing them to stop for supplies in the

1359: 1227: 1146: 1069: 863:

soon attack, so he and his ships abandoned the temporary fort.

834:

forging nails and sawing local lumber to construct a new ship.

692: 600: 9696: 7384: 7164:(2001). "The "Lost Colony" Found: A Documentary Perspective". 5627: 4313: 4209: 4048: 2034: 1784:

Reconstructed earthwork at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site

1554:

remaining crew were forced to return to England empty-handed.

8675: 6988:(2). North Carolina Office of Archives and History: 202–226. 6668:

The Head in Edward Nugent's Hand: Roanoke's Forgotten Indians

6307:

Manning, Matthew K. (2010). "1990s". In Dolan, Hannah (ed.).

5970: 4426: 4424: 4072: 2482: 2335: 2155: 1942: 1806:

and road development further damaged the site. In the 1930s,

1700:

sponsored propaganda arguing that the massacre had justified

1666: 1281:(commanded by Edward Stafford). The fleet departed on May 8. 1223: 902: 791: 6531:(2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 4436: 4361: 4349: 3910: 3811: 3102: 2652:'s 1971 conclusion that the name referred to Guayanilla Bay, 2075:

Chief Powhatan, detail of map published by John Smith (1612)

1665:, and that the priests might literally be in communion with 1661:

Strachey believed that the Powhatan religion was inherently

878:, adding them to his fleet. Lane took one of these ships to 375:, and the fate of the 112 to 121 colonists remains unknown. 100:

Location of Roanoke Colony within what is now North Carolina

8781: 7172:(1). North Carolina Office of Archives and History: 67–83. 6715:

Jamestown Colony: A Political, Social, and Cultural History

6697:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. 6238: 6180:

The White Doe: The Fate of Virginia Dare – An Indian Legend

5651: 5639: 5615: 5309: 4623: 4560: 4548: 4484: 4337: 4262: 3770: 3662: 3650: 3626: 3614: 3578: 3530: 3518: 2953: 2951: 347: 341: 338: 7373: 6214: 6155: 5958: 5946: 5540: 5354: 5297: 5273: 5190: 5178: 5041: 4999: 4996:, By Andrew Lawler, November 5, 2020, National Geographic. 4932: 4861: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4659: 4601: 4599: 4536: 4472: 4421: 4286: 4274: 4233: 3458: 3261: 3078: 2718: 2678: 2498:

opened in 1937 and remains in production today. President

2364:

were discovered that were claimed to have been written by

1906:

Archaeological research on Roanoke Island only began when

1190:, on his way back to England from successful campaigns in 1186:

In June, the colonists made contact with the fleet of Sir

634:. The fleet made landfall on July 13 at an inlet north of 9643: 6204: 6202: 6014: 6012: 5997: 5987: 5985: 5807: 5795: 5771: 5663: 5591: 5579: 5552: 5156: 5154: 5148:, By Michelle Wagner, Outer Banks Voice on June 19, 2020. 4572: 4524: 4460: 4325: 4303: 4301: 4252: 4250: 4248: 3862: 3758: 3746: 3698: 3350: 3326: 3273: 2790: 2778: 1968: 1864: 1814:

began administration of the area in 1941, designating it

10255:

University of North Carolina - Coastal Studies Institute

5747: 4839:"The Mystery of Roanoke Endures Yet Another Cruel Twist" 4197: 4155: 4153: 4138: 4116: 4114: 4101: 4099: 4084: 4036: 4024: 4002: 4000: 3934: 3638: 3386: 3314: 3249: 3189: 3153: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2766: 2754: 1889: 1586:(often referred to as "Chief Powhatan") and his brother 615:

was in command of the other. There are indications that

6327:

Fans were also treated to a companion special entitled

6097:. Vol. 6, no. 9. Richmond. pp. 585–595. 5485:"Roanoke's 'Lost Colony' was never lost, new book says" 4611: 4596: 4012: 3840: 3838: 3823: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3710: 3686: 3494: 3482: 3422: 3338: 3225: 3201: 3165: 3119: 3117: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3018: 2984:"Port Ferdinando on the Outer Banks | OBX History" 2963: 2862: 2814: 2802: 2742: 6650:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. 6250: 6226: 6199: 6113: 6070: 6058: 6009: 5982: 5783: 5759: 5735: 5723: 5603: 5393: 5381: 5285: 5226: 5214: 5202: 5151: 5053: 4885: 4873: 4647: 4635: 4584: 4512: 4397: 4385: 4298: 4245: 4221: 4060: 3734: 3602: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3506: 3470: 3374: 2994: 2730: 2690: 2542:. Croatoan also appears in the 2005 television series 2023:

In 2020 a book by Scott Dawson was published entitled

1606:

any sign of the Roanoke colonists living in the area.

1273:

The expedition consisted of three ships: The flagship

10574: 6498:

Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584–1606

4150: 4126: 4111: 4096: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3946: 3898: 3886: 3141: 2605:

List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1910

2473:. Even when Virginia Dare was invoked in the name of 806:. A severe storm off the coast of Portugal separated 756:(Grenville's flagship, with Fernandes as pilot), the 359: 350: 344: 7881:

Other British colonial entities in the contemporary

5912: 5707:(M.A. in History). North Carolina State University. 3874: 3850: 3835: 3794: 3782: 3722: 3674: 3590: 3446: 3434: 3410: 3398: 3237: 3213: 3177: 3129: 3114: 3030: 2850: 2838: 2066: 503:

In 1578, Queen Elizabeth I granted a charter to Sir

335: 7360:"Skeptoid #245: Finding the Lost Colony of Roanoke" 7214:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 6502:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 3006: 2874: 2826: 1412:

John White at the ruins of the Roanoke colony, 1590

1385:Following a failed reconnaissance mission in 1587, 332: 10758:States and territories disestablished in the 1590s 7210:Roanoke Island – the Beginnings of English America 7207: 6842:(2). University of North Carolina Press: 285–314. 6819:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 6812: 6595: 6547: 6495: 5011: 4671: 2338:(also known as the Coranine) on the mainland near 37:"Lost Colony" redirects here. For other uses, see 30:Not to be confused with the inland modern city of 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5518:"Mystery of the Lost Colony Solved? Not So Fast!" 4906:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 2631:The precise number of colonists is disputed. See 2203:Construction of a pinnace to evacuate Charlesfort 1752:, he visited Hatteras Island and encountered the 1311:and named "Lord of Roanoke and Dasamongueponke". 1096: 695:Raleigh, she proclaimed the land granted to him " 10634: 7026: 6648:Richard Grenville and the Lost Colony of Roanoke 6274:"9 Times pop culture delved into Roanoke before 4415: 4379: 2275: 2124:North Carolina. For example, the "Legend of the 2098: 1842:) concluded that an extreme drought occurred in 1769: 1645:The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia 500:of England, neither of whom pursued the matter. 8065:Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island 7283:Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony 7060:(3). The University of Chicago Press: 440–476. 6429: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4944: 2194: 2049:Adrian Masters (historian, University of Texas) 7347:, documents originally from Richard Hakluyt's 6645: 6398: 6367: 6336: 6134:"The White Doe Chase: A legend of olden times" 5687: 5681: 5375: 5321: 5123:05/19/2016 by Catherine Kozak, Coastal Review. 5084: 4903: 3368: 2886: 2132:was transcribed by Edward M. Bullard in 1950. 2107:Watercolor of a Secotan village, by John White 1858: 1635: 1549:There was one final expedition in 1603 led by 1489: 1056:. While there his party made contact with the 931: 657:, had recently been injured in a war with the 523:. Led by Gilbert, the English briefly claimed 488:. Recognizing this as a potential shortcut to 9682: 8378: 7731: 7410: 7037:The Records of the Virginia Company of London 6711: 4812:Collection Guides at East Carolina University 3967: 3928: 2610:Timeline of the colonization of North America 2325:In 2006, writer Scott Dawson proposed that a 2239: 1459:found along the shore. The party returned to 444:Interest in the matter fell until 1834, when 6695:The Lost Colony of Roanoke: New Perspectives 6671:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 5701:McMullan, Philip S. Jr. (October 28, 2010). 4974: 4701: 2627: 2625: 2244:Anthropologist Lee Miller proposed that Sir 1544: 1494: 874:Grenville captured two Spanish ships in the 577: 6712:Grizzard, Frank E.; Smith, D. Boyd (2007). 6267: 6265: 5334:. Wilson, North Carolina: Advance Presses. 2892: 2035:Hypotheses about the colony's disappearance 1622:, were delayed due to the shipwreck of the 1541:, effectively ending his Virginia charter. 10753:States and territories established in 1585 9689: 9675: 8385: 8371: 7738: 7724: 7435:Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition 7417: 7403: 7108:(2). Cambridge University Press: 263–287. 7014:. London: Hakluyt Society (published 1849) 6870: 6091:"Virginia Dare: or, the Colony of Roanoke" 3356: 1884: 1404:Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition 994:Grenville set sail for England aboard the 67: 27:Failed colony in North America (1584–1590) 10698:Colonization history of the United States 10663:1585 establishments in the British Empire 10245:North Carolina Aquarium on Roanoke Island 7160: 7096: 6773: 6523: 6435: 6309:DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle 6183:. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. 6042:. Vol. 8. New York. pp. 80–92. 5303: 4578: 4542: 4331: 4319: 4292: 4215: 4078: 4054: 3668: 3656: 3644: 3632: 3620: 3584: 3536: 3524: 3320: 3255: 3195: 2957: 2930: 2622: 1821: 1731: 1372: 1233: 1182:Map of Sir Francis Drake's 1585–86 voyage 589:The arrival of the Englishmen in Virginia 10673:1590s disestablishments in North America 7235: 7000: 6924: 6810: 6342: 6262: 6003: 5976: 5852: 5700: 5327: 5126: 4566: 4502: 4490: 4466: 4454: 4442: 3740: 2450: 2379: 2282:Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge 2198: 2102: 2070: 1893: 1779: 1680: 1561: 1557: 1498: 1407: 1329: 1294: 1256: 1177: 1100: 1025: 974: 935: 865: 824: 785: 749:The fleet consisted of seven ships: The 712: 583: 463: 10748:Pre-statehood history of North Carolina 7459:Hatteras Histories and Mysteries Museum 7374:Historical/Archaeological organizations 7354: 7136: 6953: 6930:"The Beginnings of Virginia, 1584–1624" 6833: 6602:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 6568: 6404: 6373: 6343:Robinson, Joanna (September 14, 2016). 6306: 6088: 6030: 5825: 5570: 5522:St. Luke's Historic Church & Museum 5515: 5449: 4554: 4203: 4042: 4030: 4018: 3916: 3776: 3548: 3291: 3285: 3096: 1676: 767:(under the command of George Raymond), 607:was captain of the larger vessel, with 378:Roanoke Colony was founded by governor 14: 10635: 10160:Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuge 8392: 7280: 7257: 7184: 6976: 6692: 6590: 6471: 6436:Gallagher, Caitlin (October 5, 2016). 6417:from the original on November 10, 2016 6256: 6244: 6232: 6220: 6208: 6173: 6161: 6119: 6076: 6064: 6046:from the original on February 24, 2021 6018: 5991: 5964: 5952: 5813: 5801: 5777: 5765: 5741: 5729: 5669: 5657: 5645: 5633: 5621: 5597: 5585: 5558: 5497:from the original on September 5, 2020 5431:from the original on September 4, 2020 5399: 5360: 5315: 5291: 5279: 5244: 5232: 5220: 5208: 5184: 5172: 5160: 5114: 5047: 5005: 4938: 4891: 4879: 4867: 4849:from the original on December 10, 2019 4836: 4814:. East Carolina University Libraries. 4802: 4790: 4778: 4766: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4617: 4605: 4590: 4518: 4430: 4391: 4367: 4355: 4343: 4307: 4280: 4268: 4256: 4239: 4227: 4187: 4171: 4159: 4144: 4132: 4120: 4105: 4090: 4006: 3991: 3979: 3952: 3940: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3856: 3844: 3829: 3817: 3805: 3788: 3728: 3716: 3692: 3500: 3488: 3344: 3267: 3147: 3060: 3036: 2981: 2942: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2724: 2708: 2696: 2684: 2386:commemorative 1937 US half-dollar coin 1969:2011–present; new archaeological sites 1760: 1397: 1325: 90: 9670: 8366: 8291:Discourse Concerning Western Planting 7745: 7719: 7398: 7390:Roanoke Island Historical Association 7299: 7205: 6744: 6664: 6631:. Farnham: Ashgate (published 2010). 6623: 6490: 6405:Strause, Jackie (November 10, 2016). 6374:Strause, Jackie (November 16, 2016). 6355:from the original on October 21, 2020 6271: 6131: 5934:from the original on November 6, 2019 5880: 5789: 5753: 5609: 5546: 5528:from the original on December 6, 2022 5482: 5387: 5253:(4). Duke University Press: 410–418. 5196: 5092:"Bertie County Archaeological Survey" 4478: 4403: 4066: 3868: 3764: 3752: 3704: 3680: 3464: 3452: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3392: 3332: 3279: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3183: 3171: 3159: 3135: 3123: 3108: 3084: 3072: 3048: 3024: 2969: 2880: 2832: 2591:, the colonists are the victims of a 2388:, depicting Eleanor and Virginia Dare 2375: 1890:1887–present: Archaeological evidence 1748:'s 1701–1709 exploration of northern 1474:set off for England, but the crew of 798:On April 9, 1585, the fleet departed 626:, which carried them westward to the 10713:English colonization of the Americas 10658:1585 establishments in North America 8120:Captaincy General of the Philippines 7187:The North Carolina Historical Review 7166:The North Carolina Historical Review 7051: 6982:The North Carolina Historical Review 6892: 6545: 6448:from the original on October 9, 2019 6386:from the original on October 9, 2019 6272:Grant, Stacey (September 21, 2016). 6187:from the original on August 18, 2019 6089:Tuthill, Cornelia (September 1840). 5516:Ericson, John (September 24, 2020). 5464:from the original on August 23, 2020 5121:Back to Square One With Lost Colony? 5059: 4689:from the original on October 5, 2019 4530: 3608: 3596: 3572: 3560: 3512: 3476: 3404: 3380: 3012: 3000: 2988:OBX Travel Guide by Carolina Designs 1524:Raleigh later sought to enforce his 1018:absence from the list of colonists. 492:, he presented his findings to King 10463:Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island 10275:Fort Raleigh National Historic Site 10170:Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge 7684:Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island 7465:Fort Raleigh National Historic Site 7332:Fort Raleigh National Historic Site 6964:from the original on April 10, 2023 6941:from the original on April 17, 2023 6912:from the original on April 17, 2023 6798:from the original on April 17, 2023 6761:from the original on April 17, 2023 6732:from the original on April 17, 2023 5711:from the original on April 17, 2023 5414:The Lost Colony and Hatteras Island 5338:from the original on April 17, 2023 5102:from the original on April 11, 2020 5029:from the original on August 8, 2020 4962:from the original on April 17, 2023 2912:from the original on April 17, 2023 2181:The Lost Colony and Hatteras Island 2025:The Lost Colony and Hatteras Island 1900:Fort Raleigh National Historic Site 1846:between 1587 and 1589. Their study 1816:Fort Raleigh National Historic Site 1776:Fort Raleigh National Historic Site 1570:Following the establishment of the 1322:with the fleet on August 27, 1587. 1002:, Grenville raided a large Spanish 998:on August 25, 1585. Days later, in 24: 10668:1590s disestablishments in England 10165:Currituck National Wildlife Refuge 7424: 7066:10.1111/j.1475-6757.2001.tb01196.x 6101:from the original on March 2, 2023 5894:from the original on March 2, 2023 5853:Brockell, Gillian (July 5, 2018). 5175:, pp. 8, 263, 270–71, 321–24. 5146:The Lost Colony wasn’t really lost 4918:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1972.tb00875.x 4818:from the original on June 11, 2008 2434:Virginia Dare; or, the Lost Colony 2308:, while collecting material for a 1210:hit the Outer Banks, sweeping the 1044:Amadas spent the winter exploring 676:whose mother was the chieftain of 394:tribes. A resupply mission by Sir 25: 10774: 10433:Chicamacomico Life-Saving Station 10280:Wright Brothers National Memorial 10155:Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge 8323:Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 7804:(1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776) 7325: 6574:The European Discovery of America 5450:Hampton, Jeff (August 17, 2020). 5417:. Arcadia Publishing. June 2020. 2300: 2067:Powhatan attack at Chesapeake Bay 1981:examined the original map with a 1537:and arrested for treason against 10728:History of the Thirteen Colonies 10693:Colonial United States (British) 10620: 10608: 10596: 10584: 10384:Captain Richard Etheridge Bridge 10250:Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum 10215:Roanoke Island Marshes Game Land 8347: 8346: 8126:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico 7480: 6300: 6167: 6125: 6082: 6024: 5906: 5874: 5846: 5828:North Carolina Historical Review 5819: 5564: 5509: 5476: 5443: 5405: 5331:Sir Walter Raleigh's Lost Colony 5238: 5139: 5133:Have We Found the “Lost Colony”? 4897: 4837:Lawler, Andrew (April 7, 2017). 4830: 4796: 2655: 2059:with little scholastic benefit. 948:The loss of provisions from the 890:to continue to the Outer Banks. 538:. Adrian's charter gave him the 328: 89: 82: 10458:Hatteras Weather Bureau Station 10235:Roanoke Island Marshes Preserve 10140:Cape Hatteras National Seashore 8454:England in the late Middle Ages 7385:Croatoan Archaeological Society 6932:. In Chandler, J. A. C. (ed.). 5060:Hall, Katie (January 3, 2019). 2982:Davies, Mary (March 24, 2022). 2975: 2638: 2432:in an 1837 historical romance, 2409:lionized the 1587 colonists in 2360:From 1937 to 1941, a series of 1898:Archaeological research dig at 1582:and met with both their leader 595:, from a drawing by John White. 10428:Pea Island Life-Saving Station 10145:Cape Lookout National Seashore 9980:Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway 7697:American Horror Story: Roanoke 6774:Van Zandt, Cynthia J. (2008). 6464: 5483:Yuhas, Alan (September 2020). 2575:American Horror Story: Roanoke 2523:'s 1999 television miniseries 2411:A History of the United States 2349: 2177:Christopher Newport University 1566:Reproduction of the Zúñiga Map 1246: 1097:Hostilities and food shortages 1021: 870:Collecting salt in Salinas Bay 829:Ralph Lane's fort at Mosquetal 702: 450:A History of the United States 13: 1: 10718:Ghost towns in North Carolina 10683:16th century in North America 10339:Virginia Dare Memorial Bridge 10270:Pine Island Audubon Sanctuary 10241:Museums, zoos, and institutes 7965: 6665:Oberg, Michael Leroy (2008). 6646:Gabriel-Powell, Andy (2016). 6529:Roanoke: The Abandoned Colony 6132:Mason, Mary (December 1875). 5704:Beechland and the Lost Colony 2671: 2276:Secret operation at Beechland 2218:Parris Island, South Carolina 2099:Integration with local tribes 1990:Bertie County, North Carolina 1770:1800s–1950: Site preservation 1173: 459: 10394:Dare County Regional Airport 10130:Protected areas and wildlife 8071:Province of British Columbia 7470:Roanoke Island Festival Park 7345:The First Colony of Virginia 7144:. In Purchas, Samuel (ed.). 7054:English Literary Renaissance 4730:10.1126/science.280.5363.564 4679:"Commemorating Fort Raleigh" 3302:. Frankfurt: Johannes Wechel 2633:List of colonists at Roanoke 2320: 2195:Attempt to return to England 2183:admitted that there was no " 1253:List of colonists at Roanoke 802:, heading south through the 763:(captained by John Clarke), 709:List of colonists at Roanoke 39:Lost Colony (disambiguation) 7: 10703:Dare County, North Carolina 10653:1580s in the British Empire 10329:North Carolina Ferry System 10290:Run Hill State Natural Area 9745:Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula 7665:Notable cultural references 6904:; Goldsmid, Edmund (eds.). 6811:Rountree, Helen C. (1990). 6753:; Goldsmid, Edmund (eds.). 6718:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 6095:Southern Literary Messenger 5884:(1883) . "On Plantations". 5328:McMillan, Hamilton (1888). 5019:"Roanoke Symposium Success" 2904:; Goldsmid, Edmund (eds.). 2598: 1859:2005–2019: Genetic analysis 1840:College of William and Mary 1636:1610–1612: William Strachey 1490:Investigations into Roanoke 932:Establishment of the colony 405:A second expedition led by 388:Dare County, North Carolina 314:Dare County, North Carolina 10: 10779: 10763:Unexplained disappearances 10678:1590s missing person cases 10539:1945 Outer Banks hurricane 10534:1936 Outer Banks hurricane 8459:Economy in the Middle Ages 8250:Brandenburger Saint Thomas 8059:Colony of British Columbia 7690:The Rising Shore — Roanoke 7349:The Principall Nauigations 5066:North Carolina State Parks 4683:U.S. National Park Service 2549:In the 1994 graphic novel 2353: 2240:Conspiracy against Raleigh 1838:Dennis B. Blanton (of the 1773: 1443:had been fortified with a 1401: 1379:Santa Maria de San Vicente 1250: 1060:villages of Chesepioc and 1008:Santa Maria de San Vicente 706: 36: 29: 10526: 10443:Graveyard of the Atlantic 10417: 10359:William B. Umstead Bridge 10313: 10210:Currituck Banks Game Land 10185:Jockey's Ridge State Park 10129: 10093: 9967: 9808: 9712: 9582: 9534: 9491: 9461: 9418: 9364: 8655: 8592: 8400: 8342: 8286: 8277: 8220:, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803 8138:Captaincy General of Cuba 8091: 8080: 7962:New England Confederation 7891: 7877: 7791: 7753: 7664: 7628: 7585: 7544: 7489: 7478: 7441: 7432: 7300:Betts, Robert E. (1938). 7114:10.1017/S0018246X00011079 7027:Virginia Council (1609). 6954:Hakluyt, Richard (1889). 6836:Early American Literature 6554:. New York: Basic Books. 3968:Grizzard & Smith 2007 3929:Grizzard & Smith 2007 3099:, pp.  633–635, 655. 2588:The Last American Vampire 1545:1603: Bartholomew Gilbert 1495:1552–1602: Walter Raleigh 979:An artist's rendering of 924:. The men left behind by 744: 578:Amadas–Barlowe expedition 476:were explored in 1524 by 448:published his account in 309: 305: 301: 297: 287: 277: 267: 257: 253: 243: 239: 235: 223: 211: 207: 197: 190: 186: 176: 166: 162: 154: 150: 111: 104: 78: 66: 61: 53: 48: 10369:Melvin R. Daniels Bridge 10349:Herbert C. Bonner Bridge 10230:Nags Head Woods Preserve 8132:Santa Fe de Nuevo México 7944:Massachusetts Bay Colony 6960:. E. & G. Goldsmid. 6693:Fullam, Brandon (2017). 6032:Cushing, Eliza Lanesford 5571:Purchas, Samuel (1906). 2615: 1977:. At their request, the 1830:David W. Stahle (of the 1671:The Historie of Travaile 1655:The Historie of Travaile 1519:his search for El Dorado 858:, arriving by mid-June. 818:made good speed for the 725:by a second wave later. 568:treasure fleets of Spain 525:St. John's, Newfoundland 366:) was an attempt by Sir 113: • Coordinates 10723:Former English colonies 10688:Colonial North Carolina 10409:Ocracoke Island Airport 10324:Historic Albemarle Tour 8523:Commonwealth of England 8262:Scottish Darien Company 8206:Hospitaller Saint Croix 8005:Dominion of New England 7987:North-Western Territory 7656:David Sutton Phelps Jr. 7380:First Colony Foundation 7245:. Boston: Charles Bowen 7098:Kupperman, Karen Ordahl 6782:Oxford University Press 6525:Kupperman, Karen Ordahl 6476:. New York: Doubleday. 6472:Lawler, Andrew (2018). 6175:Cotten, Sallie Southall 6138:Our Living and Our Dead 5636:, pp.  43–50, 316. 5096:First Colony Foundation 5023:First Colony Foundation 3111:, pp.  57, 430–31. 2552:Batman-Spawn: War Devil 2430:Eliza Lanesford Cushing 2212:settlers at the failed 1931:David Sutton Phelps Jr. 1885:Archaeological research 1826:In 1998, a team led by 289:• Found abandoned 18:Roanoke, North Carolina 10648:1580s in North America 10453:Battle of the Atlantic 10404:Billy Mitchell Airport 10364:Washington Baum Bridge 10354:Wright Memorial Bridge 10265:Mountains-to-Sea Trail 10220:Buxton Woods Game Land 10191:State coastal reserves 9816:City of Virginia Beach 8315:Of Plymouth Plantation 8037:(1779–1783; 1814–1815) 7946:(1629–1686; 1689–1691) 7922:(1620–1686; 1689–1691) 7834:(1664–1673; 1702–1776) 7102:The Historical Journal 6411:The Hollywood Reporter 6380:The Hollywood Reporter 4457:, pp.  26, 85–86. 3820:, pp. 81–82, 202. 2461: 2446:Sallie Southall Cotten 2389: 2327:Southern live oak tree 2216:colony on what is now 2204: 2108: 2076: 2052: 2044:" of colonial history. 1903: 1832:University of Arkansas 1822:1998: Climate research 1785: 1732:1701–1709: John Lawson 1689: 1567: 1506: 1413: 1373:Spanish reconnaissance 1335: 1303: 1262: 1234:Grenville's detachment 1183: 1113: 1048:, traveling as far as 1037: 987: 945: 871: 830: 795: 721: 596: 478:Giovanni da Verrazzano 469: 279:• Re-established 10733:Lost cities and towns 10180:False Cape State Park 10101:Currituck Beach Light 8096:Columbian Viceroyalty 7358:(February 15, 2011). 7306:The Cornhill Magazine 7281:Miller, Lee (2002) . 7206:Stick, David (1983). 7033:Kingsbury, Susan Myra 6872:Harrington, Jean Carl 6848:10.1353/eal.2013.0032 6570:Morison, Samuel Eliot 6276:American Horror Story 6040:The Ladies' Companion 5025:. November 27, 2017. 4806:(February 10, 2006). 4416:Virginia Council 1609 4380:Virginia Council 1609 4370:, pp.  151, 154. 4358:, pp.  129, 131. 3467:, pp.  104, 108. 3087:, pp.  181, 740. 2727:, pp. 81–82, 89. 2687:, pp. 45, 54–59. 2565:American Horror Story 2536:, based on his novel 2500:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2454: 2383: 2202: 2106: 2074: 2038: 1897: 1848:measured growth rings 1812:National Park Service 1783: 1684: 1565: 1558:1579–1639: John Smith 1502: 1411: 1402:Further information: 1333: 1298: 1289:by Native Americans. 1260: 1181: 1104: 1029: 978: 939: 869: 828: 789: 716: 591:(1590). Engraving by 587: 566:on raids against the 467: 135:35.93694°N 75.70889°W 10399:First Flight Airport 10379:Mid-Currituck Bridge 10344:Marc Basnight Bridge 9959:Cape Lookout Village 9374:Anglo-Saxon military 8562:Overseas possessions 8232:Dutch Virgin Islands 8180:Spanish West Florida 8174:Spanish East Florida 8053:Stickeen Territories 7758:New England Colonies 7586:Other notable people 7162:Parramore, Thomas C. 7006:Major, Richard Henry 6546:Horn, James (2010). 6247:, pp. 141, 347. 5979:, pp.  117–123. 5930:. Act III, scene 3. 5684:, pp.  127–128. 5660:, pp.  255–260. 5648:, pp.  227–237. 5624:, pp.  168–204. 5549:, pp.  235–236. 5318:, pp.  102–110. 5199:, pp.  341–377. 4632:, pp.  181–182. 4533:, pp.  453–454. 4481:, pp.  367–368. 4346:, pp.  128–133. 4322:, pp.  147–148. 4271:, pp.  225–226. 4218:, pp.  126–127. 4057:, pp.  119–121. 3931:, pp.  120–123. 3919:, pp.  362–363. 3871:, pp.  268–269. 3779:, pp.  364–365. 3767:, pp.  150–151. 3755:, pp.  140–145. 3707:, pp.  134–137. 3335:, pp.  298–299. 3282:, pp.  157–158. 3270:, pp.  102–110. 2650:Samuel Eliot Morison 2526:Storm of the Century 2513:'s 1975 short story 2141:free people of color 1677:1625: Samuel Purchas 1578:was captured by the 1574:settlement in 1607, 1261:Death of George Howe 1109:, who may have been 985:author unknown, 1962 940:The 1585 assault on 814:. Proceeding alone, 10738:Mass disappearances 10111:Cape Hatteras Light 8788:Acts of Parliament: 8555:Union with Scotland 8550:Glorious Revolution 8496:Union of the Crowns 8486:English Renaissance 8474:English Reformation 8415:Anglo-Saxon England 8168:Provincias Internas 8144:Spanish Saint Croix 7768:Chesapeake Colonies 7629:Notable researchers 7608:Bartholomew Gilbert 7490:Notable colonists ( 6223:, pp. 290–291. 6164:, pp. 283–284. 5967:, pp. 128–129. 5955:, pp. 127–128. 5860:The Washington Post 5682:Gabriel-Powell 2016 5457:The Virginian-Pilot 5376:Gabriel-Powell 2016 5363:, pp. 301–307. 5282:, pp. 339–344. 5187:, pp. 324–326. 5050:, pp. 174–182. 5008:, pp. 176–177. 4941:, pp. 163–170. 4870:, pp. 199–205. 4793:, pp. 184–189. 4781:, pp. 138–142. 4769:, pp. 311–314. 4722:1998Sci...280..564S 4685:. August 10, 2016. 4668:, pp. 135–141. 4557:, pp. 228–229. 4445:, pp.  26, 48. 4433:, pp. 120–122. 4283:, pp. 112–113. 4242:, pp. 102–103. 4081:, pp. 121–122. 3970:, pp. 120–123. 3395:, pp.  82, 92. 3369:Gabriel-Powell 2016 3162:, pp.  60, 64. 2799:, pp. 128–130. 2787:, pp. 116–125. 2775:, pp. 113–114. 2763:, pp. 100–103. 2417:or the straitlaced 2164:Conway Whittle Sams 1761:Scientific research 1692:After the Powhatan 1600:Philip III of Spain 1551:Bartholomew Gilbert 1398:1590 relief mission 1326:1588 relief mission 1279:full-rigged pinnace 737:, a scientist, and 494:Francis I of France 259:• Established 140:35.93694; -75.70889 131: / 10136:National seashores 10121:Cape Lookout Light 10106:Bodie Island Light 9885:Whalebone Junction 8745:Secretary of State 8427:Kingdom of England 8394:Kingdom of England 8331:Quintipartite Deed 8244:Danish West Indies 8212:French Saint Croix 7341:(1921 silent film) 6978:Powell, William S. 6926:Chandler, J. A. C. 6625:Quinn, David Beers 6313:Dorling Kindersley 6288:on August 18, 2019 5816:, pp.  72–73. 5804:, pp.  71–72. 5780:, pp.  33–34. 5756:, pp.  63–64. 5672:, pp.  29–30. 5600:, pp.  84–90. 5588:, pp.  85–89. 5561:, pp.  83–84. 5490:The New York Times 4569:, pp.  21–22. 4418:, pp.  16–17. 3671:, pp.  83–85. 3659:, pp.  83–84. 3635:, pp.  80–82. 3623:, pp.  78–79. 3611:, pp.  97–98. 3587:, pp.  77–78. 3575:, pp.  94–97. 3563:, pp.  93–94. 3539:, pp.  76–77. 3527:, pp.  75–76. 3515:, pp.  89–91. 3479:, pp.  87–89. 3431:, pp.  93–95. 3383:, pp.  84–86. 3371:, pp.  29–34. 3234:, pp.  64–67. 3210:, pp.  63–64. 3174:, pp.  60–63. 3075:, pp.  55–56. 3051:, pp.  53–56. 3027:, pp.  29–38. 3003:, pp.  44–55. 2972:, pp.  20–23. 2945:, pp. 30, 34. 2751:, pp. 94, 97. 2585:In the 2015 novel 2462: 2390: 2376:In popular culture 2332:Charles H. Whedbee 2246:Francis Walsingham 2205: 2191:Native Americans. 2109: 2077: 1904: 1850:from a network of 1786: 1694:attacked Jamestown 1690: 1568: 1507: 1504:Sir Walter Raleigh 1414: 1387:Philip II of Spain 1336: 1304: 1263: 1184: 1158:for the settlers. 1114: 1038: 988: 946: 872: 831: 796: 722: 597: 509:Desmond Rebellions 470: 10572: 10571: 10564:Hazard mitigation 10498:Richard Grenville 10424:Events and places 10005:Knotts Island Bay 9790:Portsmouth Island 9664: 9663: 9506:Church of England 8464:Wars of the Roses 8360: 8359: 8335: 8327: 8319: 8311: 8303: 8299:Mayflower Compact 8295: 8280:Related Documents 8162:Spanish Louisiana 8041:Columbia District 7964:(1643–1654; 1675– 7850:Massachusetts Bay 7778:Southern Colonies 7747:Thirteen Colonies 7713: 7712: 7636:David Beers Quinn 7545:Native associates 7302:"The Lost Colony" 7285:. Penguin Books. 7221:978-0-8078-4110-5 7002:Strachey, William 6725:978-1-85109-637-4 6704:978-1-4766-6786-7 6678:978-0-8122-4031-3 6657:978-1-4766-6571-9 6638:978-1-4094-1709-5 6609:978-0-312-42018-5 6561:978-0-465-00485-0 6538:978-0-7425-5263-0 6509:978-0-8078-4123-5 6322:978-0-7566-6742-9 6034:(December 1837). 5098:. June 20, 2019. 4716:(5363): 564–567. 4493:, p.  83–86. 4147:, pp. 95–98. 4093:, pp. 94–95. 3943:, pp. 90–92. 3832:, pp. 84–85. 3719:, pp. 74–75. 3695:, pp. 70–71. 3503:, pp. 64–65. 3491:, pp. 63–64. 3347:, pp. 58–59. 3063:, pp. 45–49. 2871:, pp. 31–33. 2823:, pp. 27–28. 2811:, pp. 17–19. 2739:, pp. 93–94. 2699:, pp. 70–77. 2646:David Beers Quinn 2471:white nationalism 2467:African Americans 2444:, a 1901 poem by 2340:Lake Mattamuskeet 2139:(then considered 2080:David Beers Quinn 2029:American Heritage 1963:shoreline erosion 1929:, anthropologist 1878:mitochondrial DNA 1713:Virginia's Verger 1707:In this context, 983:'s Roanoke fort; 854:continued to the 719:Richard Grenville 668:, a Secotan, and 649:, who controlled 548:Northwest Passage 513:Ireland's Munster 422:Anglo-Spanish War 396:Richard Grenville 320: 319: 269:• Evacuated 213:• 1585–1586 32:Roanoke, Virginia 16:(Redirected from 10770: 10625: 10624: 10623: 10613: 10612: 10601: 10600: 10599: 10589: 10588: 10587: 10580: 10559:Hurricane Dorian 10554:Hurricane Isabel 10195:Kitty Hawk Woods 10151:Wildlife refuges 9870:Kill Devil Hills 9828:Currituck County 9740:Colington Island 9691: 9684: 9677: 9668: 9667: 9624:Royal supporters 9471:English language 8718:Council of State 8708:King's Secretary 8701:House of Commons 8686:Magnum Concilium 8584:Maritime history 8545:Exclusion Crisis 8528:The Protectorate 8387: 8380: 8373: 8364: 8363: 8350: 8349: 8333: 8325: 8317: 8309: 8307:Mourt's Relation 8301: 8293: 8218:French Louisiana 8047:Red River Colony 7970: 7967: 7914:Berkeley Hundred 7773:Tobacco Colonies 7740: 7733: 7726: 7717: 7716: 7641:Talcott Williams 7561:Hatteras Indians 7484: 7473: 7461: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7396: 7395: 7369: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7296: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7237:Bancroft, George 7232: 7230: 7228: 7213: 7202: 7181: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7133: 7093: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7023: 7021: 7019: 6997: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6902:Hakluyt, Richard 6889: 6887: 6885: 6867: 6830: 6818: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6751:Hakluyt, Richard 6741: 6739: 6737: 6708: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6661: 6642: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6601: 6587: 6565: 6553: 6542: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6501: 6487: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6284:. Archived from 6269: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5698: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5345: 5343: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5072:on July 25, 2021 5068:. Archived from 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4804:Phelps, David S. 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4193: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4109: 4103: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2902:Hakluyt, Richard 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2714: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2642: 2636: 2629: 2539:The Colorado Kid 2475:women's suffrage 2438:Raleigh Register 2362:inscribed stones 2346:another matter. 2050: 1998:X marks the spot 1975:La Virginea Pars 1908:Talcott Williams 1808:J. C. Harrington 1641:William Strachey 1469: 1391:Vicente González 1079:La Virginea Pars 1031:La Virginea Pars 773:Thomas Cavendish 733:, metallurgist, 643:Native Americans 611:as pilot, while 505:Humphrey Gilbert 362: 357: 356: 353: 352: 349: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 146: 145: 143: 142: 141: 136: 132: 129: 128: 127: 124: 114: 93: 92: 86: 71: 46: 45: 21: 10778: 10777: 10773: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10768: 10767: 10633: 10632: 10631: 10621: 10619: 10607: 10597: 10595: 10585: 10583: 10575: 10573: 10568: 10549:Hurricane Irene 10522: 10413: 10374:Rodanthe Bridge 10309: 10125: 10089: 10020:Albemarle Sound 10015:Currituck Sound 9963: 9949:Carteret County 9860:Southern Shores 9804: 9780:Ocracoke Island 9760:Hatteras Island 9708: 9695: 9665: 9660: 9654:St George's Day 9629:Royal standards 9612:College of Arms 9578: 9530: 9487: 9457: 9414: 9360: 8669: 8651: 8588: 8535:The Restoration 8479:Elizabethan era 8432:Norman Conquest 8396: 8391: 8361: 8356: 8338: 8282: 8273: 8268:Russian America 8186:Alta California 8156:Las Californias 8108:Spanish Florida 8087: 8076: 7968: 7887: 7873: 7787: 7783:United Colonies 7763:Middle Colonies 7749: 7744: 7714: 7709: 7678:The Lost Colony 7660: 7624: 7593:Simon Fernandes 7581: 7540: 7485: 7476: 7467: 7457: 7454:Hatteras Island 7437: 7428: 7423: 7376: 7338:The Lost Colony 7328: 7323: 7314: 7312: 7293: 7271: 7269: 7248: 7246: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7151: 7149: 7138:Purchas, Samuel 7042: 7040: 7017: 7015: 6967: 6965: 6944: 6942: 6915: 6913: 6883: 6881: 6827: 6801: 6799: 6792: 6764: 6762: 6735: 6733: 6726: 6705: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6658: 6639: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6584: 6562: 6539: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6492:Quinn, David B. 6484: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6451: 6449: 6434: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6372: 6368: 6358: 6356: 6341: 6337: 6323: 6315:. p. 267. 6305: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6270: 6263: 6255: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6219: 6215: 6207: 6200: 6190: 6188: 6172: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6144: 6130: 6126: 6118: 6114: 6104: 6102: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6049: 6047: 6029: 6025: 6017: 6010: 6006:, p.  122. 6002: 5998: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5914:Chapman, George 5911: 5907: 5897: 5895: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5851: 5847: 5824: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5792:, p.  238. 5788: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5764: 5760: 5752: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5699: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5612:, p.  244. 5608: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5569: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5481: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5425: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5390:, p.  233. 5386: 5382: 5378:, p.  128. 5374: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5341: 5339: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5306:, p.  137. 5302: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5243: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5131: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5058: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4902: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4852: 4850: 4843:Smithsonian.com 4835: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4706: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4620:, p.  171. 4616: 4612: 4608:, p.  180. 4604: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4545:, p.  265. 4541: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4469:, p.  101. 4465: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4406:, p.  365. 4402: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4299: 4295:, p.  130. 4291: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4206:, p.  384. 4202: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4112: 4104: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4069:, p.  302. 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4045:, p.  371. 4041: 4037: 4033:, p.  369. 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3599:, p.  322. 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3407:, p.  259. 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3357:Harrington 1962 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3293:Harriot, Thomas 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2643: 2639: 2630: 2623: 2618: 2601: 2495:The Lost Colony 2458:The Lost Colony 2407:George Bancroft 2378: 2358: 2352: 2323: 2310:1937 stage play 2303: 2278: 2242: 2197: 2101: 2069: 2051: 2048: 2037: 2010:Nathaniel Batts 1971: 1919:Hurricane Emily 1892: 1887: 1861: 1824: 1804:The Lost Colony 1778: 1772: 1763: 1739:Hatteras Island 1734: 1686:Powhatan attack 1679: 1638: 1560: 1547: 1497: 1492: 1467: 1406: 1400: 1375: 1328: 1255: 1249: 1236: 1176: 1099: 1024: 934: 912:After repairs, 747: 711: 705: 678:Croatoan Island 636:Hatorask Island 609:Simon Fernandes 580: 556:Richard Hakluyt 521:Spanish Florida 462: 446:George Bancroft 430:Croatoan Island 418:Simon Fernandes 392:Native American 386:in present-day 360: 331: 327: 290: 280: 270: 260: 248:Elizabethan era 226: 214: 182:Approx. 112–121 179: 169: 139: 137: 133: 130: 125: 122: 120: 118: 117: 112: 99: 98: 97: 96: 95: 94: 74: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10776: 10766: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10743:Missing people 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10643:Roanoke Colony 10630: 10629: 10617: 10605: 10603:Modern history 10593: 10570: 10569: 10567: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10544:Hurricane Fran 10541: 10536: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10473:Roanoke people 10470: 10466: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10438:Roanoke Colony 10435: 10430: 10425: 10421: 10419: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10387: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10332: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10317: 10315: 10314:Transportation 10311: 10310: 10308: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10293: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10258: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10238: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10223: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10203: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10188: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10173: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10148: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10133: 10131: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10123: 10118: 10116:Ocracoke Light 10113: 10108: 10103: 10097: 10095: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10075:Ocracoke Inlet 10072: 10070:Hatteras Inlet 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10048: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10008: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9983: 9982: 9977: 9975:Atlantic Ocean 9971: 9969: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9945: 9944: 9939: 9933: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9846: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9824: 9823: 9818: 9812: 9810: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9765:No Ache Island 9762: 9757: 9752: 9750:Roanoke Island 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9716: 9714: 9710: 9709: 9702:North Carolina 9694: 9693: 9686: 9679: 9671: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9656: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9615: 9614: 9604: 9599: 9588: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9549:English Gothic 9546: 9540: 9538: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9497: 9495: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9485: 9484: 9483: 9476:English people 9473: 9467: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9424: 9422: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9405: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9391:New Model Army 9383: 9382: 9381: 9370: 9368: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8785: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8723:Lord Protector 8720: 8710: 8705: 8704: 8703: 8698: 8696:House of Lords 8688: 8683: 8678: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8667: 8662: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8598: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8581: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8525: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8501:Gunpowder Plot 8498: 8488: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8476: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8449:Angevin Empire 8446: 8445: 8444: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8423: 8422: 8412: 8406: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8390: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8367: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8354: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8336: 8328: 8320: 8312: 8304: 8296: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8247: 8241: 8235: 8229: 8226:New Netherland 8223: 8222: 8221: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8200:French Florida 8191: 8190: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8099: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8011:Indian Reserve 8008: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7885: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7865: 7862:South Carolina 7859: 7856:North Carolina 7853: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7743: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7720: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7704:The Briar King 7700: 7693: 7686: 7681: 7674: 7668: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7646:Ivor Noël Hume 7643: 7638: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7610: 7605: 7603:Thomas Harriot 7600: 7595: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7554: 7552:Roanoke people 7548: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7497: 7495: 7487: 7486: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7462: 7451: 7449:Roanoke Island 7445: 7443: 7439: 7438: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7426:Roanoke Colony 7422: 7421: 7414: 7407: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7356:Dunning, Brian 7352: 7342: 7334: 7327: 7326:External links 7324: 7322: 7321: 7297: 7291: 7278: 7255: 7233: 7220: 7203: 7193:(2): 171–207. 7182: 7158: 7134: 7094: 7049: 7024: 6998: 6974: 6951: 6922: 6890: 6868: 6831: 6825: 6808: 6791:978-0199720552 6790: 6771: 6745:Anon. (1600). 6742: 6724: 6709: 6703: 6690: 6677: 6662: 6656: 6643: 6637: 6627:, ed. (1955). 6621: 6608: 6588: 6582: 6566: 6560: 6543: 6537: 6521: 6508: 6488: 6483:978-0385542012 6482: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6428: 6397: 6366: 6335: 6321: 6299: 6261: 6259:, p. 185. 6249: 6237: 6235:, p. 294. 6225: 6213: 6211:, p. 281. 6198: 6166: 6154: 6124: 6122:, p. 280. 6112: 6081: 6079:, p. 278. 6069: 6067:, p. 277. 6057: 6023: 6021:, p. 276. 6008: 5996: 5994:, p. 129. 5981: 5969: 5957: 5945: 5905: 5882:Bacon, Francis 5873: 5845: 5818: 5806: 5794: 5782: 5770: 5768:, p. 353. 5758: 5746: 5744:, p. 112. 5734: 5732:, p. 263. 5722: 5686: 5674: 5662: 5650: 5638: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5590: 5578: 5563: 5551: 5539: 5508: 5475: 5442: 5424:978-1467144339 5423: 5404: 5402:, p. 116. 5392: 5380: 5365: 5353: 5320: 5308: 5304:Kupperman 2007 5296: 5294:, p. 334. 5284: 5272: 5259:10.2307/480877 5237: 5235:, p. 331. 5225: 5223:, p. 328. 5213: 5211:, p. 132. 5201: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5163:, p. 110. 5150: 5138: 5125: 5113: 5083: 5052: 5040: 5010: 4998: 4973: 4956:British Museum 4943: 4931: 4912:(3): 424–426. 4896: 4894:, p. 313. 4884: 4882:, p. 182. 4872: 4860: 4829: 4795: 4783: 4771: 4759: 4700: 4670: 4658: 4656:, p. 138. 4646: 4644:, p.  62. 4634: 4622: 4610: 4595: 4593:, p. 126. 4583: 4581:, p.  71. 4579:Parramore 2001 4571: 4559: 4547: 4543:Kupperman 1977 4535: 4523: 4521:, p. 123. 4511: 4495: 4483: 4471: 4459: 4447: 4435: 4420: 4408: 4396: 4394:, p. 121. 4384: 4382:, p.  17. 4372: 4360: 4348: 4336: 4334:, p.  50. 4332:Van Zandt 2008 4324: 4320:Kupperman 2007 4312: 4310:, p. 113. 4297: 4293:Kupperman 2007 4285: 4273: 4261: 4259:, p. 111. 4244: 4232: 4230:, p. 101. 4220: 4216:Kupperman 2007 4208: 4196: 4180: 4164: 4149: 4137: 4125: 4110: 4095: 4083: 4079:Kupperman 2007 4071: 4059: 4055:Kupperman 2007 4047: 4035: 4023: 4011: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3957: 3945: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3907:, p.  25. 3897: 3895:, p. 215. 3885: 3873: 3861: 3849: 3834: 3822: 3810: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3683:, p.  98. 3673: 3669:Kupperman 2007 3661: 3657:Kupperman 2007 3649: 3647:, p.  82. 3645:Kupperman 2007 3637: 3633:Kupperman 2007 3625: 3621:Kupperman 2007 3613: 3601: 3589: 3585:Kupperman 2007 3577: 3565: 3553: 3551:, p. 293. 3541: 3537:Kupperman 2007 3529: 3525:Kupperman 2007 3517: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3455:, p.  99. 3445: 3443:, p.  91. 3433: 3421: 3419:, p.  82. 3409: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3359:, p.  27. 3349: 3337: 3325: 3323:, p.  72. 3321:Kupperman 2007 3313: 3284: 3272: 3260: 3258:, p.  23. 3256:Kupperman 2007 3248: 3246:, p.  85. 3236: 3224: 3222:, p.  75. 3212: 3200: 3198:, p.  20. 3196:Kupperman 2007 3188: 3186:, p.  63. 3176: 3164: 3152: 3150:, p.  91. 3140: 3138:, p.  58. 3128: 3126:, p.  57. 3113: 3101: 3089: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3017: 3015:, p.  56. 3005: 2993: 2974: 2962: 2960:, p.  14. 2958:Kupperman 2007 2947: 2935: 2933:, p.  12. 2931:Kupperman 2007 2923: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2825: 2813: 2801: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2701: 2689: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2654: 2637: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2600: 2597: 2511:Harlan Ellison 2377: 2374: 2354:Main article: 2351: 2348: 2322: 2319: 2302: 2301:Spanish attack 2299: 2277: 2274: 2241: 2238: 2196: 2193: 2137:Robeson County 2130:Sampson County 2100: 2097: 2068: 2065: 2057:sensationalism 2046: 2036: 2033: 1979:British Museum 1970: 1967: 1927:North Carolina 1912:Ivor Noël Hume 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1860: 1857: 1823: 1820: 1790:U.S. President 1774:Main article: 1771: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1733: 1730: 1709:Samuel Purchas 1698:London Company 1678: 1675: 1637: 1634: 1588:Opechancanough 1559: 1556: 1546: 1543: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1399: 1396: 1374: 1371: 1367:Counter Armada 1340:Spanish Armada 1327: 1324: 1248: 1245: 1235: 1232: 1175: 1172: 1105:Portrait of a 1098: 1095: 1046:Chesapeake Bay 1023: 1020: 933: 930: 897:) on June 26. 895:Ocracoke Inlet 771:(captained by 746: 743: 735:Thomas Harriot 704: 701: 686:Garden of Eden 651:Roanoke Island 617:Thomas Harriot 613:Arthur Barlowe 593:Theodor De Bry 579: 576: 536:Walter Raleigh 480:, who mistook 461: 458: 411:Chesapeake Bay 384:Roanoke Island 368:Walter Raleigh 324:Roanoke Colony 318: 317: 311: 307: 306: 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 294: 291: 288: 285: 284: 281: 278: 275: 274: 271: 268: 265: 264: 261: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 245: 244:Historical era 241: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232: 227: 224: 221: 220: 215: 212: 209: 208: 205: 204: 201: 195: 194: 192: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 177: 174: 173: 170: 167: 164: 163: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 147: 115: 109: 108: 106: 102: 101: 88: 87: 81: 80: 79: 76: 75: 72: 64: 63: 59: 58: 51: 50: 49:Roanoke Colony 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10775: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10628: 10627:North America 10618: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10604: 10594: 10592: 10582: 10581: 10578: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10525: 10519: 10518:Marc Basnight 10516: 10514: 10513:Virginia Dare 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10468: 10467: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10448:Torpedo Alley 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10416: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10389: 10388: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10334: 10333: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10312: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10295: 10294: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10128: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10092: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10050: 10049: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10035:Pamlico Sound 10033: 10031: 10030:Roanoke Sound 10028: 10026: 10025:Croatan Sound 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10010: 10009: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9966: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9833:Knotts Island 9831: 9829: 9826: 9825: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9807: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9785:Beacon Island 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9775:Shelly Island 9773: 9771: 9770:Cape Hatteras 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9730:Monkey Island 9728: 9726: 9725:Knotts Island 9723: 9721: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9692: 9687: 9685: 9680: 9678: 9673: 9672: 9669: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9613: 9610: 9609: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9597: 9593: 9592:National flag 9590: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9527: 9526:Country dance 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9490: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9460: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9417: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9396: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9384: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9363: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9186: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8809: 8808:Temp. incert. 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8735:Privy Council 8733: 8731: 8728: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8654: 8648: 8647:Orange-Nassau 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8591: 8585: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8560: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8491:Stuart period 8489: 8487: 8484: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8438: 8437:Anglo-Normans 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8388: 8383: 8381: 8376: 8374: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8353: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8332: 8329: 8324: 8321: 8316: 8313: 8308: 8305: 8300: 8297: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8285: 8281: 8276: 8269: 8266: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8251: 8248: 8245: 8242: 8239: 8236: 8233: 8230: 8227: 8224: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8150:Spanish Texas 8148: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8090: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8072: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7981:Rupert's Land 7979: 7976: 7973: 7963: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7890: 7884: 7883:United States 7880: 7879: 7876: 7869: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7802:New Hampshire 7800: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7790: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7736: 7734: 7729: 7727: 7722: 7721: 7718: 7706: 7705: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7694: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7651:Andrew Lawler 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7584: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7529:Virginia Dare 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7471: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7431: 7427: 7420: 7415: 7413: 7408: 7406: 7401: 7400: 7397: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7315:September 14, 7311: 7307: 7303: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7284: 7279: 7268:. London: s.n 7267: 7266: 7260: 7256: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7223: 7217: 7212: 7211: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7050: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6952: 6945:September 25, 6940: 6936: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6884:September 20, 6879: 6878: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6826:0-8061-2280-3 6822: 6817: 6816: 6809: 6797: 6793: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6772: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6717: 6716: 6710: 6706: 6700: 6696: 6691: 6680: 6674: 6670: 6669: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6611: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6593: 6592:Milton, Giles 6589: 6585: 6583:0-19-501377-8 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6552: 6551: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6511: 6505: 6500: 6499: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6475: 6470: 6469: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6401: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6277: 6268: 6266: 6258: 6253: 6246: 6241: 6234: 6229: 6222: 6217: 6210: 6205: 6203: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6170: 6163: 6158: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6116: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6066: 6061: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6020: 6015: 6013: 6005: 6004:Bancroft 1834 6000: 5993: 5988: 5986: 5978: 5977:Bancroft 1834 5973: 5966: 5961: 5954: 5949: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5922:Marston, John 5919: 5915: 5909: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5877: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5810: 5803: 5798: 5791: 5786: 5779: 5774: 5767: 5762: 5755: 5750: 5743: 5738: 5731: 5726: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5683: 5678: 5671: 5666: 5659: 5654: 5647: 5642: 5635: 5630: 5623: 5618: 5611: 5606: 5599: 5594: 5587: 5582: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5555: 5548: 5543: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5479: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5446: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5396: 5389: 5384: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5362: 5357: 5350: 5342:September 10, 5337: 5333: 5332: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5147: 5142: 5134: 5129: 5122: 5117: 5106:September 13, 5101: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5076:September 13, 5071: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5044: 5033:September 13, 5028: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4966:September 13, 4961: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4888: 4881: 4876: 4869: 4864: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4693:September 11, 4688: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4638: 4631: 4626: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4602: 4600: 4592: 4587: 4580: 4575: 4568: 4567:Rountree 1990 4563: 4556: 4551: 4544: 4539: 4532: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4504: 4503:Strachey 1612 4499: 4492: 4491:Strachey 1612 4487: 4480: 4475: 4468: 4467:Strachey 1612 4463: 4456: 4455:Strachey 1612 4451: 4444: 4443:Strachey 1612 4439: 4432: 4427: 4425: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4381: 4376: 4369: 4364: 4357: 4352: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4294: 4289: 4282: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4212: 4205: 4200: 4189: 4184: 4173: 4168: 4162:, p. 98. 4161: 4156: 4154: 4146: 4141: 4135:, p. 95. 4134: 4129: 4123:, p. 60. 4122: 4117: 4115: 4108:, p. 97. 4107: 4102: 4100: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4020: 4015: 4009:, p. 94. 4008: 4003: 4001: 3994:, p. 93. 3993: 3988: 3982:, p. 92. 3981: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3955:, p. 91. 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3883:, p. 89. 3882: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3859:, p. 85. 3858: 3853: 3847:, p. 88. 3846: 3841: 3839: 3831: 3826: 3819: 3814: 3808:, p. 90. 3807: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3791:, p. 81. 3790: 3785: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3743:, p.  5. 3742: 3741:Chandler 1909 3737: 3731:, p. 77. 3730: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3646: 3641: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3454: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3377: 3370: 3365: 3358: 3353: 3346: 3341: 3334: 3329: 3322: 3317: 3306:September 22, 3301: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3276: 3269: 3264: 3257: 3252: 3245: 3240: 3233: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3110: 3105: 3098: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3045: 3039:, p. 45. 3038: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3014: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2927: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2883:, p.  9. 2882: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2859:, p. 33. 2858: 2853: 2847:, p. 30. 2846: 2841: 2835:, p.  5. 2834: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2810: 2805: 2798: 2793: 2786: 2781: 2774: 2769: 2762: 2757: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2721: 2710: 2705: 2698: 2693: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2663: 2658: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2621: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2442:The White Doe 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2394:Francis Bacon 2387: 2384:Reverse of a 2382: 2373: 2371: 2370:Virginia Dare 2367: 2363: 2357: 2347: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2318: 2315: 2314:Fort Caroline 2311: 2307: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2224: 2223:Gulf of Maine 2219: 2215: 2209: 2201: 2192: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2119: 2113: 2105: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2086: 2081: 2073: 2064: 2060: 2058: 2045: 2043: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1952:Andrew Lawler 1947: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1896: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1874:Y chromosomes 1871: 1870:autosomal DNA 1866: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1836:archaeologist 1833: 1829: 1828:climatologist 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1782: 1777: 1767: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1633: 1631: 1630:Starving Time 1627: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1584:Wahunsenacawh 1581: 1577: 1573: 1564: 1555: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1466: 1462: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1410: 1405: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1380: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1358:mariners (or 1357: 1353: 1349: 1343: 1341: 1332: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1302: 1301:Virginia Dare 1297: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1268:landed gentry 1259: 1254: 1244: 1240: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1206:. However, a 1205: 1201: 1200:St. Augustine 1197: 1193: 1192:Santo Domingo 1189: 1188:Francis Drake 1180: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1156:fishing weirs 1151: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1139:Roanoke River 1136: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1019: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 986: 982: 977: 973: 969: 967: 963: 959: 954: 951: 943: 938: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 868: 864: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 839: 837: 827: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 804:Bay of Biscay 801: 793: 788: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 759: 755: 752: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 720: 715: 710: 700: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 605:Philip Amadas 602: 594: 590: 586: 582: 575: 571: 569: 565: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 482:Pamlico Sound 479: 475: 466: 457: 455: 454:Virginia Dare 451: 447: 442: 439: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 403: 401: 400:Francis Drake 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 376: 374: 369: 365: 364: 355: 325: 315: 312: 310:Today part of 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 286: 282: 276: 272: 266: 262: 256: 252: 249: 246: 242: 238: 234: 231: 228: 222: 219: 216: 210: 206: 202: 200: 196: 193: 189: 185: 181: 175: 171: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 144: 116: 110: 107: 103: 85: 77: 70: 65: 60: 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 10437: 10300:Banker horse 10200:Buxton Woods 10085:Barden Inlet 10065:Isabel Inlet 10055:Oregon Inlet 9838:Carova Beach 9800:Cape Lookout 9720:Bodie Island 9634:Crown Jewels 9619:Royal badges 9607:Coat of arms 9536:Architecture 9521:Morris dance 9463:Demographics 9386:English Army 9183: 8807: 8772:Star Chamber 8594:Royal Houses 8577:Protectorate 8506:Jacobean era 8469:Tudor period 8279: 8256:Krabbeninsel 8029:West Florida 8023:East Florida 7895: 7844:Pennsylvania 7820:Rhode Island 7702: 7695: 7688: 7676: 7598:Joachim Gans 7524:Ananias Dare 7519:Eleanor Dare 7510:1587 colony 7500:1585 colony 7425: 7363: 7348: 7336: 7313:. Retrieved 7305: 7282: 7272:September 3, 7270:. Retrieved 7263: 7259:Lawson, John 7247:. Retrieved 7241: 7225:. Retrieved 7209: 7190: 7186: 7169: 7165: 7150:. Retrieved 7145: 7105: 7101: 7057: 7053: 7043:September 4, 7041:. Retrieved 7036: 7016:. Retrieved 7010: 6985: 6981: 6966:. Retrieved 6956: 6943:. Retrieved 6933: 6914:. Retrieved 6905: 6882:. Retrieved 6876: 6839: 6835: 6814: 6800:. Retrieved 6780:. New York: 6776: 6765:September 8, 6763:. Retrieved 6754: 6734:. Retrieved 6714: 6694: 6682:. Retrieved 6667: 6647: 6628: 6613:. Retrieved 6597: 6573: 6549: 6528: 6513:. Retrieved 6497: 6473: 6450:. Retrieved 6441: 6431: 6419:. Retrieved 6410: 6400: 6388:. Retrieved 6379: 6369: 6357:. Retrieved 6348: 6338: 6329:Batman-Spawn 6328: 6326: 6308: 6302: 6290:. Retrieved 6286:the original 6281: 6275: 6252: 6240: 6228: 6216: 6189:. Retrieved 6179: 6169: 6157: 6145:. Retrieved 6137: 6127: 6115: 6103:. Retrieved 6094: 6084: 6072: 6060: 6048:. Retrieved 6039: 6026: 5999: 5972: 5960: 5948: 5936:. Retrieved 5927:Eastward Hoe 5926: 5908: 5896:. Retrieved 5886: 5876: 5866:September 3, 5864:. Retrieved 5858: 5848: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5809: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5761: 5749: 5737: 5725: 5715:September 5, 5713:. Retrieved 5703: 5677: 5665: 5653: 5641: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5593: 5581: 5572: 5566: 5554: 5542: 5530:. Retrieved 5511: 5501:September 5, 5499:. Retrieved 5488: 5478: 5466:. Retrieved 5455: 5445: 5435:September 5, 5433:. Retrieved 5413: 5407: 5395: 5383: 5356: 5347: 5340:. Retrieved 5330: 5323: 5311: 5299: 5287: 5275: 5250: 5247:Ethnohistory 5246: 5240: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5141: 5128: 5116: 5104:. Retrieved 5095: 5086: 5074:. Retrieved 5070:the original 5065: 5055: 5043: 5031:. Retrieved 5022: 5013: 5001: 4964:. Retrieved 4955: 4946: 4934: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851:. Retrieved 4842: 4832: 4822:September 3, 4820:. Retrieved 4811: 4798: 4786: 4774: 4762: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4691:. Retrieved 4682: 4673: 4661: 4649: 4637: 4625: 4613: 4586: 4574: 4562: 4555:Purchas 1625 4550: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4505:, pp. 4498: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4363: 4351: 4339: 4327: 4315: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4204:Hakluyt 1889 4199: 4183: 4167: 4140: 4128: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4050: 4043:Hakluyt 1889 4038: 4031:Hakluyt 1889 4026: 4019:Hakluyt 1889 4014: 3987: 3975: 3948: 3936: 3924: 3917:Hakluyt 1889 3912: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3825: 3813: 3784: 3777:Hakluyt 1889 3772: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3676: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3549:Donegan 2013 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3412: 3400: 3388: 3376: 3364: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3304:. Retrieved 3297: 3287: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3104: 3097:Morison 1971 3092: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3020: 3008: 2996: 2987: 2977: 2965: 2938: 2926: 2916:September 8, 2914:. Retrieved 2905: 2888: 2876: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2704: 2692: 2680: 2662:Green's play 2657: 2640: 2586: 2584: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2550: 2545:Supernatural 2543: 2537: 2532: 2524: 2521:Stephen King 2514: 2504: 2493: 2487: 2478: 2463: 2456: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2410: 2404: 2399:Eastward Hoe 2397: 2391: 2368:, mother of 2366:Eleanor Dare 2359: 2344: 2324: 2304: 2295: 2291: 2279: 2270: 2259: 2243: 2230: 2227: 2210: 2206: 2189: 2180: 2168: 2160:S. A'C. Ashe 2149: 2134: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2093: 2089: 2078: 2061: 2053: 2039: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2002: 1987: 1974: 1972: 1960: 1948: 1937:bearing the 1916: 1905: 1862: 1852:bald cypress 1825: 1803: 1793:James Monroe 1787: 1764: 1743: 1735: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1691: 1688:on Jamestown 1670: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1623: 1620:Thomas Gates 1616:Chowan River 1612: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1569: 1548: 1523: 1516: 1512:legally dead 1508: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1449:cross pattée 1441: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1384: 1378: 1376: 1364: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1337: 1320: 1313: 1305: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1274: 1272: 1264: 1241: 1237: 1230:to England. 1216: 1214:out to sea. 1211: 1203: 1185: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1152: 1143: 1131: 1119: 1115: 1084: 1077: 1074:soil quality 1043: 1039: 1030: 1014: 1012: 1007: 995: 993: 989: 984: 970: 957: 955: 949: 947: 925: 921: 917: 913: 911: 906: 898: 892: 876:Mona Passage 873: 859: 851: 847: 843: 840: 835: 832: 815: 807: 797: 776: 768: 764: 760: 753: 748: 731:Joachim Gans 723: 690: 663: 640: 621: 598: 588: 581: 572: 560: 544:Newfoundland 533: 502: 471: 449: 443: 434: 415: 404: 377: 372: 323: 321: 225:• 1587 178:• 1587 168:• 1585 43: 10708:Elizabeth I 10176:State parks 10094:Lighthouses 9995:Raleigh Bay 9937:Hyde County 9850:Dare County 9735:Mary Island 9698:Outer Banks 9559:Elizabethan 9544:Anglo-Saxon 8765:Elizabethan 8755:Anglo-Saxon 8681:Curia regis 8622:Plantagenet 8572:Proprietary 8540:Popish Plot 8518:Interregnum 8442:The Anarchy 8318:(1630–1651) 8270:(1799–1867) 8258:(1689–1693) 8252:(1685–1754) 8246:(1672–1917) 8240:(1638–1655) 8234:(1625–1672) 8228:(1614–1667) 8214:, 1665–1733 8208:, 1651–1665 8202:, 1562–1565 8198:1534–1763; 8188:, 1804–1821 8182:, 1783–1821 8176:, 1783–1821 8170:, 1776–1821 8164:, 1769–1801 8158:, 1767–1804 8152:, 1690–1821 8146:, 1650–1651 8140:, 1607–1801 8134:, 1598–1821 8128:, 1580–1898 8122:, 1565–1898 8116:, 1565–1821 8114:New Navarre 8110:, 1565–1763 8106:1521–1821; 8098:(1492–1535) 8073:(1871–1903) 8067:(1866–1871) 8061:(1863–1866) 8055:(1862–1863) 8049:(1811–1818) 8043:(1810–1846) 8035:New Ireland 8031:(1763–1783) 8025:(1763–1783) 8019:(1763–1783) 8013:(1763–1783) 8007:(1686–1689) 8001:(1674–1702) 7999:West Jersey 7995:(1674–1702) 7993:East Jersey 7989:(1670–1870) 7983:(1670–1811) 7977:(1663–1712) 7969: 1680 7958:(1638–1664) 7952:(1635–1644) 7940:(1629–1663) 7934:(1625–1650) 7932:Saint Croix 7928:(1622–1658) 7910:(1607–1699) 7904:(1607–1608) 7898:(1585–1590) 7870:(1732–1776) 7864:(1712–1776) 7858:(1712–1776) 7852:(1691–1776) 7846:(1681–1776) 7840:(1664–1776) 7828:(1664–1776) 7822:(1636–1776) 7816:(1636–1776) 7814:Connecticut 7810:(1632–1776) 7798:(1607–1776) 7672:Dare Stones 7613:John Lawson 7456:(Croatoan) 7351:(1598–1600) 6894:Lane, Ralph 6465:Works cited 6349:Vanity Fair 6257:Lawler 2018 6245:Lawler 2018 6233:Lawler 2018 6221:Lawler 2018 6209:Lawler 2018 6162:Lawler 2018 6120:Lawler 2018 6077:Lawler 2018 6065:Lawler 2018 6019:Lawler 2018 5992:Lawler 2018 5965:Lawler 2018 5953:Lawler 2018 5918:Jonson, Ben 5814:Fullam 2017 5802:Fullam 2017 5778:Fullam 2017 5766:Lawler 2018 5742:Lawler 2018 5730:Lawler 2018 5670:Fullam 2017 5658:Miller 2002 5646:Miller 2002 5634:Miller 2002 5622:Miller 2002 5598:Fullam 2017 5586:Fullam 2017 5559:Fullam 2017 5400:Lawler 2018 5361:Lawler 2018 5316:Fullam 2017 5292:Lawler 2018 5280:Lawler 2018 5233:Lawler 2018 5221:Lawler 2018 5209:Lawler 2018 5185:Lawler 2018 5173:Lawler 2018 5161:Lawler 2018 5048:Lawler 2018 5006:Lawler 2018 4939:Lawler 2018 4892:Lawler 2018 4880:Lawler 2018 4868:Lawler 2018 4791:Lawler 2018 4779:Lawler 2018 4767:Lawler 2018 4666:Lawler 2018 4654:Lawler 2018 4642:Lawson 1709 4630:Brooks 2014 4618:Brooks 2014 4606:Brooks 2014 4591:Lawler 2018 4519:Lawler 2018 4431:Lawler 2018 4392:Lawler 2018 4368:Fullam 2017 4356:Fullam 2017 4344:Fullam 2017 4308:Lawler 2018 4281:Lawler 2018 4269:Powell 1957 4257:Lawler 2018 4240:Lawler 2018 4228:Lawler 2018 4190:, pp. 4188:Lawler 2018 4174:, pp. 4172:Lawler 2018 4160:Lawler 2018 4145:Lawler 2018 4133:Lawler 2018 4121:Lawler 2018 4106:Lawler 2018 4091:Lawler 2018 4007:Lawler 2018 3992:Lawler 2018 3980:Lawler 2018 3953:Lawler 2018 3941:Lawler 2018 3905:Fullam 2017 3893:Milton 2001 3881:Lawler 2018 3857:Lawler 2018 3845:Lawler 2018 3830:Lawler 2018 3818:Lawler 2018 3806:Lawler 2018 3789:Lawler 2018 3729:Lawler 2018 3717:Lawler 2018 3693:Lawler 2018 3501:Lawler 2018 3489:Lawler 2018 3345:Lawler 2018 3268:Milton 2001 3148:Milton 2001 3061:Lawler 2018 3037:Lawler 2018 2943:Lawler 2018 2894:Elizabeth I 2869:Lawler 2018 2857:Lawler 2018 2845:Lawler 2018 2821:Lawler 2018 2809:Lawler 2018 2797:Lawler 2018 2785:Lawler 2018 2773:Lawler 2018 2761:Lawler 2018 2749:Lawler 2018 2737:Lawler 2018 2725:Lawler 2018 2711:, pp. 2709:Lawler 2018 2697:Lawler 2018 2685:Lawler 2018 2580:The Butcher 2557:Gotham City 2509:quality in 2356:Dare Stones 2350:Dare Stones 2255:separatists 2232:Sea Venture 2214:Charlesfort 2185:smoking gun 2020:Americans. 1983:light table 1935:signet ring 1801:silent film 1746:John Lawson 1625:Sea Venture 1453:duress code 1299:Baptism of 1247:Lost colony 1054:James River 1022:Exploration 880:Salinas Bay 856:Outer Banks 812:Puerto Rico 703:Lane colony 628:West Indies 624:trade winds 529:Elizabeth I 474:Outer Banks 382:in 1585 on 373:Lost Colony 172:Approx. 108 138: / 10637:Categories 10503:Blackbeard 10493:John White 10206:Game lands 10080:Drum Inlet 10045:Back Sound 10040:Core Sound 9990:Onslow Bay 9954:Portsmouth 9865:Kitty Hawk 9821:Sandbridge 9795:Core Banks 9755:Pea Island 9639:Tudor rose 9569:Queen Anne 9398:Royal Navy 8750:Governance 8740:Ministries 8691:Parliament 8238:New Sweden 8194:New France 7832:New Jersey 7514:John White 7504:Ralph Lane 7292:0142002283 7249:August 18, 7227:October 2, 7152:August 31, 7018:October 2, 6916:October 4, 6802:October 2, 6736:October 2, 6684:October 8, 6615:October 2, 6515:October 2, 6452:October 9, 6421:October 9, 6390:October 9, 6359:October 9, 6311:. London: 6292:August 18, 6191:August 18, 6147:August 18, 6105:August 18, 6050:August 18, 5938:August 18, 5898:August 18, 5790:Stick 1983 5754:Betts 1938 5610:Stick 1983 5547:Stick 1983 5468:August 24, 5388:Stick 1983 5197:Quinn 1985 4853:October 2, 4479:Quinn 1985 4404:Quinn 1985 4067:Quinn 1985 3869:Quinn 1985 3765:Quinn 1985 3753:Quinn 1985 3705:Quinn 1985 3681:Oberg 2008 3465:Quinn 1985 3453:Quinn 1985 3441:Quinn 1985 3429:Quinn 1985 3417:Quinn 1985 3393:Quinn 1985 3333:Anon. 1600 3280:Quinn 1985 3244:Quinn 1985 3232:Quinn 1985 3220:Quinn 1985 3208:Quinn 1985 3184:Quinn 1985 3172:Quinn 1985 3160:Quinn 1985 3136:Quinn 1985 3124:Quinn 1985 3109:Quinn 1985 3085:Quinn 1955 3073:Quinn 1985 3049:Quinn 1985 3025:Quinn 1985 2970:Quinn 1985 2881:Quinn 1985 2833:Quinn 1985 2715:, 89, 276. 2672:References 2559:to Satan. 2507:paranormal 2490:Paul Green 2306:Paul Green 2175:member at 2085:Chesepians 2040:It's the " 1576:John Smith 1539:King James 1418:John Watts 1251:See also: 1174:Evacuation 1058:Chesapeake 1050:Cape Henry 1035:John White 981:Ralph Lane 962:Aquascogoc 956:While the 942:Aquascogoc 888:Hispaniola 884:La Isabela 790:Plymouth, 739:John White 727:Ralph Lane 707:See also: 682:Golden Age 564:privateers 498:Henry VIII 460:Background 407:John White 380:Ralph Lane 230:John White 218:Ralph Lane 191:Government 155:Population 126:75°42′32″W 123:35°56′13″N 54:Colony of 10226:Preserves 10060:New Inlet 9968:Waterways 9880:Nags Head 9875:Colington 9713:Landforms 9649:St George 9420:Geography 9185:1642–1660 8834:1422–1460 8829:1413–1421 8824:1399–1411 8819:1377–1397 8814:1327–1376 8802:1308–1325 8797:1275–1307 8792:1225–1267 8627:Lancaster 8607:Knýtlinga 8511:Civil War 8420:Heptarchy 8102:New Spain 7956:New Haven 7908:Jamestown 7618:1709 book 7130:159933835 6864:162342657 5136:Heritage. 4531:Cain 2001 3609:Horn 2010 3597:Lane 1586 3573:Horn 2010 3561:Horn 2010 3513:Horn 2010 3477:Horn 2010 3405:Horn 2010 3381:Horn 2010 3013:Horn 2010 3001:Horn 2010 2568:episode " 2562:The 2011 2415:Jamestown 2321:CORA tree 2286:sassafras 2262:Chowanoke 2147:in 1956. 1994:Weapemeoc 1844:Tidewater 1702:genocidal 1592:Paspahegh 1572:Jamestown 1535:Main Plot 1530:sassafras 1472:Moonlight 1436:Moonlight 1426:Moonlight 1208:hurricane 1196:Cartagena 1127:Weapemeoc 1122:Chowanoke 1087:influenza 901:struck a 836:Elizabeth 820:Caribbean 769:Elizabeth 632:Cape Fear 519:north of 517:New World 496:and King 438:Jamestown 62:1585–1590 10615:Monarchy 10483:Wanchese 10390:Airports 10305:Red wolf 10296:Wildlife 10000:Back Bay 9942:Ocracoke 9930:Hatteras 9900:Rodanthe 9895:Wanchese 9706:Virginia 9644:Oak tree 9602:Heraldry 9574:Georgian 9564:Jacobean 9516:Folklore 9501:Religion 9428:Counties 9366:Military 8760:Medieval 8713:Monarchy 8660:Politics 8612:Normandy 8410:Timeline 8352:Category 7975:Carolina 7950:Saybrook 7938:Carolana 7920:Plymouth 7838:New York 7826:Delaware 7808:Maryland 7796:Virginia 7572:Wanchese 7365:Skeptoid 7261:(1709). 7239:(1834). 7199:23719093 7178:23522231 7140:(1625). 7090:40733610 7082:18942234 7074:43447628 7004:(1612). 6994:23516851 6968:March 2, 6962:Archived 6939:Archived 6928:(1909). 6910:Archived 6896:(1600). 6874:(1962). 6856:24476352 6796:Archived 6759:Archived 6730:Archived 6594:(2001). 6572:(1971). 6527:(2007). 6494:(1985). 6446:Archived 6415:Archived 6384:Archived 6353:Archived 6185:Archived 6177:(1901). 6099:Archived 6044:Archived 5932:Archived 5924:(1605). 5892:Archived 5840:23523860 5709:Archived 5532:July 20, 5526:Archived 5495:Archived 5462:Archived 5429:Archived 5336:Archived 5100:Archived 5027:Archived 4960:Archived 4847:Archived 4816:Archived 4754:25480457 4687:Archived 4176:xvii–xix 3295:(1590). 2910:Archived 2896:(1600). 2599:See also 2516:Croatoan 2492:'s play 2423:Plymouth 2419:Puritans 2172:albinism 2154:and the 2118:Hatteras 2047:— 1939:heraldry 1754:Hatteras 1750:Carolina 1580:Powhatan 1526:monopoly 1480:Hopewell 1476:Hopewell 1465:Hopewell 1461:Hopewell 1445:palisade 1432:Hopewell 1424:and the 1422:Hopewell 1389:ordered 1350:and the 1316:Virginia 1309:baptized 1228:potatoes 1147:ransomed 1135:Powhatan 1107:weroance 1091:smallpox 1052:and the 1033:map, by 926:Red Lion 860:Red Lion 848:Red Lion 800:Plymouth 781:pinnaces 765:Red Lion 751:galleass 697:Virginia 684:and the 666:Wanchese 426:palisade 199:Governor 10591:England 10577:Portals 10527:Weather 10508:Raleigh 10478:Croatan 10418:History 10335:Bridges 9843:Corolla 9584:Symbols 9511:Cuisine 9493:Culture 9453:Palaces 9448:Castles 9433:Islands 9408:History 9379:Warfare 8730:Peerage 8617:Angevin 8402:History 7896:Roanoke 7868:Georgia 7577:Wingina 7557:Croatan 7122:2638533 7035:(ed.). 7008:(ed.). 6282:MTV.com 6142:753–771 4746:9554842 4738:2895280 4718:Bibcode 4710:Science 2593:vampire 2531:King's 2152:Catawba 2126:Coharie 2042:Area 51 1797:bastion 1744:During 1722:polemic 1663:Satanic 1360:pirates 1220:tobacco 1212:Francis 1204:Francis 1111:Wingina 1062:Skicóak 1015:Roebuck 1004:galleon 1000:Bermuda 966:Pamlico 944:village 922:Dorothy 918:Roebuck 852:Dorothy 844:Roebuck 777:Dorothy 761:Roebuck 758:flyboat 674:Croatan 659:Pamlico 655:Wingina 647:Secotan 601:barques 486:isthmus 363:-ə-nohk 56:England 10488:Manteo 10469:People 10320:Routes 10051:Inlets 10011:Sounds 9925:Frisco 9920:Buxton 9890:Manteo 9809:Places 9438:Places 8782:Tories 8642:Stuart 8602:Wessex 8334:(1676) 8326:(1638) 8310:(1622) 8302:(1620) 8294:(1584) 8264:(1698) 8017:Quebec 7916:(1619) 7902:Popham 7567:Lumbee 7534:Manteo 7442:Places 7289: 7265:&c 7218: 7197: 7176: 7128: 7120: 7088: 7080: 7072: 6992: 6935:People 6862: 6854: 6823: 6788: 6722: 6701: 6675: 6654: 6635: 6606: 6580: 6558: 6535: 6506: 6480: 6442:Bustle 6319: 5838: 5421: 5267:480877 5265: 4926:562295 4924: 4752: 4744: 4736: 2250:maroon 2145:Lumbee 1956:supine 1923:Buxton 1917:After 1902:(2009) 1834:) and 1726:Ajacán 1711:wrote 1484:Azores 1356:French 1226:, and 1198:, and 1006:, the 850:, and 745:Voyage 693:knight 670:Manteo 540:patent 203: 158: 10261:Other 9910:Salvo 9905:Waves 9554:Tudor 9443:Towns 9403:Ships 8777:Whigs 8676:Witan 8637:Tudor 8567:Crown 7926:Maine 7310:50–67 7195:JSTOR 7174:JSTOR 7126:S2CID 7118:JSTOR 7086:S2CID 7070:JSTOR 7031:. In 6990:JSTOR 6900:. In 6860:S2CID 6852:JSTOR 6749:. In 5836:JSTOR 5349:1587. 5263:JSTOR 4922:JSTOR 4750:S2CID 4734:JSTOR 2900:. In 2616:Notes 2570:Birth 2533:Haven 2483:VDARE 2479:white 2336:Coree 2156:Coree 2128:" in 2005:Tudor 1943:X-ray 1667:Satan 1468:' 1451:as a 1348:Brave 1224:maize 1082:map. 1070:Aztec 996:Tiger 958:Tiger 950:Tiger 914:Tiger 907:Tiger 903:shoal 899:Tiger 816:Tiger 808:Tiger 792:Devon 754:Tiger 552:Spain 490:China 9986:Bays 9915:Avon 9855:Duck 9704:and 9596:list 9481:list 9356:1706 9351:1705 9346:1704 9341:1703 9336:1702 9331:1701 9326:1700 9321:1698 9316:1697 9311:1696 9306:1695 9301:1694 9296:1693 9291:1692 9286:1691 9281:1690 9276:1689 9271:1688 9266:1685 9261:1680 9256:1679 9251:1678 9246:1677 9241:1675 9236:1672 9231:1670 9226:1667 9221:1666 9216:1665 9211:1664 9206:1663 9201:1662 9196:1661 9191:1660 9179:1640 9174:1627 9169:1625 9164:1623 9159:1620 9154:1609 9149:1606 9144:1605 9139:1603 9134:1601 9129:1597 9124:1592 9119:1588 9114:1586 9109:1584 9104:1580 9099:1575 9094:1572 9089:1571 9084:1566 9079:1562 9074:1558 9069:1557 9064:1555 9059:1554 9054:1553 9049:1551 9044:1549 9039:1548 9034:1547 9029:1546 9024:1545 9019:1543 9014:1542 9009:1541 9004:1540 8999:1539 8994:1536 8989:1535 8984:1534 8979:1533 8974:1532 8969:1531 8964:1530 8959:1529 8954:1523 8949:1515 8944:1514 8939:1513 8934:1512 8929:1511 8924:1509 8919:1503 8914:1496 8909:1495 8904:1491 8899:1488 8894:1487 8889:1485 8884:1483 8879:1482 8874:1477 8869:1474 8864:1472 8859:1468 8854:1467 8849:1464 8844:1463 8839:1461 8632:York 7492:List 7317:2019 7287:ISBN 7274:2019 7251:2019 7229:2019 7216:ISBN 7154:2019 7078:PMID 7045:2019 7020:2019 6970:2023 6947:2019 6918:2019 6886:2019 6821:ISBN 6804:2019 6786:ISBN 6767:2019 6738:2019 6720:ISBN 6699:ISBN 6686:2019 6673:ISBN 6652:ISBN 6633:ISBN 6617:2019 6604:ISBN 6578:ISBN 6556:ISBN 6533:ISBN 6517:2019 6504:ISBN 6478:ISBN 6454:2019 6423:2016 6392:2019 6361:2019 6317:ISBN 6294:2019 6193:2019 6149:2019 6107:2019 6052:2019 5940:2019 5900:2019 5868:2019 5717:2019 5534:2022 5503:2020 5470:2020 5437:2020 5419:ISBN 5344:2019 5108:2019 5078:2019 5035:2019 4968:2019 4855:2019 4824:2019 4742:PMID 4695:2019 3308:2019 2918:2019 2519:and 1876:and 1434:and 1275:Lion 1068:and 1066:Inca 1013:The 920:and 717:Sir 672:, a 641:The 472:The 322:The 316:, US 293:1590 283:1587 273:1586 263:1585 105:Area 9700:of 8665:Law 7110:doi 7062:doi 6844:doi 5255:doi 4914:doi 4726:doi 4714:280 4192:xix 2421:of 2266:Eno 1865:DNA 1352:Roe 1089:or 775:), 542:on 511:in 361:ROH 10639:: 7966:c. 7362:. 7304:. 7191:91 7189:. 7170:78 7168:. 7124:. 7116:. 7106:20 7104:. 7084:. 7076:. 7068:. 7058:31 7056:. 6986:34 6984:. 6858:. 6850:. 6840:48 6838:. 6794:. 6784:. 6728:. 6444:. 6440:. 6413:. 6409:. 6382:. 6378:. 6351:. 6347:. 6325:. 6280:. 6264:^ 6201:^ 6136:. 6093:. 6038:. 6011:^ 5984:^ 5920:; 5916:; 5857:. 5832:86 5830:. 5689:^ 5524:. 5520:. 5493:. 5487:. 5460:. 5454:. 5427:. 5368:^ 5346:. 5261:. 5249:. 5153:^ 5094:. 5064:. 5021:. 4976:^ 4958:. 4954:. 4920:. 4910:62 4908:. 4845:. 4841:. 4810:. 4748:. 4740:. 4732:. 4724:. 4712:. 4681:. 4598:^ 4507:xx 4423:^ 4300:^ 4247:^ 4152:^ 4113:^ 4098:^ 3999:^ 3960:^ 3837:^ 3796:^ 3116:^ 2986:. 2950:^ 2713:xx 2624:^ 2448:. 2342:. 2225:. 2158:. 1925:, 1741:. 1728:. 1455:. 1222:, 1194:, 964:, 846:, 783:. 603:; 570:. 554:. 348:oʊ 339:oʊ 10579:: 9690:e 9683:t 9676:v 9598:) 9594:( 8386:e 8379:t 8372:v 7971:) 7739:e 7732:t 7725:v 7563:) 7559:( 7494:) 7472:) 7468:( 7418:e 7411:t 7404:v 7368:. 7319:. 7295:. 7276:. 7253:. 7231:. 7201:. 7180:. 7156:. 7132:. 7112:: 7092:. 7064:: 7047:. 7022:. 6996:. 6972:. 6949:. 6920:. 6888:. 6866:. 6846:: 6829:. 6806:. 6769:. 6740:. 6707:. 6688:. 6660:. 6641:. 6619:. 6586:. 6564:. 6541:. 6519:. 6486:. 6456:. 6425:. 6394:. 6363:. 6296:. 6278:" 6195:. 6151:. 6109:. 6054:. 5942:. 5902:. 5870:. 5842:. 5719:. 5536:. 5505:. 5472:. 5439:. 5269:. 5257:: 5251:7 5110:. 5080:. 5037:. 4970:. 4928:. 4916:: 4857:. 4826:. 4756:. 4728:: 4720:: 4697:. 4509:. 4194:. 4178:. 3310:. 2990:. 2920:. 2635:. 2547:. 354:/ 351:k 345:n 342:ə 336:r 333:ˈ 330:/ 326:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index