Retirement - Knowledge

2127:. (Or if i =0 then the series in braces sums to p since it then has p equal terms). As an example, assume that S=60,000 per year and that it is desired to replace R=0.80, or 80%, of pre-retirement living standard for p=30 years. Assume for current purposes that a proportion z =0.25 (25%) of pay was being saved. Using i=0.02, or 2% per year real return on investments, the necessary lump sum is given by the formula as (1-0.25)*0.80*60,000*annuity-series-sum(30)=36,000*22.396=806,272 in the nation's currency in 2008–2010 terms. To allow for inflation in a straightforward way, it is best to talk of the 806,272 as being '13.43 years of retirement age salary'. It may be appropriate to regard this as being the necessary lump sum to fund 36,000 of annual supplements to any employer or government pensions that are available. It is common to not include any house value in the calculation of this necessary lump sum, so for a homeowner the lump sum pays primarily for non-housing living costs. 2426:

activities, retiring from work and later returning to work part-time, and retiring from work and later returning to work full-time. An important note to make from these lifestyle definitions are that four of the six involve working. America is facing an important demographic change in that the Baby Boomer generation is now reaching retirement age. This poses two challenges: whether there will be a sufficient number of skilled workers in the work force, and whether the current pension programs will be sufficient to support the growing number of retired people. The reasons that some people choose to never retire, or to return to work after retiring include not only the difficulty of planning for retirement but also wages and fringe benefits, expenditure of physical and mental energy, production of goods and services, social interaction, and social status may interact to influence an individual's work force participation decision.

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than men as standard age of entitlement to pension is lower for women compared with men in Italy and the United Kingdom. The other interesting finding is that retirement depends on household size: heads of large households prefer not to retire. They think that this can be because of the significance of wages in large households compared with smaller ones and insufficiency of pension benefits. Another finding is that health status is significant factor in all early retirements; poor health conditions are especially significant if respondents join to disability benefit scheme. This result is true for both indicators used to express health status (self assessment and objective indicators). This research is similar to Antolin and Scarpetta (1998) and shows similar results extending sample and implications from Germany to OECD.

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responsibilities. Retirement coincides with deterioration of one's health that correlates with increasing age and this likely plays a major role in increased rates of depression in retirees. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies have shown that healthy elderly and retired people are as happy or happier and have an equal quality of life as they age as compared to younger employed adults, therefore retirement in and of itself is not likely to contribute to development of depression. Research around what retirees would ideally like to have a fulfilling life after retiring, found the most important factors were "physical comfort, social integration, contribution, security, autonomy and enjoyment".

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Social Security's trust funds are expected to be depleted by 2034. Knowledge affects an individual's retirement decisions by simply finding more reliable retirement options such as Individual Retirement Accounts or Employer-Sponsored Plans. In countries around the world, people are much more likely to retire at the early and normal retirement ages of the public pension system (e.g., ages 62 and 65 in the U.S.). This pattern cannot be explained by different financial incentives to retire at these ages since typically retirement benefits at these ages are approximately actuarially fair; that is, the present value of lifetime pension benefits (pension wealth) conditional on retiring at age

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authority in 2001. For respondents that identified as sick/disabled in 2011, effects of local area unemployment in 2001 were stronger for respondents who had better self-rated health in 2001. The second study used the 1946 Birth Cohort to show that it's not just area unemployment near retirement age that matters for the ages workers retire: higher area unemployment at age 26 was associated with poorer health and lower likelihood of employment at aged 53; and these two individual pathways were identified as the key mediators between area unemployment and retirement age.

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limitation is to, for example, enter "0% return, 0% inflation" inputs into the calculator. The Bloomberg retirement calculator gives the flexibility to specify, for example, zero inflation and zero investment return and to reproduce the graph above. The MSN retirement calculator in 2011 has as the defaults a realistic 3% per annum inflation rate and optimistic 8% return assumptions; consistency with the December 2011 US nominal bond and inflation-protected bond market rates requires a change to about 3% inflation and 4% investment return before and after retirement.

2239: 2091:, interest does not help the savings grow. Each year of work must pay its share of a year of retirement. For someone planning to work for 40 years and be retired for 20 years, each year of work pays for itself and for half a year of retirement. Hence, 33.33% of pay must be saved, and 66.67% can be spent when earned. After 40 years of saving 33.33% of pay, we have accumulated assets of 13.33 years of pay, as in the graph. In the graph to the right, the lines are straight, which is appropriate given the assumption of a zero real investment return. 1788:

working life in anticipation of earlier retirement. However, many economists have found creative ways to estimate wealth effects on retirement and typically find that they are small. For example, one paper exploits the receipt of an inheritance to measure the effect of wealth shocks on retirement using data from the HRS. The authors find that receiving an inheritance increases the probability of retiring earlier than expected by 4.4 percentage points, or 12 percent relative to the baseline retirement rate, over an eight-year period.

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contribution (DC) pension plans and found that those nearing retirement had only limited exposure to the recent stock market decline and thus are not likely to substantially delay their retirement. At the same time, using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), another study estimates that mass layoffs are likely to lead to an increase in retirement almost 50% larger than the decrease brought about by the stock market crash, so that on net retirements are likely to increase in response to the crisis.

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respondents who answered "excellent" or "very good" to the question about their health in 1992 were still working two years after this interview, compared to 82% of those who answered "good", and 70% of those answered "fair" or "poor". This fact is also true for year 1996: 73% of people from the first group were still on the job market, while this is 66% and 55% for other groups of people. However, Dhaval, Rashad and Spasojevic (2006) using data from six waves of

887: 2080: 875: 1489:, or Old Age Survivors Insurance (OASI) was age 65 to receive unreduced benefits, it is gradually increasing to age 67 by 2027. Public servants are often not covered by Social Security but have their own pension programs. Police officers in the United States may typically retire at half pay after 20 years of service, or three-quarter pay after 30 years, allowing retirement from the early forties. Military members of the 2067:

investments, assume a constant, unvarying rate of return. Monte Carlo retirement calculators take volatility into account and project the probability that a particular plan of retirement savings, investments, and expenditures will outlast the retiree. Retirement calculators vary in the extent to which they take taxes, social security, pensions, and other sources of retirement income and expenditures into account.

958:, funded by employers or the state. In many poorer countries, there is no support for the elderly beyond that provided through the family. Today, retirement with a pension is considered a right of the worker in many societies; hard ideological, social, cultural and political battles have been fought over whether this is a right. In many Western countries, this is a right embodied in national constitutions. 2076:

yields on United States Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (TIPS) are available at the US Treasury site. Current real yields on Canadian 'Real Return Bonds' are available at the Bank of Canada's site. As of December 2011, US Treasury inflation-linked bonds (TIPS) were yielding about 0.8% real per annum for the 30-year maturity and a noteworthy slightly negative real return for the 7-year maturity.

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surveys retirees may be more likely to exaggerate their poor health status to justify their earlier decision to retire. This justification bias, however, is likely to be small. In general, declining health over time, as well as the onset of new health conditions, have been found to be positively related to earlier retirement. Health conditions that can cause someone to retire include

1518:(HRS), first fielded in 1992. The HRS is a nationally representative longitudinal survey of adults in the U.S. ages 51+, conducted every two years, and contains a wealth of information on such topics as labor force participation (e.g., current employment, job history, retirement plans, industry/occupation, pensions, disability), health (e.g., health status and history, health and 943:, although some are forced to retire when bodily conditions no longer allow the person to work any longer (by illness or accident) or as a result of legislation concerning their positions. In most countries, the idea of retirement is of recent origin, being introduced during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Previously, low 1870:

controlling for different variables they found that if individual has chronic health condition, then he tends to retire. Antolin and Scarpetta (1998) use better measure for health status than Blau and Riphahn (1997), because self-assessed and objective indicators of health status are better measures than chronic health condition.

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frame, design and content. A number of other countries (e.g., Japan, South Korea) also now field HRS-like surveys, and others (e.g., China, India) are currently fielding pilot studies. These data sets have expanded the ability of researchers to examine questions about retirement behavior by adding a cross-national perspective.

1522:, cognition), financial variables (e.g., assets and income, housing, net worth, wills, consumption and savings), family characteristics (e.g., family structure, transfers, parent/child/grandchild/sibling information) and a host of other topics (e.g., expectations, expenses, internet use, risk taking, psychosocial, time use). 2199:. This method has been gaining popularity and is now employed by many financial planners. Monte Carlo retirement calculators allow users to enter savings, income and expense information and run simulations of retirement scenarios. The simulation results show the probability that the retirement plan will be successful. 2395:

The effects of making inflation-adjusted withdrawals from a given starting portfolio can be modeled with a downloadable spreadsheet that uses historical stock market data to estimate likely portfolio returns. Another approach is to employ a retirement calculator that also uses historical stock market

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The result for the necessary z given by (Ret-03) depends critically on the assumptions made. As an example, one might assume that price inflation will be 3.5% per year forever and that one's pay will increase only at that same rate of 3.5%. If a 4.5% per year nominal rate of interest is assumed, then

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Ignoring tax, someone wishing to work for a year and then relax for a year on the same living standard needs to save 50% of pay. Similarly, someone wishing to work from age 25 to 55 and be retired for 30 years till 85 needs to save 50% of pay if government and employment pensions are not a factor and

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Overall, income after retirement can come from state pensions, occupational pensions, private savings and investments (private pension funds, owned housing), donations (e.g., by children), and social benefits. In some countries an additional lump sum is granted, according to the years of work and the

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In the U.S., average balances of retirement accounts, for households having such accounts, exceed median net worth across all age groups. For those 65 and over, 11.6% of retirement accounts have balances of at least $ 1 million, more than twice that of the $ 407,581 average (shown). Those 65 and over

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A great deal of research has examined the effects of health status and health shocks on retirement. It is widely found that individuals in poor health generally retire earlier than those in better health. This does not necessarily imply that poor health status leads people to retire earlier, since in

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More information tells of how many who retire will continue to work, but not in the career they have had for the majority of their life. Job openings will increase in the next 5 years due to retirements of the baby boomer generation. The Over 50 population is actually the fastest growing labor groups

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offered by some governments, including the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The TIP$ TER retirement calculator projects the retirement expenditures that a portfolio of inflation-linked bonds, coupled with other income sources like Social Security, would be able to sustain. Current real

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models. He uses Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) for this purpose and finds that physical and mental health has significant effect on becoming employed. Male respondents are more likely to change their status from being not-employed to employed, but being insured has a negative effect on switching

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Murray et al. (2016, 2019) have shown that in the United Kingdom local labour markets of where workers live effects later life work exit. In the first study, older workers aged 50 to 75 were more likely to exit the workforce over 10 years (years 2011–2011) if they had lived in a more deprived local

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Most people are married when they reach retirement age; thus, spouse's employment status may affect one's decision to retire. On average, husbands are three years older than their wives in the U.S., and spouses often coordinate their retirement decisions. Thus, men are more likely to retire if their

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Greater wealth tends to lead to earlier retirement since wealthier individuals can essentially "purchase" additional leisure. Generally, the effect of wealth on retirement is difficult to estimate empirically since observing greater wealth at older ages may be the result of increased saving over the

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Retirement, or the practice of leaving one's job or ceasing to work after reaching a certain age, has been around since around the 18th century. Prior to the 18th century, humans had an average life expectancy between 26 and 40 years. In consequence, only a small percentage of the population reached

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The standard retirement age varies from country to country but it is generally between 50 and 70 (according to latest statistics, 2011). In some countries this age is different for men and women, although this has recently been challenged in some countries (e.g., Austria), and in some countries the

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described above can be used as a rough gauge, it is often desirable to use a retirement planning tool that accepts detailed input and can render a result that has more precision. Some of these tools model only the retirement phase of the plan while others can model both the savings or accumulation

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Blöndal and Scarpetta (1999) find significant effect of socio-demographic factors on the retirement decision. Men tend to retire later than women as women try to benefit from special early retirement schemes in Germany and the Netherlands. Another reason is that they get access to pensions earlier

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Many individuals use "retirement calculators" on the Internet to determine the proportion of their pay they should be saving in a tax advantaged-plan (e.g., IRA or 401-K in the US, RRSP in Canada, personal pension in the UK, superannuation in Australia). After expenses and any taxes, a reasonable

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Many factors affect people's retirement decisions. Retirement funding education is a big factor that affects the success of an individual's retirement experience. Social Security plays an important role because most individuals solely rely on Social Security as their only retirement option, when

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retirement. The relationship between health status and retirement is significant for both self-assessed and objective indicators of health status. This is similar finding to the previous research of Blau and Riphahn (1997); using individual data from the German Socio-Economic Panel as well, but

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2002 and 2004 saw the introductions of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), which includes respondents from 14 continental European countries plus Israel. These surveys were closely modeled after the HRS in the sample

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Recent advances in data collection have vastly improved the ability to understand important relationships between retirement and factors such as health, wealth, employment characteristics and family dynamics, among others. The most prominent study for examining retirement behavior in the United

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On the other hand, many retirees feel restless and suffer from depression as a result of their new situation. The newly retired are one of the most vulnerable social groups to become depressed most likely due to retirement coinciding with a deteriorating health status and increased care-giving

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The graph above can be compared with those generated by many retirement calculators. However, most retirement calculators use nominal (not "real" dollars) and therefore require a projection of both the expected inflation rate and the expected nominal rate of return. One way to work around this

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for analyzing determinants of retirement decision and finds that having more members in the household, and as well as children, has a negative effect on the probability of retirement among older males. This is an intuitive result as males in bigger household with children have to earn more and

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are affecting retirement decisions, with the conventional wisdom saying that fewer people will retire since their savings have been depleted; however recent research suggests that the opposite may happen. Using data from the HRS, researchers examined trends in defined benefit (DB) vs. defined

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For more complicated situations, there are several online retirement calculators on the Internet. Many retirement calculators project how much an investor needs to save, and for how long, to provide a certain level of retirement expenditures. Some retirement calculators, appropriate for safe

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Quinn et al. (1998) find significant correlation between health status and retirement status. They transform answers for question about health status from five levels ("excellent", "very good", "good", "fair" and "poor") into three levels and report results for three groups of people. 85% of

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It has been found that Americans have six lifestyle choices as they age: continuing to work full-time, continuing to work part-time, retiring from work and becoming engaged in a variety of leisure activities, retiring from work and becoming involved in a variety of recreational and leisure

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may elect to retire after 20 years of active duty. Their retirement pay (not a pension since they can be recalled to active duty at any time) is calculated on number of years on active duty, final pay grade and the retirement system in place when they entered service. Members awarded the

2328:, there is a 10% IRS penalty on withdrawals from a retirement plan such as a 401(k) plan or a Traditional IRA. Exceptions apply under certain circumstances. At age 59 and six months, the penalty-free status is achieved and the 10% IRS penalty no longer applies. 3645:(For Average household retirement savings account balance:) Estimates of 401(k), IRA, Keogh and other defined contribution account balances based on 2019 data. Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute. . . . (For median net worth:) Source: Federal Reserve. 2062:

Retirement calculators generally accumulate a proportion of salary up to retirement age. This shows a straightforward case, which nonetheless could be practically useful for optimistic people hoping to work for only as long as they are likely to be retired.

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Provision of state pensions is a significant drain on a government's budget. As life expectancy increases and the health of older people improves with medical advances, the age of entitlement to a pension has been increasing progressively since about 2010.

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Older people are more prone to sickness, and the cost of health care in retirement is large. Most countries provide universal health insurance coverage for seniors, although in the United States many people retire before they become eligible for

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Note that the special case i =0 = i means that the geometric series should be summed by noting that there are p or w identical terms and hence z = p/(w+p). This corresponds to the graph above with the straight line real-terms accumulation.

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Rashad Mehbaliyev (2011) analyzed how different factors related with health, demographics, behavior, financial status, and macroeconomics can affect retirement status in European Union countries for data collected from the SHARE Wave 2 dataset

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and hazard model find that Socio-demographic factors such as health and gender have a strong impact on the retirement decision: women tend to retire earlier than men, and poor health makes people go into retirement, particularly in the case of

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Notes: Parentheses indicate eligibility age for women when different. Sources: Cols. 1–2: OECD Pensions at a Glance (2005), Cols. 3–6: Tabulations from HRS, ELSA and SHARE. Square brackets indicate early retirement for some public employees.

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The assumptions keyed into a retirement calculator are critical. One of the most important assumptions is the assumed rate of real (after inflation) investment return. A conservative return estimate could be based on the real yield of

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and investments to be self-supporting, either indefinitely or until they begin receiving external support. Early retirement can also be used as a euphemistic term for being terminated from employment before typical retirement age.

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Notes: MHAS discontinued in 2003; ELSA numbers exclude institutionalized (nursing homes). Source: Borsch-Supan et al., eds. (November 2008). Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (2004–2007): Starting the Longitudinal Dimension.

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Retirement is generally considered to be "early" if it occurs before the age (or tenure) needed for eligibility for support and funds from government or employer-provided sources. Early retirees typically rely on their own

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times as much as one's living standard in working life. The working life living standard is one's salary minus the proportion of salary Z that should be saved. Calculations are per unit salary (e.g., assume salary = 1).

3358:"Linking local labour market conditions across the life course to retirement age: Pathways of health, employment status, occupational class and educational achievement, using 60 years of the 1946 British Birth Cohort" 2297:

shows that one would need to live on about 4% of the initial portfolio per year to ensure that the portfolio is not depleted before the end of the retirement; this rule of thumb is a summary of one conclusion of the

2183:) pre-retirement and post-retirement net interest rates will remain the same, i = 0.966 percent per year and i = 0.966 percent per year. These assumptions may be reasonable in view of the market returns available on 2099:

if it is considered appropriate to assume a zero real investment return. The problem that the lifespan is not known in advance can be reduced in some countries by the purchase at retirement of an inflation-indexed

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and there are some requirements to be met such as contributing to the labor market for at least 20 years. Early and normal retirement ages vary according to the date of birth of the person filing for retirement.

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A person may retire at whatever age they please. However, a country's tax laws or state old-age pension rules usually mean that in a given country a certain age is thought of as the standard retirement age. As

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A useful and straightforward calculation can be done if it is assumed that interest, after expenses, taxes, and inflation is zero. Assume that in real (after-inflation) terms, one's salary never changes over

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for details). This allows for increasing the withdrawals with inflation to maintain a consistent spending ability throughout the retirement, and to continue making withdrawals even in dramatic and prolonged

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Coile, Courtney B. and Phillip B. Levine (2009). "The Market Crash and Mass Layoffs: How the Current Economic Crisis May Affect Retirement," presented at NBER Summer Institute Workshop on Aging, 21–25 July

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Life expectancy in the U.S. substantially exceeds the average retirement age. Those retiring in their sixties are projected to live into their eighties; further, life expectancy increases as one ages.

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reckoned that in 90% of historical markets, a 4% rate would have lasted for at least 30 years, while in 50% of the historical markets, a 4% rate would have been sustained for more than 40 years.

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exists in New Member States, household sizes are bigger in these countries than in Old Member States and males play important role in household income which make them retire less than females."

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an age where physical impairments began to be obstacles to working. Countries began to adopt government policies on retirement during the late 19th century and the 20th century, beginning in

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How Do Pension Changes Affect Retirement Preparedness? The Trend to Defined Contribution Plans and the Vulnerability of the Retirement Age Population to the Stock Market Decline of 2008–2009

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Blau, D. and R. Riphahn. 1997. “Labor Force Transitions of Older Married Couples in Germany”. Paper presented at International Health and Retirement Surveys Conference, Amsterdam, August.

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Liebman, Jeffrey B., Erzo F.P. Luttmer and David G. Seif (2008). "Labor Supply Responses to Marginal Social Security Benefits: Evidence from Discontinuities." NBER Working Paper No. 14540

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In France, the retirement age was 60, with full pension entitlement at 65; in 2010 this was extended to 62 and 67 respectively, increasing progressively over the following eight years.

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ages are being brought into line. The table below shows the variation in eligibility ages for public old-age benefits in the United States and many European countries, according to the

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Quinn, J., R. Burkhauser, K. Cahill and R. Weather. 1998. "Microeconometric Analysis of the Retirement Decision: The United States”, OECD Economics Department Working Paper No. 203

1780:+1. Nevertheless, a large literature has found that individuals respond significantly to financial incentives relating to retirement (e.g., to discontinuities stemming from the 1007:

increases and more and more people live to an advanced age, in many countries the age at which a pension is awarded has been increased in the 21st century, often progressively.

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Many people in the later years of their lives, due to failing health, require assistance, sometimes in extremely expensive treatments – in some countries – being provided in a

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Cox, H. (2012). Work/retirement choices and lifestyle patterns of older Americans. In L. Loeppke (Ed.), Annual editions: Aging (24th ed., pp. 74–83). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill

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Alba-Ramirez, A. 1997, "Labor Force Participation and Transitions of Older Workers in Spain", Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Working Paper 97-39, Economic series 17, May.

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For example, in the United States, a person holding the rank of general or admiral must retire after 40 years of service unless he or she is reappointed to serve longer. (

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Many people choose to retire when they are elderly or incapable of doing their job for health reasons. People may also retire when they are eligible for private or public

3851: 2803: 2345:, a person should consult a lawyer about the use of IRS rule 72 T. This rule must be applied for with the IRS. It allows the distribution of an IRA account prior to age 2248:) from a $ 750,000 portfolio every year for 30 years, starting in 1973 (red line), 1974 (blue line), or 1975 (green line). Results depend heavily on what happens to the 3265:

Antolín, P. and S. Scarpetta. 1998. "Microeconometric Analysis of the Retirement Decision: Germany”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 204, OECD Publishing

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Gustman, Alan and Thomas Steinmeier (2003). "Retirement Effects of Proposals by the President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security." NBER Working Paper No. 10030

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Benitez-Silva (2000) analyzes determinants of labor force status and retirement process among elderly US citizens and possibility of decision returning to work using

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Hardy, M. (2006). Older workers. In R. Binstock & L. George (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (6th ed., pp. 201–218). Boston, MA: Academic Press

3640: 2187:, after expenses and any tax. Equation (Ret-03) is readily coded in Excel and with these assumptions gives the required savings rates in the accompanying picture. 1960:

average pay; this is usually provided by the employer. On a personal level, the rising cost of living during retirement is a serious concern to many older adults.

2866: 1921:(HRS) show that relationship between retirement and health status can imply the opposite effect in reality: physical and mental health decline after retirement. 5150: 2554: 2396:

modeling, but adds provisions for incorporating pensions, other retirement income, and changes in spending that may occur during the course of the retirement.

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Murray, Emily T.; Zaninotto, Paola; Fleischmann, Maria; Stafford, Mai; Carr, Ewan; Shelton, Nicola; Stansfeld, Stephen; Kuh, Diana; Head, Jenny (April 2019).

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Iranian age of retirement was increased much in 2022 and 2023 to 42 years of work insurance payment record to avoid government social security bankruptcy.

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is the withdrawal from one's position or occupation or from one's active working life. A person may also semi-retire by reducing work hours or workload.

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Blöndal, S. and S. Scarpetta. 1997. Early retirement in OECD countries: The Role of Social Security Systems, OECD Economic Studies, issue 29, pages 7–54

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Benitez-Silva, H. 2000. "Micro Determinants of Labor Force Status Among Older Americans", SUNY-Stony Brook Department of Economics Working Papers 00-07

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for charities and other community organizations. Tourism is a common marker of retirement and for some becomes a way of life, such as for so-called

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Brown, Jeffrey R., Courtney Coile and Scott J. Weisbenner (2006). "The Effect of Inheritance Receipt on Retirement." NBER Working Paper No. 12386

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has it that one can retire and take 7% or more out of a portfolio year after year, this strategy would not have worked very often in the past.

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Dhaval, D., I. Rashad, and J. Spasojevic. 2006. “The Effects of Retirement on Physical and Mental Health Outcomes”, NBER Working Paper w12123

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Bring z to the left hand side to give the answer, under this rough and unguaranteed method, for the proportion of pay that should be saved:

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An increasing number of individuals are choosing to put off this point of total retirement, by selecting to exist in the emerging state of

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Murray, Emily T.; Head, Jenny; Shelton, Nicola; Hagger-Johnson, Gareth; Stansfeld, Stephen; Zaninotto, Paola; Stafford, Mai (June 2016).

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Dwyer, Debra and Jianting Hu (2000). "Retirement Expectations and Realizations: the Role of Health Shocks and Economic Factors," in

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To pay for pension, assumed for simplicity to be received at the end of each year, and taking discounted values in the manner of a

3458: 3427: 5917: 3861: 2699: 5788: 5234: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4527: 947:, lack of social security and the absence of pension arrangements meant that most workers continued to work until their death. 3357: 3182:

Dwyer, Debra and Olivia Mitchell (1999). "Health problems as determinants of retirement: Are self-rated measures endogenous?"

2811: 4105: 4084: 2579: 2180: 2088: 5793: 4681: 4163: 3590: 3632: 3567: 2414:, thereby having less frequent contact with their previous social context and adopting a new lifestyle. Often retirees 1933:

job status from “not-employed" to "employed" for people aged 60–62 and insignificant effect for 55–59 and aged over 63.

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Retirement might coincide with important life changes; a retired worker might move to a new location, for example a

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The retirement age in many countries is increasing, often starting in the 2010s and continuing until the late 2020s.

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Retirement for years of service: regular officers in grades above brigadier general and rear admiral (lower half))

6025: 5105: 1486: 910: 6035: 5798: 5170: 5122: 4388: 4336: 4125: 1716: 2422:. Some retired people even choose to go and live in warmer climates in what is known as retirement migration. 2373:, whichever is the longest time period, without a 10% penalty. Taxes still must be paid on the distributions. 5886: 5778: 5190: 4738: 2775: 2523: 1482:

In Spain it was ruled that the retirement age was to increase from 65 to 67 progressively from 2013 to 2027.

248: 2302:, though the report is more nuanced and the conclusions and very approach have been heavily criticized (see 510: 5967: 5140: 4191: 4135: 1918: 3162:. 11th Annual Joint Conference of the Retirement Research Consortium. Washington, DC: National Press Club. 5952: 5165: 1861: 1515: 859: 79: 69: 33: 2685: 5881: 5763: 5239: 4691: 4383: 4291: 4076:

Planning Your Time in Retirement: How to Cultivate a Leisure Lifestyle to Suit Your Needs and Interests

3687: 3536: 903: 853: 383: 373: 3240:

Gustman, Alan and Thomas Steinmeier (2000). "Retirement in Dual Career Families: A Structural Model."

2966: 2311:. (The 4% figure does not assume any pension or change in spending levels throughout the retirement.) 6045: 6040: 5861: 5535: 5446: 5325: 2933: 263: 2754: 6050: 6020: 5711: 5513: 5272: 5229: 5195: 4696: 4686: 4368: 4156: 3657: 2518: 2478: 1973: 832: 570: 525: 378: 147: 91: 17: 585: 5977: 5856: 5758: 5696: 5508: 5135: 5022: 4956: 4869: 2087:(though arguably pessimistic) long-term assumption for a safe real rate of return is zero. So in 535: 343: 333: 293: 283: 190: 113: 2238: 1479:

In Latvia, the retirement age depends on the date of birth of the person filing for retirement.

5831: 5783: 5753: 5590: 5558: 5548: 5365: 5350: 5330: 5212: 4983: 4978: 4253: 3673: 2289:

Those contemplating early retirement will want to know if they have enough to survive possible

2196: 2184: 2072: 705: 550: 288: 228: 185: 132: 2119:(1 – z ) R S {(1+ i ) +(1+ i ) +... ....+ (1+ i ) } = (1-z ) R S {(1 – (1+i) )/i} 5773: 5768: 5706: 5651: 5600: 5222: 4753: 4726: 4398: 4326: 3027:

Juster, F. Thomas; Suzman, Richard (1995). "An Overview of the Health and Retirement Study".

2513: 1886:) and UN sources. He found that males are less likely to be retired compared with females in 974: 839: 520: 495: 480: 338: 278: 258: 253: 3035:(Special Issue on the Health and Retirement Study: Data Quality and Early Results): S7–S56. 1695: 5841: 5617: 5570: 5390: 5385: 5160: 5155: 5130: 5070: 4914: 4894: 4846: 4716: 4631: 4469: 2957: 2493: 2460:. Those who need care, but are not in need of constant assistance, may choose to live in a 2411: 2245: 590: 412: 363: 328: 268: 233: 137: 127: 74: 4064:

RETIREMENT HEIST: How Companies Plunder and Profit from the Nest Eggs of American Workers"

4006:"Healthy ageing from the perspective of older people: A capability approach to resilience" 3121:

Friedberg, Leora (2000). "The Labor Supply Effects of the Social Security Earnings Test."

2258: 1776:

is approximately the same as pension wealth conditional on retiring one year later at age

8: 6071: 5746: 5741: 5679: 5627: 5345: 5313: 5303: 5185: 5175: 4706: 4701: 4522: 4502: 4423: 4343: 4321: 4301: 4149: 3560:

Determinants of Retirement Status: Comparative Evidence from Old and New EU Member States

3409:

Determinants of retirement status: Comparative evidence from old and new EU member states

2283: 816: 625: 447: 388: 313: 303: 273: 200: 108: 2629: 2542: 2275:

planning. Many will exceed their life expectancy, requiring income over a longer period.

485: 5846: 5810: 5674: 5563: 5543: 5416: 5380: 5267: 5249: 5180: 4816: 4676: 4656: 4611: 4512: 4497: 4062: 4041: 3977: 3435: 3388: 3330: 3298:"Local area unemployment, individual health and workforce exit: ONS Longitudinal Study" 3297: 3044: 2704: 1781: 1498:

qualify for a separate stipend. Retirement pay for military members in the reserve and

844: 800: 605: 442: 437: 417: 368: 308: 298: 243: 238: 210: 205: 175: 43: 1894:. He explained that: "The reasons for these results can be the facts that significant 5957: 5937: 5669: 5634: 5466: 5360: 5340: 5259: 5112: 5047: 4721: 4671: 4646: 4606: 4601: 4532: 4378: 4101: 4080: 4033: 4025: 3982: 3964: 3563: 3464: 3380: 3335: 3317: 2508: 2112: 1961: 1891: 1887: 1813: 1499: 985: 954:

Nowadays, most developed countries have systems to provide pensions on retirement in

735: 710: 620: 500: 457: 393: 358: 348: 180: 142: 98: 4045: 3758: 3392: 3376: 660: 5927: 5716: 5684: 5644: 5639: 5436: 5426: 5244: 5075: 5032: 5005: 5000: 4854: 4821: 4811: 4661: 4589: 4393: 4331: 4311: 4296: 4017: 4001: 3972: 3956: 3407: 3372: 3325: 3309: 3036: 2914: 2637: 2605: 2124: 1841: 785: 730: 715: 700: 685: 615: 595: 575: 530: 403: 353: 323: 318: 4093: 3907: 1832:

wives are also retired than if they are still in the labor force, and vice versa.

665: 5987: 5922: 5731: 5701: 5689: 5553: 5451: 5318: 4651: 4418: 4221: 4196: 4186: 4095: 4074: 4021: 2865:(in Latvian). The State Social Insurance Agency. 18 December 2018. Archived from 2833: 2503: 2461: 2382: 2228: 1895: 1796: 1588: 1490: 1004: 944: 879: 790: 755: 720: 655: 580: 565: 452: 427: 422: 398: 170: 165: 5972: 5721: 5622: 5575: 5277: 5090: 5085: 5080: 4936: 4864: 4621: 4579: 4263: 4231: 4005: 3912:

retirement calculator that incorporates inflation, pensions and social security

3586: 2660: 2433:

and occasionally aged parents. For many it gives them more time to devote to a

2386:

phase as well as the retirement phase of the plan. For example, an analysis by

1825: 1821: 1519: 1495: 997: 810: 795: 760: 745: 725: 695: 515: 432: 122: 118: 3960: 3826: 545: 6065: 5947: 5866: 5851: 5836: 5607: 5585: 5491: 5375: 5308: 5282: 5217: 5060: 5017: 5012: 4859: 4743: 4641: 4363: 4216: 4201: 4121: 4029: 3968: 3321: 3210: 2473: 2430: 2419: 2303: 2299: 2208: 2195:

Finally, a newer method for determining the adequacy of a retirement plan is

981: 948: 775: 765: 740: 680: 675: 670: 650: 640: 610: 600: 505: 408: 3944: 3313: 2729: 2267:

life expectancy—expected number of remaining years of life as a function of

59: 5982: 5962: 5942: 5932: 5907: 5661: 5496: 5476: 5461: 5431: 5421: 5200: 5055: 5037: 4973: 4951: 4909: 4899: 4796: 4786: 4758: 4489: 4479: 4306: 4246: 4037: 3986: 3882: 3704: 3384: 3339: 2457: 2415: 2294: 2249: 2100: 1993:

years of pension, one has a living standard that costs a replacement ratio

1809: 962: 891: 805: 750: 645: 635: 630: 555: 103: 5595: 5518: 5486: 4946: 4889: 4507: 4464: 4439: 4408: 4403: 4358: 4283: 4273: 4258: 4211: 3153:

Gustman, Alan; Steinmeier, Thomas; Tabatabai, Jahid (10–11 August 2009).

2598:"The Neolithic Revolution and Contemporary Variations in Life Expectancy" 2498: 2308: 2290: 1853: 1817: 780: 770: 560: 195: 3227:

Blau, David M. (1998). "Labor Force Dynamics of Older Married Couples."

2567: 2153:

To make the accumulation match with the lump sum needed to pay pension:

5805: 5525: 5503: 5471: 5370: 5355: 5335: 5100: 5065: 5027: 4941: 4904: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4791: 4748: 4733: 4711: 4636: 4474: 4454: 4373: 4241: 4236: 4206: 4172: 3108:

Feldstein, Martin and Jeffrey B. Liebman (2002). "Social Security," in

3014:"واکنشی به مصوبه افزایش سن بازنشستگی: ضد کارگری‌ترین قانون معاصر ایران" 2888: 1866: 690: 490: 3428:"The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE): Other" 3048: 5992: 5912: 5726: 5411: 4765: 4666: 4626: 4596: 4517: 4353: 4316: 3589:. U.S. Social Security Administration Office of Chief Actuary. 2020. 1951:

net worth of about $ 250,000 (shown), about a quarter of the group's

540: 471: 51: 4094:

Jamie P. Hopkins; David A. Littell; Kenn Beam Tacchino (July 2015).

3631:

Dagher, Veronica; Tergesen, Anne; Ettenheim, Rosie (31 March 2023).

3013: 2079: 5826: 4884: 4874: 4806: 4801: 4770: 4616: 4571: 4449: 4444: 4348: 4226: 3040: 2359:

in equal amounts of a period of either 5 years or until the age of

2115:

calculation, the ideal lump sum available at retirement should be:

3581: 3579: 3355: 3062: 1566: 5456: 5406: 5145: 5095: 4879: 4584: 4268: 2483: 2446: 2405: 2272: 2157:

z S (((1+i )) – 1)/i = (1-z ) R S (1 – ((1+i )) )/i

955: 940: 937: 3732: 3658:

http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2012/59/en/2/EF1259EN.pdf

2148: 2135:

At retirement, the following amount will have been accumulated:

1632: 951:

was the first country to introduce retirement benefits in 1889.

5580: 4928: 4567: 3856: 3576: 3295: 2488: 2388: 2215: 2190: 1929: 1840:

Researchers analyzed factors affecting retirement decisions in

874: 3656:

Eurofound, Income from work after retirement in the EU (2012)

1610: 5441: 4141: 3199:, Mitchell, Olivia, P. Brett Hammond and Anna Rappaport, eds. 2438: 2434: 1925: 3691: 3633:"Here's What Retirement Looks Like in America in Six Charts" 2123:

Above is the standard mathematical formula for the sum of a

5481: 4924: 2863:"Pensijas vecuma paaugstināšana no 62 līdz 65 gadu vecumam" 2442: 1012: 3688:"Retirement calculator – easy, comprehensive, informative" 3152: 2568:

Social Security History, US Social Security Administration

1485:

In the United States, while the normal retirement age for

4459: 1766: 1633:

Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)

2630:"Natural Selection and the Evolution of Life Expectancy" 1857:

pension benefits will be less than needed for household.

3999: 3630: 2834:"Greece MPs approve new austerity budget amid protests" 2700:"The History of Retirement, From Early Man to A.A.R.P." 5151:

List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents

3894: 2627: 2595: 3827:"Retire Early's Safe Withdrawal Rates in Retirement" 2580:"Britons opt for Pre-tirement over Total Retirement" 2376: 4079:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 3895:

FIRECalc: A different kind of retirement calculator

2679: 4072: 3802:"Dallas News: Breaking News for DFW, Texas, World" 3777:"Dallas News: Breaking News for DFW, Texas, World" 3197:Forecasting Retirement Needs and Retirement Wealth 2139:z S {(1+ i )+(1+ i ) +... ....+ (1+ i )+ 1 } 1696:WHO Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) 29:Point where a person ceases employment permanently 4097:Planning for Retirement Needs, Thirteenth Edition 3415:(Masters). Budapest: Central European University. 2589: 2005:years work, retirement age accumulated savings = 1890:, which is the opposite result than he found for 1884:Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe 1791:A great deal of attention has surrounded how the 6063: 3710: 3088:Social Security and Retirement around the World. 2621: 3733:"FIRECalc: Why another retirement calculator?" 3086:Gruber, Jonathan and David Wise, eds. (1999). 2770: 2768: 2244:Portfolio balances after taking $ 35,000 (and 4157: 3943:Lee, Jinkook; Smith, James P. (1 June 2009). 3852:"Five Ways To Protect Your Retirement Income" 2950: 2149:Equate and derive necessary saving proportion 1848:Alba-Ramirez (1997) uses micro data from the 911: 4132:"Economic History of Retirement in the U.S." 3719:The Bogleheads' Guide to Retirement Planning 3624: 3211:"When It Comes to Work, How Old Is Too Old?" 3026: 2191:Monte Carlo: Better allowance for randomness 2165:z = R (1 – ((1+i )) )/i / (Ret-03) 2106: 1717:Chinese Health and Retirement Study (CHARLS) 3759:"Make Sure Your Money Lasts as Long as You" 2798: 2796: 2765: 2429:Often retirees are called upon to care for 1676:Japanese Health and Retirement Study (JHRS) 1611:English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) 4164: 4150: 3557: 3456: 3405: 1655:Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) 918: 904: 5893:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act 3976: 3329: 3208: 2723: 2721: 2130: 2013:years, necessary savings at retirement = 5737:Job losses caused by the Great Recession 4414:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates 3942: 3920: 3918: 3883:http://retireearlyhomepage.com/re60.html 3756: 2793: 2686:"Expectations of Life" by H.O. Lancaster 2399: 1941: 1937: 1906: 1738:Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) 991: 5918:Credentialism and educational inflation 3558:Mehbaliyev, Rashad (14 February 2012). 3457:Mehbaliyev, Rashad (14 February 2012). 3261: 3259: 2857: 2855: 1468:In Denmark, early retirement is called 14: 6064: 5789:List of countries by unemployment rate 3483: 3063:"A SUMMARY OF THE 2021 ANNUAL REPORTS" 2953:"Police and firefighter pension plans" 2931: 2718: 2331:To avoid the 10% penalty prior to age 1767:Factors affecting retirement decisions 4145: 3915: 3705:Online Monte Carlo Retirement Planner 3351: 3349: 3302:The European Journal of Public Health 3291: 3289: 2934:"Spain to Raise Retirement Age to 67" 2804:"Hvornår kan jeg gå på folkepension?" 2727: 1589:Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) 4682:Practice-based professional learning 4000:Stephens, Christine; Breheny, Mary; 3908:"The Ultimate Retirement Calculator" 3716: 3643:from the original on 31 March 2023. 3256: 2852: 2661:"A millennium of health improvement" 5235:Workers' right to access the toilet 3562:. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. 3504:"Determinants of Retirement Status" 3486:"Determinants of Retirement Status" 3463:. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. 3123:Review of Economics and Statistics, 2932:Minder, Raphael (27 January 2011). 2915:"Pension rallies hit French cities" 2202: 1860:Antolin and Scarpetta (1998) using 1835: 24: 4055: 3945:"Work, Retirement, and Depression" 3757:Clements, Jonathan (21 May 2006). 3346: 3286: 3215:NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health 3209:Chosewood, L. Casey (3 May 2011). 2381:Although the 4% initial portfolio 2078: 25: 6083: 4115: 3690:. 2 February 2011. Archived from 3593:from the original on 8 July 2023. 3460:Determinants of Retirement Status 3425: 2377:Calculations using actual numbers 2222: 2173: 1976:health cover at 65 years of age. 1850:Active Population Survey of Spain 1567:Health and Retirement Study (HRS) 6006: 6005: 5299:Corporate collapses and scandals 2628:Galor, Oded; Moav, Omer (2005). 2596:Galor, Oded; Moav, Omer (2007). 2257: 2237: 1902: 885: 873: 58: 3993: 3936: 3927: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3844: 3819: 3794: 3769: 3750: 3725: 3698: 3680: 3662: 3650: 3615: 3606: 3597: 3551: 3521: 3496: 3477: 3450: 3419: 3399: 3377:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.038 3277: 3268: 3247: 3234: 3221: 3202: 3189: 3176: 3166: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3115: 3102: 3093: 3080: 3055: 3020: 3006: 2981: 2951:Michael Bucci (November 1992). 2944: 2925: 2907: 2881: 2826: 2747: 160:Concepts, theory and techniques 5799:Employment-to-population ratio 5171:Occupational health psychology 4171: 4126:Social Security Administration 3860:. 4 March 2015. Archived from 3672:. 11 June 2007. Archived from 3670:"A SURE BET? (Wealth Manager)" 3484:Production, bücher de IT and. 3029:The Journal of Human Resources 2691: 2653: 2572: 2560: 2547: 2535: 1989:years of working life. During 1979: 1541:Representative year/last wave 13: 1: 5887:Works Progress Administration 5779:Unemployment Convention, 1919 5191:Personal protective equipment 4739:Occupational Outlook Handbook 3473:– via www.morebooks.de. 3365:Social Science & Medicine 3244:, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 503–545 3231:, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 595–629 3186:, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 173–193 2755:"Turpin Distribution. Search" 2730:"Normal retirement age (NRA)" 2529: 2524:Issues in retirement security 1793:Financial crisis of 2007–2008 1782:Social Security earnings test 1502:is based on a point system. 5968:Psychopathy in the workplace 5141:Human factors and ergonomics 4022:10.1080/08870446.2014.904862 3949:Journal of Population Ageing 3110:Handbook of Public Economics 3090:University of Chicago Press. 2759:ebiz.turpin-distribution.com 2144: = z S ((1+i )- 1)/i 1919:Health and Retirement Survey 1508: 7: 5953:Narcissism in the workplace 5166:Occupational exposure limit 4073:Robert A. Stebbins (2013). 3529:"Personal Loans- Law Books" 3406:Mehbaliyev, Rashad (2009). 3184:Journal of Health Economics 2541:"Definition of retirement" 2467: 2314:When retiring prior to age 1862:German Socio-Economic Panel 1516:Health and Retirement Study 34:Retirement (disambiguation) 10: 6088: 5882:Civil Works Administration 5764:Technological unemployment 5240:Workplace health promotion 4692:Professional certification 4389:Personality–job fit theory 4068:, Penguin Publishing, 2011 3242:Journal of Labor Economics 3229:Journal of Labor Economics 2993:myarmybenefits.us.army.mil 2698:Weisman, Mary-Lou (1999), 2403: 2226: 2206: 2059:= 35.78% should be saved. 995: 972: 968: 31: 6001: 5900: 5862:Guaranteed minimum income 5819: 5660: 5534: 5447:Organizational commitment 5399: 5291: 5258: 5121: 5046: 4923: 4845: 4779: 4566: 4488: 4432: 4282: 4179: 3961:10.1007/s12062-010-9018-0 3125:Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 48–63 2697: 2107:Size of lump sum required 2009:. To pay for pension for 1547:Sample size: individuals 6031:Aspects of organizations 5712:Involuntary unemployment 5273:Equal pay for equal work 5196:Repetitive strain injury 4697:Professional development 4687:Professional association 4369:Letter of recommendation 4122:"Historical Development" 3885:downloadable spreadsheet 3508:libreriauniversitaria.it 3112:, Vol. 4, Elsevier Press 2519:Asset/liability modeling 2479:Downshifting (lifestyle) 2293:. The history of the US 1964:play an important role. 1544:Sample size: households 148:JEL classification codes 6016:Aspects of corporations 5978:Slow movement (culture) 5857:Employer of last resort 5759:Structural unemployment 5697:Frictional unemployment 5136:Epilepsy and employment 5023:Performance-related pay 4957:National average salary 4870:996 working hour system 4138:, Rock Island, Illinois 4010:Psychology & Health 3831:retireearlyhomepage.com 3763:The Wall Street Journal 3637:The Wall Street Journal 2566:"The German Precedent" 2252:in the first few years. 2246:adjusting for inflation 2185:inflation-indexed bonds 2073:Inflation-indexed bonds 334:Industrial organization 191:Computational economics 6026:Aspects of occupations 5832:Unemployment insurance 5784:Unemployment extension 5754:Reserve army of labour 5559:Constructive dismissal 5366:Sleeping while on duty 5331:Exploitation of labour 5213:Sick building syndrome 4384:Person–environment fit 4254:Independent contractor 3587:"Actuarial Life Table" 2197:Monte Carlo simulation 2179:(using 1.045/1.035 in 2131:Size of lump sum saved 2083: 1956: 1912: 1514:States is the ongoing 1032:Normal retirement age 186:Experimental economics 6036:Aspects of workplaces 5774:Unemployment benefits 5769:Types of unemployment 5707:Graduate unemployment 5601:Letter of resignation 5230:Workers' compensation 5223:Occupational fatality 4727:Vocational university 4327:Employment counsellor 3721:. Wiley. p. 213. 3314:10.1093/eurpub/ckw005 3217:. Medscape and NIOSH. 2514:Retirement spend down 2400:Life after retirement 2227:Further information: 2082: 2055:= 0.65, a proportion 1945: 1938:Saving for retirement 1910: 1029:Early retirement age 992:In specific countries 975:History of retirement 5842:Job creation program 5618:Mandatory retirement 5571:Employee offboarding 5391:Workplace incivility 5386:Workplace harassment 5161:Occupational disease 5156:Occupational burnout 5071:Disability insurance 4915:Workweek and weekend 4895:Retroactive overtime 4717:Vocational education 4632:Continuing education 4470:Permanent employment 4100:. American College. 2965:(11). Archived from 2958:Monthly Labor Review 2494:Mandatory retirement 2412:retirement community 2031:) and solve to give 1784:or the tax system). 413:Social choice theory 32:For other uses, see 5747:Recession-proof job 5742:Lists of recessions 5680:Economic depression 5628:Retirement planning 5509:Work–life interface 5346:Employee monitoring 5314:Corporate behaviour 5304:Accounting scandals 5186:Occupational stress 5176:Occupational injury 4707:Reflective practice 4702:Professional school 4424:Work-at-home scheme 4344:Induction programme 4322:Employment contract 4302:Business networking 4061:Schultz, Ellen E., 3694:on 2 February 2011. 2921:. 7 September 2010. 2284:conventional wisdom 2043:). For example, if 880:Business portal 201:Operations research 181:National accounting 6010:See also templates 5847:Job creation index 5811:Youth unemployment 5675:Discouraged worker 5564:Wrongful dismissal 5544:At-will employment 5417:Civil conscription 5381:Workplace bullying 5268:Affirmative action 5250:Workplace wellness 5181:Occupational noise 4817:Long service leave 4677:Overspecialization 4657:Induction training 4612:Career development 3717:Larimore, Taylor. 3438:on 18 January 2017 2938:The New York Times 2895:. 15 November 2023 2840:. 12 November 2012 2705:The New York Times 2667:. 27 December 1998 2084: 1957: 1913: 211:Industrial complex 206:Middle income trap 6059: 6058: 5958:Post-work society 5938:Kiss up kick down 5670:Barriers to entry 5635:Severance package 5467:Human trafficking 5361:Sexual harassment 5341:Employee handbook 5260:Equal opportunity 5123:Safety and health 5113:Take-home vehicle 4722:Vocational school 4672:Lifelong learning 4647:Further education 4607:Career counseling 4602:Career assessment 4379:Overqualification 4136:Augustana College 4107:978-1-58293-230-9 4086:978-1-4422-2160-4 4002:Mansvelt, Juliana 3432:share-project.org 3016:. 4 January 2024. 2509:Parental dividend 2273:retirement income 2113:net present value 1962:Health care costs 1892:Old Member States 1888:New Member States 1814:diabetes mellitus 1760: 1759: 1500:US National Guard 1462: 1461: 986:Otto von Bismarck 928: 927: 16:(Redirected from 6079: 6046:Critique of work 6041:Corporate titles 6009: 6008: 5928:Evil corporation 5794:Employment rates 5717:Jobless recovery 5685:Great Depression 5645:Golden parachute 5640:Golden handshake 5437:Job satisfaction 5427:Critique of work 5245:Workplace phobia 5076:Health insurance 5033:Wage compression 5001:Progressive wage 4855:35-hour workweek 4822:No call, no show 4812:Leave of absence 4662:Knowledge worker 4590:Master craftsman 4394:Personality hire 4332:Executive search 4312:Curriculum vitae 4297:Background check 4166: 4159: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4111: 4090: 4050: 4049: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3980: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3913: 3911: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3676:on 11 June 2007. 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3583: 3574: 3573: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3535:. Archived from 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3434:. Archived from 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3333: 3293: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3254: 3251: 3245: 3238: 3232: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3206: 3200: 3193: 3187: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3119: 3113: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2969:on 11 April 2008 2948: 2942: 2941: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2859: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2810:. Archived from 2800: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2638:Brown University 2634: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2606:Brown University 2602: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2551: 2545: 2543:Merriam Websters 2539: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2261: 2241: 2203:Early retirement 2125:geometric series 1842:EU member states 1836:EU member states 1709:Est. 5,000/1,000 1538:Eligibility age 1529: 1528: 1041:Employed, 65–69 1038:Employed, 60–64 1035:Employed, 55–59 1023: 1022: 920: 913: 906: 892:Money portal 890: 889: 888: 878: 877: 374:Natural resource 166:Economic systems 62: 39: 38: 21: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6051:Organized labor 6021:Aspects of jobs 5997: 5988:Toxic workplace 5923:Emotional labor 5896: 5820:Public programs 5815: 5732:Great Recession 5702:Full employment 5690:Long Depression 5656: 5554:Banishment room 5530: 5452:Refusal of work 5395: 5319:Corporate crime 5287: 5254: 5117: 5042: 4919: 4841: 4775: 4652:Graduate school 4562: 4484: 4428: 4419:Underemployment 4278: 4222:Self-employment 4197:Contingent work 4187:Academic tenure 4180:Classifications 4175: 4170: 4130:Short, Joanna, 4118: 4108: 4087: 4058: 4056:Further reading 4053: 4004:(3 June 2015). 3998: 3994: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3916: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3864:on 6 March 2015 3850: 3849: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3585: 3584: 3577: 3570: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3539:on 27 June 2013 3533:lawbooks.com.au 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3360: 3354: 3347: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3239: 3235: 3226: 3222: 3207: 3203: 3194: 3190: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3120: 3116: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3025: 3021: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2949: 2945: 2930: 2926: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2889:"Efterløn 2024" 2887: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2869:on 25 June 2018 2861: 2860: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2776:"Efterløn 2018" 2774: 2773: 2766: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2726: 2719: 2710: 2708: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2632: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2600: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2504:Social security 2470: 2462:retirement home 2408: 2402: 2383:withdrawal rate 2379: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2262: 2254: 2253: 2242: 2231: 2229:Withdrawal rate 2225: 2211: 2205: 2193: 2176: 2151: 2133: 2109: 1982: 1940: 1905: 1896:gender wage gap 1838: 1797:Great Recession 1795:and subsequent 1769: 1511: 1491:US Armed Forces 1487:Social Security 1394:United Kingdom 1005:life expectancy 1000: 994: 977: 971: 945:life expectancy 924: 886: 884: 872: 865: 864: 835: 825: 824: 823: 822: 586:von Böhm-Bawerk 474: 463: 462: 224: 216: 215: 171:Economic growth 161: 153: 152: 94: 92:classifications 37: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6085: 6075: 6074: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5973:Sunday scaries 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5724: 5722:Phillips curve 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5677: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5623:Retirement age 5620: 5610: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5576:Exit interview 5573: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5506: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5326:Discrimination 5323: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5278:Gender pay gap 5275: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5098: 5093: 5091:Parental leave 5088: 5086:Marriage leave 5083: 5081:Life insurance 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5008: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4937:Income bracket 4933: 4931: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4865:Eight-hour day 4862: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4624: 4622:Creative class 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4582: 4580:Apprenticeship 4576: 4574: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4548:Scarlet-collar 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4264:Temporary work 4261: 4256: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4232:Skilled worker 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4134:, 2010-02-01, 4128: 4117: 4116:External links 4114: 4113: 4112: 4106: 4091: 4085: 4070: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4016:(6): 715–731. 3992: 3935: 3926: 3914: 3899: 3887: 3875: 3843: 3818: 3806:dallasnews.com 3793: 3781:dallasnews.com 3768: 3749: 3724: 3709: 3697: 3679: 3661: 3649: 3623: 3614: 3605: 3596: 3575: 3569:978-3848407804 3568: 3550: 3520: 3495: 3490:www.buecher.de 3476: 3469: 3449: 3418: 3398: 3345: 3308:(3): 463–469. 3285: 3276: 3267: 3255: 3246: 3233: 3220: 3201: 3188: 3175: 3165: 3145: 3136: 3127: 3114: 3101: 3092: 3079: 3054: 3041:10.2307/146277 3019: 3005: 2980: 2943: 2924: 2906: 2880: 2851: 2825: 2792: 2764: 2746: 2717: 2690: 2678: 2652: 2620: 2588: 2571: 2559: 2546: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2469: 2466: 2401: 2398: 2378: 2375: 2263: 2256: 2255: 2243: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2224: 2223:Savings needed 2221: 2204: 2201: 2192: 2189: 2175: 2174:Sample results 2172: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2158: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2132: 2129: 2121: 2120: 2108: 2105: 2019:Equate these: 1981: 1978: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1922: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1858: 1837: 1834: 1826:hyperlipidemia 1822:joint diseases 1768: 1765: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1520:life insurance 1510: 1507: 1496:Medal of Honor 1460: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1417:United States 1414: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1044:Employed, 70+ 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 998:Retirement age 996:Main article: 993: 990: 973:Main article: 970: 967: 926: 925: 923: 922: 915: 908: 900: 897: 896: 895: 894: 882: 867: 866: 863: 862: 857: 847: 842: 836: 831: 830: 827: 826: 821: 820: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 477: 476: 475: 469: 468: 465: 464: 461: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 379:Organizational 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 225: 223:By application 222: 221: 218: 217: 214: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 151: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 116: 111: 106: 101: 95: 89: 88: 85: 84: 83: 82: 77: 72: 64: 63: 55: 54: 48: 47: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6084: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5948:Make-work job 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5894: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5867:Right to work 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5852:Job guarantee 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5837:Make-work job 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5608:Restructuring 5606: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5586:Notice period 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5492:Unfree labour 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5462:Bonded labour 5460: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5376:Whistleblower 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5309:Control fraud 5307: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5283:Glass ceiling 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5218:Work accident 5216: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5206:United States 5204: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5106:United States 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5061:Casual Friday 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5018:Paid time off 5016: 5014: 5013:Overtime rate 5011: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4994:United States 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4860:Four-day week 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4744:Practice firm 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4642:Employability 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4543:Orange-collar 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4490:Working class 4487: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4364:Job interview 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4217:Part-time job 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4202:Full-time job 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3919: 3909: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3847: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3720: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3580: 3571: 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337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 294:Expeditionary 292: 290: 287: 285: 284:Environmental 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 226: 220: 219: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 157: 156: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 120: 117: 115: 114:International 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 93: 90:Branches and 87: 86: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 67: 66: 65: 61: 57: 56: 53: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 35: 27: 19: 5983:Toxic leader 5963:Presenteeism 5943:Labor rights 5933:Going postal 5908:Bullshit job 5891: 5876: 5871: 5662:Unemployment 5612: 5514:Downshifting 5497:Wage slavery 5477:Penal labour 5432:Dead-end job 5422:Conscription 5201:Right to sit 5056:Annual leave 5038:Working poor 4974:Minimum wage 4952:Maximum wage 4910:Working time 4900:Six-hour day 4797:Career break 4759:Professional 4553:Black-collar 4523:White-collar 4503:Green-collar 4480:Volunteering 4317:Drug testing 4307:Cover letter 4247:Tradesperson 4096: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4013: 4009: 3995: 3955:(1): 57–71. 3952: 3948: 3938: 3929: 3902: 3890: 3878: 3866:. 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