330:. They are also used in the United States where the percentage retained is typically higher at around 10%. However the release of retention is different with 50% of the withheld money often released once the works are considered to be 50% complete. Some states have taken measures to abolish or limit the use of retentions in public contracts. In the United States the use of retention bonds is more common than in the UK. Retentions are common in Qatar where the proportion retained may be up to 30% of contract value due to the large number of foreign companies that operate under limited liability law in the state. In Canada retentions are known as "holdback" payments; since 1997 all retention monies in Canada must be held in ring-fenced accounts.
232:, introduced in 1993, has no allowance for retentions in its core clauses. The basic contract relies on the spirit of collaboration between parties to minimise defects, but retentions can be, and often are, introduced by clients through variant clauses (so-called "x clauses"). There is an allowance for retention bonds within the fourth edition of the contract (introduced in 2017). The contract also allows for retention to be withheld only on the labour-element of any price or only to be applied on the final few payments made. The NEC system also has an option to allow the use of project bank accounts in lieu of retention.
50:
agreements. The concept of retainage is unique to the construction industry and attempts to do two things: provide an incentive to the contractor or subcontractor to complete the project and protect the owner against any liens, claims or defaults, which may surface as the project nears completion. Incidentally, owners and contractors use retainage as a source of financing for the project, contractors in turn withhold retainage from subcontractors, frequently at a greater percentage than is being withheld from them.
342:. However, after the 2019 collapse of Stanley Group it was discovered that retention money was not properly administered, residing in the company's main account, despite the group claiming to sub-contractors that it had been held in separate accounts, and was therefore liable to loss during the liquidation process. The retention system is not used in Germany where the works remain the property of the contractor until completion and are, therefore, liable to be withheld from the client in cases of dispute.
83:
sub-contractors and sub-sub contractors than for the main contractor. This restricts cash flow available for the company as a going concern and for capital investment. The chasing up of payments is also resource intensive, as such smaller businesses are hit more severely than larger ones. Some smaller companies simply write off the retention money, increasing their prices to compensate. The practice has also been described as increasing tensions between the parties in contract.
272:
than is being withheld from them. For example, a subcontractor performing site work may complete its work in the first few months of the construction project, but generally is not allowed to recover the amount withheld from the owner and contractor until the project is "substantially complete", which could take a few years depending on the size of the project. Coupled with a contingent payment clause, the retainage can cause significant financial distress to a subcontractor.
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will already have been paid a portion of the subcontractors' funds, meaning that the contractor will have to fund the balance of the payment from its own cash flow. This could cause a delay in the project closeout. The contractor may feel that it is more advantageous to keep the project incomplete, than by never being paid its retainage and making the argument that the subcontractors are therefore not due their portion of the retainage.
208:
guarantor between the two parties. The agreement states that cash retentions will not be used and, instead, the surety provider agrees to pay up to the amount which would have been held as a cash retention if the contractor or subcontractor fail to carry out the works as contracted or to remedy any defects. Build UK and its predecessor, the
National Specialist Contractors Council, have endorsed the use of retention bonds in their
291:. . . Retainage should not be used as a substitute for good contract management, and the contracting officer should not withhold funds without cause. Determinations to retain and the specific amount to be withheld shall be made by the contracting officers on a case-by-case basis. Such decisions will be based on the contracting officer's assessment of past performance and the likelihood that such performance will continue.
63:
completion of a project and the second at the end of the defects liability period. This period is the time during which the client is able to identify works that are defective to the contractor who must then remedy them; it is often twelve months. The use of retentions is not common to all sectors of the industry; for example lift installers have developed their own guarantee system instead.
139:(DBEIS) commissioned research into the matter to determine the extent of the use of the practice and its effects on the industry and economy. This was published in 2017 and also identified a number of alternatives to the practice. A DBEIS public consultation was subsequently launched; this closed on 19 January 2018 but no recommendations were subsequently made for government action. A
59:
payment against sub-contractors. Retentions typically take the form of a percentage on the contract value. The rate can vary wildly but is typically around 5%. The general state of the economy can affect the rates set: in a buoyant economy with plentiful work sub-contractors are able to pick which work they accept and therefore have potential to negotiate more favourable rates.
314:
account, retainage is withheld by the owner, placed in a trust account with a trustee that has a fiduciary relationship to the contractor. The trustee can invest the retainage at the contractor's direction, thereby allowing the contractor to "use" the retained funds that normally would sit idle in an escrow account.
120:. This made it illegal for the release of retention under one contract to be linked to that of a second. This ended the practice whereby contractors would refuse to release retention to sub-contractors until they had been paid it themselves by the client, over which the sub-contractor had no influence.
224:
contracts system allowed for a reform of retentions by permitting the employer (client) to hold retention monies in trust. The 1998 revision of the contract allowed the contractor to request that the client hold the money in a separate bank account; it also permitted the use of retention bonds. The
207:
against defects, taken out by the contractor at the request of the client, or by a subcontractor at the request of the contractor, seen as being fairer and more efficient than a cash retention. An agreement is entered into by the two parties and a third party known as a surety provider, who acts as a
62:
The chain of retention starts with the client who withholds money on the main contractor. The main contractor withholds money on sub-contractors who may also then withhold on sub-sub contractors. The retention money is typically released in two portions (known as moieties); the first being payable at
249:
One can structure retainage arrangements in any number of ways. Subject to state statutory requirements, 10% is the retainage amount most often used by contracting parties. Another approach is to start off with a 10% retainage and to reduce it to 5% once the project is 50% complete. A third approach
245:
If there is to be retainage on the construction project, it is set forth in the construction contract. Retainage provisions are applicable to subcontracts as well as prime contracts. The amount withheld from the contractor or subcontractor should be determined on a case-by-case basis by the parties
337:
all retention monies for projects in excess of $ 20 million must be held in ring-fenced accounts with an authorised bank. In New
Zealand all retention monies are required to be held in trust and must be in cash or other liquid assets; this requirement was introduced following the 2013 collapse of
262:
Retainage is generally due to the contractor or subcontractor once their work is complete. Disputes often arise regarding just when completion occurs - it could be "substantial completion", which is generally when the owner can occupy a structure and use it for its intended purpose; or more often,
28:
of the 1840s but are now common across the industry, featuring in the majority of construction contracts. A typical retention rate is 5% of which half is released at completion and half at the end of the defects liability period (often 12 months later). There has been criticism of the practice for
275:
Another problem arises when the contractor withholds from its subcontractors at a greater percentage than the owner has withheld from them. The owner is to pay retainage to the contractor when substantial completion has occurred, however, in this abusive, over-withholding scenario, the contractor
271:
Subcontractors tend to bear the brunt of retainage provisions, especially subcontractors performing work early on in the construction process. The main reason for this, is because many contractors pass down the owner's right to withhold retainage to the subcontractor, but frequently withhold more
86:
There is no current requirement for retention monies to be ring-fenced (kept separately to general company funds and preserved from spending) and they are usually held in a client's or contractor's main bank account. This can cause problems in cases of insolvency, where the money can be lost and
82:
However sub-contractors often complain about the system. They sometimes lack a firm date on which retention monies will be paid and a 2017 British government report noted that more than half of contractors had experienced late or non-payment of retention monies. Delays are reportedly longer for
181:
Some organisations have proposed retention deposit schemes, whereby money is deposited with a third party, although these lead to increased fees and bureaucracy and do not solve disputes between parties over when retention should be released. A mandatory retention deposit system was proposed for
190:
began a consultation on retentions in 2019. It stated that the UK was behind other countries by continuing the practice, despite the matter having been looked into several times by the UK Government. Alternatives include project bank accounts (which are used for all payments from the client and
58:
Retentions are widely used in the
British construction industry: in the majority of all contracts awarded, a sum of money is withheld as a security against poor quality products (defects) or works left incomplete. Clients withhold retention against main contractors and main contractors withhold
45:
in the 1840s. The size of the railway project increased demand for contractors, which led to the entrance of new contractors into the labor market. These new contractors were inexperienced, unqualified and unable to successfully complete the project. Consequently, the railway companies began to
313:
Several alternatives exist to standard retainage provisions that provide the same benefits and protections. For example, parties can agree to establish a trust account. A trust account provides the contractor with some control over its money, even if it is being held by the owner. In a trust
103:
Railway construction in the 1840's saw a rapid increase in the number of contractors, often with little experience of the industry. There was a rise in the number of insolvencies and a drop in workmanship standards. Railway companies therefore began withholding a minimum of 20% of payments to
288:
to provide a uniform government-wide procurement policy. Since the mid-1970s, there has been an overall trend in the reduction of percentage withheld on federal construction projects. The current
Federal Acquisition Regulation (F.A.R.) continues to support this trend. Paragraph 32.103 of the
78:
The use of retentions is intended to encourage efficiency and productivity. The contractor has a financial incentive to achieve completion as early as possible (to release the first moiety payment) and to minimise defects in the works (to achieve the second payment). Retentions held against
49:
Given the often large-scale, complexity, cost and length of construction projects, the risk of something not going according to plan is almost certain. Accordingly, a common approach that contracting parties take in order to mitigate this risk is to include retainage provisions within their
174:, adopted in 2014, had a target for "ZERO retentions" by 2025 in construction contracts dated 1 January 2015 or later, along with the adoption of 30 days' standard payment terms across the construction sector. However, the charter was withdrawn on 18 January 2022 in favour of
253:
Retainage clauses are usually found within the contract terms outlining the procedure for submitting payment applications. A typical retainage clause parallels the following language: "Owner shall pay the amount due on the
Payment Application less retainage of ."
317:
Other alternatives to retainage are to allow the contractor to supply substitute security to the owner in the form of a performance bond, bank letter of credit, or a security of, or guaranteed by, the United States, such as bills, certificates, notes or bonds.
162:
in 2014. Build UK put forward proposals that retentions by the main contractor on sub-contractors should be no more onerous than those imposed by the client on the main contractor. They also proposed that retentions should only apply to permanent works, as
46:
withhold as much as 20% of contractors' payments to ensure performance and offset completion costs should the contractor default. The point was to withhold the contractor's profit only, not to make the contractor and its subcontractors finance the project.
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recommended that legislation be introduced to protect retention monies held by a party, which would prevent it being lost during a liquidation. Despite all of Latham's other payment recommendations being incorporated into the
678:
498:
175:
719:
Applications and
Innovations in Expert Systems VI: Proceedings of ES98, the Eighteenth Annual International Conference of the British Computer Society Specialist Group on Expert Systems, Cambridge, December
19:
is a portion of the agreed upon contract price deliberately withheld until the work is complete to assure that contractor or subcontractor will satisfy its obligations and complete a construction project. A
1134:
195:, escrow stakeholder accounts (monies held by a third party), parent company guarantees (guarantee of completion by the main contractor's parent organisation) or trust funds to hold retention monies.
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are unlikely to lead to defects. The organisation also wants small value contracts (less than £100,000) to become retention-free by 2021, as the risk to the main works is lower for these contracts.
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had a dramatic effect on the industry. Many of its sub-contractors lost large sums of money as £250 million in unpaid retention was lost when the business went into liquidation.
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is to carve out material costs from a withholding requirement on the theory that suppliers, unlike subcontractors, may not accept retainage provisions in their purchase orders.
487:
2071:
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negotiating the contract, usually based upon such factors as past performance and the likelihood that the contractor or subcontractor will perform well under the contract.
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payments owed to the supply chain put at risk. The use of retentions (which are considered a form of stage payments) can also render construction companies unsuitable for
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630:
186:, but the proposed scheme was not subsequently included within the Act. Following the collapse of Carillion there have been increased calls for retention reform. The
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There is limited use of alternatives to retention in the
British construction industry. However, there have been recent movements to try to effect change. The
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Retentions are used in several other countries. They are common in China, though in some cases the moiety payments are guaranteed by the
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contractors as a security against incomplete and defective works. This practice had spread across the industry by the mid-19th century.
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42:
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is money withheld by one party in a contract to act as security against incomplete or defective works. They have their origin in the
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leading to uncertainty on payment dates, increasing tensions between parties and putting monies at risk in cases of
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sub-contractors are also a key source of cash for main contractors, who may use them to finance new projects.
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on 9 January 2018 seeking to introduce protection to retention money but did not proceed through parliament.
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is an advance payment to a contractor at the start of a project to assist in the beginning of operations.
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industry group aimed to secure abolition of retentions by 2025, following an ambition outlined by the
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Office of
Federal Procurement Policy Act, Pub. L. No. 93-400, Section 5, 88 Stat. 796 (codified at "
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New clause 12—Payment practices: protection of retention monies in the construction industry
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671:"Could Scotland lead the way in improving the UK construction industry payment process?"
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1748:
1688:
564:"Financing Contractors in Developing Countries: Impact of Mobilization Advance Payment"
835:"The Reporting on Payment Practices and Performance Regulations 2017, Regulation 1(3)"
33:. There have been several proposals to replace the practice with alternative systems.
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applicable to large businesses. The reporting regulations lapsed on 6 April 2024.
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789:"Construction (Retention Deposit Schemes) Bill 2017-19 — UK Parliament"
413:" 1 (Foundation of the American Subcontractors Association, Inc. 2004).
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705:. Society of Incorporated Accountants and Auditors. 1989. p. 137.
1995:
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548:
Skrabak, C. Kelly; Jones, and
Heather A. "The State of Retainage".
356:
339:
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961:
AIA Document A511, "Guide for
Supplementary Conditions" at ¶ 9.3.1
1937:
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this one was omitted. The practice was reformed somewhat by the
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aff'd in part without opinion and rev'd in part without opinion,
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The practice of retainage dates back to the construction of the
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1885:
1773:
1718:
1463:
1290:
1200:
1153:
1107:
1053:"Stanley Group directors apologise to angry crowd of creditors"
1029:. 3. Bruner & O'Connor Construction Law § 8:18. June 2011.
822:
Construction supply chain payment charter (accessible webpage)
485:
2091:
1860:
1285:
1250:
992:, 3 Bruner & O'Connor Construction Law § 8:18. June 2011.
2141:
1205:
561:
497:. Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.
263:
it could be once a punch list of work has been completed.
1027:
Payment Process: Financing, Securing and Making Payment
990:
Payment Process: Financing, Securing and Making Payment
974:, Construction Briefings No. 2005-4, April 2005, at *2.
818:
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy
137:
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy
723:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 203.
225:
2016 JCT contract allows for retention-free projects.
2052:
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government
919:, published on 22 April 2024, accessed on 1 July 2024
2122:
Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors
203:A retention bond is a form of performance bond or
623:"Build UK agrees next steps on retentions reform"
562:Rameezdeen, R.; Palliyaguru, R.S; Amaratunga, D.
2380:
824:, updated 19 November 2021, accessed 30 May 2024
2352:Town and country planning in the United Kingdom
2162:Electrical Contractors' Association of Scotland
942:See McDevitt & Street Co. v. Marriott Corp.
411:Retainage Practice in the Construction Industry
2250:Association for Environment Conscious Building
715:
2202:National Federation of Demolition Contractors
2192:National Access and Scaffolding Confederation
1093:
1025:Bruner, Philip L.; O'Connor, Jr., Patrick J.
988:Bruner, Philip L.; O'Connor, Jr., Patrick J.
749:"Retentions and their use with NEC contracts"
2087:British Constructional Steelwork Association
746:
308:
2027:Chief Construction Adviser to UK Government
1109:Construction industry of the United Kingdom
773:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
521:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
279:
240:
2311:Building regulations in the United Kingdom
1100:
1086:
984:
982:
980:
293:" Currently, federal agencies such as the
191:contractor), retention bonds (see below),
2326:Development control in the United Kingdom
2127:Civil Engineering Contractors Association
2102:Building Engineering Services Association
1021:
1019:
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716:Milne, Robert W.; Macintosh, Ann (1999).
488:"Retentions in the Construction Industry"
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230:NEC Engineering and Construction Contract
172:Construction supply chain payment charter
2217:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
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970:C. Kelly Skrabak and Heather A. Jones,
889:, 9 February 2016, accessed 25 May 2024
664:
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592:"Item 01699.1010 M – Site Mobilization"
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36:
2042:Infrastructure and Projects Authority
1081:
668:
385:A-C Construction, Inc. v. Bakke Corp.
333:Retentions are used in Australia; in
2296:British Construction Industry Awards
2270:Energy efficiency in British housing
1063:from the original on 15 October 2019
1050:
863:from the original on 15 October 2019
851:Blundell, Steph (19 February 2019).
799:from the original on 21 October 2019
755:from the original on 2 November 2019
645:
633:from the original on 15 October 2019
612:
486:Pye Tait Consulting (October 2017).
416:
286:Office of Federal Procurement Policy
215:
2227:Society of Construction Arbitrators
2187:Institution of Structural Engineers
2157:Electrical Contractors' Association
1794:Sir Lindsay Parkinson & Company
1051:Hope, Sharnae (25 September 2019).
841:
737:
535:Ridge Sheet Metal Co. v. Morrell. "
13:
2057:National Infrastructure Commission
1704:Cleveland Bridge & Engineering
321:
284:In 1974, Congress established the
266:
198:
14:
2405:
2147:Construction Products Association
2032:Department for Business and Trade
53:
2363:
2362:
2232:Strategic Forum for Construction
2117:Centre for Digital Built Britain
681:from the original on 17 May 2019
305:have 'zero' retainage policies.
235:
123:The 2018 collapse of contractor
2207:National House Building Council
2197:National Federation of Builders
2112:Chartered Institute of Building
2107:Building Research Establishment
1044:
1032:
995:
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955:
935:
922:
905:
892:
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827:
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709:
693:
504:from the original on 2019-07-25
303:US Department of Transportation
299:General Services Administration
160:Construction Leadership Council
2331:Modern methods of construction
2182:Institution of Civil Engineers
952:948 F.2d 1281 (4th Cir. 1991).
853:"What's wrong with retention?"
584:
555:
542:
529:
378:
1:
2316:Building regulations approval
2172:Federation of Master Builders
2137:Construction Industry Council
2037:Health & Safety Executive
1739:Holland, Hannen & Cubitts
1125:Economy of the United Kingdom
913:Your Guide to Retention Bonds
669:Olson, Kirsti (15 May 2019).
372:
43:United Kingdom railway system
2222:Scottish Building Federation
1759:Leonard Fairclough & Son
1005:"). Enacted August 20, 1974.
7:
2212:Refined Bitumen Association
2132:Construction Clients' Group
1799:Sir William Arrol & Co.
1643:Taylor Woodrow Construction
345:
10:
2410:
2260:Code for Sustainable Homes
391:, 226 (Or. Ct. App. 1998).
328:Agricultural Bank of China
2360:
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2280:UK Green Building Council
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2167:Electrical Safety Council
2070:
2017:
1978:
1823:
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1115:
932:, accessed on 1 July 2024
675:Scottish Construction Now
309:Alternatives to retainage
73:
2177:Home Builders Federation
2047:Local planning authority
1953:Tarmac Building Products
280:Federal retainage policy
241:Creation and enforcement
222:Joint Contracts Tribunal
2152:Constructing Excellence
1871:Heidelberg Materials UK
1613:McLaughlin & Harvey
1986:Blue Circle Industries
972:The State of Retainage
930:Using a Retention Bond
902:, accessed 25 May 2024
552:. 2005. 4. April 2005.
550:Construction Briefings
258:Substantially Complete
143:was introduced to the
2062:Planning Inspectorate
1754:John Brogden and Sons
1301:Turner & Townsend
883:Public Bill Committee
295:Department of Defense
210:Fair Payment Campaign
176:reporting regulations
118:Construction Act 2011
114:Construction Act 1998
99:Development in the UK
1831:Aggregate Industries
1804:Trollope & Colls
1623:J. Murphy & Sons
409:Bausman, Dennis C. "
289:regulation states, "
141:private members bill
131:Proposed replacement
68:mobilization payment
2342:Planning permission
2275:Good Homes Alliance
1749:John Aird & Co.
1628:Sir Robert McAlpine
1504:Stewart Milne Group
900:Enterprise Act 2016
188:Scottish Government
184:Enterprise Act 2016
93:accounts receivable
37:History and purpose
2337:New Civil Engineer
1169:Architecture firms
881:House of Commons,
793:Parliament Website
747:NEC (8 May 2019).
627:Construction Index
495:British Government
2376:
2375:
2321:Construction News
2020:regulatory bodies
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
1960:Tata Steel Europe
1896:Kingspan Off-Site
1812:
1811:
1779:Pauling & Co.
1653:VolkerFitzpatrick
1532:
1531:
948:" E.D. Va. 1989.
216:Contractual basis
193:performance bonds
182:inclusion in the
2401:
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2306:Building control
1913:Painter Brothers
1821:
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1633:Speller Metcalfe
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946:713 F. Supp. 906
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917:Witan Solicitors
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898:UK Legislation,
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629:. 10 July 2019.
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362:Cost contingency
352:Construction law
338:main contractor
145:House of Commons
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2005:
1974:
1808:
1769:Melville Dundas
1679:Alfred McAlpine
1667:
1648:Tilbury Douglas
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165:temporary works
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5:
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2242:Sustainability
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2209:
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2199:
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2023:
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2018:Government and
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
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2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
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1980:
1976:
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1962:
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1368:Charles Church
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1184:Faithful+Gould
1176:
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389:"956 P.2d 219"
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1714:Connaught plc
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1558:BAM Construct
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1524:Wilson Bowden
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1519:William Leech
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1484:George Wimpey
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1143:Consultancies
1141:
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730:9781852330873
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659:
657:
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651:
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616:
600:
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572:
571:www.irbnet.de
565:
558:
551:
545:
538:
537:517 A.2d 1133
532:
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306:
304:
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296:
292:
287:
277:
273:
264:
255:
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247:
236:United States
233:
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157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
128:
126:
121:
119:
115:
110:
109:Latham Report
105:
96:
94:
91:(the sale of
90:
84:
80:
71:
69:
64:
60:
51:
47:
44:
34:
32:
27:
26:Railway Mania
23:
18:
2394:Contract law
2389:Construction
2367:
1928:Saint-Gobain
1923:RMD Kwikform
1903:London Brick
1539:construction
1499:McLean Homes
1479:Comben Homes
1474:Bryant Homes
1438:United House
1261:Pick Everard
1221:Elliott Wood
1196:Buro Happold
1120:Construction
1065:. Retrieved
1056:
1046:
1039:"FAR 32.103"
1034:
1026:
997:
989:
971:
966:
957:
949:
941:
937:
924:
916:
907:
894:
877:
865:. Retrieved
856:
829:
813:
801:. Retrieved
792:
783:
757:. Retrieved
718:
711:
701:
695:
683:. Retrieved
674:
635:. Retrieved
626:
602:. Retrieved
598:
586:
574:. Retrieved
570:
557:
549:
544:
531:
506:. Retrieved
494:
384:
380:
332:
325:
316:
312:
290:
283:
274:
270:
261:
252:
248:
244:
227:
219:
209:
202:
180:
171:
169:
153:
149:Peter Aldous
134:
122:
106:
102:
85:
81:
77:
67:
65:
61:
57:
48:
40:
21:
16:
15:
1943:Speedy Hire
1876:Hope Cement
1724:Dorman Long
1568:Cementation
1563:BAM Nuttall
1489:Ideal Homes
1433:Tilia Homes
1373:Countryside
1145:and support
911:Somji, Q.,
702:Accountancy
604:December 5,
576:December 5,
539:" Md. 1986.
2383:Categories
2347:Retentions
2082:Actuate UK
1918:Pilkington
1694:Buckingham
1583:Interserve
1537:Integrated
1494:Ilke Homes
1363:CALA Homes
1306:Wood Group
1296:Tetra Tech
1067:21 October
928:Build UK,
867:21 October
803:21 October
759:27 October
685:26 October
637:26 October
508:2019-10-15
373:References
367:Punch list
301:, and the
31:insolvency
1856:Buildbase
1817:Suppliers
1699:Carillion
1638:Robertson
1603:Lendlease
1413:Persimmon
1393:Lendlease
1276:RPS Group
1236:Hoare Lea
1135:Companies
357:Contracts
205:insurance
125:Carillion
107:The 1994
89:factoring
22:retention
17:Retainage
2369:Category
2301:Building
2265:EcoHomes
2097:Build UK
2072:Industry
1970:Wolseley
1933:Shepherd
1891:Kingspan
1881:HSS Hire
1866:Forterra
1709:Clugston
1514:Westbury
1469:Broseley
1388:Keepmoat
1348:Berkeley
1323:builders
1147:services
1061:Archived
861:Archived
797:Archived
769:cite web
753:Archived
679:Archived
631:Archived
517:cite web
499:Archived
346:See also
340:Mainzeal
156:Build UK
1991:Redland
1979:Defunct
1846:Breedon
1841:Ashtead
1824:Current
1764:Linford
1672:Defunct
1573:Costain
1546:Current
1459:Ashtons
1452:Defunct
1383:Gleeson
1343:Bellway
1338:Barratt
1331:Current
1281:Stantec
1271:Ramboll
1211:Cundall
1191:Bierrum
1164:Arcadis
1041:(2011).
2255:BREEAM
2074:bodies
2001:Tarmac
1948:Tarmac
1886:Jewson
1851:Brogan
1774:Mowlem
1744:Jarvis
1719:Dawnus
1588:Keller
1464:Beazer
1443:Vistry
1418:Redrow
1403:Miller
1291:Systra
1241:Jacobs
1201:Capita
1179:Atkins
1154:AKT II
727:
297:, the
74:Impact
2333:(MMC)
2289:Other
2092:BSRIA
1861:Cemex
1836:Artex
1789:Shand
1731:(and
1689:Bovis
1684:Birse
1658:Wates
1353:Bloor
1321:House
1286:Sweco
1251:Mitie
1057:Stuff
595:(PDF)
567:(PDF)
502:(PDF)
491:(PDF)
2142:CITB
1608:Mace
1593:Kier
1408:Muir
1358:Boot
1246:Mace
1216:Egis
1206:COWI
1174:Arup
1159:Amey
1069:2019
869:2019
805:2019
775:link
761:2019
725:ISBN
720:1998
687:2019
639:2019
606:2019
578:2019
523:link
228:The
220:The
170:The
154:The
1996:RMC
1938:SIG
1784:Rok
1729:HBG
1311:WSP
1231:GHD
1226:ERM
944:, "
147:by
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