2242:, to tribal members brought before tribal courts. Still, the court concluded, "it is pure fiction to say that the Indian courts functioning in the Fort Belknap Indian community are not in part, at least, arms of the federal government. Originally they were created by federal executive and imposed upon the Indian community, and to this day the federal government still maintains a partial control over them." In the end however, the Ninth Circuit limited its decision to the particular reservation in question and stated, "it does not follow from our decision that the tribal court must comply with every constitutional restriction that is applicable to federal or state courts."
555:
58:
184:
6384:
849:
816:
into modest parcels to be distributed to Indian families, and those remaining were auctioned off to white purchasers. Indians who accepted the farmland and became "civilized" were made
American citizens. But the Act itself proved disastrous for Indians, as much tribal land was lost, and cultural traditions destroyed. Whites benefited the most; for example, when the government made 2 million acres (8,100 km) of Indian lands available in Oklahoma, 50,000 white settlers poured in almost instantly to claim it all (in a period of one day, April 22, 1889).
2319: (1990), the Supreme Court held that a tribal court does not have criminal jurisdiction over a non-member Indian, but that tribes "also possess their traditional and undisputed power to exclude persons who they deem to be undesirable from tribal lands. ... Tribal law enforcement authorities have the power if necessary, to eject them. Where jurisdiction to try and punish an offender rests outside the tribe, tribal officers may exercise their power to detain and transport him to the proper authorities." In response to this decision, Congress passed the '
2412:
2723:(EPA). In 1974, the EPA became the first U.S. federal agency to release an Indian Policy, which established the model of environmental federalism operational today. Under this model, the federal EPA sets water, air, and waste disposal standards, but delegates enforcement authority and the opportunity to design stricter environmental regulations to each state. Enforcement authority over Native American territory, however, remains under federal EPA jurisdiction, unless a given tribe applies for and is granted Treatment as State (TAS) status.
2420:
2552:. However, most Native American land is held in trust by the United States, and federal law still regulates the economic rights of tribal governments and political rights. Tribal jurisdiction over persons and things within tribal borders are often at issue. While tribal criminal jurisdiction over Native Americans is reasonably well settled, tribes are still striving to achieve criminal jurisdiction over non-Native persons who commit crimes in Indian Country. This is largely due to the Supreme Court's ruling in 1978 in
696:
505:
2213:. This opinion stated that sovereign powers inhered in Indian tribes except for where they were restricted by Congress. The opinion stated that "Conquest has brought the Indian tribes under the control of Congress, but except as Congress has expressly restricted or limited the internal powers of sovereignty vested in the Indian tribes such powers are still vested in the respective tribes and may be exercised by their duly constituted organs of government."
547:
2876:(1974) also known as the Boldt Decision (concerning off-reservation fishing rights: holding that Indians had an easement to go through private property to their fishing locations, that the state could not charge Indians a fee to fish, that the state could not discriminate against the tribes in the method of fishing allowed, and that the Indians had a right to a fair and equitable share of the harvest)
2615:. Chief Justice Marshall found that "England had treated the tribes as sovereign and negotiated treaties of alliance with them. The United States followed suit, thus continuing the practice of recognizing tribal sovereignty. When the United States assumed the role of protector of the tribes, it neither denied nor destroyed their sovereignty." As determined in the Supreme Court case
2598:
to regulate
Commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes". This determined that Indian tribes were separate from the federal or state governments and that the states did not have power to regulate commerce with the tribes, much less regulate the tribes. The states and tribal nations have clashed over many issues such as
2634:(Creek) Nation in 1997 for rape and that the case should have been tried in federal court since Congress had never officially dissolved the reservation in question. The ruling's expansion of jurisdiction sovereignty also opened the possibility for Native Americans to obtain more power in alcohol regulation and casino gambling.
801:
Government "has the right and authority, instead of controlling them by treaties, to govern them by acts of
Congress, they being within the geographical limit of the United States. ... The Indians owe no allegiance to a State within which their reservation may be established, and the State gives them no protection."
2366:
specifically taken from them by treaty or
Congressional Act". This means American Indians do not have exactly the same rights of citizenship as other American citizens. The court cited case law from a pre-1924 case that said, "when Indians are prepared to exercise the privileges and bear the burdens of"
2738:
as stratified by socioeconomic status; EO 13007 ordered the protection of Native
American cultural sites. Since the passage of EO 12898 and EO 13007, tribal prosecutors have litigated extensively against the federal government and industry polluters over land use and jurisdiction with varying degrees
822:
The evolution of the relationship between tribal governments and federal governments has been glued together through partnerships and agreements. Also running into problems of course such as finances which also led to not being able to have a stable social and political structure at the helm of these
2597:
Another dispute over
American Indian government is its sovereignty versus that of the states. The federal U.S. government has always been the government that makes treaties with Indian tribes – not individual states. Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution states that "Congress shall have the power
2790:
regarding land and natural resource sovereignty has been posed by the modern real estate market. While Native
Nations have made substantial progress in land and resource sovereignty, such authority is limited to land classified as 'Native American owned.' In the private real estate market, however,
2543:
The idea that tribes have an inherent right to govern themselves is at the foundation of their constitutional status – the power is not delegated by congressional acts. Congress can, however, limit tribal sovereignty. Unless a treaty or federal statute removes a power, however, the tribe is assumed
2491:
Tribal and pueblo governments today launch far-reaching economic ventures, operate growing law enforcement agencies, and adopt codes to govern conduct within their jurisdiction, while the United States retains control over the scope of tribal law making. Laws adopted by Native
American governments
774:
On April 10, 1883, five years after establishing Indian police powers throughout the various reservations, the Indian
Commissioner approved rules for a "court of Indian offenses". The court provided a venue for prosecuting criminal charges but afforded no relief for tribes seeking to resolve civil
815:
Passed by
Congress in 1887, the "Dawes Act" was named for Senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts, Chairman of the Senate's Indian Affairs Committee. It came as another crucial step in attacking the tribal aspect of the Indians of the time. In essence, the act broke up the land of most all tribes
749:
That hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty: Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or
778:
While U.S. courts clarified some of the rights and responsibilities of states and the federal government toward the Indian nations within the new nation's first century, it was almost another century before United States courts determined what powers remained vested in the tribal nations. In the
2675:
established a trust relationship between the United States and tribal territories. This gave the U.S. federal government primary jurisdictional authority over tribal land use, while maintaining tribal members' rights to reside on their land and access its resources. Similarly, in 1841, a treaty
2608:
in 1968, it was ruled that "the establishment of a reservation by treaty, statute or agreement includes an implied right of Indians to hunt and fish on that reservation free of regulation by the state". States have tried to extend their power over the tribes in many other instances, but federal
2590:
744:
had two significant sections. First, the Act ended United States recognition of additional Native American tribes or independent nations and prohibited additional treaties. Thus, it required the federal government no longer interact with the various tribes through treaties, but rather through
2372:, i.e. of one's own right and not under the power of someone else, "the tribal relation may be dissolved and the national guardianship brought to an end, but it rests with Congress to determine when and how this shall be done, and whether the emancipation shall be complete or only partial" (
800:
over all Native American tribes within its borders by rationalization that "The power of the general government over these remnants of a race once powerful ... is necessary to their protection as well as to the safety of those among whom they dwell". The Supreme Court affirmed that the U.S.
2483:
against many lawsuits, unless a plaintiff is granted a waiver by the tribe or by congressional abrogation. The sovereignty extends to tribal enterprises and tribal casinos or gaming commissions. The Indian Civil Rights Act does not allow actions against an Indian tribe in federal court for
633:, "There were Indians, also, in several, and probably in most, of the states at that period, who were not treated as citizens, and yet, who did not form a part of independent communities or tribes, exercising general sovereignty and powers of government within the boundaries of the states."
2365:
defendants convicted of adultery under tribal laws, and another challenging a tax from the tribe, were not exempted from the tribal justice system because they had been granted U.S. citizenship. It found that tribes "still possess their inherent sovereignty excepting only when it has been
2928:, 236 Wis. 2d 384 (2000) (holding that tribal courts deserve full faith and credit since they are the court of an independent sovereign; however, in order to end confusion, cases that are filed in state and tribal courts require consultation of both courts before they are decided.)
2602:, fishing, and hunting. American Indians believed that they had treaties between their ancestors and the United States government, protecting their right to fish, while non-Indians believed the states were responsible for regulating commercial and sports fishing. In the case
3855:
Green, Michael D. and Perdue, Theda. However, England ceased to exist as a sovereign entity in 1707 to be replaced by Great Britain. Chief Justice Marshall's incorrect use of terminology appears to weaken the argument. The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears. Viking,
639:
of the Constitution states that "Congress shall have the power to regulate Commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes", determining that Indian tribes were separate from the federal government, the states, and foreign nations;
2386:
over Indians." The court held that, "the granting of citizenship in itself did not destroy ... jurisdiction of the Indian tribal courts and ... there was no intention on the part of Congress to do so." The adultery conviction and the power of tribal courts were upheld.
2231:, which gave some states extensive jurisdiction over the criminal and civil controversies involving Indians on Indian lands. Many, especially Indians, continue to believe the law unfair because it imposed a system of laws on the tribal nations without their approval.
2523:
taxed. In Article I Section 8, Clause 3, Congress is empowered to "regulate commerce with foreign nations…states…and with the Indian tribes." Technically, Congress has no more power over Indian nations than it does over individual states. In the 1970s,
2274:
filed a dissenting opinion). But the case left unanswered some questions, including whether tribal courts could use criminal contempt powers against non-Indians to maintain decorum in the courtroom, or whether tribal courts could subpoena non-Indians.
2818:
announced that as territorial governments they have protected the Yurok-Tolowa-Dee-ni' Indigenous Marine Stewardship Area of 700 square miles (1,800 km) of ocean waters and coastline reaching from Oregon to just south of Trinidad in the
2950:
591 U.S. ___ (2020) (holding that if Congress did not expressly disestablish a reservation, the state wherein the reservation lies has no jurisdiction to prosecute crimes involving Indian defendants or Indian victims under the Major Crimes
2890:, 435 U.S. 191 (1978) (holding that Indian tribal courts do not have inherent criminal jurisdiction to try and to punish non-Indians, and hence may not assume such jurisdiction unless specifically authorized to do so by Congress.)
779:
interim, as a trustee charged with protecting their interests and property, the federal government was legally entrusted with ownership and administration of the assets, land, water, and treaty rights of the tribal nations.
2770:
revisited The Declaration and declared that the U.S. government now supported it; however, as of December 2022, the requirements of The Declaration have still not been adopted into U.S. law. As recently as 2015, the
5088:
2581:); the Choctaw have never exercised their right to do so since they were given the power and the Cherokee had not done so until appointing a delegate in 2019, though this delegate has not been accepted by Congress.
2201:. Though the Act did not specifically recognize the Courts of Indian Offenses, 1934 is widely considered to be the year when tribal authority, rather than United States authority, gave the tribal courts legitimacy.
2898:, 455 U.S. 130 (1982) (holding that Indian Nations have the power to tax Non-Native Americans based on their power as a nation and treaty rights to exclude others; this right can be curtailed only by Congress.)
3998:
Mandleco, Sarah (2002). "Surviving a State's Challenge to the EPA's Grant of Treatment as State Status under the Clean Water Act: One Tribe's Story State of Wisconsin v. EPA and Sokaogon Chippewa Community".
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and the need for weapons testing sites, for which the U.S. federal government often selected former and current tribal territories in the southwestern deserts. Uranium mines were constructed upstream of
2390:
Further, the court held that whilst no law had directly established tribal courts, federal funding "including pay and other expenses of judges of Indian courts" implied that they were legitimate courts.
3812:
2291:
Other cases of those years precluded states from interfering with tribal nations' sovereignty. Tribal sovereignty is dependent on, and subordinate to, only the federal government, not states, under
2862:, 197 U.S. 488 (1905) (holding that Congress has the power to place the Indians under state law if it chooses, and the ban on selling liquor does not apply to Indians subject to the Allotment acts)
623:
2253:. In the modern legal era, the courts and Congress have, however, further refined the often competing jurisdictions of tribal nations, states and the United States in regard to Indian law.
592:
forged the U.S. into a more centralized and nationalistic country, fueling a "full bore assault on tribal culture and institutions", and pressure for Native Americans to assimilate. In the
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reservations in Arizona and Nevada, measurably contaminating Native American water supply through the 1940s and 1950s with lasting impacts to this day. The Nevada desert was also a common
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603:" and uses its own legal system to define the relationship between the federal, state, and tribal governments. The U.S. recognizes 574 tribal nations, 229 of which are in Alaska. The
533:
4761:
760:
The 1871 Act also made it a federal crime to commit murder, manslaughter, rape, assault with intent to kill, arson, burglary, and larceny within any Territory of the United States.
728:(1832), which laid out the relationship between tribes and the state and federal governments, stating that the federal government was the sole authority to deal with Indian nations.
2519:
address the handling of "Indians not taxed" in the apportionment of the seats of the House of Representatives according to population and in so doing suggest that Indians need not
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298:
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lands within its reservation when their "conduct threatens or has some direct effect on the political integrity, the economic security, or the health or welfare of the tribe."
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2249:
with state courts, the nations still have no direct access to U.S. courts. When an Indian nation files suit against a state in U.S. court, they do so with the approval of the
4237:
2197:, codified as Title 25, Section 476 of the U.S. Code, allowed Indian nations to select from a catalogue of constitutional documents that enumerated powers for tribes and for
3751:
2795:
have made a practice of buying out individual landowners in Native American residential areas, subsequently using that land to build mines or factories which increase local
2175:), granted all non-citizen resident Indians citizenship. Thus the Revenue Act declared that there were no longer any "Indians, not taxed" to be not counted for purposes of
5197:
914:
636:
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2507:
as inadequate to allow them to perform necessary judicial functions, such as hiring officials trained in law, and prosecuting cases neglected by the federal government.
2142:
in 1942. The Revenue Act was applicable to incomes for 1924. The bottom rate, on income under $ 4,000, fell from 1.5% to 1.125% (both rates are after reduction by the "
675:, has ultimate authority with regard to matters affecting the Indian tribes. Federal courts give greater deference to Congress on Indian matters than on other subjects.
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that tribes lack the inherent authority to arrest, try and convict non-Natives who commit crimes on their lands (see below for additional discussion on this point.)
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These constitutional provisions, and subsequent interpretations by the Supreme Court (see below), are today often summarized in three principles of U.S. Indian law:
5923:
3016:
2832:
2073:
607:
explains, "Native peoples and governments have inherent rights and a political relationship with the U.S. government that does not derive from race or ethnicity."
681:: The federal government has a "duty to protect" the tribes, implying (courts have found) the necessary legislative and executive authorities to effect that duty.
6244:
2977:
3963:
Teodoro, Manuel P.; Haider, Mellie; Switzer, David (October 24, 2016). "U.S. Environmental Policy Implementation on Tribal Lands: Trust, Neglect, and Justice".
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703:
The Marshall Trilogy is a set of three Supreme Court decisions in the early nineteenth century affirming the legal and political standing of Indian nations.
627:
2868:, 129 F. Supp. 15 (1955) (holding that tribes have power to create and change their court system and that power is limited only by Congress, not the courts)
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Following industrialization, the 1800s brought many challenges to tribal sovereignty over tribal members' occupied lands in the United States. In 1831,
737:
Originally, the United States had recognized the Indian Tribes as independent nations, but after the Civil War, the U.S. suddenly changed its approach.
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6229:
2779:
which serves as drinking water for the Navajo and Hopi downstream. The federal EPA appropriated $ 156,000 in reparations for Gold King Mine, while the
2465:
expanded the criminal jurisdiction of tribes over non-Indian perpetrators of domestic violence that occur in Indian Country when the victim is Indian.
2012:
1885:
6251:
6178:
2856:, 152 U.S. 570 (1894) (holding that lager beer is not spiritous liquor nor wine within the meaning of those terms as used in Revised Statutes § 2139)
2029:
1953:
1870:
519:
2323:
Fix', which recognizes the power of tribes to exercise criminal jurisdiction within their reservations over all Indians, including non-members. The
6273:
5938:
5139:
5121:
4926:
4666:
4430:
4275:
Hays, Joel Stanford. "Twisting the Law: Legal Inconsistencies in Andrew Jackson's Treatment of Native-American Sovereignty and State Sovereignty."
2044:
1880:
1860:
858:
237:
4992:
3945:
2747:
3713:
Light, Steven Andrew, and Kathryn R.L. Rand. Indian Gaming and Tribal Sovereignty: The Casino Compromise. University Press of Kansas, 2005. (19)
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promoted the ability of tribes to self-govern and make decisions concerning their people. In dealing with Indian policy, a separate agency, the
6545:
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4546:
352:
2415:
Map of states with US federally recognized tribes marked in yellow. Hawaii and the states that removed all of their tribes are marked in gray.
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1997:
1553:
1056:
919:
439:
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ceding extensive lands to the U.S., but maintaining usufructuary rights to fishing, hunting, and gathering in perpetuity on all ceded land.
2479:
While tribal nations do not enjoy direct access to U.S. courts to bring cases against individual states, as sovereign nations they do enjoy
2454:
that tribes have no jurisdiction over non-Indians. Tribal courts maintain much criminal jurisdiction over their members, and because of the
6615:
6268:
6261:
6198:
6161:
6050:
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Robert J. McCarthy, The Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Federal Trust Obligation to American Indians, 19 BYU J. PUB. L. 1 (December, 2004)
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2515:
The United States Constitution specifically mentions American Indians three times. Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 and the Section 2 of the
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2039:
1973:
1809:
1134:
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states that "Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States ... excluding Indians not taxed." According to
386:
4403:
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Some tribal lands, most commonly in Oklahoma, are held by the tribe according to the original patent deed and thus are not trust property.
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6168:
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1943:
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290:
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1958:
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328:
302:
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At the dawn of the 21st century, the powers of tribal courts across the United States varied, depending on whether the tribe was in a
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wrote the solicitor's opinion, "Powers of Indian Tribes" which was issued October 25, 1934, and commented on the wording of the
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6472:
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4343:
2932:
2638:
2266:, concluded that tribal courts do not have jurisdiction over non-Indians (the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at that time,
1918:
17:
720:(1831), holding the Cherokee nation dependent, with a relationship to the United States like that of a "ward to its guardian".
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1938:
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1563:
1139:
909:
839:
604:
245:
3865:
Lemont, Eric D. American Indian Constitutional Reform and the Rebuilding of Native Nations. University of Texas Press, 2006.
2882:, 393 F. Supp. 719 (holding that tribal law and not state law governs the custody of children domiciled on reservation land)
2284:, clarified that tribal nations possess inherent power over their internal affairs, and civil authority over non-members on
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418:
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6501:
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5998:
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Robert J. McCarthy, Civil Rights in Tribal Courts; The Indian Bill of Rights at 30 Years, 34 IDAHO LAW REVIEW 465 (1998).
2999:
2792:
2684:
2034:
1720:
3704:
Wilkinson, Charles. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. p 189. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005.
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30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1 (1831) (established trust relationship between Native American lands and the U.S. federal government)
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6193:
6173:
6019:
6014:
5254:
5081:
4909:
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Wilkinson, Charles. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. p151. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005.
3574:
3037:
2886:
2799:. There is not regulation or legislation in place to sufficiently curb this practice at the rate necessary to preserve
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1968:
1948:
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68:
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2017:
1963:
1558:
1009:
994:
616:
426:
3723:
6291:
6131:
5299:
4578:
3069:
2922:, 272 F.2d 131 (holding that the First Amendment does not apply to Indian nations unless it is applied by Congress)
2820:
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2574:
2504:
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1913:
1014:
447:
315:
294:
224:
220:
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2002:
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2147:
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2007:
1933:
1405:
989:
879:
750:
impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe.
668:
3126:
2548:
recognizes this sovereignty and stresses the government-to-government relations between the United States and
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6692:
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6126:
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320:
277:
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2850:, 70 U.S. 407 (1866) (holding that a congressional ban on selling liquor to the Indians was constitutional)
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1335:
1034:
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2400:
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Conference of Western Attorneys General, American Indian Law Deskbook, University Press of Colorado, 2004
3257:
2989:
2904:, 551 F. Supp. 1020 (1982) (holding that federal, not state courts have jurisdiction over tribal members)
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468:
286:
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57:
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With crime twice as high on Indian lands, federal funding of tribal courts has been criticized by the
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4825:
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4610:
4390: (archived 2013-01-10) – details racism and attack on tribal sovereignty regarding eagle feathers
4020:"Traditional Ecological Knowledge Policy Considerations for Abandoned Uranium Mines on Navajo Nation"
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2222:
2210:
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2135:
1640:
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recognized American Indian tribes as independent nations and came to policy agreements with them via
206:
171:
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concluded that no law had ever extended provisions of the U.S. Constitution, including the right of
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5689:
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4169:"Engaging Colonial Entanglements: "Treatment as a State" Policy for Indigenous Water Co-Governance"
2936:(U.S. 2003) (holding that tribal sovereignty may override the search and seizure powers of a state)
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2280:
2250:
1715:
1585:
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1417:
357:
310:
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government ruling has continuously ruled in favor of tribal sovereignty. A seminal court case was
596:, Congress prohibited any future treaties. This move was steadfastly opposed by Native Americans.
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4226:
Examining EPA's Unacceptable Response to Indian Tribes. Congressional Hearing, 2016-04-22, 2016.
3440:"Historical Tribal Sovereignty & Relations | Native American Financial Services Association"
2910:, 798 F. Supp. 94 (1992) (holding that tribes have sovereign immunity against state tort claims)
2734:
released executive orders 12898 (1994) and 13007 (1996). EO 12898 affirmed disparate impacts of
2676:
between the U.S. federal government and the Mole Lake Band of Sokaogon Chippewa resulted in the
775:
matters. Another five years later, Congress began providing funds to operate the Indian courts.
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4498:
3283:
Indian tribes as sovereign governments: a sourcebook on federal-tribal history, law, and policy
3079:
2972:
2599:
2472:
limited tribal punishment to one year in jail and a $ 5,000 fine, but this was expanded by the
2378:
1645:
1580:
1523:
1029:
924:
373:
273:
160:
3778:
3439:
2621:(1916), U.S. citizens are subject to all U.S. laws even if they also have tribal citizenship.
2403: (8th Cir. 1956) ("including pay and other expenses of judges of Indian courts").
6510:
5796:
5781:
5776:
5555:
5501:
5388:
5348:
5311:
5212:
5182:
4789:
4706:
4482:
4283:
Macklem, Patrick (1993). "Distributing Sovereignty: Indian Nations and Equality of Peoples".
4242:
3640:
3615:
3503:
2727:
2617:
2338:
2329:
2313:
2246:
1528:
1513:
1508:
1279:
1221:
1094:
1064:
1019:
460:
422:
5605:
4373:
4369:
3752:"The Cherokee Nation Is Entitled to a Delegate in Congress. But Will They Finally Send One?"
3688:
1331:
6820:
5711:
5516:
5476:
5438:
5269:
4474:
2611:
2143:
1821:
1441:
1236:
1196:
1158:
984:
724:
509:
402:
4207:
4102:
8:
6481:
6398:
6062:
5766:
5721:
5623:
5593:
5540:
5451:
5378:
4982:
4458:
4285:
2807:
2092:
1826:
1498:
1453:
1349:
1319:
1262:
1171:
1084:
708:
489:
6307:
6427:
6410:
6404:
6057:
5948:
5903:
5870:
5681:
5669:
5665:
5550:
5320:
5289:
5172:
5021:
5002:
4807:
4795:
4783:
4777:
4744:
4404:
Sovereignty Revisited: International Law and Parallel Sovereignty of Indigenous Peoples
4302:
4190:
4044:
4019:
3643:
3549:
3473:
3180:
2946:
2916:, 798 F. Supp. 94 (holding that tribes have power to recognize and legislate adoptions)
2780:
2626:
2533:
2493:
2411:
2341:
2316:
1814:
1650:
1575:
1409:
1397:
1393:
1274:
1144:
1024:
1004:
939:
894:
589:
581:
241:
233:
3618:
3413:
2630:
that the state of Oklahoma acted outside its jurisdiction when trying a member of the
646:, Section 2 amends the apportionment of representatives in Article I, Section 2 above.
5835:
5601:
5567:
4997:
4722:
4634:
4506:
4365:
4321:
4194:
4124:
4049:
3980:
3784:
2994:
2383:
2271:
2263:
1630:
1327:
1291:
712:(1823), holding that private citizens could not purchase lands from Native Americans.
4355:
From Marshall to Marshall: The Supreme Court's Changing Stance on Tribal Sovereignty
4338:
6748:
6727:
6146:
6083:
6078:
5698:
5545:
5496:
5239:
5187:
4294:
4180:
4114:
4039:
4031:
3972:
2578:
2160:
2105:
1928:
1776:
1770:
1428:
1269:
1216:
954:
904:
215:
5089:
United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
4378:
4359:
4035:
3578:
2419:
695:
5707:
5693:
5639:
5491:
5177:
5162:
5009:
4738:
4658:
4562:
4530:
4347:
4328:
4214:
3877:"Supreme Court gives Native Americans jurisdiction over eastern half of Oklahoma"
3304:
3282:
2940:
2180:
1437:
1421:
1365:
1211:
899:
884:
481:
451:
127:
2445:(PL280) state (Alaska, California, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oregon, and Wisconsin).
6121:
5771:
5466:
5461:
5363:
5234:
5229:
5066:
4843:
4514:
3846:
Canby Jr., William C. American Indian Law. p449. St. Paul, MN: West Group 1998.
3331:"The Most Significant Indian Law Decision in a Century | The Regulatory Review"
2776:
2743:
2735:
2442:
2228:
2206:
2198:
1903:
1875:
1503:
1186:
1181:
944:
585:
344:
550:
Map of the contiguous United States with reservation lands excluded as of 2003
6794:
5932:
5751:
5589:
5571:
5559:
5536:
5481:
5353:
5284:
5167:
5147:
5071:
5056:
4674:
4387:
4128:
4119:
3984:
2751:
2716:
2689:
2658:
2646:
2545:
2485:
2455:
2424:
2304:
2267:
2239:
2124:
1599:
1483:
1315:
1295:
1283:
1258:
1201:
1069:
999:
889:
869:
797:
135:
115:
78:
5627:
3689:"Broken Promises: Continuing Federal Funding Shortfall for Native Americans"
3377:
25 U.S.C. § 71. Indian Appropriation Act of March 3, 1871, 16 Stat. 544, 566
1353:
504:
6422:
5731:
5673:
5152:
4885:
4334:
The Avalon Project: Treaties Between the United States and Native Americans
4053:
3657:
Local IV-302 Int'l Woodworkers Union of Am. v. Menominee Tribal Enterprises
2767:
2731:
2705:
2436:
2362:
1625:
1463:
1401:
874:
5865:
5756:
5597:
5585:
5531:
5521:
5486:
5471:
5446:
5368:
5249:
5099:
4987:
4185:
4168:
3900:"U.S. Supreme Court deems half of Oklahoma a Native American reservation"
3813:"Citing treaties, Cherokees call on Congress to seat delegate from tribe"
3052:
2759:
1488:
1323:
1311:
1251:
1241:
1206:
1191:
1166:
964:
658:
3683:
3209:
2645:
maintains three state-level non-voting seats for representatives of the
2295:(1980). Tribes are sovereign over tribal members and tribal land, under
6029:
5726:
5716:
5703:
5661:
5631:
5580:
5456:
5061:
4306:
2584:
2285:
2168:
2113:
1458:
1448:
1433:
1389:
1357:
1306:
1176:
494:
202:
143:
131:
4238:"Tribal Nations Designate First US Indigenous Marine Stewardship Area"
3976:
2510:
546:
6416:
5953:
5860:
5746:
5736:
5656:
5647:
5526:
4813:
4801:
2967:
2755:
2664:
2654:
2368:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1478:
1468:
1384:
1373:
1246:
810:
4298:
2561:
As a result of a pair of treaties in 1830s, two tribal nations (the
2496:
of the Department of Interior through the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
5855:
5761:
5651:
5643:
5619:
5614:
5373:
4438:
2709:
2650:
2631:
2589:
2562:
2461:, also over non-member Indians regarding crime on tribal land. The
1675:
1493:
1377:
1369:
1345:
1340:
1079:
661:
and is not granted by the states in which Indian lands are located.
610:
92:
6046:
List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations
5974:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
3058:
List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes
2902:
American Indian Agricultural Credit Consortium, Inc. v. Fredericks
2245:
While many modern courts in Indian nations today have established
1696:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
5428:
5358:
4762:
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
3946:"Passamaquoddy, Penobscot tribes withdraw from Maine Legislature"
3247:
American Indian Policy Center. 2005. St. Paul, MN. 4 October 2008
2880:
Wisconsin Potowatomies of Hannahville Indian Community v. Houston
2566:
1104:
1099:
1074:
139:
3724:"Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies"
3632:
Oklahoma Tax Comm'n v. Citizen Band of Potawatomi Tribe of Okla.
2571:
non-voting members to the United States House of Representatives
2293:
Washington v. Confederated Tribes of Colville Indian Reservation
790:
The 1871 Act was affirmed in 1886 by the U.S. Supreme Court, in
2763:
2677:
2532:
as the official United States policy towards Native Americans.
577:
249:
5321:
Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)
4269:
American Indian Sovereignty and Law: An Annotated Bibliography
3780:
Broken Landscape: Indians, Indian Tribes, and the Constitution
804:
569:
to govern themselves within the borders of the United States.
3524:
1695:
5198:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4360:
From War to Self Determination, the Bureau of Indian Affairs
4322:
Tribal Sovereignty and Jurisdiction (It's a Matter of Trust)
3099:
3097:
2730:
movements in the United States through the 1990s, President
2376:, 1916). The court further determined, based on the earlier
2086:
915:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
558:
Reservation lands in the contiguous United States as of 2019
3104:
2693:
2637:
Similar to the promised non-voting tribal delegates in the
2382:
case, that "It is thoroughly established that Congress has
147:
6608:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
4643:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
2816:
Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria
2262:, the Supreme Court, in a 6–2 opinion authored by Justice
6337:
3783:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 333.
3234:
Constitution of the United States of America: Article. I.
3210:"Tribal Nations & the United States: An Introduction"
3094:
2347:
2172:
2131:
2117:
5924:
Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States
3017:
List of federally recognized tribes in the United States
2833:
List of U.S. Supreme Court Cases involving Indian tribes
4142:
3674:, 897 F.Supp. 389 (E.D. Wis. 1995).
3660:, 595 F.Supp. 859 (E.D. Wis. 1984).
3271:
Additional amendments to the United States Constitution
2978:
List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies
4904:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
4868:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
3105:"Frequently Asked Questions, Bureau of Indian Affairs"
1110:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
588:", but the pace of treaty-making grew regardless. The
4364:
NiiSka, Clara, Indian Courts, A Brief History, parts
4208:
UN adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples
3923:"Brief History of Indian Legislative Representatives"
3075:
United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
2712:, the closest residents being Navajo Nation members.
2361:, the United States Supreme Court concluded that two
763:
6651:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
6592:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
4715:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
4595:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
3962:
2585:
Tribal state relations: sovereign within a sovereign
2236:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
732:
6573:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
4916:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
4571:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
3502:. Nebraskastudies.org. June 2, 1924. Archived from
3466:
Statistics of Income, 1926 - FRASER - St. Louis Fed
2775:contaminated three million gallons of water in the
2511:
Nation to nation: tribes and the federal government
3527:"Indian Affairs: Laws And Treaties. Vol. Iv, Laws"
2665:Tribal sovereignty over land and natural resources
2463:Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013
2448:The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the 1978 decision
2186:
2152:
2097:
690:
599:Currently, the U.S. recognizes tribal nations as "
3583:VAWA Reauthorization Act available at www.gpo.gov
3324:
3322:
826:
782:
134:to the 16 million–acre (64,750 square kilometer)
6816:United States tribal sovereign immunity case law
6792:
6274:List of Indian reservations in the United States
5939:Native American recognition in the United States
4667:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
2783:in 2014 received $ 80 million in federal funds.
2045:List of Indian reservations in the United States
611:Native American sovereignty and the Constitution
4993:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
4398:Tribal justice not always fair, critics contend
4143:"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | US EPA"
3810:
3770:
3243:
3241:
2920:Native American Church v. Navajo Tribal Council
2683:Wartime industry of the early 1900s introduced
6546:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
5999:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
4547:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
4217:United Nations News Centre, 13 September 2007.
3875:Wolf, Richard; Johnson, Kevin (July 9, 2020).
3319:
2748:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People
2661:over issues of tribal sovereignty and rights.
2484:deprivation of substantive rights, except for
1721:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
6323:
5424:Native American identity in the United States
5115:
4424:
4267:Davies, Wade & Clow, Richmond L. (2009).
4236:Hill, Jos; Hayden, Bobby (January 26, 2024).
4103:"Managing the Sacred Lands of Native America"
3920:
2624:In July 2020, the U.S Supreme Court ruled in
2544:to possess it. Current federal policy in the
2067:
2040:List of federally recognized tribes by state
619:mentions Native American tribes three times:
527:
6269:State-recognized tribes in the United States
6051:Modern social statistics of Native Americans
4651:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
3238:
3127:"Navajo Population Profile 2010 U.S. Census"
3063:State-recognized tribes in the United States
565:is the concept of the inherent authority of
27:Type of political status of Native Americans
6374:Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783
4107:The International Indigenous Policy Journal
3874:
3776:
3601:
3599:
2406:
2120:), also known as the Mellon tax bill after
805:The General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), 1887
699:Hassanamisco Nipmuc Indian Reservation sign
126:Ranging from the 1.32-acre (0.534 hectare)
6330:
6316:
5245:Native Americans in the American Civil War
5129:
5122:
5108:
4587:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
4431:
4417:
4266:
4235:
3811:Krehbiel-Burton, Lenzy (August 23, 2019).
3392:, 118 U.S. 375 (1886), Filed May 10, 1886"
2074:
2060:
534:
520:
6252:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
5260:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
4184:
4118:
4056:– via Wayne State University Press.
4043:
3371:
2177:United States congressional apportionment
2087:Revenue and Indian Citizenship acts, 1924
2030:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
970:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
106:326 (map includes the 310 as of May 1996)
6407:(1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834)
5610:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
4201:
4101:Ornelas, Roxanne T. (October 21, 2011).
3997:
3777:Pommersheim, Frank (September 2, 2009).
3685:United States Commission on Civil Rights
3671:Barker v. Menominee Nation Casino, et al
3596:
3288:
3048:Political divisions of the United States
2588:
2501:United States Commission on Civil Rights
2418:
2410:
1336:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
694:
584:, internal political pressure grew for "
553:
545:
6773:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
6761:Tribal sovereignty in the United States
4940:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
4340:Cherokee Nation v. the State of Georgia
4282:
4100:
3943:
3556:. University of Oklahoma College of Law
3349:
3337:. University of Pennsylvania Law School
3156:"1871: The End of Indian Treaty-Making"
2983:List of states with limited recognition
2327:Fix was upheld by the Supreme Court in
2216:
796:, which affirmed that the Congress has
563:Tribal sovereignty in the United States
14:
6793:
6616:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
3897:
3749:
3355:
3328:
3204:
3202:
2933:Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians
2639:United States House of Representatives
6635:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
6339:Aboriginal title in the United States
6311:
5984:National Congress of American Indians
5929:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
5892:National Congress of American Indians
5831:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
5419:Native American disease and epidemics
5193:European colonization of the Americas
5103:
4874:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
4691:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
4444:Native Americans in the United States
4412:
4166:
3914:
3394:. FindLaw, a Thomson Reuters business
3214:National Congress of American Indians
3012:List of Alaska Native tribal entities
2963:Aboriginal title in the United States
2908:Maynard v. Narrangansett Indian Tribe
2719:established the federal government's
1706:National Congress of American Indians
1621:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
910:European colonization of the Americas
657:: Tribal authority on Indian land is
630:Commentaries on the U.S. Constitution
605:National Congress of American Indians
6806:Indigenous politics in North America
6565:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
5989:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
5846:Native American people and Mormonism
5690:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
4555:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
4017:
3329:Miller, Robert J. (March 18, 2021).
3150:
3148:
3146:
3033:Native American reservation politics
3007:Indigenous self-government in Canada
1711:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
1418:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
1040:Native American temperance activists
6766:List of federally recognized tribes
6538:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
6257:List of federally recognized tribes
4862:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
4523:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
4400:(Tort cases tried in tribal courts)
4229:
4085:
4001:Wisconsin Environmental Law Journal
3750:Ahtone, Tristan (January 4, 2017).
3728:georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
3547:
3525:Oklahoma State University Library.
3199:
3000:Indigenous land rights in Australia
2791:big industry polluters and hopeful
2035:List of federally recognized tribes
69:Autonomous administrative divisions
24:
6362:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
6020:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
6015:Black Indians in the United States
5979:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
5255:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood
4277:Journal of Southern Legal History,
3038:Native American self-determination
2887:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe
2806:In 2023, the federally-recognized
2555:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe
2526:Native American self-determination
2451:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe
2259:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe
2157:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
2102:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1746:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1701:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
764:Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883
25:
6832:
6519:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
5944:Native American women in politics
5295:Native Americans and World War II
5280:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
5032:National Indian Gaming Commission
4627:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
4491:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
4314:
3898:Hurley, Lawrence (July 9, 2020).
3500:"The 1924 Indian Citizenship Act"
3143:
2895:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
2866:Iron Crow v. Ogallala Sioux Tribe
2750:("The Declaration"), despite the
2657:. Two of the seats are currently
1010:Native Americans and World War II
995:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
755:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
742:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
733:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
594:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
6382:
5576:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
5564:Antelope Hills expedition (1858)
5300:American Indian boarding schools
4579:Menominee Tribe v. United States
3921:Starbird, Jr., S. Glenn (1983).
3070:Special district (United States)
2914:Venetie I.R.A. Council v. Alaska
2826:
2821:Redwood National and State Parks
2605:Menominee Tribe v. United States
2505:Government Accountability Office
2474:Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010
2430:
1300:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
1288:(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition
1015:American Indian boarding schools
847:
685:
503:
182:
56:
5994:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
4786:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
4220:
4160:
4135:
4060:
4011:
3991:
3956:
3944:Moretto, Mario (May 26, 2015).
3937:
3891:
3868:
3859:
3849:
3840:
3831:
3804:
3758:. Bainbridge Island, Washington
3743:
3734:
3716:
3707:
3698:
3677:
3663:
3649:
3624:
3587:
3568:
3541:
3518:
3492:
3454:
3432:
3406:
3380:
3310:
3297:
3275:
2721:Environmental Protection Agency
2395:Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe
2358:Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe
2349:Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe
2187:Indian Reorganization Act, 1934
1716:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
975:Racism against Native Americans
950:Native American slave ownership
691:The Marshall Trilogy, 1823–1832
6445:Indian Land Claims Settlements
6094:Native American Pidgin English
5899:American Indian Movement (AIM)
5275:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
5158:Archaic period in the Americas
5016:In the Courts of the Conqueror
4619:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
4384:Religious Freedom with Raptors
4271:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
3607:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
3264:
3250:
3227:
3173:
3119:
3022:List of national legal systems
2643:Maine House of Representatives
2569:) each have the right to send
2540:has been in place since 1824.
2148:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
2138:, which was later renamed the
2122:U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
1571:American Indian Movement (AIM)
990:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
880:Archaic period in the Americas
827:Twentieth-century developments
624:Article I, Section 2, Clause 3
580:. As the U.S. accelerated its
13:
1:
6451:Indian Claims Limitations Act
5792:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
5568:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
5556:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)
4898:Native American Languages Act
4260:
4173:Global Environmental Politics
4036:10.13110/humanbiology.92.1.01
3529:. Digital.library.okstate.edu
2754:voting against it along with
1524:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
1292:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
1280:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)
6600:Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe
6439:Indian Claims Commission Act
5887:Native American civil rights
5797:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
5782:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
5777:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
5699:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
5326:Native American civil rights
5037:Native American civil rights
4892:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
4731:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
3305:American Indians and the Law
3107:. Department of the Interior
2786:A recent challenge faced by
2781:Flint, Michigan water crisis
1529:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
1514:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
1509:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
1429:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
1035:Alcohol and Native Americans
930:Slavery in the United States
7:
6240:Native American politicians
6230:Native American War Leaders
5708:Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
5694:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
5686:Great Sioux War (1876–1877)
5682:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
5666:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
5594:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)
5316:Native American Rights Fund
5052:Recognition of sacred sites
5047:Native American Rights Fund
4952:Federally recognized tribes
4832:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
4213:September 25, 2014, at the
3356:Onecle (November 8, 2005).
3261:, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1 (1831)
3258:Cherokee Nations v. Georgia
2990:Indian country jurisdiction
2955:
2873:United States v. Washington
2550:Federally recognized tribes
1438:Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
1422:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
1414:Great Sioux War (1876–1877)
1410:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
1394:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
1320:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)
820:Evolution of relationships:
770:United States Indian Police
353:Cities, towns, and villages
246:Alaska Native tribal entity
10:
6837:
6490:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
6368:Royal Proclamation of 1763
5919:Occupation of Wounded Knee
5636:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
5624:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
5606:Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
5602:Victorio's War (1879–1880)
5507:American Revolutionary War
4910:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
4467:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
3185:U.S. Department of Justice
3181:"Native American Policies"
3043:Off-reservation trust land
2840:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
2830:
2672:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
2593:Otoe-Missouria Tribal Seal
2434:
2227:In 1953, Congress enacted
2220:
2183:signed the bill into law.
2163:, H.R. 6355, 43
2134:rates and established the
2108:, H.R. 6715, 43
1591:Occupation of Wounded Knee
1362:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
1350:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
1332:Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
1328:Victorio's War (1879–1880)
1227:American Revolutionary War
808:
767:
717:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
617:United States Constitution
601:domestic dependent nations
258:Tribal Jurisdictional Area
254:Off-reservation trust land
6736:
6665:
6626:
6583:
6556:
6529:
6500:
6471:
6464:
6391:
6380:
6352:
6345:
6287:
6207:
6109:
6101:Native American languages
6071:
6038:
6007:
5962:
5879:
5841:Native American religions
5823:
5805:
5590:Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
5572:Red River War (1874–1875)
5560:Comanche Wars (1836–1877)
5437:
5339:
5265:Indian Appropriations Act
5138:
4965:
4925:
4826:Indian Reorganization Act
4770:
4753:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
4611:United States v. Antelope
4450:
4346:December 2, 2003, at the
4279:21 (no. 1, 2013), 157–92.
3550:"Powers of Indian Tribes"
2944:591 U.S. ___ (2020), and
2530:Indian termination policy
2223:Indian termination policy
2211:Indian Reorganization Act
2194:Indian Reorganization Act
2136:U.S. Board of Tax Appeals
2023:congressional politicians
1785:Native American languages
1316:Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
1296:Red River War (1874–1875)
1284:Comanche Wars (1836–1877)
980:Indian Appropriations Act
136:Navajo Nation Reservation
122:
114:123 (several) – 173,667 (
110:
102:
84:
74:
64:
55:
48:Domestic dependent nation
39:
34:
5914:Trail of Broken Treaties
5742:Hualapai War (1865–1870)
5732:Yavapai Wars (1861–1875)
5712:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
5674:Colorado War (1863–1865)
4978:Bureau of Indian Affairs
4880:Indian Child Welfare Act
4683:South Dakota v. Bourland
4120:10.18584/iipj.2011.2.4.6
3088:
2926:Teague v. Bad River Band
2848:United States v. Holiday
2575:non-state U.S. territory
2538:Bureau of Indian Affairs
2407:Tribal governments today
2297:United States v. Mazurie
2281:Montana v. United States
2251:Bureau of Indian Affairs
2146:"). A parallel act, the
1586:Trail of Broken Treaties
1474:Hualapai War (1865–1870)
1442:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
1402:Colorado War (1863–1865)
667:: Congress, and not the
644:The Fourteenth Amendment
358:Coterminous municipality
311:Consolidated city-county
159:This article is part of
6370:(British North America)
6089:American Indian English
6025:Louisiana Creole people
5815:Native American studies
5767:Bannock Uprising (1895)
5722:Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
5678:Powder River War (1865)
5586:Apache Wars (1849–1924)
5404:Mesoamerican literature
5399:Indigenous Peoples' Day
5208:Partus sequitur ventrem
5027:Long Walk of the Navajo
4957:State recognized tribes
4856:Indian Civil Rights Act
4394:San Diego Union Tribune
4068:"Environmental Impacts"
3416:United States v. Kagama
2854:Sarlls v. United States
2803:and natural resources.
2470:Indian Civil Rights Act
2140:United States Tax Court
1499:Bannock Uprising (1895)
1464:Yavapai Wars(1861–1875)
1454:Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
1406:Powder River War (1865)
1312:Apache Wars (1849–1924)
1120:Indigenous Peoples' Day
935:Partus sequitur ventrem
793:United States v. Kagama
784:United States v. Kagama
655:Territorial sovereignty
574:U.S. federal government
387:State-recognized tribes
366:Census-designated place
6778:Legal status of Hawaii
6744:Indigenous land rights
6643:Idaho v. United States
5909:Occupation of Alcatraz
5851:Native American church
5717:Mohave War (1858–1859)
5704:Yakima War (1855–1858)
5662:Sioux Wars (1854–1891)
5640:White River War (1879)
5628:Walker War (1853–1854)
5512:Cherokee–American wars
5042:Native American gaming
4945:Legal status of Hawaii
4820:Indian Citizenship Act
4699:Idaho v. United States
4603:Bryan v. Itasca County
4539:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
4499:Standing Bear v. Crook
3965:Policy Studies Journal
3418:– 118 U.S. 375 (1886)"
3307:, Penguin/Viking, 2008
3281:Charles F. Wilkinson,
3080:Legal status of Hawaii
3027:Māori protest movement
2973:Diplomatic recognition
2726:With the emergence of
2594:
2427:
2416:
2379:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
1881:Southeastern Woodlands
1861:Northeastern Woodlands
1646:Native American Church
1581:Occupation of Alcatraz
1434:Yakima War (1855–1858)
1390:Sioux Wars (1854–1891)
1366:White River War (1879)
1354:Walker War (1853–1854)
1232:Cherokee–American wars
1030:Native American rights
758:
700:
665:Plenary power doctrine
559:
551:
440:Congressional district
173:Political divisions of
18:Restricted Indian land
6511:Fellows v. Blacksmith
6364:(1629 New Netherland)
5772:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
5747:Modoc War (1872–1873)
5737:Snake War (1864–1869)
5652:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
5648:Bluff War (1914–1915)
5598:Tonto War (1871–1875)
5349:Mississippian culture
5312:Civil rights movement
5213:Five Civilized Tribes
4850:Indian Relocation Act
4707:United States v. Lara
4483:Fellows v. Blacksmith
4327:July 9, 2011, at the
4243:Pew Charitable Trusts
4167:Diver, Sybil (2019).
3335:The Regulatory Review
2812:Tolowa Dee-ni' Nation
2810:of the Yurok People,
2766:. In 2010, President
2728:environmental justice
2659:not filled in protest
2618:United States v. Nice
2592:
2422:
2414:
2330:United States v. Lara
2247:full faith and credit
2221:Further information:
1641:Traditional religions
1549:Civil rights movement
1504:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
1479:Modoc War (1872–1873)
1469:Snake War (1864–1869)
1449:Mohave War(1858–1859)
1378:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
1374:Bluff War (1914–1915)
1324:Tonto War (1871–1875)
1065:Mississippian culture
1020:Civil rights movement
747:
698:
557:
549:
461:Homeowner association
423:Conservation district
5787:Last Massacre (1911)
5752:Nez Perce War (1877)
5620:Ute Wars (1850–1923)
5517:Northwest Indian War
5270:Racial Integrity Act
4475:Worcester v. Georgia
4396:, 17 December 2007:
4353:Prygoski, Philip J.
4186:10.1162/glep_a_00517
4018:Rock, Tommy (2020).
3554:Solicitor's Opinions
2801:Native American land
2612:Worcester v. Georgia
2517:Fourteenth Amendment
2256:In the 1978 case of
2217:Public Law 280, 1953
2144:earned income credit
1822:Tribal disenrollment
1519:Last Massacre (1911)
1484:Nez Perce War (1877)
1237:Northwest Indian War
985:Racial Integrity Act
842:in the United States
725:Worcester v. Georgia
637:Article I, Section 8
510:United States portal
6811:Native American law
6482:Johnson v. McIntosh
6399:Northwest Ordinance
6063:Reservation poverty
6008:Ethnic subdivisions
5880:Political movements
5541:Second Seminole War
5452:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
5022:Indian reservations
4983:Cherokee Commission
4459:Johnson v. McIntosh
4320:Kussel, Wm. F. Jr.
4286:Stanford Law Review
3925:. Maine Legislature
3548:Margold, Nathan R.
2808:Resighini Rancheria
2715:In 1970, President
2492:must also pass the
2401:231 F.2d 89
2093:Revenue Act of 1924
1827:Reservation poverty
1810:Societal statistics
1734:Ethnic subdivisions
1542:Political movements
1346:Ute Wars(1850–1923)
1263:Second Seminole War
1172:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
834:Part of a series on
709:Johnson v. McIntosh
490:Unincorporated area
287:Unorganized Borough
35:Indian reservations
6433:Reorganization Act
6428:Curtis Act of 1898
6405:Nonintercourse Act
5964:Civic and economic
5949:Tribal sovereignty
5904:Red Power Movement
5871:Longhouse Religion
5806:Education, science
5757:Bannock War (1878)
5551:American Civil War
5502:Lord Dunmore's War
5290:Blood quantum laws
5173:Post-Classic stage
5082:Self-determination
5077:Tribal sovereignty
5003:Eagle-bone whistle
4796:Indian Removal Act
4784:Nonintercourse Act
4778:Blood quantum laws
4745:McGirt v. Oklahoma
3285:, AIRI Press, 1988
2947:McGirt v. Oklahoma
2627:McGirt v. Oklahoma
2595:
2534:Self-determination
2494:Secretarial Review
2428:
2423:Great Seal of the
2417:
1651:Longhouse Religion
1576:Red Power Movement
1554:Self-determination
1489:Bannock War (1878)
1275:American Civil War
1222:Lord Dunmore's War
1145:Tribal sovereignty
1025:Red Power movement
1005:Blood quantum laws
960:American Civil War
940:Indian Removal Act
895:Post-Classic stage
823:tribes or states.
701:
679:Trust relationship
582:westward expansion
560:
552:
242:Hawaiian home land
234:Indian reservation
6788:
6787:
6661:
6660:
6460:
6459:
6305:
6304:
5836:Eagle feather law
5727:Paiute War (1860)
5670:Dakota War (1862)
5632:Tintic War (1856)
5546:Osage Indian War
5477:King Philip's War
5097:
5096:
4998:Eagle feather law
4932:State recognition
4723:Cobell v. Salazar
4635:Solem v. Bartlett
4507:Ex parte Crow Dog
3977:10.1111/psj.12187
3950:Bangor Daily News
3819:. Tulsa, Oklahoma
3790:978-0-19-970659-4
3687:(December 2018).
3358:"Indian Treaties"
2995:Indigenous rights
2384:plenary authority
2272:Thurgood Marshall
2264:William Rehnquist
2084:
2083:
1982:
1981:
1871:Pacific Northwest
1866:Northwest Plateau
1661:Keetoowah Society
1631:Eagle Feather law
1559:Women in politics
1398:Dakota War (1862)
1358:Tintic War (1856)
1270:Osage Indian War
1197:King Philip's War
1047:
1046:
567:Indigenous tribes
544:
543:
427:National monument
329:Unorganized atoll
321:Municipality (PR)
175:the United States
153:
152:
16:(Redirected from
6828:
6749:Aboriginal title
6469:
6468:
6386:
6350:
6349:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6309:
6308:
6215:Native Americans
6084:American English
5657:Posey War (1923)
5374:Iroquois culture
5240:Indian Territory
5188:Age of Discovery
5124:
5117:
5110:
5101:
5100:
4973:Aboriginal title
4790:Civilization Act
4726:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
4433:
4426:
4419:
4410:
4409:
4310:
4293:(5): 1311–1367.
4272:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4188:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4122:
4098:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4047:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3628:
3622:
3603:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3469:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3442:. August 7, 2012
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3326:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3303:N. Bruce Duthu,
3301:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3279:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3152:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3101:
2788:Native Americans
2579:federal district
2398:
2174:
2158:
2154:
2119:
2103:
2099:
2076:
2069:
2062:
1998:Native Americans
1876:The Great Plains
1844:
1843:
1779:
1777:American English
1751:Louisiana Creole
1459:Paiute War(1860)
1385:Posey War (1923)
1080:Iroquois culture
955:Indian Territory
905:Age of Discovery
864:
863:
851:
840:Native Americans
831:
830:
756:
669:Executive Branch
536:
529:
522:
507:
469:Associated state
448:Special district
316:Independent city
216:Federal district
194:
186:
176:
163:
155:
154:
60:
45:
32:
31:
21:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6825:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6732:
6657:
6627:Rehnquist Court
6622:
6579:
6552:
6530:1890—1950
6525:
6496:
6456:
6387:
6378:
6341:
6336:
6306:
6301:
6283:
6203:
6105:
6067:
6034:
6003:
5967:
5965:
5958:
5875:
5819:
5807:
5801:
5762:Crow War (1887)
5433:
5359:Hohokam culture
5335:
5178:Woodland period
5163:Formative stage
5134:
5131:Native American
5128:
5098:
5093:
5010:Hunting license
4961:
4930:
4921:
4838:Nationality Act
4766:
4739:Sharp v. Murphy
4659:Hodel v. Irving
4563:Williams v. Lee
4531:Talton v. Mayes
4446:
4437:
4348:Wayback Machine
4329:Wayback Machine
4317:
4299:10.2307/1229071
4263:
4258:
4248:
4246:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4215:Wayback Machine
4206:
4202:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4149:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4099:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4016:
4012:
3996:
3992:
3961:
3957:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3822:
3820:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3759:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3691:
3682:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3629:
3625:
3604:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3506:on June 5, 2009
3498:
3497:
3493:
3481:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3187:. June 16, 2014
3179:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3091:
3086:
2958:
2941:Sharp v. Murphy
2835:
2829:
2698:nuclear testing
2667:
2587:
2513:
2439:
2433:
2409:
2392:
2353:
2225:
2219:
2199:tribal councils
2189:
2181:Calvin Coolidge
2156:
2101:
2089:
2080:
2051:
2050:
2049:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1890:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1775:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1494:Crow War (1887)
1161:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1075:Hohokam culture
1059:
1049:
1048:
900:Woodland period
885:Formative stage
861:
829:
813:
807:
788:
772:
766:
757:
754:
735:
693:
688:
673:Judicial Branch
613:
540:
508:
486:
482:Federal enclave
473:
465:
457:
452:school district
444:
436:
419:Protected areas
383:
370:
362:
349:
325:
307:
299:District (USVI)
230:
212:
192:
174:
172:
161:
130:'s cemetery in
128:Pit River Tribe
98:
93:Powhatan Tribes
51:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6834:
6824:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6746:
6740:
6738:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6658:
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6473:Marshall Court
6466:
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6179:North Carolina
6176:
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5809:
5808:and technology
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5714:
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5696:
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5644:Ute War (1887)
5617:
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5583:
5578:
5553:
5548:
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5467:Peach Tree War
5464:
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5364:Plains Indians
5361:
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5331:Discrimination
5328:
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5272:
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5235:Trail of Tears
5232:
5230:Indian removal
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4844:Public Law 280
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4780:(1705 onwards)
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4515:Elk v. Wilkins
4511:
4503:
4502:(D. Neb. 1879)
4495:
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4454:
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4448:
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4379:Public Law 280
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4316:
4315:External links
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2777:Colorado River
2773:Gold King Mine
2736:climate change
2685:uranium mining
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2573:(similar to a
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2443:Public Law 280
2435:Main article:
2432:
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2270:, and Justice
2229:Public Law 280
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2207:Nathan Margold
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586:Indian removal
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44:Also known as:
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6110:By state/city
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5537:Seminole Wars
5535:
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5508:
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5497:Pontiac's War
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5483:
5482:Tuscarora War
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5354:Adena culture
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5285:Jim Crow laws
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5168:Classic stage
5166:
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5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5148:Paleo-Indians
5146:
5145:
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5137:
5132:
5125:
5120:
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5106:
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5090:
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5078:
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5072:Treaty rights
5070:
5068:
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5057:Seminole Wars
5055:
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4701:
4700:
4696:
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4688:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4675:Duro v. Reina
4672:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4653:
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4648:
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4644:
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4388:archive.today
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4097:
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4093:
4091:
4089:
4073:
4072:Navajo Nation
4069:
4063:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4024:Human Biology
4021:
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3986:
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3807:
3792:
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3782:
3781:
3773:
3757:
3756:YES! Magazine
3753:
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3475:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3441:
3435:
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3409:
3393:
3391:
3390:U.S. v Kagama
3383:
3374:
3359:
3352:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3323:
3313:
3306:
3300:
3291:
3284:
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3205:
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3186:
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3160:NMAI Magazine
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2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2827:List of cases
2824:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:United States
2749:
2745:
2742:In 2007, the
2740:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:Richard Nixon
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:U.S. military
2700:site for the
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:Passamaquoddy
2644:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2600:Indian gaming
2591:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2546:United States
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2488:proceedings.
2487:
2486:habeas corpus
2482:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2431:Tribal courts
2426:
2425:Navajo Nation
2421:
2413:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2350:
2345:
2344: (2004).
2343:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2305:Duro v. Reina
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2278:A 1981 case,
2276:
2273:
2269:
2268:Warren Burger
2265:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2240:habeas corpus
2237:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:Andrew Mellon
2123:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2077:
2072:
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2065:
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2058:
2057:
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2046:
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2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
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1836:
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1807:
1806:
1805:Neighborhoods
1803:
1802:
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1773:
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1741:Black Indians
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1600:Red handprint
1597:
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1259:Seminole Wars
1257:
1256:
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1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:Pontiac's War
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1202:Tuscarora War
1200:
1198:
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1193:
1190:
1188:
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1183:
1180:
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1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:Neighborhoods
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
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1091:
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1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
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1070:Adena culture
1068:
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1063:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:Jim Crow laws
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
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968:
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921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
890:Classic stage
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
870:Paleo-Indians
868:
867:
866:
865:
860:
855:
854:
850:
846:
845:
841:
838:
837:
833:
832:
824:
821:
817:
812:
802:
799:
798:plenary power
795:
794:
785:
780:
776:
771:
761:
751:
746:
743:
738:
727:
726:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
710:
706:
705:
704:
697:
686:Early history
680:
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651:
645:
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583:
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525:
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518:
517:
515:
514:
511:
506:
502:
501:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
483:
480:
478:
477:Military base
475:
474:
470:
467:
466:
462:
459:
458:
453:
449:
446:
445:
441:
438:
437:
432:
431:National park
428:
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417:
416:
415:
414:
410:
409:
404:
401:
400:
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398:
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388:
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371:
367:
364:
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342:
341:
340:
336:
335:
330:
327:
326:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
304:
303:District (AS)
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:
283:
279:
275:
272:
271:
270:
269:
265:
264:
259:
255:
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208:
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170:
169:
166:
164:
157:
156:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:Navajo Nation
113:
109:
105:
101:
94:
90:
89:
87:
83:
80:
79:United States
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
54:
47:
42:
41:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6760:
6754:in Australia
6723:Rhode Island
6649:
6641:
6633:
6614:
6606:
6598:
6590:
6584:Burger Court
6571:
6563:
6557:Warren Court
6544:
6536:
6517:
6509:
6488:
6480:
6423:Diminishment
6354:Colonial era
6058:Reservations
6039:Demographics
5710: /
5706: /
5692: /
5688: /
5684: /
5680: /
5676: /
5672: /
5668: /
5664: /
5650: /
5646: /
5642: /
5638: /
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5622: /
5608: /
5604: /
5600: /
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5562: /
5558: /
5539: /
5492:Dummer's War
5314: /
5153:Lithic stage
5076:
5014:
4886:Diminishment
4751:
4743:
4737:
4729:
4721:
4713:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4601:
4593:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4553:
4545:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4457:
4393:
4339:
4290:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4247:. Retrieved
4241:
4231:
4222:
4203:
4179:(3): 33–56.
4176:
4172:
4162:
4150:. Retrieved
4146:
4137:
4110:
4106:
4075:. Retrieved
4071:
4062:
4030:(1): 19–26.
4027:
4023:
4013:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3971:(1): 37–59.
3968:
3964:
3958:
3949:
3939:
3927:. Retrieved
3916:
3904:. Retrieved
3893:
3881:. Retrieved
3870:
3861:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3821:. Retrieved
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2741:
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2732:Bill Clinton
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2373:
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2190:
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2173:June 2, 1924
2118:June 2, 1924
2090:
1815:Reservations
1798:Demographics
1626:Christianity
1440: /
1436: /
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875:Lithic stage
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266:Second level
225:Commonwealth
207:Commonwealth
158:
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6821:Sovereignty
6502:Taney Court
6447:(1978–2006)
6411:Removal Act
5866:Sweat lodge
5532:Arikara War
5522:War of 1812
5487:Yamasee War
5472:Esopus Wars
5462:Kieft's War
5447:Beaver Wars
5369:Anishinaabe
5250:Dawes Rolls
4988:Dawes Rolls
4771:Legislation
4249:January 30,
4152:December 3,
4147:www.epa.gov
4077:December 3,
3879:. USA Today
3817:Tulsa World
3646: (1991)
3621: (1978)
3579:§ 1304
3446:October 11,
3341:December 1,
3053:Sovereignty
2760:New Zealand
2013:war leaders
1856:Great Basin
1564:Nationalism
1252:Arikara War
1242:War of 1812
1207:Yamasee War
1192:Esopus Wars
1182:Kieft's War
1167:Beaver Wars
965:Dawes Rolls
411:Other areas
337:Third level
291:Census area
193:First level
138:located in
111:Populations
6795:Categories
6708:New Mexico
6678:California
6465:Precedents
6132:California
6030:Pretendian
5581:Cayuse War
5457:Pequot War
5305:gravesites
5062:Survivance
4808:Curtis Act
4261:References
4007:: 197–224.
3929:January 4,
3823:August 24,
3796:January 4,
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3135:October 7,
2860:In re Heff
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2171:, enacted
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1914:California
1307:Cayuse War
1177:Pequot War
1125:Literature
768:See also:
745:statutes:
495:Ghost town
144:New Mexico
132:California
6693:Louisiana
6417:Dawes Act
6279:Massacres
6235:musicians
6199:Wisconsin
6162:Baltimore
6072:Languages
5954:Land Back
5861:Sun Dance
5527:Creek War
5223:ownership
4814:Burke Act
4802:Dawes Act
4195:199537244
4129:1916-5781
3985:0190-292X
3902:. Reuters
3533:March 31,
3510:March 31,
3484:ignored (
3474:cite book
3424:April 29,
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3363:March 31,
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2369:sui iuris
2018:musicians
1974:Wisconsin
1886:Southwest
1847:by region
1840:Geography
1764:Languages
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1666:Midewiwin
1656:Sun Dance
1636:Mormonism
1247:Creek War
811:Dawes Act
590:Civil War
221:Territory
6718:Oklahoma
6713:New York
6703:Michigan
6666:By state
6346:Statutes
6292:Category
6262:by state
6194:Virginia
6184:Oklahoma
6174:Nebraska
6169:Michigan
6157:Maryland
6137:Colorado
5856:Smudging
5824:Religion
5615:Yuma War
5203:Genocide
4451:Case law
4344:Archived
4325:Archived
4211:Archived
4054:33231023
3420:. Justia
3165:July 11,
2956:See also
2710:Cold War
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1969:Virginia
1959:Oklahoma
1949:Nebraska
1944:Michigan
1939:Maryland
1919:Colorado
1895:by state
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920:Genocide
753:—
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6245:writers
6220:artists
6142:Florida
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6079:English
5429:Pow wow
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5341:Culture
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4966:Related
4927:Federal
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4045:8477793
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6673:Alaska
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6638:(1997)
6619:(1986)
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6595:(1974)
6576:(1960)
6568:(1955)
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6541:(1896)
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6225:actors
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6147:Hawaii
6122:Alaska
5966:groups
5133:topics
4918:(2008)
4912:(1990)
4906:(1990)
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4882:(1978)
4876:(1978)
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4852:(1956)
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6208:Lists
5389:Music
5183:Trade
4303:JSTOR
4191:S2CID
4113:(4).
3856:2007.
3692:(PDF)
3639:
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3130:(PDF)
3089:Notes
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1095:Music
203:State
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5384:Food
4251:2024
4154:2021
4125:ISSN
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4050:PMID
3981:ISSN
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3908:2020
3885:2020
3825:2019
3798:2019
3785:ISBN
3764:2019
3641:U.S.
3616:U.S.
3562:2023
3535:2014
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