1646:
1471:
488:
33:
1384:
1355:
804:
742:
1065:
774:
1413:
1268:
636:
1007:
1618:
833:
673:
1442:
1326:
861:
607:
428:
1564:
1297:
926:
889:
1123:
399:
1500:
1210:
578:
548:
518:
458:
1239:
1181:
1094:
702:
1036:
1152:
296:
that of a republic had to re-apply for membership. Widespread objection to the racial policies in South Africa resulted in that country deciding not to pursue a re-application for
Commonwealth membership when it became a republic in 1961. South Africa was subsequently readmitted as a member of the Commonwealth after democratic elections in 1994.
1705:
delimits the nations eligible for admission to the
Commonwealth to those with "a historic constitutional association with an existing Commonwealth member, save in exceptional circumstances". Various republics have a historic association with the United Kingdom as being former British-administered
295:
Membership of the
Commonwealth is by common assent of the existing members, and this principle applies equally to territories gaining independence from the UK and to outside territories requesting membership. Until 2007, Commonwealth members that changed their internal constitutional structure to
150:
to allow it to continue its membership of the
Commonwealth despite its decision, implemented on 26 January 1950, to adopt a new Constitution and become a republic, abolishing the monarchy. Thus, India became the first republic within the Commonwealth. This set a precedent that all other countries
188:
to remove the monarch as their head of state, and replacing the governor-general with an elected or appointed president. This was especially true in post-colonial Africa. Most
African realms became republics within a few years of independence. As of 2022, there are 15 states headed by King
163:
The
Government of India have ... declared and affirmed India's desire to continue her full membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and her acceptance of the King as the symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the
1706:
territories. The 2009 admission of Rwanda, which has no such association, was made under the "exceptional circumstances" proviso. However, in 2022, Gabon and Togo, which were former French colonies, became new members of the
Commonwealth.
2049:
1996:
304:
also did not apply for continued membership after becoming republics (Fiji was likely to be suspended in any case, since a coup had overthrown the democratically elected government), and thus their membership lapsed too.
107:) and later became republics within the Commonwealth by abolishing the monarchy. In some other instances, the countries became republics after achieving independence from other former British colonies (as, for example,
1965:
241:
While the moves to both independence and republican status have broken the remaining constitutional links to the United
Kingdom, a number of Commonwealth countries have retained a right of appeal directly to the
143:, as part of the United Kingdom, remained within the Commonwealth). The Republic of Ireland did not re-apply for membership of the Commonwealth, despite being eligible to do so under the London Declaration.
1547:
The Queen was removed as Uganda's head of state in 1963 and replaced by an indigenous elective monarch with the title
President. Uganda's elective monarchy was abolished and it became a republic in 1966.
2108:
2318:
1400:
1139:
2041:
1988:
2072:
1957:
227:
is a public holiday. When Fiji was readmitted to the
Commonwealth, the issue of reinstating the Queen as head of state was raised, but not pursued, although the country's
1572:, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a republic and a former member of the Commonwealth; however, it does not fit neatly into a category as such. In 1922, as the
2018:
1903:
1721:
have formally made applications, while other republics have expressed interest. Also, the application for observer status was submitted by the unrecognized state of
2148:
17:
1867:
2574:
1640:
1698:
238:
Some republics within the Commonwealth became republics on gaining independence from the United Kingdom; again, this was particularly true in Africa.
2569:
2421:
2104:
731:
2548:
2543:
2530:
2177:
272:
Within the Commonwealth, there is no differentiation in status between republics, Commonwealth realms and the members with their own monarchs (
68:. The Head of the Commonwealth role does not carry with it any power; instead, it is a symbol of the free association of Commonwealth members.
2538:
724:
Formerly a League of Nations Mandated Territory and a United Nations Trust Territory administered by Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom,
2408:
2368:
2141:
1654:
1529:
The Union of South Africa was formed in 1910 as a semi-sovereign nation and associated state, then became fully sovereign in 1931 with the
2426:
2416:
2082:
216:. In Fiji, the change to a republic in 1987 came as a result of two military coups, rather than out of any popular republican sentiment.
2515:
2284:
2251:
2243:
258:, however, such appeals are made directly to the Judicial Committee, rather than formally being made to "His Majesty in Council".
2182:
2134:
243:
325:, the new office of president was a ceremonial post, usually held by the last governor-general, each respective country being a
2467:
2457:
2313:
2304:
2383:
2323:
2266:
2223:
2026:
1609:
1935:
341:, the presidency was an executive post, usually first held by the last prime minister, with each respective country being a
2333:
267:
1893:
2472:
2353:
219:
Even when Fiji was not a member of the Commonwealth, symbols of the monarchy remained, including the Queen's portrait on
2309:
2378:
2441:
2358:
2348:
1871:
969:
1742:
915:
540:
Formerly a League of Nations Mandated Territory and a United Nations Trust Territory administered by New Zealand
2482:
2213:
1774:
96:
2487:
2289:
95:
that have evolved into republics. Most of the Commonwealth's members achieved independence while keeping the
2328:
2256:
2233:
255:
224:
1530:
139:'s self-exclusion from the Commonwealth, as republics were not allowed in the Commonwealth at that time (
176:. The monarch adopted a title to indicate the individual sovereignty of each of these nations (such as "
2388:
1745:, as former possessions of the British Empire, are eligible for membership but have shown no interest.
1671: Applied or interested non-member states, some of them without historic constitutional association
1537:
2497:
2338:
1686:
1626:, a republic since 18 April 1980, left the Commonwealth in December 2003. In 2018, the government of
116:
2363:
2343:
2208:
2198:
1429:
181:
152:
80:
57:
2294:
2157:
1840:
1769:
1591:
228:
168:
Following their independence from the United Kingdom, most Commonwealth countries retained Queen
92:
41:
2520:
2393:
2373:
1930:
1487:
1342:
1284:
1255:
1168:
1052:
1023:
656:
326:
205:
2510:
1759:
1730:
1702:
1313:
72:
1645:
2505:
2492:
2042:"The Big Question: What is the Commonwealth's role, and is it relevant to global politics?"
1989:"The Big Question: What is the Commonwealth's role, and is it relevant to global politics?"
1678:
1583:
52:
form of government. As of June 2022, 36 out of the 56 member states were republics. While
8:
2276:
1734:
1663:
1569:
1516:
1476:
1458:
1371:
1226:
1197:
1110:
1081:
342:
322:
201:
132:
663:
Formerly part of Malaysia from 1963 to 1965, when Singapore was separated from Malaysia.
60:, the King is not the head of state of the republican members. The King is however, the
2462:
2431:
2299:
1820:
1815:
1798:
1764:
1627:
346:
194:
128:
65:
2228:
2217:
1754:
1726:
954:
1868:"Membership of the Commonwealth: Report of the Committee on Commonwealth Membership"
766:
Upon independence it became part of Pakistan as part of the Partition Plan in 1947.
2477:
1849:
1810:
1738:
1574:
232:
173:
140:
2105:"Why the Commonwealth endures despite being written off by the left and the right"
1725:, whose territory is officially considered as part of Somalia. The United States (
345:. In the latter cases, not only was the monarchy abolished, but so was the entire
2126:
1925:
177:
84:
45:
313:
In some countries that became republics some time after independence, including
2172:
1690:
104:
88:
764:
Formerly East Pakistan (1955–1971), previously a part of India as East Bengal.
2563:
2398:
947:
Formerly a League of Nations Mandated Territory administered by South Africa.
220:
100:
76:
1853:
1799:"The London Declaration of the Commonwealth Prime Ministers, April 28, 1949"
1682:
1540:, which had gained independence in 1961 and became a republic in 1962, and
1389:
1360:
911:
169:
27:
Country with a republican form of government in the Commonwealth of Nations
1634:
2260:
2202:
1710:
190:
53:
32:
2077:
1898:
1824:
1722:
1070:
809:
779:
747:
185:
127:
Republics have been permitted as members of the Commonwealth since the
108:
2011:
1536:
The United Republic of Tanzania was formed in 1964 from the merger of
159:, who wished not to allow republics membership, the Declaration read:
1418:
1273:
641:
318:
247:
156:
151:
were free to follow, as long as they each recognised the position of
1641:
Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria > Prospective members
1718:
1623:
1596:
1579:
1541:
1447:
1331:
1012:
866:
838:
678:
612:
433:
362:
In each case, the republic was created through a new constitution.
301:
285:
277:
251:
112:
49:
1302:
931:
894:
281:
180:"). With time, many of these countries became republics, passing
136:
665:
Previously a separate Crown colony of United Kingdom from 1946.
155:. A compromise between the Indian government and those, such as
1505:
1215:
1128:
583:
553:
404:
338:
330:
273:
1714:
1244:
1186:
1157:
1099:
707:
523:
463:
334:
314:
289:
209:
147:
131:
made on 28 April 1949. Ten days before that declaration, the
61:
1041:
493:
297:
213:
1586:. In 1937, the present-day Irish state, officially called
172:
as head of state, who was represented in the country by a
36:
The republics in the Commonwealth of Nations, shown in red
1552:
308:
268:
Commonwealth of Nations § Termination of membership
1635:
Eligibility of other republics to join the Commonwealth
1557:
Currently, the only former Commonwealth republics are:
963:
1838:"1949–1999: Fifty Years of a Renewing Commonwealth".
730:
Became an independent republic in 1968, albeit, with
1894:"Zimbabwe officially applies to rejoin Commonwealth"
970:
Commonwealth realm § Former Commonwealth realms
1401:
Parliamentary republic with an executive presidency
1140:
Parliamentary republic with an executive presidency
953:administered by South Africa until independence as
250:, and (if the case involves constitutional rights)
231:
reaffirmed that the Queen was still the country's "
2156:
918:(1906–1980) until its accession to independence.
732:special membership of the Commonwealth of Nations
2561:
1870:. Commonwealth Secretariat. 2007. Archived from
1958:"South Sudan Launches Bid to Join Commonwealth"
357:
2142:
2575:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations
1792:
1790:
200:Commonwealth republics usually followed the
1662: Commonwealth of Nations member state
254:. In contrast with Commonwealth realms and
2149:
2135:
1612:for further discussion on this ambiguity).
261:
73:former Portuguese possession of Mozambique
1980:
1814:
1787:
223:; and, unlike in the United Kingdom, the
2570:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations
2285:Association of Commonwealth Universities
2252:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
1918:
1796:
1644:
1544:, which had gained independence in 1963.
77:former Belgian trust territory of Rwanda
31:
244:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
18:Republic in the Commonwealth of Nations
14:
2562:
2305:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association
2039:
1986:
1553:Republics formerly in the Commonwealth
2130:
2070:
1610:Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949
1376:Incumbent Governor-General (interim)
1289:Incumbent Governor-General (interim)
1144:Incumbent Governor-General (interim)
796:Independent from Portugal since 1975
309:Current republics in the Commonwealth
79:and the former French possessions of
2052:from the original on 19 January 2012
1999:from the original on 19 January 2012
1938:from the original on 1 December 2009
1906:from the original on 3 February 2020
1600:republic with little reference to a
570:Independent from Belgium since 1962
352:
135:had been declared, ensuring most of
89:British (or partly British) colonies
2040:Howden, Daniel (26 November 2009).
1987:Howden, Daniel (26 November 2009).
1630:applied to rejoin the Commonwealth.
964:Other republics in the Commonwealth
510:Independent from France since 1960
480:Independent from France since 1960
450:Independent from France since 1960
24:
2310:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
1926:"Rwanda: Joining the Commonwealth"
1816:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1949.tb00131.x
1677: Non-member states that were
25:
2586:
2071:Osike, Felix (24 November 2007).
1968:from the original on 6 April 2020
2111:from the original on 9 July 2021
1616:
1562:
1498:
1469:
1440:
1411:
1382:
1353:
1324:
1295:
1266:
1237:
1208:
1179:
1150:
1121:
1092:
1063:
1034:
1005:
924:
887:
859:
831:
802:
772:
740:
728:administered by Australia alone.
700:
671:
634:
605:
576:
546:
516:
486:
456:
426:
397:
2097:
2064:
1934:. AllAfrica. 27 November 2009.
2033:
1950:
1886:
1860:
1831:
1775:Monarchy of the United Kingdom
1653: Commonwealth of Nations
1604:but equally no reference to a
914:, when it was an Anglo-French
13:
1:
2488:Commonwealth Youth Parliament
2300:Commonwealth Games Federation
2290:Commonwealth Business Council
1780:
851:Incumbent Governor (interim)
349:of parliamentary government.
2549:Visits by Queen Elizabeth II
2234:Commonwealth Youth Programme
1797:de Smith, S.A. (July 1949).
1689:or under some other type of
1520:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1016:
943:
940:
935:
906:
903:
898:
878:
875:
870:
850:
847:
842:
822:
819:
816:
813:
792:
789:
786:
783:
760:
757:
754:
751:
720:
717:
714:
711:
691:
688:
685:
682:
654:
651:
648:
645:
625:
622:
619:
616:
596:
593:
590:
587:
566:
563:
560:
557:
536:
533:
530:
527:
506:
503:
500:
497:
476:
473:
470:
467:
446:
443:
440:
437:
417:
414:
411:
408:
358:Republics since independence
256:British Overseas Territories
146:The declaration was made by
7:
2483:Commonwealth Writers' Prize
2073:"Rwanda membership delayed"
1748:
1492:Incumbent Governor-General
1434:Incumbent Governor-General
1405:Incumbent Governor-General
1347:Incumbent Governor-General
1318:Incumbent Governor-General
1260:Incumbent Governor-General
1057:Incumbent Governor-General
1028:Incumbent Governor-General
115:in 1971 as a result of the
48:in the organisation with a
10:
2591:
2224:Deputy Secretaries-General
1638:
1430:Semi-presidential republic
967:
265:
122:
2529:
2450:
2407:
2275:
2242:
2191:
2165:
1848:(350): 1–27. April 1999.
1463:Incumbent Prime Minister
1231:Incumbent Prime Minister
1202:Incumbent Prime Minister
1115:Incumbent Prime Minister
1086:Incumbent Prime Minister
879:Incumbent Chief Minister
692:Incumbent Prime Minister
660:(as a state of Malaysia)
597:Incumbent Prime Minister
507:Incumbent Prime Minister
477:Incumbent Prime Minister
225:Queen's Official Birthday
182:constitutional amendments
117:Bangladesh Liberation War
2506:Commonwealth citizenship
2267:Ministerial Action Group
2199:Head of the Commonwealth
153:Head of the Commonwealth
99:as their own individual
58:Head of the Commonwealth
2295:Commonwealth Foundation
2158:Commonwealth of Nations
1854:10.1080/003585399108072
1770:Monarchy of New Zealand
1590:, was established. Its
262:Commonwealth membership
229:Great Council of Chiefs
206:parliamentary republics
93:self-governing colonies
42:Commonwealth of Nations
2019:"Welcome to Allvoices"
1694:
1691:British administration
1531:Statute of Westminster
1488:Parliamentary republic
1343:Parliamentary republic
1285:Parliamentary republic
1256:Parliamentary republic
1169:Parliamentary republic
1053:Parliamentary republic
1024:Parliamentary republic
327:parliamentary republic
166:
87:, they are all former
37:
2511:Commonwealth diaspora
2437:Commonwealth republic
1803:The Modern Law Review
1760:Monarchy of Australia
1731:Mandate for Palestine
1703:Edinburgh Declaration
1679:British protectorates
1648:
1517:Presidential republic
1459:Presidential republic
1372:Presidential republic
1314:Presidential republic
1227:Presidential republic
1198:Presidential republic
1111:Presidential republic
1082:Presidential republic
343:presidential republic
329:. In others, such as
204:. Some states became
193:, which are known as
161:
40:The republics in the
35:
2493:Round Table movement
1594:established it as a
1584:British Commonwealth
2417:Membership criteria
2277:Commonwealth Family
2244:Heads of government
1743:Persian Gulf states
1735:Republic of Ireland
1477:Trinidad and Tobago
323:Trinidad and Tobago
221:banknotes and coins
202:presidential system
195:Commonwealth realms
133:Republic of Ireland
66:Commonwealth realms
2521:King's Baton Relay
2463:Commonwealth Games
2432:Commonwealth realm
2422:Special membership
2085:on 23 January 2013
1874:on 31 January 2008
1765:Monarchy of Canada
1695:
1628:Emmerson Mnangagwa
347:Westminster system
129:London Declaration
38:
2557:
2556:
2473:Commonwealth Flag
2442:High Commissioner
2229:Marlborough House
2218:Patricia Scotland
2214:Secretary-General
1755:List of republics
1727:Thirteen Colonies
1709:The republics of
1525:
1524:
961:
960:
955:South West Africa
353:List of republics
16:(Redirected from
2582:
2478:Commonwealth Day
2458:English language
2151:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2081:. Archived from
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2029:on 25 June 2013.
2025:. Archived from
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1794:
1739:Irish Free State
1676:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1575:Irish Free State
1568:
1566:
1565:
1521:New appointment
1504:
1502:
1501:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1173:New appointment
1156:
1154:
1153:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1011:
1009:
1008:
999:First president
974:
973:
949:Continued to be
944:New appointment
930:
928:
927:
907:New appointment
893:
891:
890:
865:
863:
862:
837:
835:
834:
823:New appointment
808:
806:
805:
793:New appointment
778:
776:
775:
761:New appointment
746:
744:
743:
721:New appointment
706:
704:
703:
677:
675:
674:
640:
638:
637:
626:New appointment
611:
609:
608:
582:
580:
579:
567:New appointment
552:
550:
549:
537:New appointment
522:
520:
519:
492:
490:
489:
462:
460:
459:
447:New appointment
432:
430:
429:
418:New appointment
403:
401:
400:
388:First president
365:
364:
174:Governor-General
141:Northern Ireland
46:sovereign states
21:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2544:Prime ministers
2525:
2499:The Round Table
2446:
2403:
2312:
2271:
2257:Chair-in-Office
2238:
2187:
2161:
2155:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2046:The Independent
2038:
2034:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1993:The Independent
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1902:. 21 May 2018.
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1841:The Round Table
1837:
1836:
1832:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1751:
1693:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1617:
1615:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1550:
1499:
1497:
1470:
1468:
1441:
1439:
1412:
1410:
1383:
1381:
1354:
1352:
1325:
1323:
1296:
1294:
1267:
1265:
1238:
1236:
1209:
1207:
1180:
1178:
1151:
1149:
1122:
1120:
1093:
1091:
1064:
1062:
1035:
1033:
1006:
1004:
995:
993:
988:
986:
981:
972:
966:
948:
925:
923:
888:
886:
860:
858:
832:
830:
803:
801:
773:
771:
765:
741:
739:
729:
701:
699:
672:
670:
664:
659:
635:
633:
606:
604:
577:
575:
547:
545:
517:
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101:head of state
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2113:. Retrieved
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2083:the original
2076:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2045:
2035:
2027:the original
2022:
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1992:
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1961:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1929:
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:the original
1862:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1806:
1802:
1708:
1696:
1664:dependencies
1608:either (see
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:Constitution
1587:
1573:
1556:
1390:South Africa
1361:Sierra Leone
987:Commonwealth
950:
912:New Hebrides
725:
361:
312:
294:
271:
240:
237:
218:
199:
170:Elizabeth II
167:
162:
145:
126:
70:
39:
29:
2516:LGBT rights
2261:Paul Kagame
2209:Secretariat
2203:Charles III
2089:29 November
2056:21 November
2003:21 November
1972:15 February
1962:gurtong.net
1942:29 November
1878:2 September
1741:), and the
1729:), Israel (
1711:South Sudan
916:condominium
904:Ceremonial
848:Ceremonial
758:Ceremonial
734:until 2000
652:Ceremonial
534:Ceremonial
191:Charles III
186:referendums
184:or holding
54:Charles III
2564:Categories
2427:Suspension
2192:Governance
2078:New Vision
2048:. London.
1995:. London.
1910:3 February
1899:Africanews
1781:References
1723:Somaliland
1538:Tanganyika
994:government
941:Executive
876:Executive
820:Executive
810:Seychelles
790:Executive
780:Mozambique
748:Bangladesh
718:Executive
689:Executive
655:Incumbent
623:Executive
594:Executive
564:Executive
504:Executive
474:Executive
444:Executive
415:Executive
385:president
266:See also:
208:, such as
109:Bangladesh
50:republican
1697:The 2007
1419:Sri Lanka
1274:Mauritius
989:republic
642:Singapore
319:Mauritius
248:Mauritius
157:Jan Smuts
111:did from
2183:Timeline
2109:Archived
2050:Archived
1997:Archived
1966:Archived
1936:Archived
1904:Archived
1749:See also
1719:Suriname
1687:mandates
1683:colonies
1624:Zimbabwe
1606:republic
1602:monarchy
1597:de facto
1580:dominion
1542:Zanzibar
1448:Tanzania
1332:Pakistan
1013:Barbados
985:Became a
951:de facto
867:Kiribati
839:Dominica
726:de facto
679:Botswana
657:Governor
613:Maldives
434:Cameroon
302:Maldives
300:and the
286:Malaysia
278:Eswatini
252:Kiribati
113:Pakistan
62:reigning
44:are the
2501:Journal
2468:Symbols
2451:Culture
2409:Members
2166:History
1825:1090506
1701:of the
1588:Ireland
1582:in the
1570:Ireland
1303:Nigeria
992:Current
980:Year of
932:Namibia
895:Vanuatu
383:Type of
378:joining
376:Year of
371:Year of
282:Lesotho
137:Ireland
123:History
2160:topics
2115:7 July
1823:
1717:, and
1675:
1669:
1660:
1651:
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1506:Uganda
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1129:Guyana
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1071:Gambia
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1039:
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892:
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777:
745:
705:
676:
639:
610:
584:Zambia
581:
554:Rwanda
551:
521:
491:
461:
431:
405:Cyprus
402:
391:Notes
339:Malawi
337:, and
331:Gambia
321:, and
288:, and
274:Brunei
75:, the
2531:Lists
1821:JSTOR
1715:Sudan
1513:1966
1510:1962
1484:1976
1481:1962
1455:1962
1452:1961
1426:1972
1423:1948
1397:1961
1394:1910
1368:1971
1365:1961
1339:1956
1336:1947
1310:1963
1307:1960
1281:1992
1278:1968
1252:1974
1249:1964
1245:Malta
1223:1966
1220:1964
1194:1964
1191:1963
1187:Kenya
1165:1950
1162:1947
1158:India
1136:1970
1133:1966
1107:1960
1104:1957
1100:Ghana
1078:1970
1075:1965
1049:1987
1046:1970
1020:2021
1017:1966
996:type
936:1990
899:1980
871:1979
843:1978
817:1976
814:1976
787:1995
784:1975
755:1972
752:1971
715:2000
712:1968
708:Nauru
686:1966
683:1966
649:1966
646:1965
620:1982
617:1965
591:1964
588:1964
561:2009
558:1962
531:1970
528:1962
524:Samoa
501:2022
498:1960
471:2022
468:1960
464:Gabon
441:1995
438:1960
412:1961
409:1960
335:Ghana
315:Malta
290:Tonga
210:Malta
148:India
81:Gabon
2394:ROSL
2384:RCEL
2369:CSFP
2359:CPSU
2354:CLGF
2339:CJIA
2334:CHRI
2314:BECM
2117:2021
2091:2009
2058:2017
2005:2017
1974:2017
1944:2009
1912:2020
1880:2008
1042:Fiji
494:Togo
298:Fiji
214:Fiji
85:Togo
83:and
2399:SSI
2389:RCS
2379:ICS
2374:ESU
2364:CPU
2349:CLA
2344:CoL
2329:CET
2324:CBA
2319:CAP
1850:doi
1811:doi
1733:),
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235:".
212:or
119:).
91:or
2566::
2107:.
2075:.
2044:.
2021:.
1991:.
1964:.
1960:.
1928:.
1896:.
1846:88
1844:.
1819:.
1807:12
1805:.
1801:.
1789:^
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276:,
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2119:.
2093:.
2060:.
2007:.
1976:.
1946:.
1914:.
1882:.
1856:.
1852::
1827:.
1813::
1737:(
1533:.
20:)
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