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the capsule will be crushed. If it does not slow down quickly enough, it will crash into the surface and be destroyed. There are additional requirements for atmospheric reentry. If the angle of attack is too shallow, the capsule may skip off the surface of the atmosphere. If the angle of attack is too steep, the deceleration forces may be too high or the heat of reentry may exceed the tolerances of the heat shield.
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coated with a material that melts and then vaporizes ("ablation"). It may seem counterproductive, but the vaporization takes heat away from the capsule. This keeps the reentry heat from getting inside the capsule. Capsules see a more intense heating regime than spaceplanes and ceramics such as used on the Space
Shuttle are usually less suitable, and all capsules have used ablation.
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into consideration. The capsule must be strong enough to slow down quickly, must endure extremely high or low temperatures, and must survive the landing. When the capsule comes close to a planet's or moon's surface, it has to slow down at a very exact rate. If it slows down too quickly, everything in
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When the reentry capsule comes through the atmosphere the capsule compresses the air in front of it, which heats up to very high temperatures. The surface temperature of a capsule can reach 1,480 °C (2,700 °F) as it descends through the Earth's atmosphere. To prevent this heat from reaching
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In practice, capsules do create a significant and useful amount of lift. This lift is used to control the trajectory of the capsule, allowing reduced g-forces on the crew, as well as reducing the peak heat transfer into the capsule. The longer the vehicle spends at high altitude, the thinner the air
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of the air, and the shape, mass, diameter and roughness of the capsule. The speed of a spacecraft highly depends on the combined effect of the two forces — gravity, which can speed up a rocket, and drag, which will slow down the rocket. Capsules entering Earth's atmosphere will be considerably
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As the capsule slows down, the compression of the air molecules hitting the capsules surface creates a lot of heat. The surface of a capsule can get to 1,480 °C (2,700 °F) as it descends through the Earth's atmosphere. All this heat has to be directed away. Reentry capsules are typically
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Capsules reenter aft-end first with the occupants lying down, as this is the optimum position for the human body to withstand the decelerative g-force. The aft end is formed in a rounded shape (blunt body), as this forms a shock wave that doesn't touch the capsule, and the heat is deflected away
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Reentry capsules are well-suited to high energy reentries. Capsules reenter aft-end first with the occupants lying down, as this is the optimum position for the human body to withstand the g-forces induced as the capsule impacts the atmosphere. The rounded shape (blunt body) of a capsule forms a
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is and the less heat is conducted. For example, the Apollo CM had a lift to drag ratio of about 0.35. In the absence of any lift the Apollo capsule would have been subjected to about 20g deceleration (8g for low-Earth-orbiting spacecraft), but by using lift the trajectory was kept to around 4g.
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offset from the center line; this caused the capsule to assume an angled attitude through the air, providing a sideways lift to be used for directional control. Rotational thrusters were used to steer the capsule under either automatic or manual control by changing the lift vector.
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Capsules also have to be able to withstand the impact when they reach the Earth's surface. All US crewed capsules (Mercury, Gemini, Apollo) landed on water; the Soviet/Russian Soyuz and
Chinese Shenzhou (and planned US, Russian, and Indian) crewed capsules use small
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appears likely, as of
December 2005, to use a ten-times reusable capsule with a replaceable heat shield. There is no limit, save for lack of engineering experience, on using high-temperature ceramic tiles or ultra-high temperature
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Parachutes are used for the final descent, sometimes augmented by braking rockets if the capsule is designed to land on the Earth's surface. Examples of land landing capsules include Vostok, Voskhod, Soyuz, Shenzhou and the
434:. A shooting star, which is usually tiny, creates so much heat coming through the atmosphere that the air around the meteorite glows white hot. So when a huge object like a capsule comes through, even more heat is created.
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ended in disaster in 1971 when an equalization valve, used to equalize air pressure during the Soyuz final descent, prematurely opened in the vacuum of space, killing the three crew members, who were not wearing
419:, including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Anything falling through air hits these molecules and therefore slows down. The amount of drag on a capsule depends on many things, including the
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aerodynamic requirements. The capsule design is both volumetrically efficient and structurally strong, so it is typically possible to construct small capsules of performance comparable to
254:. Aluminum is very light, and the structure gives the capsule extra strength. The early spacecraft had a coating of glass embedded with synthetic resin and put in very high temperatures.
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When the capsule comes through the atmosphere, it compresses the air in front of it which heats up to very high temperatures (contrary to popular belief friction is not significant).
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Few details are known about the
Shenzhou reentry capsule, except that it uses some technology from the Soyuz TM design. The new Soyuz TMA spacecraft, now used solely for
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almost ended in disaster, when the reentry capsule entered the atmosphere nose first – attributed to a failure of the service module to separate similar to that on the
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offset from the center line; this caused the capsule to assume an angled attitude through the air, providing lift that could be used for directional control.
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ended in disaster when the parachutes failed to deploy and the capsule smashed into the earth at speeds over 300 mph (483 km/h), killing cosmonaut
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for reentry and been non-reusable. The early spacecraft had a coating of glass embedded with synthetic resin and put in very high temperatures.
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The former Soviet Union suffered two disasters, and one near-disaster, all three involving the capsule during the de-orbit and reentry.
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or equipment module attached to the rear. A feature in the landing system allows the use of a single parachute and "
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Capsules are well-suited to high-temperature and dynamic loading reentries. Whereas delta-wing gliders such as the
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At lower altitudes and speeds parachutes are used to slow the capsule down by making more drag.
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is still necessary. The space capsule must be strong enough to withstand reentry forces such as
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flights, had its couches modified to allow for taller crewmembers to fly, and features "
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Reentry capsules have typically been smaller than 5 meters (16 feet) in diameter due to
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flight. Luckily, the service module was burned off and the capsule righted itself.
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spacecraft – the orbital module is located at the front of the spacecraft, with the
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Two of the biggest external forces that a reentry capsule experiences are
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shock wave that keeps most of the heat away from the heat shield, but a
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thrusters were used to steer the capsule by rotating the lift vector.
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reentry vehicles attempts to provide a more flexible reentry profile.
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Materials for the capsule are designed in different ways, like the
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in order to establish a lifting entry and control the landing site
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Engineers building a reentry capsule must take forces such as
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The reentry capsule is the "middle" module of the three-part
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interior structures, capsules are typically equipped with an
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flying with the blunt end of the heat shield at a non-zero
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designs in all but lift-to-drag ratio for less cost. The
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Drag is the capsule's resistance to it moving through
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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372:The Apollo Command Module reentered with the
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296:that chars and vaporizes, removing the heat.
151:Soyuz TMA reentry capsule after landing, 2005
533:and newer commercial and military aircraft.
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1283:List of Russian human spaceflight missions
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529:" technology similar to that found on the
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227:is an example. Most capsules have used an
1278:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2740:People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps
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3040:Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center
2735:Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center
2676:The † sign designates failed missions.
231:for reentry and been non-reusable. The
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388:to touch down on land. In the lighter
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1234:
2674:; exceptions are noted "(uncrewed)".
2666:Uncrewed missions are designated as
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
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345:that are not capsules. The current
272:Most reentry capsules have used an
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1053:Next-generation crewed spacecraft
943:Space Capsule Recovery Experiment
580:version restored the third seat.
369:rather than melting the vehicle.
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415:. Air is a mixture of different
233:Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle
34:
3050:Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
1145:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
45:needs additional citations for
2680:designates cancelled missions.
1205:– Describes Soyuz-TMA descent.
895:Stardust Sample Return Capsule
13:
1:
1331:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
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907:Genesis Sample Return Capsule
568:. Subsequent flights, from
430:A good example of this is a
240:sheets on reentry capsules.
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7:
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883:Orbital Re-entry Experiment
523:International Space Station
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179:, the final descent is via
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3139:indicates current missions
3045:Wenchang Space Launch Site
2719:China Manned Space Program
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712:(Two capsules per launch)
673:McDonnell Mercury capsule
282:thermal protection system
3092:Shuguang Group 1970 list
967:Hayabusa Reentry Capsule
723:McDonnell Gemini capsule
584:List of reentry capsules
536:
313:Boeing CST-100 Starliner
3119:Yuan Wang tracking ship
931:Shenzhou reentry module
805:(4 capsules per launch)
396:Gravity, drag, and lift
305:Reaction control system
27:Part of a space capsule
3087:Chinese women in space
2975:Tiangong space station
1273:List of Soyuz missions
1192:. NASA. Archived from
871:VA TKS reentry capsule
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3165:Spacecraft components
1299:Soyuz (rocket family)
748:Apollo Command Module
649:Vostok reentry module
510:spacecraft. Like the
245:Apollo command module
201:Apollo command module
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143:in the Pacific Ocean.
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1474:Zond lunar programme
1351:(by spacecraft type)
1166:(Mars sample-return)
1093:'s re-entry capsule.
779:Soyuz reentry module
605:adding missing items
467:adding missing items
294:ablative heat shield
274:ablative heat shield
229:ablative heat shield
159:is the portion of a
54:improve this article
1309:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1164:Earth Entry vehicle
325:Atmospheric reentry
319:Aerodynamic heating
268:Atmospheric reentry
252:honeycomb structure
3024:Feitian space suit
2581:(uncrewed landing)
1788:(uncrewed landing)
1304:Soyuz (spacecraft)
1067:'s re-entry module
847:Fanhui Shi Weixing
603:; you can help by
465:; you can help by
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2590:(uncrewed launch)
1803:(uncrewed launch)
1614:Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1
1589:Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1
1326:Soyuz abort modes
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516:Apollo spacecraft
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333:can reenter from
173:atmospheric entry
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69:"Reentry capsule"
16:(Redirected from
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3104:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3079:
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3068:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3057:(landing site)
3052:
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2943:Space stations
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2460:(2016–present)
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2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
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1983:
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1967:
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1933:
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1269:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1221:Service module
1218:
1216:Orbital module
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1095:
1094:
1081:
1068:
1055:
1043:
1042:(lifting body)
1030:
1028:Boeing CST-100
1018:
1006:
1005:return capsule
993:
981:
969:
957:
945:
933:
921:
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861:
849:
837:
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713:
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687:
675:
663:
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639:
619:
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585:
582:
538:
535:
512:Command Module
504:braking rocket
487:
484:
481:
480:
460:
458:
447:
444:
397:
394:
374:center of mass
323:Main article:
320:
317:
301:center of mass
266:Main article:
263:
260:
213:launch vehicle
192:
189:
141:splashing down
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
18:Reentry module
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3177:
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2356:
2354:
2353:Soyuz TMA-01M
2351:
2350:
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2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
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2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
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1956:
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1951:
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1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1349:Past missions
1347:
1342:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1226:Space capsule
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1196:on 2013-08-05
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1004:
999:
994:
992:
987:
982:
980:
975:
970:
968:
963:
958:
956:
955:SpaceX Dragon
951:
946:
944:
939:
934:
932:
927:
922:
920:
915:
910:
908:
903:
898:
896:
891:
886:
884:
879:
874:
872:
867:
862:
860:
855:
850:
848:
843:
838:
836:
831:
824:
819:
817:
812:
807:
804:
799:
794:
792:
787:
782:
780:
775:
768:
763:
761:
760:KH-8 Gambit 3
756:
751:
749:
744:
739:
736:
731:
726:
724:
719:
714:
711:
706:
701:
698:
693:
688:
686:
681:
676:
674:
669:
664:
662:
657:
652:
650:
645:
640:
638:
635:KH-1 to KH-4
632:
627:
626:
625:
615:
606:
602:
599:This list is
597:
590:
589:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
534:
532:
531:Space Shuttle
528:
527:glass cockpit
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
477:
468:
464:
461:This list is
459:
452:
451:
443:
439:
435:
433:
432:shooting star
428:
425:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
393:
391:
387:
381:
378:
375:
370:
366:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Space Shuttle
326:
316:
314:
308:
306:
302:
297:
295:
289:
287:
283:
277:
275:
269:
259:
257:
253:
250:
246:
241:
239:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
202:
197:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:space capsule
158:
149:
142:
138:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3142:
3136:
2973:
2931:
2924:
2872:
2865:
2677:
2671:
2667:
1873:Apollo–Soyuz
1631:Soyuz 7K-OKS
1605:Soyuz 7K-LOK
1580:Soyuz 7K-L1E
1567:
1560:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:the original
1096:
803:KH-9 Hexagon
685:KH-6 Lanyard
622:
609:
559:
540:
520:
489:
471:
440:
436:
429:
426:
410:
399:
386:retrorockets
382:
379:
371:
367:
355:
328:
309:
298:
290:
278:
271:
256:Carbon fiber
242:
217:lifting body
210:
165:aerodynamics
156:
154:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3077:Project 921
2670:instead of
2467:Soyuz MS-01
2346:(2010–2016)
2344:Soyuz-TMA-M
2229:Soyuz TMA-1
2222:(2002–2012)
2034:(1986–2002)
1930:Kosmos 1001
1923:(1978–1986)
1892:(1974–1976)
1845:(1974–1976)
1843:Soyuz 7K-TM
1659:(1972–1981)
1607:(1971–1972)
1582:(1969–1970)
1470:(1967–1970)
1468:Soyuz 7K-L1
1361:(1966–1970)
1359:Soyuz 7K-OK
1292:Main topics
1177:Kavoshgar E
710:KH-7 Gambit
347:RKK Energia
199:Artwork of
169:heat shield
3002:Long March
2955:Tiangong-1
2895:Tianzhou 1
2806:Shenzhou 5
2770:Shenzhou 1
2745:Taikonauts
2537:(uncrewed)
2045:(uncrewed)
2041:Soyuz TM-1
1945:(uncrewed)
1899:Kosmos 670
1890:Soyuz 7K-S
1852:Kosmos 638
1727:(uncrewed)
1691:Kosmos 656
1681:Kosmos 613
1666:Kosmos 496
1657:Soyuz 7K-T
1595:Kosmos 382
1494:Zond 1967A
1483:Kosmos 146
1423:(uncrewed)
1394:Kosmos 186
1383:Kosmos 140
1378:(uncrewed)
1368:Kosmos 133
1200:2007-07-12
1183:References
1133:Oryol/Orel
1003:OSIRIS-REx
991:Orion MPCV
979:VBK-Raduga
661:KH-5 Argon
601:incomplete
566:spacesuits
463:incomplete
221:spaceplane
185:spaceplane
80:newspapers
3137:Underline
2220:Soyuz-TMA
1941:Soyuz T-1
1319:Site 31/6
1121:Gaganyaan
1091:Chang'e 6
1065:Chang'e 5
417:molecules
191:Structure
181:parachute
137:Apollo 17
110:July 2007
3159:Category
3124:Mengzhou
3082:Shuguang
3033:Facility
2997:Tianzhou
2992:Shenzhou
2985:Hardware
2763:Uncrewed
2458:Soyuz MS
2032:Soyuz-TM
1862:Soyuz 16
1696:Soyuz 14
1686:Soyuz 13
1676:Soyuz 12
1640:Soyuz 10
1539:Zond-M 1
1314:Site 1/5
1210:See also
612:May 2022
574:Soyuz 40
570:Soyuz 12
561:Soyuz 11
555:Vostok 1
496:Shenzhou
486:Shenzhou
474:May 2022
249:aluminum
3143:Italics
3112:Group 3
3107:Group 2
3065:Related
2678:Italics
2448:TMA-20M
2443:TMA-19M
2438:TMA-18M
2433:TMA-17M
2428:TMA-16M
2423:TMA-15M
2418:TMA-14M
2413:TMA-13M
2408:TMA-12M
2403:TMA-11M
2398:TMA-10M
2393:TMA-09M
2388:TMA-08M
2383:TMA-07M
2378:TMA-06M
2373:TMA-05M
2368:TMA-04M
2363:TMA-03M
2358:TMA-02M
1921:Soyuz-T
1419:Soyuz 2
1388:Soyuz 1
859:Luna 24
816:Luna 20
791:Luna 16
735:Voskhod
578:Soyuz-T
551:Soyuz 5
543:Soyuz 1
514:of the
508:Mercury
500:service
421:density
402:gravity
358:gravity
262:Reentry
238:ceramic
94:scholar
2799:Crewed
2668:Kosmos
2588:
2579:
2535:
2334:TMA-22
2329:TMA-21
2324:TMA-20
2319:TMA-19
2314:TMA-18
2309:TMA-17
2304:TMA-16
2299:TMA-15
2294:TMA-14
2289:TMA-13
2284:TMA-12
2279:TMA-11
2274:TMA-10
2043:
1943:
1869:
1801:
1786:
1725:
1633:(1971)
1551:Zond 7
1506:Zond 4
1421:
835:Yantar
637:CORONA
351:Kliper
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2672:Soyuz
2654:MS-29
2650:2026
2644:MS-28
2639:MS-27
2635:2025
2620:MS-26
2615:MS-25
2595:MS-24
2586:MS-23
2577:MS-22
2572:MS-21
2567:MS-20
2562:MS-19
2557:MS-18
2552:MS-17
2547:MS-16
2542:MS-15
2533:MS-14
2528:MS-13
2523:MS-12
2518:MS-11
2512:MS-10
2507:MS-09
2502:MS-08
2497:MS-07
2492:MS-06
2487:MS-05
2482:MS-04
2477:MS-03
2472:MS-02
2269:TMA-9
2264:TMA-8
2259:TMA-7
2254:TMA-6
2249:TMA-5
2244:TMA-4
2239:TMA-3
2234:TMA-2
2210:TM-34
2205:TM-33
2200:TM-32
2195:TM-31
2190:TM-30
2185:TM-29
2180:TM-28
2175:TM-27
2170:TM-26
2165:TM-25
2160:TM-24
2155:TM-23
2150:TM-22
2145:TM-21
2140:TM-20
2135:TM-19
2130:TM-18
2125:TM-17
2120:TM-16
2115:TM-15
2110:TM-14
2105:TM-13
2100:TM-12
2095:TM-11
2090:TM-10
1991:T-10a
1533:1969A
1517:1968B
1511:1968A
1500:1967B
1078:Varda
697:Zenit
537:Soyuz
492:Soyuz
101:JSTOR
87:books
3072:CNSA
2085:TM-9
2080:TM-8
2075:TM-7
2070:TM-6
2065:TM-5
2060:TM-4
2055:TM-3
2050:TM-2
2022:T-15
2017:T-14
2012:T-13
2007:T-12
2002:T-11
1997:T-10
1936:1074
1620:No.2
406:drag
404:and
362:drag
360:and
343:Mars
339:Moon
286:drag
171:for
73:news
1986:T-9
1980:T-8
1975:T-7
1970:T-6
1965:T-5
1960:T-4
1955:T-3
1950:T-2
1910:869
1904:772
1857:672
1712:18a
1671:573
1545:M 2
1488:154
1414:238
1409:213
1404:212
1399:188
1080:W-1
1040:IXV
607:.
572:to
549:.
494:or
469:.
413:air
247:’s
219:or
56:by
3161::
3017:5B
3007:2F
2874:19
2867:18
2861:17
2856:16
2851:15
2846:14
2841:13
2836:12
2831:11
2826:10
1880:22
1867:19
1833:40
1828:39
1823:38
1818:37
1813:36
1808:35
1799:34
1793:33
1784:32
1779:31
1774:30
1769:29
1764:28
1759:27
1754:26
1748:25
1743:24
1737:23
1732:21
1723:20
1718:18
1707:17
1701:15
1646:11
1569:10
1376:†
408:.
155:A
3012:7
2966:3
2960:2
2933:8
2926:7
2920:6
2915:5
2910:4
2905:3
2900:2
2821:9
2816:7
2811:6
2790:8
2785:4
2780:3
2775:2
2711:e
2704:t
2697:v
2514:†
1993:†
1982:†
1932:†
1912:†
1906:†
1875:)
1871:(
1795:†
1750:†
1739:†
1714:†
1703:†
1648:†
1642:†
1622:†
1616:†
1591:†
1562:9
1556:8
1547:†
1541:†
1535:†
1528:6
1523:5
1519:†
1513:†
1502:†
1496:†
1490:†
1476:)
1472:(
1458:9
1453:8
1448:7
1443:6
1438:5
1433:4
1428:3
1390:†
1370:†
1254:e
1247:t
1240:v
1203:.
614:)
610:(
476:)
472:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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