Red River Colony - Knowledge

527:. Between 1800 and 1821, the conflict between Hudson's Bay and Montreal, at that point represented by the predominantly Scottish North West Company, intensified. The conflict reached its peak in 1801 and witnessed both companies expending more resources on out-competing each other than were expended on the exploration of new fur grounds. Between 1803 and 1804, Hudson's Bay morale had plummeted in the face of fierce Northwest competition and forced the two companies into negotiations but neither side could come to terms. Negotiations broke down again in 1805 and despite employing more aggressive agents and the provision of incentive programs, the Hudson's Bay Company was ready to abandon the fur trade in 1809. The Nor'Westers ability to make region-wide plans based on first-hand knowledge in addition to their ability to react quickly to changing circumstances provided the North West Company with a decisive advantage prior to 1810. After 1810, the combination of new management within the Hudson's Bay Company and the approval of a company-sponsored colony at Red River put the North West Company on the defensive. The establishment of a Hudson's Bay colony in the Red River region denied the Nor'Westers access to vital supplies and restricted the company's ability to expand westwards. Additionally, the establishment of an agricultural colony made the Hudson's Bay company nondependent on the profitable fur trade, a factor that the Nor'Westers simply could not compete with. Moreover, by establishing an agricultural colony, the Hudson's Bay Company gained a decisive advantage over the North West Company by virtue of a viable fallback economy as well as a readily available food source during economic slumps. Much of this new-found confidence hinged on the Selkirk's success at Red River and resulted in the colony becoming the central focus of seven years of inter-company warfare. 670: 791:

least heavily influenced by indigenous or Métis communities. Once the rebellion was put down and Manitoba was admitted, thousands of largely Protestant, anglophone Ontarians quickly began migrating to the prairies, and their presence swiftly shifted the demographic, national, and linguistic profile of the province, which in turn meant the election of provincial governments decisively oriented towards Ontario and English Canada, rather than French Canada, Métis, First Nations, or balance between these groups. The Manitoba government also sought to encourage immigration and the immediate establishment and expansion of stable agricultural communities, and within a two decades many thousands of international migrants, largely ethnic Ukrainians and Germans, had come to the province as agricultural settlers. The Catholic Church also continued to encouraged migration and settlement from Quebec and francophone Ontario to Manitoba, however these settlers were far outnumbered by English settlers as well international migrants whose communities would be assimilated in Anglo-Canadian society.

627:, an appointed body with representatives of various sections of Red River society (francophone and anglophone, Roman Catholic and Protestant officials, Métis, Scottish, Irish, French-Canadian, etc.), all sharing a common past or present involvement with the Companies. While the end of the fur trade's inspired conflicts on the plains, the Red River settlement was able to grow in both population and economic importance with the expansion of commercially-oriented agriculture (raising of staple crops). The agricultural products, primarily wheat, began to rise in yearly yields. Flour production rose from over 9,100 kilograms (20,000 lb) annually from 1823 to 1829 to over 14,000 kg (30,000 lb) in the early 1830s. The supply of flour reached over 23,000 kg (50,000 lb) by the mid-1830s, rapidly deflating the price the HBC paid the farmers for the product. Numbering over 1,000 by 1827, the farmers began to complain about the deflating rates they received and lack of markets for their goods. 564:. Although the arrival and subsequent settlement of Selkirk's private army finally broke the back of the North West Company, Selkirk spent much of his remaining years, and the majority of his fortune, defending his actions at Fort William. When Selkirk arrived at Red River in 1817, the stability of the colony dramatically improved, especially after the removal of all Indigenous claims to the land. Selkirk achieved this by signing a treaty between the Red River colonists and the local Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwa. Between 1817 and 1820, Selkirk committed all of his available resources to the betterment of his colonial venture and ironically it was Selkirk's death in the spring of 1820 that ultimately ended Northwest aggression against his beloved colony. 682:, the American annexationists hoped to take advantage of the disruption caused by these political conflicts and present themselves in the forefront as the ideal leaders of the Red River land. The annexation was led by Minnesota senator Alexander Ramsey, and was backed by Zachariah Chandler and Jacob M. Howard- who were both senators of Michigan and represented Detroit merchants. They all shared the same economic vision for the annexation: Ramsey believed that the Red River valley would serve as an important commercial adjunct for his state, while Chandler and Howard believed that annexing the Red River would benefit their Great Lakes Trade. This was done under the belief it would help them in their attempts to colonize the region, as it prevented the 459: 863:

civilization. Although these schools took in all children of the colony, mixed-ancestry children were a large focus due to them being tied to the fur trading post by their European fathers. John Halkett, a Committee member, wanted Metis families of retired HBC employees to be brought to Red River (from other nearby posts) to be put under the authority of the Roman Catholic Mission or Church Missionary Society. This plan was largely related to keeping retired Metis employees from continuing trade with the Indigenous peoples; however, its effect led to Christianity being a prominent part of culture for the Metis community. The Chaplain of the Hudson's Bay Company,

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to the settlement, tensions between the European and indigenous communities were heightened due to the highly restrictive gender norms these women brought with them from Europe. In part a reflection of their conservative morals, many settlers in the colony also claimed to observe differences between European and indigenous women; Alexander Ross, a Scottish author who lived in the Red River Colony for a number of years, stated in a book written by him on the colony's history that a friend informed him that European women were required to be "graceful" unlike indigenous women, who were exempt from this due to their bashfulness.

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in 1869–70 that were carefully structured to be given in severalty, rather than in common. Red River was now developing its own provincial government that had a political voice and political implications upon Canadian federal government. This rebellion also led to the Métis emerging as a unique, acknowledged group within Canada, and ultimately, the disappearance of the Aboriginal rights paradigm in the public view of Red River. The rebellion was successful in a sense that it allowed the Métis to have a political voice, but it impacted the perception of how other Aboriginals would be viewed in Red River.

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Company's journals and a number of witnesses to these events stated that the united caravan was commonly known as a brigade. These brigades did not just focus on buffalo hunting but were used by buffalo hunters to trade and freight during this time. Women were fundamental in both actively participating in the brigade hunts or trade, as well as the bringing together of people prior to the excursion. By studying the social network of the Trottier Brigade, a community of people from the White Horse Plains in Red River, it is notable that biologically related women brought the majority of the men together.

54: 243: 68: 3234: 438:, the dominant fur trading companies at the time, was essential to the establishment of a colony at Red River. By 1811, the Hudson's Bay Company had reconsidered Selkirk's proposal and granted Selkirk 300,000 km (116,000 sq mi), an area five times the size of Scotland, to establish an agricultural settlement in the region of Red River. Supplies of "produce, such as flour, beef, pork and butter..." would be affordable to manufacture in this colony, and would reduce the costly shipments from Britain. 218: 592: 699:. The Rebellion was an unarmed conflict started by the Métis because Canada was attempting to claim possession of Rupert's Land without any concern for the grievances of the Métis. However, the main American intention behind their decision to support Riel and the Rebellion was an attempt to sway the Métis in favour of the annexation by the US. One of their tools was the New Nation newspaper which elicited rhetoric that advocated annexation by the US because it embodied the popular 859:

livelihoods and practices followed. Metis who chose not to live on prairies and hunt buffalo for the winter remained on lakes such as Manitoba, Winnipegosis, and Winnipeg to ice fish. Over the course of the first half of the 19th century, up to forty households had developed on the lakeshore of Lake Manitoba. Fishing and trading had become year round practices and the Metis families involved would trade with HBC and ‘Freemen’- traders that did not work at the post.

3221: 257: 831:. Thomas, in her testimony, used the laws in place to challenge Corbett's actions; citing British law against forcing individuals to undergo abortions, which were illegal. She won the case; however, Corbett was freed from jail shortly after by a group of settlers who were opposed to the trial. The courts did not challenge this, fearing a possible insurrection, demonstrating the weakness of the colonial authorities in the nascent colony. 949: 751:

government policy. Riel would subsequently be claimed as a hero and martyr by the French-Canadian, Métis, and various First Nations for decades. The Canadian government was starting to punish the rebels for their defiance, but the rebellion is still considered a success in the sense that the Metis were still able to acquire the land rights they hoped to achieve, as well as no longer being ignored when it came to federal matters.

498:, they were forced to hunt bison for food and were completely unprepared for the arrival of 120 additional settlers in October. More settlers were scheduled to arrive in 1813, but due to a fever outbreak on their ship, they did not arrive until June 21, 1814. Dogged by poor harvests and a growing population, Macdonell, now governor of Red River, issued the 871:

French-Canadian traders bringing Catholic priests and missionaries in their wake, later Scottish traders and the Company brought Protestant missionaries and clergy into Ojibwe-dominated areas. This division into a Cree-French-Catholic oriented group and an Ojibwe-Scottish-Protestant oriented group can be seen in the rise of the two main Métis languages:

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Manitoba. The political disputes put the Métis on a platform to voice their disapproval of Americans ignoring their concerns over these land disputes. They had legitimate claims to the land and they stated that they were the "descendants of the lords of the soil.". Also, under Louis Riel's leadership, the Metis rebels were able to capture

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they were eager to create a political union. This ultimately caused the annexation of the North West to fail, despite it being almost within reach. All this ultimately benefited the cause of Riel and the Rebellion. As a result, the Metis were able to successfully defy Canadian expansion into Rupert's Land.

867:, was also interested in the religious educating of Metis children. According to his book, he wrote to the Governor submitting a plan to gather up a number of children to care for and educate. He stated that he created this plan when he saw these children being raised in a way he deemed ignorant and idle. 854:

The culture and lifestyle of the Metis community living in Red River were not only present at the colony. Metis people had a long-lasting tradition of a semi-annual, commercial, buffalo hunt that took place throughout the prairies starting in the mid-1700s with the western fur trade. The Hudson's Bay

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of a secular, English-only public school system which would be the sole recipient of any public funding. The policy was eventually implemented with minor concessions such as the teaching of Catholic doctrine at the end of the day where the number of students warranted, and the role of French in these

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and the settlement was abandoned once again. The imminent arrival of Selkirk in 1817, who had been en route to the colony prior to the incident at Seven Oaks, prompted the settlers to return to the colony shortly after. Travelling with a force of approximately 100 soldiers from the recently disbanded

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nation, both of whom were later ordained as priests. In 1822, the CMS appointed Revd West to head the mission in the Red River Colony. He was succeeded in 1823 by the Revd David Jones who was joined by the Revd W and Mrs Cockran in 1825. The mission expanded and by 1850, the missionaries were active

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was mostly created to prevent another Red River Rebellion. Many of the government officials were inexperienced – especially the three delegates who went to Ottawa to negotiate union terms. None of them had experience with diplomacy or the creation of new governments. Due to the hurried nature of the

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The aftermath of the rebellion caused the Métis to no longer be considered as Canadian Aboriginals – they became regarded as their own social group, and were distinct from other Aboriginal groups. In order to pacify the Métis resistance further, the Canadian government gave them generous land grants

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as a province, security for their land claims, making English and French the official languages of the colony, as well as financial support for the Red River population. Riel hoped to accomplish a sense of equality for the Métis; he wanted to present them as a civilized people that were deserving of

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However, this aggressive propaganda ultimately backfired upon the proposal of annexation. It created even more hostility towards the annexation party and the United States. This great emphasis on materialism never seemed appealing to the Red River people. The Americans became too acquisitive because

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The early settlement of the Red River region was marked by a long series of crises and ecological disasters and within the first decade of settling the region it had already suffered renewed warfare, epidemics, prairie fires and a flood. Perhaps the most significant ecological disaster was the rapid

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There is continuing debate as to whether Selkirk forced the concession of Assiniboia through a controlling interest of Hudson's Bay stock. The argument against Selkirk claims that he received the concession by controlling the shares in the company. Historians seeking to defend this claim have argued

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The grant was also pending the annual provision of 200 men to the company and Selkirk's assurance that the colony would remain out of the fur trade. Selkirk, who once mocked the fur trade for rarely grossing more than £200,000 and only having three ships employed in its service, gladly agreed to the

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or Metis spouse. Though only encouraged by the NWC for trade relations, it was a common practice among European employees of both companies due to the various policies by the companies which only allowed males to emigrate to fur trading outposts. When female settlers did eventually start emigrating

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in 1870. They believed that this act would accomplish two purposes: this would be able to crush the rebellion, while at the same time, appeasing the French demands of increasing French influence in Canada because the act would create a Western province that was constitutionally supportive of French

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American expansionists became heavily interested in the economic potential the territory of the Red River Colony possessed. The ideal soil, climate and socio-economic potential of the area convinced many Americans that they needed to make the territory part of the United States. The result ended up

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Throughout the time that Metis people were a part of the Red River community they developed into several different identities, rather than just the common depiction of the bison-hunting French Catholic Metis. Metis identity, at that time as it is today, was diverse and complex due to the different

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which legally guaranteed a place for the French language in the province's administration, lawmaking, and judiciary along with a clause ensuring state funding for both Catholic (often de facto French) and Protestant schools, English had become the sole means of communication in the legislature and

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Many in French Canada had seen the establishment of Manitoba, officially bilingual and with a large francophone and Catholic population, as a counter-balance to English and Protestant dominance in the Canadian Confederation, while some hoped the province would be a political entity centered or at

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in reaction to the execution of a French-speaking, Catholic political leader, and Riel's death was seen on all sides (among those who saw Riel as a traitor who was rightly punished and those outraged at his arrest and execution) as symbolic of the danger that could result from contesting Canadian

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The proposal was met with a significant amount of resistance from the inhabitants of the Red River as they were given the chance to address their grievances about the potential loss of land and becoming part of an American colonization project through a proclamation by the Governor-General of the

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from establishing sovereignty over the area. A notable example would be James W. Taylor: he was an American special agent and Winnipeg consul who used his political power to shape the destiny of the valley, which called for the removal of all English-Canadian influence. The Canadian government,

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who took over as governor the following winter and reinforced the colony's 45 survivors with 84 additional settlers. In 1815, the North West Company once again entered into negotiations with the Hudson's Bay Company under the threat of invasion of Northwest territory. Negotiations were headed by

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was created by Red River inhabitants to take the place of the unelected Assiniboia Council. The Canadian government was forced to develop the negotiations that allowed for the Métis demands that were legally entrenched in the Manitoba Act which eventually led to the creation of the province of

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The above-mentioned differences in religion, ways of life, and ethnic origins largely followed a pattern based on the initial contact between individuals, groups, and institutions. For example large communities within the Cree nation are thought to have come into contact with French and later

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Through the act, the Red River colony was now christened as Manitoba: a new Canadian province that was self-governed, and that had its own rights and responsibilities. It was no longer being viewed as a territory and was now officially part of the Canadian confederation. Provincial status was

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protection of the United States government to the Red River Métis and assert themselves as the new leaders and Red River would become American land. They ultimately wanted to create a situation where the Red River could become American territory by allying with the discontented Métis Nation.

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ideology. This was meant to help the cause of annexation, the idea being that their support of the Red River Rebellion would encourage local resistance against the Canadian government, and help swing local opinion in favour of independence – then ultimately America would step in to offer the

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Christianity played a vital role in shaping the community within the colony, especially for the Metis people. In the early 19th century, considerations were made by the Committee in London to open schools run by the Clergymen to benefit, in their opinion, from instruction in religion and

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Canadian language and culture. This was the first steps towards the creation of the present-day province of Manitoba. The act was given royal assent on May 12, 1870, and the commencement of Manitoba with a provincial status came to fruition on July 15, 1870. After the passage of the

782:. Riel wanted to secure Red River for the Canadians against the Americans' colonization projects and sentiments of their Manifest Destiny ideologies. The early Manitoba provincial government initially struggled to be effective. Everything around it felt rushed because the 737:

Once the rebellion ended, Riel and several of his comrades fled to the United States in 1870 upon being informed that several government soldiers and irregulars were looking to kill him to exact revenge for several incidents, in particular, the execution of

725:– a fortified post of the Hudson's Bay Company. This would lead Riel into becoming the leader of the provisional government, and he composed and sent a list of rights to Ottawa. The demands mainly consisted of the Métis wanting Red River to be entered into 415:, decided that emigration was the only viable option to improve the livelihood of the Scottish people. Upon inheriting his father's title in 1799, Selkirk focused the majority of his time and resources on establishing a Scottish colony in North America. 493:

with 36 primarily Irish and Scottish settlers. Due to persuasive efforts of the North West Company, only 18 settlers actually arrived at Red River in August 1812. As the planting season had ended before the settlers could complete the construction of

816:'s 1670 Charter; this document gave legislative and judicial powers in Rupert's Land to the company. It is stated within the Charter that the legal status of women is as dependents of a male authority, which included fathers, husbands or brothers. 746:. This caused him to face trial in a Canadian court, and eventually to being executed by the Canadian government in Regina. His death provoked outcry among the French Canadian, First Nations and Métis communities, with particular uproar in 1817:

West, John. The Substance of a Journal During a Residence at the Red River Colony, British North America: and frequent excursions among the North-west American Indians, in the years 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823. London: L.B Seeley, 1824:

646:, British Columbia; then travelled south. Despite such efforts, the British government eventually ceded all claim to land south of the 49th parallel of latitude west of the Rockies to the United States as a resolution to the 523:'s generous grant of Rupert's Land to emigrants who were members of the nobility in 1670. Cause for conflict arose from the inability of either the Montreal traders or the Hudson's Bay Company to gain a monopoly over the 518:

that was initiated by Macdonell's proclamation was only the tail end of a much larger conflict between the Hudson's Bay Company and its fur trade rivals, both English and French, in Montreal. The conflict dates back to

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creation of this province, the officials of this new government presented themselves as overwhelmed and unprepared, and this shows that Manitoba was essentially created to re-stabilize political unrest within Canada.

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depletion of the bison population. A vital food source, bison numbers had been dwindling since the 1760s due to heavy hunting pressure by Euroamerican traders as well as the aboriginal inhabitants of the prairies.

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raised concerns that the proposed colony would interfere with the running of the company. During the first decade of the nineteenth century Selkirk established two unsuccessful agricultural colonies in

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the same rights of any British subject. The rebellion became a pivotal moment in acquiring land rights and a political voice for the Métis, who were constantly disregarded for their Aboriginal status.

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Ross, Alexander. The Red River Settlement: Its Rise, Progress, and Present State: With Some Account of Native Races and Its General History, to the Present Day. London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1856: 200

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Red River first came under attack from the North West Company in the summer of 1815. Convinced that Macdonell's proclamation was a deliberate attempt to block Northwest trade, the company destroyed

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In the province's first few decades of existence (1870-1900), Manitoba experienced conflicting interests between French and English Canadians. A quarter-century after the implementation of the

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The Red River rebellion needed to be finally be put to rest. In order to accomplish this, the Canadian government, which was predominantly led by English-Canadian conservatives, initiated the

774:, the Métis Provisional government was disbanded. There was an assimilation of the Métis people and the European settlers, and the Aboriginal influence was further distanced from Red River. 534:

and burned down all of the surrounding buildings. The fort was later rebuilt but the engagement resulted in the capture of approximately 150 settlers including Macdonell. He was replaced by

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Map showing parts of the Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (referred to on the map by its historic name of Red River Settlement), published in 1870.

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The mixed ethnicity of indigenous and European peoples at the Red River Colony, known as Metis, were not always referred to by that name in the beginning years of their existence.

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from the colony. In doing so, Macdonell undermined the security of Red River and plunged the colony into a conflict with the North West Company that would not end until 1821.

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The Treaties of Canada with the Indians of Manitoba and the North-West Territories Including the Negotiations on Which They Were Based, and Other Information Relating Thereto

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West of the Selkirk Concession, it is roughly formed by the current boundary between Saskatchewan and Manitoba. These covered portions consisted of present-day southern

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being an annexation proposal of Red River in 1870, in order to convert it into land that American settlers could use for economic purposes. Due to the outbreak of the

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R. Douglas Francis, Richard Jones, and Donald B. Smith. "Origins: Canadian History to Confederation", 4th ed. (Toronto: Harcourt Canada ltd., 2000), at pp. 434–5.

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This political chaos, in a sense, became pivotal for Red River because it allowed for the success of the Métis in their rebellion. In 1870, the elected

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Brown, Jennifer. "Métis, Halfbreeds, and Other Real People: Challenging Cultures and Categories". The History Teacher. 27, 1. November 1993. Pg. 20.

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Selkirk himself and he promptly threw out all of the Nor'Wester proposals. The following year Semple and twenty other settlers were killed in the

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FitzGerald, Sharron A.; Muszynski, Alicja (November 2007). "Negotiating Female Morality: place, ideology and agency in the Red River Colony".

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that although Selkirk did buy a considerable number of Hudson's Bay shares between 1811 and 1812, Selkirk received his initial grant in 1811.

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Bradford, Tolly. "Conservative Visions of Christianity and Community in Early Red River, c1800-1821." Manitoba History 71, no. 1 (2013): 36

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new public schools was to be highly limited, mainly to use as means of instructing young students who started school not speaking English.

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Gluek, Alvin (1958). "Industrial Experiments in the Wilderness: A sidelight on the Business History of the Hudson's Bay Company".

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Bruyneel, F. Donald (2010), "Exiled, Executed, Exalted: Louis Riel, "Homo Sacer" and the Production of Canadian Sovereignty",

3081: 2880: 2817: 1987: 1465: 643: 407:, Lord Selkirk was constantly troubled by the plight of his Scottish kin. Selkirk was influenced by humanitarians including 2926: 2913: 2828: 2804: 2309: 38: 17: 3151: 2957: 2705: 2672: 344: 300: 3317: 3034: 2433: 1863: 717: 53: 2428: 2387: 3312: 3141: 2367: 2136:

The Journal of the Bishop of Montreal, during a Visit to the Church Missionary Society's North-West America Mission

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Baker, Robert (1999). "Creating Order in the Wilderness: Transplanting the English Law to Rupert's Land, 1835–51".

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In the establishing years of the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, male settlers frequently took a

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In an extremely rare example of a woman successfully challenging this status-quo, Maria Thomas, a 16-year-old

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tried to depict themselves as favorable figures in the eyes of the Métis by associating themselves with

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Dawson, Kenneth (1970). "Preliminary Investigation of Fort William in Northwestern Ontario".

624: 604: 531: 499: 495: 428: 422:'s Voyages in 1801; however, Selkirk was prevented from settling the region in 1802 when the 304: 2903: 2633: 2135: 3205: 3101: 3056: 3019: 3014: 2970: 2491: 2275: 1920: 1900: 1868: 1838: 1656: 743: 683: 540: 8: 2794: 2774: 2740: 2555: 2516: 2234: 2229: 2100:

Warner, Donald F. (1953), "Drang Nach Norden: The United States and the Riel Rebellion",

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FitzGerald, Sharron A. (June 2007). "Hybrid identities in Canada's Red River Colony".

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and, following the forced displacement of Scottish farmers that took place during the

3076: 2755: 2196: 2154: 1983: 1958: 1714: 1676: 1668: 1498: 1461: 1406: 1343: 1116: 848: 635: 340: 328: 324: 2789: 2040:"Prologue to the Red River Resistance: Pre-liminal Politics and the Triumph of Riel" 1980:

Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of Starvation and the Loss of Aboriginal Life

3174: 3024: 2617: 2590: 2541: 2496: 2304: 2280: 2109: 2076: 2054: 2019: 1946: 1783:"Variations in Red River: The Traders and Freemen Metis of Saint-Laurent, Manitoba" 1702: 1664: 1486: 1386: 1323: 892: 700: 316: 223: 82: 67: 331:. It then formed a line of 52° 30′ N latitude from Lake Winnipegosis to 3126: 2851: 2778: 2481: 2448: 2239: 2206: 2090: 986: 937: 896: 884: 639: 580: 561: 478: 127: 1302:

Farming the Frontier, The Agricultural Opening of the Oregon Country, 1786–1846.

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Owen Corbett, to court for repeatedly raping her and subjecting her to illegal

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guided 200 settlers from the Red River Colony west in an attempt to retain the

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By 1807, Selkirk acknowledged that an alliance with either the Hudson's Bay or

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Gluek, Alvin C. (1955), "The Riel Rebellion and Canadian-American Relations",

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The position of many women in the Red River Colony was determined within the

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Flanagan, Thomas. "Louis Riel and the Dispersion of American Metis." Pg. 184

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Vancouver, B.C.: University of British Columbia Press. 1985, pp. 10–13.

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Flanagan, Thomas. "Louis Riel and the Dispersion of American Metis pg. 179"

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ceased to be a part of the Red River Colony following the signing of the

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ceased to be a part of the Red River Colony following the signing of the

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Chetlain, Augustus L. The Red River Colony. New York: New York, 1878: 50

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however, did not allow these attempts at U.S. expansionism to succeed.

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Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia, Louis Riel, and the Manitoba Act

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Protestant Church and Mission School, Red River Colony (Manitoba),

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for British North America. The party crossed the Rockies into the

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terms. Selkirk referred to this new territory as the District of

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Donnelly, M. S. (1957), "Parliamentary Government in Manitoba",

1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 879:-based mixed-language whose speakers were largely Catholic, and 431:

but continued to pursue the settlement of the Red River region.

418:

Selkirk became interested in the Red River region after reading

2725: 1683: 872: 747: 236: 101: 2005:(1), St. Paul, VA: Minnesota Historical Society Press: 166–177 1945:(3), Ottawa: Canadian Political Science Association: 711–732, 2663: 2142:, an early account of religious life in the Red River Colony. 1739: 1965:

Carter, George (1968), "Lord Selkirk and Red River Colony",

1835:

Missionary Work Around the Winnepegoosis Lake, Rupert's Land

928: 1776: 1774: 1772: 911:(CMS) provided financial assistance in 1820 to Reverend 2053:(1), Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association: 111–123, 2012:

The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

1804: 1802: 1800: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 842: 2018:(1), Montreal: Canadian Economics Association: 20–32, 1897:

Voyage from Red River to Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River

1769: 1510: 1508: 1355: 1353: 1277: 1275: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 2075:(3), Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 199–221, 1797: 1755:"Rooted in Mobility: Metis Buffalo-Hunting Brigades" 1614: 1584: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1240: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 691:

dominion. Americans who supported annexation by the

2502:

Riding Mountain Park East Gate Registration Complex

2150:

The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists

1997:Davies, K. G. (1966), "From Competition to Union", 1692: 1460:. Canada: University of Toronto Press. p. 80. 1973:(1), Helena, MO: Montana Historical Society: 60–69 1890: 1862: 1828: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1505: 1350: 1752: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1532: 1252: 1185: 3284: 2108:(4), Oxford: Oxford University Press: 693–712, 1567: 799:the judiciary, while the provincial government 299:, was a colonization project set up in 1811 by 3196:Areas disputed by Canada and the United States 2047:Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 1857: 1855: 1633: 3298:States and territories disestablished in 1870 2649: 2181: 932:throughout the colony and were travelling to 3201:Proposed provinces and territories of Canada 1753:Macdougall, Brenda; St-Onge, Nicole (2013). 902: 664: 509: 1852: 1830:"The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1857" 108: 3293:States and territories established in 1811 2656: 2642: 2188: 2174: 1892:"The Church Missionary Gleaner, June 1860" 1646: 754: 307:. This land was granted to Douglas by the 66: 2665:Former colonies and territories in Canada 2080: 2058: 1821: 1133:Former colonies and territories in Canada 943: 502:in January 1814 to prevent the export of 27:1811–1870 British colony in modern Canada 2102:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 2009: 1967:Montana: The Magazine of Western History 1936: 1883: 1627: 1599: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 947: 668: 590: 457: 362:, in addition to small parts of eastern 1977: 1780: 1455: 1359: 883:, a form of speech that developed from 14: 3285: 2315:Montana valley and foothill grasslands 2099: 1996: 1982:. Canada: University of Regina Press. 1964: 1864:"The Church Missionary Atlas (Canada)" 1514: 1480: 1281: 1234: 807: 653: 2637: 2195: 2169: 2066: 1939:Canadian Journal of Political Science 1921:Governors of the Red River Settlement 1543: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1376: 1313: 1287: 823:domestic servant, took her employer, 453: 2310:Canadian aspen forests and parklands 2088: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1246: 843:Métis people of the Red River Colony 619:were forced to merge in 1821 by the 394: 2037: 1578: 956:, driving his family on the frozen 579:. It was later discovered that the 301:Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk 24: 1444: 1422: 25: 3334: 2129: 1365: 718:Legislative Assembly of Assinboia 3232: 3220: 3219: 3191:Territorial evolution after 1867 1669:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2007.00173.x 1458:The Canadian Prairies: A History 586: 269: 255: 241: 216: 52: 2095:, London: Smith, Elder & Co 1929: 1914: 1811: 1730: 1721: 1605: 1558: 1549: 1520: 1474: 1413: 1138:Territorial evolution of Canada 599:along the Red River in 1822 by 1781:St-Onge, Nicole J. M. (1992). 1307: 1170: 1154: 13: 1: 2368:Writing-on-Stone / Áísínai'pi 1923:, Manitoba Historical Society 1143: 463: 3097:British Columbia (1866–1871) 3092:British Columbia (1858–1866) 1148: 489:to the Hudson's Bay post at 7: 2140:George Jehoshaphat Mountain 1379:The Business History Review 1126: 1097:William Bletterman Caldwell 968:in the background (1822–23) 10: 3339: 3004:British Arctic Territories 2069:Canadian Historical Review 1113:September 1859 – July 1870 1103:June 1855 – September 1859 801:attempted the introduction 758: 657: 389: 315:. It included portions of 3318:Scottish-Canadian culture 3214: 3183: 3160: 2979: 2956: 2935: 2912: 2879: 2827: 2704: 2671: 2613: 2573: 2535: 2396: 2373:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves 2346:International recognition 2345: 2339:Parks and protected areas 2338: 2325:Northern short grasslands 2320:Northern mixed grasslands 2289: 2263: 2218:Physiographic sub-regions 2217: 2203: 1951:10.1017/s0008423910000612 1707:10.1080/09612020701447624 1177:Morris, Alexander (1880) 1165:The Canadian Encyclopedia 1107:Francis Godschall Johnson 909:Church Missionary Society 903:Church Missionary Society 665:American annexation plans 510:War between the companies 374:. The lands south of the 195: 191: 187: 183: 173: 163: 159: 151: 147: 143: 133: 121: 117: 107: 95: 88: 78: 65: 49: 44: 37: 32: 2566:District of Saskatchewan 2330:Northern tall grasslands 2255:Rocky Mountain Foothills 2092:The Red River Settlement 2089:Ross, Alexander (1856), 1871:. 1896. pp. 220–226 1456:Friesen, Gerald (2010). 550:De Watteville's Regiment 525:North American fur trade 3107:North-Western Territory 3082:Queen Charlotte Islands 1978:Daschuk, James (2013). 1787:Canadian Ethnic Studies 1649:The Canadian Geographer 1003:August 1816 – June 1822 983:August 1812 – June 1815 952:Governor of Red River, 755:Development of Manitoba 648:Oregon boundary dispute 567:The lands south of the 405:Jacobite rising of 1745 265:Missouri Territory 2561:District of Assiniboia 2444:Cypress Hills Massacre 1695:Women's History Review 1483:Historical Archaeology 1316:Law and History Review 969: 944:Governors of Red River 780:Louis Riel's rebellion 727:Canadian confederation 674: 608: 470: 319:, or the watershed of 175:• Disestablished 3269:49.00000°N 97.23750°W 2586:Blackfoot Confederacy 2082:10.3138/chr-036-03-02 1093:June 1848 – June 1855 1083:June 1847 – June 1848 1077:John Folliott Crofton 1073:June 1846 – June 1847 1063:June 1844 – June 1846 1053:June 1839 – June 1844 1043:June 1833 – June 1839 1033:June 1825 – June 1833 1023:June 1823 – June 1825 1013:June 1822 – June 1823 993:June 1815 – June 1816 951: 672: 594: 583:had also been ceded. 500:Pemmican Proclamation 461: 429:British North America 305:British North America 3313:Hudson's Bay Company 3206:Population of Canada 3057:Prince Edward Island 2581:Plains First Nations 2512:Rocky Mountain House 2353:World Heritage Sites 2038:Ens, Gerard (1994), 1901:Adam Matthew Digital 1869:Adam Matthew Digital 1839:Adam Matthew Digital 1007:Alexander Macdonnell 917:Hudson's Bay Company 814:Hudson's Bay Company 744:North West rebellion 613:Hudson's Bay Company 541:Battle of Seven Oaks 424:Hudson's Bay Company 309:Hudson's Bay Company 73:Selkirk's land grant 18:Red River settlement 3274:49.00000; -97.23750 3265: / 2999:Newfoundland (1583) 2556:District of Alberta 2230:Manitoba Escarpment 1661:2007CGeog..51..186F 1027:Robert Parker Pelly 808:Women in the colony 684:Canadian government 680:Red River Rebellion 660:Red River Rebellion 654:Red River Rebellion 642:, near present-day 569:49th parallel north 554:William McGillivray 420:Alexander MacKenzie 413:Highland Clearances 409:William Wilberforce 403:in the wake of the 376:49th parallel north 370:, and northeastern 165:• Established 3030:Nova Scotia (1710) 2894:Nova Scotia (1621) 2696:L'Anse aux Meadows 2574:Indigenous peoples 2551:Selkirk Concession 2294:) and ecoregions ( 2235:Saskatchewan Plain 1491:10.1007/BF03373385 1161:"Red River Colony" 1067:Alexander Christie 1047:Alexander Christie 970: 915:, chaplain to the 675: 644:Radium Hot Springs 621:British government 617:North West Company 609: 601:Peter Rindisbacher 546:Regiment de Meuron 471: 454:Settling Red River 436:North West Company 313:Selkirk Concession 293:Selkirk Settlement 224:Rupert's Land 3248: 3247: 3239:Canada portal 3077:Columbia District 2904:Port Royal Colony 2871:Pacific Northwest 2681:Named territories 2631: 2630: 2525: 2524: 2276:Qu'Appelle Valley 2264:Physical features 2209:, shared with US 2197:Canadian Prairies 2155:Project Gutenberg 1999:Minnesota History 1989:978-0-88977-340-0 1467:978-0-8020-6648-0 1300:Gibson, James R. 1249:, pp. 16–18. 1122: 1121: 1117:William MacTavish 1087:John T. Griffiths 849:Augustus Chetlain 636:Columbia District 625:Assinboia Council 607:in the background 597:narrow river lots 544:Swiss and German 395:Colony conception 341:Lake of the Woods 329:Lake Winnipegosis 325:Assiniboine River 295:), also known as 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 229: 228: 139:William MacTavish 135:• 1859–1870 123:• 1812–1815 97: • Type 16:(Redirected from 3330: 3303:Red River Colony 3280: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3223: 3222: 3175:Sverdrup Islands 3171: 3123: 3087:Vancouver Island 2995: 2967: 2944: 2923: 2900: 2890: 2862: 2848: 2838: 2771: 2715: 2692: 2682: 2658: 2651: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2618:Geography portal 2603:Métis in Alberta 2591:Iron Confederacy 2547:Red River Colony 2536:Historic regions 2497:Lower Fort Garry 2454:Fort Livingstone 2343: 2342: 2305:Prairies Ecozone 2281:Red River Valley 2190: 2183: 2176: 2167: 2166: 2157: 2124: 2096: 2085: 2084: 2063: 2062: 2060:10.7202/031075ar 2044: 2034: 2006: 1993: 1974: 1961: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1894: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1866: 1859: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1832: 1825: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1795: 1794: 1778: 1767: 1766: 1759:Manitoba History 1750: 1737: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1690: 1681: 1680: 1644: 1631: 1625: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1582: 1576: 1565: 1562: 1556: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1503: 1502: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1453: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1431: 1420: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1374: 1363: 1357: 1348: 1347: 1311: 1305: 1298: 1285: 1279: 1250: 1244: 1238: 1232: 1183: 1174: 1168: 1158: 1057:Duncan Finlayson 972: 971: 701:Manifest Destiny 558:Kenneth McKenzie 468: 467: 1820–1840 465: 289:Red River Colony 273: 272: 259: 258: 245: 244: 233: 232: 220: 219: 213: 212: 197: 196: 98: 83:Upper Fort Garry 70: 56: 33:Red River Colony 30: 29: 21: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3283: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3244: 3233: 3231: 3210: 3179: 3169: 3156: 3122:Important sites 3121: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2965: 2952: 2942: 2931: 2927:Russian America 2921: 2908: 2898: 2888: 2875: 2860: 2852:Fort San Miguel 2847:Important sites 2846: 2836: 2823: 2779:Annapolis Royal 2770:Important sites 2769: 2713: 2700: 2690: 2680: 2667: 2662: 2632: 2627: 2609: 2569: 2531: 2521: 2482:Frenchman Butte 2449:Fort Battleford 2419:Riding Mountain 2392: 2388:Riding Mountain 2358:Head-Smashed-In 2334: 2285: 2259: 2240:Missouri Coteau 2213: 2207:Interior plains 2199: 2194: 2147: 2132: 2127: 2114:10.2307/1895395 2042: 1990: 1932: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1903: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1872: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1798: 1779: 1770: 1751: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1691: 1684: 1645: 1634: 1626: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1598: 1585: 1577: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1542: 1533: 1527:Nute, Grace Lee 1525: 1521: 1513: 1506: 1479: 1475: 1468: 1454: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1391:10.2307/3111662 1375: 1366: 1358: 1351: 1312: 1308: 1299: 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